english learn

7/17/2019 English Learn

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دع ل ا

ص لح

من

ن و س ن ت

ال ر ش ن ل ل

لة ب ق

سخة ن ل ا

یث د ح ت رخ

ت

يال ن و س

حمن ص ل

دع ل ا

ت

يال ن و س

حمن ص ل

دع ل ا

ع د ل ا حل ص ني من و س ن ت ال

ة ظ و ف ح م رشن ل ا قو ق ح

root

Lea

ابھذا غیر ت ي سر د م ل ا جھن م ل ل ھم ھن ك ل و

غة ل ل ا د ع ا و ق مل ع ت ل ل

دع ل ا

ص لح

من

ن و س ن ت

ال ر ش ن ل ل

لة ب ق

سخة ن ل ا

2یث د ح ت رخ

ت

يال ن و س

حمن ص ل

دع ل ا

ت

يال ن و س

حمن ص ل

دع ل ا

R.Salahat

دع ل ا ح ص ل ني من و س ن ت ال


[email protected]

n Englis


غة ل ل ا د ع ا و ق مل ع ت ل ل .

دع ل ا

ص لح

من

ن و س ن ت

ال ر ش ن ل ل

لة ب ق

سخة ن ل ا

9 \6 \2014یث د ح ت رخ

ت

يال ن و س

حمن ص ل

دع ل ا

ت

يال ن و س

حمن ص ل

دع ل ا

ع د ل ا ح ص ل ني من و س ن ت ال


h


غة ل ل ا د ع ا و ق مل ع ت ل ل .

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

1

• "#%&'!"# $%&'("# ) !"#$%& '(" '() *+,!" -./!01!2 34, 5 467(8 9:0 -0# 7#7(! ; <2 =>?:%0 =@'& >A,%B

>C'"# D%&,2 7%E!/F" 367#7(!" .

• !"# %&'()*+#,-. /"0 123456

(1 "#+,-./"#*$%&'sPersonal Pronoun:G%H2+ )2 :

"1&2"#*$%&'3: Subject Pronouns )2 :-I, You, He, She, It, They, We

#)45*67829#*$%&'Pronouns : Object)2 :-me, you, him , her , it , them , us

ü;<=>$7#7(! G& I<.: @: D2JK&"# 7L%&M2 DH%K"# 7L%&M -./!01! -0#=@?:%0 =@'&, 5 67(8 9:0 .

78 9,:;<# 1234= Object 1234=>?3;"# Subject

@A Plural B CD1; Singular @A Plural B CD1; Singular

+,- !"# E4

!* us +*# me ,(* We !*- I B CF GHI% .# him /0 He B C J23KLMN O 1 !1# her +0 She B C J23K -PQ 21# /3,1# them

.# /!1# it

20/3,0 They

/0/+0 It R3? EK J23K>

24# you 5# you2)*- You 6*- You JS3TB C

78###9"-Examples

1. I am a doctor. ;N:O %+P.

2. Samy visited me yesterday. QR&S%: &%0 +7#T .

3. He is my friend. ?N.E 2).

4.

I welcomed him . UB7 %+P@: 1$: .

5. We visited our friend. GB+ %+?N.E %+74T .

6. They welcomed us . UB7 -)%+: #2: .

7. I invited them . -V!2H. %+P.

8. She met her uncle yesterday. W:%X Y' Z$ QR&S%: %VU&H .

9. We shall visit you tomorrow. W72T+0 W[ )1(72T+0 - (I#.\.

10. You should help the old man. ]7"# .H%01! GP [N'H ;,N 4, T2,J"# D .

"#%&'*******Pronouns*

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

2

(*2)9#*$%&'3,@*+Possessive Pronouns+0/ :-

@A Plural B CD1U;Singular

VHGC WVXY E4=Z VHGC Z;[Z VHGC WVXY E4=Z VHGC Z;[Z !"# +,- E4

oursourminemyB CF GHI% hishisB C J23KLMN O 1

hers herB C J23K -PQ theirstheir

itsits R3? EK J23K>

yoursyouryoursyourJS3TB C

|;=>&C*

1.>N('&"# $%KE )Possessive Adjectives(%).J: !^N I%&L#. -0#1(2 3_' `+J&: %V )a1/N .(

2.UN('&"# aNE/! 7L%&M %).J: !^N <2 >'&,"# 7/P 5 !^! I%&L#. > -0#31(2 _' %V `+J&: )a1/N .(

78###9"-Examples

1. It is my pen. 'X 4@_+b& .

2. It is mine . +UE1/N 4@_+b.

3.

It is not yours . [&'X WRN" 4@_+b)4@_+bW[UE1/N <(.4. I found his bag. Y!:N?B 1$.,2 4@ .

5. This bag is hi s . 4@UE1/! >:N?B"# 68).

6. This is our garden. %+1!?N.B 68).

7. This garden is ours . %+UE1/! 1>?N.B"# 68).

8. They entered their garden. Y!?N.B #2'/. -V .

9. That garden is theirs . -VUE1/! 1>?N.B"# 68).

10.

Did you bring your car? $7MBP D)7%N0 [! c11. This car is yours . U0"# 68)[UE1/! d7%N .

* *

(3) "#9#*$%&'E"#*FG*+H@8IJK,LMPronounsEmphasingor Reflexive*

•&.+H -./!01! QRK+ 'H DJK"# 47eP f?N % 2P 3@'H%5 U7"# .+H_!"# 5 >:\.N(^ .):-:;< 2=>)$ 3?@&;"@& A<" 3,% '/#BC" D4B* EF@& DC* /0 '/BC"@&/ 'G!C@&H> .(

•UM"# V!+! 4&"# 7L%& >&'(: >0(J+ )RK+ (self ;"8@ =AC >&'(2 )R1K+P()selves(I"J8@ .

•UM"# 68) D&,1+2 M: I>+27?& 'N %&N5 7L%& _+"# #8) GN: O%:!7F" DH%K"# 7L%& 7L%&M2 g2 DH%K"#:

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

3

@UAPluralB C D1U;Singular

!"# \ <# E4]H:( >?3;"# E4= !"# \ <# E4]H:( >?3;"# E4=

%+0K+P/: Q0K+^ %+ ourselvesGB+ We0K+ /0K+: myself%+P I

@0K+ /QQ0K+: @ himself2) He

: Q0K+ %V / %V0K+ herself) She -V0K+P/UGV0K+P

)Q0K+^: QV - /: Q0K+^ QV UG ( themselves4)- /4)UG They

@0AAK+ /%V0AAK+ )Q0K+: Q@ /Q0K+: %V (

itself 2)/)

DX%J"# 7NC" It

-(0K+P/UG(0K+P

)-(0K+^: /UG(0K+^: ( yourselves1!+P- /1!+PUG You[0K+ /Q0K+: [ yourself $+P You

78###9"-Examples

1. I blamed myself . 0K+ 1$/U:2 /0K+ 1$&1" .

2. He blamed himself . @0K+ YhU:2 /i4@W0K+ W-<.

3. You blamed yourself . $/U:2 $+P/[W0K+ $&1" .

4. You blamed yourselves . U:2 Z/ 1! W01K+P - 1( - /+#-1!&1" -! W01K+P1( - .

5. They blamed themselves #2/U:2 W0K+P4V - /#2&<W0K+P4V - .

6.

Mr. Ahmedhimself

visited me. U0"# +7#T .&BP .N : Q0K+ Q@ ).N(2!'" .(7. The manager himself visited him. 4&"# 467#T 7N. : Q0K+ Q@ %+4) .

(4)NO&PQ#*A&2RAdjectiveseDemonstrativ:C*

•=jk" d7%kl" -./!01! U&b .NJ: 2P ;N7X % .

•-0# %VL#72 !^N .

/"0 ^_3`0#EF@ + aV:b"# /"0 ^_3`0#EF@ + Jc1'"#

@A B CD1; @A B CD1; d 5K@/- those5@L /58) that

MN0 these&L0/OL0 this

|;<=>*

ü^_3`e# 1234=PronounsDemonstrative5) U0"# d7%km# $%KE RK+ >?:% :-)those,these,that,this(

%&V+N: 97K"#2 UGP 2)2$& !0=BP +)Q< RA!FS& 7CT )noun.(

UE/N -'?"# #8)+ .This pen is mine.1.

&'X #8) )n.N: .(This is my pen.2.

;!1( [L"2P . Those are book.3.

ü%U&P2$M& '(" '(< RA!FS& A<"? .

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

4

78###9"-Examples

n.N 5 :%!( #8). This is my book in my hand.1.

U7"#

`'H

;%!("#

["8 UE/N

<

o + . That book on the shelf is not mine. 2.

_!"# j<p)F QDEK"# #8) 5 8N& Id7V& I#., . very clever.These pupils in this class are 3.

_!"# [L"2PQDEK"# ["8 5 8N&F Id7V& #20N" .Those pupils in that class are not clever.4.

,#<A") Exercise No. 1

3T@& 7P!JS& A)>&D&/U%& ,<P ," 7(<( : *) Choose the right answer between brackets:-

1.

The window is green. (He She It) is not yellow.2. Usama is standing up. (He She It) is not sitting down.

3. The pencils are in the box. (He They We) are not on the table. The plane is in the air.

(She It He They) is flying to Cairo.

4. My name is Ahmed. (I Me My) am fifteen years old.

5. (We Our Us) are students.

6. (Yours You Your) are teachers.

7. (Your Yours You) books are new.

8. He is doing his work; I am doing (my mine me).

9. He is doing his work; I am doing (my mine me) work.

10.

The girl is drinking milk. She is drinking (she it they he) from the glass.11. The children are eating apples. They are eating (them her him) in the room.

12. You should do your homework by (yourself himself herself).

13. We finished our homework. We finished it by (ourselves themselves yourself).

14. I always depend on (himself myself herself).

15. The boys helped the old man. They helped him (ourselves themselves herself).

16. The doctor told Huda and Nabil to take care of (themselves herself yourself).

17. (Those This That) girls are playing basketball.

18. (This These That) pupils are polite.

19. (This These Those) bag is mine.

Patience is a key to relief.

B C f X"#gL 1h ;"# i3I;j

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

5

•UM"# GQ& 4,"# 5 G2(N GP n727 UNTN',+m# >'& DJ5 > ).(Verb

•

3<V<8J*S& 7W8@& +X 'BC@&,!G/* 7 :

1%& '()*+,-(. /(01 234Full verb(5De& :75%0N travelA 72TN visitA 4N OJ giveYU."# D%J5q"2 =r.AB À'H >"#V07.+0 3>+&TP% 3.J: %&N5 De& :

%0+75 `"b 75%04N I%&L#. 2). );"@& ,"V Z<$P@& [A!? (He always travels to France.1.

4N Gs# %0+75 `"b 75%0 . );"@& ,"V ;"@& [A!? A")$ ( He is travelling to France now.2.

2 -1678 ')*erebV)Auxiliary(Helping•4&"# D%J5S#d.H%0 \'=) M/ ],!B" ^8G _R=!G '=) ] &=(- ^8G .

•4&"# D%J5S# -./!01!2 I#7Ne( d.H%0 UNTN',+m# >C'"# 5 > a7@!( +X ;J@& /8> 'BC@& ," 78" Q3=@&] =( ^8G '&De& 3:

;!(N write-n7!kN buy........UNTN',+m# >'&4,"# UGS ["82 3h"#DJ5 %VN5 G2(N GP .4:< > )verb(.

kk \ <# 93:lm"*n oaTI&B ) /pl qÊrO s1t\. u3C#aTIv# â?3&51.aT E*@& 7W< +C .

2.aT 2!1C)$M& 7W< .

3.'/1J"8@ 78"J@& !*P =*G)Passive(.

-#./!0# d.%,b ;,N ["8" d.H%04&"# D%J5S# U&%! =>X.: > .

•-0?+! 4&"# D%J5S#d.H%0 `"b Q>J:7P =$%H2&,& 32 =>H2&,& D(" `+J& & 3-HS# ;"%C"# 5 .B#2 % D%AJ5S# >H2&,& #.H

_+"#>EX% .

•;J@& +C* 2)< ]'BX ^8G :/)() +)@& 78" ]=G!$" aI?/P )not(a'BC@& =BP ;"@& ;" =G!$ _RAF!P De& 3:

E*b21

8N&F! . They are students.1.

E*b&/$<@ 21 8N&F! . They are not students. 2.

•;J@& ^8G '&N$ ,</4) 2)< BX ^8G :/)() +)@& 78" ]' ]=G!$" YaI?/P ;"@& 'BC@& 'PU =G!$ 7"cG I?/ / 'G!C@&2!1C)#$&a7<!1* +X 78";J@& )d(De& 3:

/0;N:O . He is a doctor.1.

'02);N:O d Is he a doctor ?2.

•DJK"# 7%N!/# -!N 4&"#4&"# .H%0 Q;0B `'H ;0%+ UT"# 4,"# DJ5 @N5 t%E4N n8"# G& 3>'& @'H%5 ;0B `'H2 .•;"@& '!BX%& AP)Be) 73)$e) ,- ,4";< !1*% Y3$@&/ +C '&N / Y'/1J"8@ +*P"@&3"-/ f<B? 'BX AP)B;<X !0A<g ! .

90:; <3 ')* The Verb

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

6

ç93H`. ZIv >:;G"5

1w _aX<#xThe Infinitive5w U2(!N2 UN0%0S# >&'("# G& G DJK'" > )base(>&'( `"b >5%Mm%: toG2.: D&J!04N .X2 3@?:0! !"# toU&04N2 A) 5 ` 8 6

n7%J"# Q7.E&"%: >"%B"#)base infinitive(De& 3:

G2(N (to) be_+C4N (to) sing ;J'N (to) play

2w+_3!\ <# *. 1y =3z#xThe Present5w "# D(k RK+ 2)2 G2.: 7.E& to DJ5 #.H %& 3to beGF(k @'5 :amf& I !are.7K&"# f& 2P f&,"# DH%K"# f& ;O%/4&"#:

G2(N am (are)_+C4N sing ;J'N play

3wD1;\ <# J23{"# @C +_3!\ <#x person singularrd

3The Present with5w /-D(k )- s(_+SU2(!N 4@ o7B >5%Mu: g7%M4&"# G& G )s(DJK"# Q>N%V+ `"b .

G2(N is_+C4N sings ;J'N plays

4w/=3<#xThe Past5w U2(!N2 57B >5%Mu: Id.%H G )-ed(g7%M4&"# DJK"# Q>N%V+" ) ._k"# D%J5S# #.H %& _8% d)Irregular Verbs(D%AJ5S#2 3 d.H%04&"#)Helping Verbs.(

G%( was (were)_+\ sang ;J" played

5w%v#9,:;<#xThe Past Participle5w U&04N2 D(k vJ:"# @N )-ed(_+S_!"# 5 M%&"# @:k4N 4@ ;N(7 ) ._kA"# D%AJ5S# #.AH %A& _8% d)Irregular Verbs(3

d.H%04&"# D%J5S#2 )Helping Verbs.(

G%( been_+\ sung ;J" played

6w>?3;"# %v#xThe Present Participle5w U&04N2 D(k: ` )-ing(_+S>5%Mu: G2(!N 4@ ) ing(DJK"# QR%0P `"b.

G2(N being_+C4N singing ;J'N playing

Forms of Verb >:;"# 93H`. d

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

7

6 5 4 3 2 1 Present

Participle

(-ing form)

Past

Participle

(-ed form)dPast

Present with 3rd

person singular

(-s form)dPresentdInfinitive

(base)d

playing played played plays play (to) play singing sung sang sings sing (to) sing being been was (were) is am (are) (to) be

|;;&S*A&<=>C

1.#.H%& >!U0"# D%(kS# 68) %V" D%J5S# D( 2 >EX%_+"# D%J5S# a%/"# .2.B&"# DJK"#to be)() D%(kP >N+%&e @" :

being been were was are is am to be

2.o7B >5%Mu: ;L%C"# .7K4&"# f& g7%M4&"# G2(!N2 3DJK"# R%0P G& g7%M4&"# G2(!N )s(Y>5%AMu: DH%K"# -0# G2(!N2 o27B"#)ing(.) O?5 >UN0NL7 D%(kP >eFe wKB+ %++P .,+ D%J5S# oN7E! wKB .+H ["8"2 :g7%M4&"#)present(3

M%&"#2 )past(D2JK&"# -0#2 3)past participle(DJK"# QR%0P G& x7/iS# D%(kS# y#7/!0# %++(&4N @_+S 3)base(

7.E&"# 2) n8"#)infinitive(: G2. )to:(

Past participle Past^*B"@& Present

smiledsmiled-0!:N smile

brought brought7QMB4N bring

risenrose

f57N rise

.,+ #8V"2 "@& 2$M'/BC )ParticiplePast) (P.P(2) %+07#.& 5 72Vk& -0#}`@!E9@& f<ATE)@&{.

3.`U&01! M%&"#2 g7%M4&"# D%(kPR=/=("@& '!BX%&)Finite Verbs(fA&,"#2 .#7A5m# 5 DH%K"# QD(k: d..B& %V_+S

7M%B"# GH M%&"# 5 %V'(k 7UNC!N ["8(2 3a/_k"#2 .

4.7.E&"# D%(kP %U&P)infinitive(D2JK&"# -0#2 )past participle(DH%K"# -0#2 )present participle(`U&0A1!5 d.2.B&"# 7N\ QD%J5S%: )Infinitiesor finites-Non(%V+&T: <2 >'&4,"# QDH%K: 7UNC!N < $:%e %V'(k UGS 3.

5.2(!! %V_+S d.2.B& D%J5P d.B#2 >&'( G& 7e(P G& G2(!! !"# >:_(74&"# D%J5S#2 a%A/ =.2.AB& =DJ5 G& Id.%H G )DAJ5

.H%04& (De& 3.2.B& 7N\ DJ52 7e(P 2P:

(finite + non-finite);J'! %+N. . Dina is playing .1.

(finite + non-finite)`"b ;)8 .X 2)#$N:" . He has gone home.2.

UG^: D2?"# %++(&4N ["8:2 :

Do good and cast it into the sea.

y '"#* Et >4?#y7n| 1}b"#j

D*a~# >:;"#xFinite Verbw•C 7" !M"# >:;"# , "

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

8

Defective Verbs Verb To Have Verb To DoVerb To Be ("# 93:l## Z?,4 $ZXR3 % 93:l. Z?,4 $ I& G >:;c 93:l. Z?,4 $ ' ,Hc 93:l. Z?,4 $d

xZ-,(VH"# 93:l.w d

' ,Hc 93:l. Z?,4 $xZ-,(VH"# 93:l.w 1- Verb To Be

being, been,were,was,are,is,am, be

/=3<# n Past 1=3z# n Present E4= Pronoun

4&'" G%( .7K was G2(PamI

4&'" G%( .7K was G2(N /G2(! is He , She , It

f&,'" G%( were f&,'" G2(N are We , They , You

/=3C +_3!C _aX<# was am, is

been were are

be

78###9"-Examples

RU7.4& %+P .I am a teacher. 1.

;N:O 2) .He is a doctor.2.

>M7&4& $0N" x.4). Huda is not a nurse.3.

:,#2 D&HP 1$+( . I was doing my home work. 4.

2 %+PG#7N, 'H .I and Ali are neighbors. 5.

c;N:O Y$+P D)Are you a doctor? 6.

cQR&S%: I>:M%\ $+%( D)Was she angry yesterday? 7.

G0BP 2) -2N"# .Today, he is better. 8.

Y$+PY$0" 4& z7. W0 I% .You are not a teacher. 9.

QR&S%: I#.N, I%07. #2OHiP .They were given a good lesson yesterday.10.

* *

NK1&HD9#*6&8TU#Helping Verbs

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

9

|;;&S*A&<=>C*

1.U0"# D&4,"# 5 wB<>?:% -#./!0#D%J5P Verb To BeQ>\%NE 52 3-%VK!0<#2 3K+"#2 3$%:em# 5 4,"# DJ5 A'& A5 > UT"#4&"# G& 4&"# g7%M 4&"# M%&"#2 37&!0 4,"# j%+: .+H2 37&!0 QD2V,&'" >'& .

2.GP %+.7P #8b+C** Verb To Be!0=BP I?* not )n't.(

I?* !0=BP not)t'n( were,was,are,is,am


I? am/-is/-are+X 6!g&AC@&:I) Put (am), ( is) or (are) in the spaces :-

The window........ green. 1.

I ......... in the classroom.2.

We ........ students. 3.

There ........ a pen and two pencils on the table. 4.

There ........ two pencils and a pen on the table. 5.

II) Put (was) or (were) in the spaces:- I? was/-were6!g&AC@& +X :

My brother ....... ill yesterday. 1.

They ........ students five years ago. 2.

Huda and Nabila ........ in the hospital last month. 3.

There ........ no planes two hundreds years ago. 4.

There ........ a map here last week . 5.

Cowards die often.

(3(b\ )# u, % 3C *3b"3Kj

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

10

Z?,4 $>:;c 93:l. 2- Verb To Do

did does,do

+?!"@& +X Past A?!(@& +X Present3?@&A<" Pronoun

do I , We , They , You did

'G!C@& 6M!( I<"J I" doesHe , She , It

do + play = play.$C* 'BC@& A=T" ='BC@& A=T" do +

does + play = plays 'BC@& A=T" + s ='BC@& A=T" +does

did + play = played E)@&E9@& f<AT 'BC8@ +*! ='BC@& A=T" did +

•;<=>C*

1.1! H2&,&"# 68) D%J5P -./!0 I%:"%\ > _+"# !CNE 5 -%VK!0<#2 K .

2.fM2: >H2&,&"# 68) D%J5P K+ -!N not )n't(%).J: .

did not = didn'tdoes not = doesn'tdo not = don't

78###9"-Examples

1. I do not like smoking.

iP < %+PQB 4; _!"# GN/. .2. He does not remember her name. )_(8!N < 2 0# 7 %V& .

3. We do not go to school on Friday. Q>07.&"# `"b ;)8+ < GB+ >J&,"# -2N .

4. Do you speak English? UNTN',+m# -'(!! D) c > 5. Did she go to school yesterday? D))QR&S%: >07.&"# `"b $W:)8 c6. Does he live in Gaza? dT\ 5 G1(0N D)c

7.

.my home work everydaydo I

'BX .E*4@/ =G!$" 'BX D<@ &L0 +8T-)f<B? (

-2N D( :,#2 D&HP .


*) Put (do), (does) or (did) in the spaces:- I? do/-does -/ did6!g&AC@& +X :

.………….. he bring money yesterday? 1.

She ………….. not speak Arabic. 2.

I ………… not care. 3.

I and Huda …………. not go to school today. 4.

.…………. Samy like smoking? 5.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

11

93:l. Z?,4 $& GI % 3- Verb To Have

has had,have

+?!"@& +X Past A?!(@& +X Present3?@&A<" Pronoun

have I , We , They , You had

'G!C@& 6M!( I<"J I" has He , She , It

¯<=>;-!N &N D%J5P >H2&,& K+ ! fM2: [' not %).J: .

had not = hadn'thave not = haven'thas not = hasn't

78###9"-Examples

1. I have a new bag. Id.N., I>:N?B 4[Q'!&P .

2. Samy has a larger bag. Id7N:( I>:N?B [Q'!&N &%0 .

3. The cat has a tail. _O?"#> DN8 [Q'!&! .

4. I had a key but I lost it. 4@1!.?5 ++(" {%!K& Un." .

5. We had a useful lesson yesterday. 07. %+8/PI% .NK4& I#QR&S%: .

6.

Has Huda got any sisters? #2/P nP x.4) x." D)$ c 7. Huda has not got any sisters. $#2/P nP %VN." RN" x.4) .

8. I have done my work. '&J: $&1X .?" .


*) Put (have ) or (has) in the spaces :- I? have/-has6!g&AC@& +X :

I ............... a new watch. 1.

You ........... a red pen. 2.

Usama ............... a green pencil. 3.

We .............. dinner before we go to bed. 4.

Ramzy ............... breakfast at home. 5.

He ............. two sisters.6.

Many hands make light work.

N ;TB ) !D3c## ^1rO >4:"# y(J? •C +xZ?34 )# @C ,# Bacjw

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

12

Z?,4 $##93:l ("#ZXR3 4- Defective Verbs

ç ("# 93:l##/ " ZXR35

/=3C Past 1=3 - Present /=3C Past 1=3 - Present

#$ ,!4 would #$ /f/$ will#$ ,!4 should #$ / f/$ shall

hJ< /2V8< must I<Z)$< ,!4 could I<Z)$< can had to (ought to)

hJ< ,!4 hJ< /2V8< ought to,!4 V/J< might V/J< / !"PA may

|;A&<=>C

1.3";$ E*@& '!BX%& 6< 3,% 2$M& &L1P 7TU! @" .,2N <2 O?5 M%&2 7M%B @" .,2N %VMJ: r"%e oN7E! )-0#D2AJK& (

_k"# 2) %&( U."# D%J5S# 5 G^ =r.B `'H >"#De& 3: go went " gone" RN" 7/S# vJ:"#2 M%& @ .

2.D%J5S#must ought to=v%&( D&J!0N2 M%& %&V" RN" %&V" )had to.(

3.E*@& '!BX%& &A/ +)Q< 'BC@& A=T" !1B<"J 7TU! fA( ,/=P )s(+X /- YOA>-to.8PU )g7%M&"# 5 DJK"# d72E (.

4.'"B)$) shallI" 4&"# 7N&M _'(! - I2P We.

5.'"B)$) willI" UM"# X%: 7L%& )2 :)They, You, He, She, It.(

Examples 789#"-

_e"# >:N?B"# 68) D&BP GP fNO!0P %+P>'N? . I can carry this heavy bag .1.

I<%B 7%O?"# [7B!N0 .The train will move 2.

x7/iP d7& 7MB^0 . I shall come again.3.

%+N.Q"#2 .H%01+ GP ;,N .We should help our parents.4.

dT\ 5 %+2':%?4N %&:47 .They may meet us in Gaza.5.

_O"# vV+N GP ;,N GN7(:& ;F .Students must get up early.6.

c>:N?B"# 68) D&B! GP fNO!0! D)Can you carry this bag? 7.

QR&S%: +&VK! GP fO!0! -" ) . She couldn't understand me yesterday.8.

He is r ich that has few wants.

y {"#L (y K .L (]/ ; ("# .j

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

13


A)>&3T@& 7P!JS& D&/U%& ,<P ," 7(<( :- *) Choose the correct answer between brackets:

She must (help - helps - helped) her mother. 1.

Ali should (gets - get - getting) up early everyday. 2.

Students must not (writes - wrote - write) on the walls. 3.

My father may (buys - bought - buy) a watch to me. 4.

A good student must (studies - studied -study) hard. 5.

We had to (helped - help - helps) the old man yesterday.6.

|;&S*A&<=>:;K1&HD9#*6&8TU#*V?1*+C*

1.AP)Be) be, have, do7<A=T" '!BX- . 2.," '4 2=>)$e) has, does, was, isI" it, she, he.

Manners make the man.

B01 t##B@(X)L 23 1"#93j d

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

14

•U."# DJK'" =r.B `'H D#)Full Verb(e& 3D :A/V< visit ih0L< go.....h"#A=T" )infinitive(2 N G2( #8AV"

4,"# DH%5 ;0B `'H 72E 7.E&"#UT"# ;0B2 >'& G& )Tense(n8"#@N5 @\2E+ .

•3=@& 'BC8@ 7<$!$- 7*"V- 79c9 `=( ^8G '&)2 3:-

>b'I&CFuture/=3CPast +_3!CPresent

Simple Perfect Continuous Simple Perfect Continuous Simple

4 V&8 o3) B C 14I& 4 V&8o3) B C 14I& 4 V&8

* . IC /Gc 34Vl 5 _a(v*6•C n ZG4\ )# >:l 7 ,X- + VO B C V:•j

•<=>;C

+J! G&T >&'( UG^: 7NC!N n8"#JK"# D(k 2) >'&4,"# 5 O?5 D .

x \ )# >:l ZK3V[ ZV;VO n ZG4 \ <# •C 4 V&b"# +_3!w I"#•c,UH-:Formation)1

ü# d72E 4&"# G&T 5 DJK" ON0:"# g7%M )A=T"@& RA/T DC* )E)@&'BC8@ '/%& f<AT (4& f& 3_+P >wBF A4N @ o%M )s(

Q>N%V+ `"bDJK"# 4,"# DH%5 G%( #8b 4& >'& I#.7K De& 3I%:L%\ )he , she , it(De& 3j%&0P G& %V+H ;2+N %& 2P 3:

Ali - Samia - The teacher - The cat

drink + s = drinks [

Ali drinks tea. 1.

play + s = plays Huda plays football.2.

eat + s = eats He eats a cake. 3.

play I play basketball 4.

¯;;&S*A&<=>+C

b U,"# DJ5 G%( #8 # >'& I#.7K& I%&0 /-De& 3I%:L%\ I#.7K& I#7N&M )he, she, it(_+u5 @ :

1.4&"# G&T 5 DJK"# `V!+# #8b.B^: ON0:"# g7%M 7$"!1@& f/A(@&>N!s# :-(sh, ch, o, x, ss)o%M4N @_+u5 (es)

Q>N%V+ `"bG& I<.: DJK"# (s)De& 3:-

.)%k4N watch + es = watches D0CN + es = washeswash

RU7W.4N teach + es = teaches

_+&!N ` wish + es = wishes

O'/N mix + es = mixes V+4N finish + es = finishes

Tenses of The Verb 082"#*+I;WG*

=; >3 ?8@AB7CD3 EF6G 1. The Present Simple Tense

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

15

Ye4N $U: fix + es = fixes ;)8N go + es = goes

WN 74& /WN |J 74: pass + es = passes DJKN do + es = does

DUE24N match + es = matches WN |J 74: cross + es = crosses

2.5 DJK"# `V!+# #8bG&T 4&"#M g7% o7B: ON0:"# (y),4!$ fA( .jP$</ A"# o7B UGu5 (y)o%MA4N2 o8B4N (ies)Q>N%V+ `"bDJK"# YDe& :-

tries D2%BN try

cr ies (:N cry

studies 47.N R study

flies NON 7 fly

3.4&"# G&T 5 DJK"# `V!+# #8bo7B: ON0:"# g7%M ( y )5A()" fA( .jP$</ )78G fA( (A_+u5 3@ A4N o%M ( s )

Q>N%V+" o7B 5 7NNC! nP r.BN GP G2.: DJK"# #@&( y )De& :-

fNO4N obey + s = obeys ;J'N play + s = plays

D2?N say + s = says n7!kN buy + s = buys

1(&N r /`?:N stay + s = staysf!&!0N enjoy + s = enjoys

• \ <# 8 *1z# 1}IZO xy :"# 8 *1 -N GZx wvowelsw/ "56)u,o,i,e,a(qZ(O3v 8 *1 - /pl 3 "#a? 3C*j

x C \ )# >:l 7 ,X- '. o 9 Gc . In ZG4|•C \ <#:4 V&b"# +_3! wo#aTIv;#:Usage)2

•`'H D4.! >'&4,"# $+%( #8b ON0:"# g7%M4&"# G&T 5 >'&4,"# DJ5 t%E4N :

1.Z'V' -)ctfa(qDe& :-

5A()) i4v7S# R&k"# D2B . The earth moves around the sun. 1.

-),/PB8< 1( g2:0P D1( -.?"# d7 . They play football every week. 2.

2.^D3?)habit(xB < @'c =az# '. !.^D3:"# . !I'wqDe& :-

&%0 h0L< {%:E D( >07.&"# `"b . Samy goes to school every morning. 1.

h0L< 4.<2S#

Q>07.&"#

`"b

Q>0.%0"#

5

Q7&J"#

G& . Boys go to school at the age of six. 2.

a"# u34GH"#N "#. G? Z \ <# •C 4 V&b"# +_3! 5Key words)3 •("# x.Bb .2,2 _!"# $%&' >N"% 3JA;< k DJ5 >\%NE ON0:"# g7%M4&"# G&T 5 >'&4,"# :

9FOm# `'H/I#.:P neverI%&L#. always

I%&2&H generallyI%:"%\ often

I#7#7& /I#7Ne( frequentlyId.%H usually

I#7.%+ rarelyI%+%NBP sometimes

%& I#7.%+ seldom D( )-2N }3g2:0P ...(every….

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

16

|;&<=>C

1.U."# $%&'("#_"#U0"# > #.H%& DJK"# D:X !^! >?:% every)(Q>N%V+ 5 !^!5 4,"# Q>'& .

2._!ZAF D<@ _"#. >&'( .2,2 U0"# $%&'("# G& > Q>'&4,"# 5 >?:% G&T 5 >'&4,"# DJ5 t2E+ `!B g7%MA4&"#_'&4,"# `+J& .%5P7j<j( (fact)/-R=!G(habit)3_+u5 GP ;,N @ t%E4N D%e&"# 5 %&( ON0:"# g7%M4&"# G&T 5 DJK"#

!S#:-

The earth moves around the sun.

4v7S#A/=) R&_k"# D2B ) .=!X-^*B" 78";J@& _7j<j( 3DJK"# >\%NE U-!5 )move(5 G&T ON0:"# g7%M4&"#f& < @_+P _"#. >&'( .,2! > .

3.I?/) (to)!<(- 'BC@& 'PU _!* UT"# 5 .|J: fM2N -" DJK"# UGP GUN:!" 4&"# G& ;,N ["8"2 3;0%+ D%J5S# ~NBE! .+H %V58B .

-:The Present Simple Tense Negative and Interrogative)4 &"# •c,H)* /;-4 V&b"# +_3!\ <# •C . G? 9#P56

1.bG%( #8 'BC@&,/=P )(sE*8@ Y '"B)$* +C )'BC@& A=T" +don't+'G!X .(

2.G%( #8b,/=P 'BC@& )(sY '"B)$* 2!1C)$c@ )?...'BC@& A=T" +'G!X +Do(.

3.G%( #8b'BC@&.P )s(/-(es)E*8@ '"B)$* +C )BC@& A=T" ' +doesn't+'G!X .(

4.G%( #8b'BC@&.P )(s/-(es)C)$c@ 2!1 '"B)$* )?...'BC@& A=T" +'G!X +Does(.

o3p;Iv;

#Interrogative /U; ("#Negative ZGrUC.Examples Do you speak English?

E84)) 6*- '0;2 UNTN',+m# > d I don't speak English.

%+PE84)- M2 iiUNTN',+m# > .

I speak English.

%+PE84)-;2 UNTN',+m# > . 1.

Does Ali speak English?

E84)< +8G '02 UNTN',+m# > d Ali doesn't speak English.

'HE84)< 2 UNTN',+m# > .

Ali speaks English.

'H(!N -_' UNTN',+m# > . 2.

Does Huda wash the car ?

;0 '0'$W) l= U0"# d7%N d Huda doesn't wash the car.

4)x. '$W) MU0"# d7%N .

Huda washes the car.

4)x. '$W) U0"# d7%N . 3.

78###9"-Examples

&%0 ^jP< _R=!G$N:"# 5 2/< '4 .Samy usually stays at home everyday . 1.

_+b%V aZ"e) _!P@!gA i_k"# 5 j%! .It often rains in winter. 2.

.&BP=0!F;< _!"K&= _!"# 5 T%K' _'"#DN . Ahmed always watches TV at night. 3.

/=0!F;< _!"K&= , _!"# _'"# 5 T%K' DN . Always they watch TV at night. 4.

d7N&P_&=P- !*A/V) M. Ameera never visits us. 5.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

17


A)>&'!BX%&D&/U%& ,<P ," 7(<(3T@& :- I) Choose the correct verbs in the brackets:

He sometimes (take takes to take) the bus to school. 1.

We generally (spoke speaks speak) Arabic. 2.

He (watch watches is watching) the news on TV every evening. 3.

I always (meet meets meeting) him on the corner of this street. 4.

The sun (give giving gives is giving) us light. 5.

He usually (drives drive is driving) very fast.6.

3(T k '!BX%& +)@&D&/U%& ,<P :- II) Correct the verbs between brackets:

I usually drink tea after breakfast, but my sister (drink) milk. 1.

He always (reach) school late. 2.

He never (visit) us. 3.

He rarely (answer) my letters. 4.

Every Friday, he (go) to the river and (catch) fish. 5.

Nagla sometimes, (enjoy) watching television.6.

He always (study) Arabic at school.7.

She usually (get) up early.8.

The moon sometimes (shine) at night.9.

He (to visit) his uncle every week.10.

The exception proves the rule.

\ H"3>> a?3R?#,`j

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

18

x V;VO 4 V&b"# /=3<# •C n ZG4\ )# >:l ZK3V[ Z w@ I"#•c,UH -:Formation)1

•>CNE 5 DJK"# G2(!N G&T G& ON0:"# M%&"#E)@&E9@& f<AT 'BC8@ +*! .

6=0!F _!"# iT%K' aD"%!P .I watched TV yesterday .1.

lAJ _8"#4& 4;L I#.J!: .The wolf ran away. 2.

68P!U Q>07.&"# 5 %V!?N.E G%+B •.Hanan met her friend at school. 3.

|;;&S*A&<=>C

1

j3 C0 93:l## Vv3VRZxZ4 A I(Cw)regular(

q?3` 3 C0*^xZ4 A I(C EKw)irregular(

56 H,XY&,Z"#*6&X8TU#*+49#+X'<EIH*+XJ[&8"#(Regular Verbs)0/ + !3"b !1C<AT) =*G f!?;< +)@& (ed)/- (d)!1)<!1* ^@bDe& 3:-

.H%04N help - helped - helped

-0!:N smile - smiled - smiled

.)%k4N watch - watched - watched

|,Y&,Z"#*6&8TU#*V?1*A&<=>;+C*

1.>5%Mb .+H(ed)b Q>N%V+ `" .X 7.E&"# A=T"8@ A<>%& fA(@& f3B?e* )^1)*& &Lb]fA(P 'BC@&],4!$ fA#( .#8PU ;" 3A() 5 (De& 3:

75%04N travel + ed = travelled

_X2!N o stop + ed = stopped

2.>5%Mb .+H(ed)`"b Q>N%V+ Q7.E&"#o7B: V!+4&"# ( y ),4!$ fA( .jP$</ 5 u A"# o7B UG (y) 4N o8B A4N2 o%M (ied)De& 3:-

study + ed = studied R7.N deny + ed = denied 7(+4N car ry + ed = car ried D&BN cry + ed = cr ied (:N

3.A"# o7B G%( #8b(y) Q>N%V+ 5 .2,2& 2 7.E&"# _!U/P$" Y]5A()" ]fA(P O?5 o%M4N @_+u5 (ed) Q>N%V+" G2.: DJK"# A"# DU2B1+ GP(y)`"b(ied)YDe& :-

f!&!0N enjoy + ed = enjoyed

;J'N play + ed = played

4.Qo7B: I%NV!+4& 7.E&"# G%( #8b(e)A"# o7B Gu5 (e)O?5 o%MN2 `?:N (d) G& I<.: (ed) 3De& :

invite + d = invited 2H.N smile + d = smiled -0!:N prove + d = proved G)7:4N /$:e4N exercise + d = exercised U7&!N G

AB7CD3 IJ6>3 [email protected] Past Simple Tense

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

19

\)&8TU#/"#]*#;*^_'<EI:(Irregular Verbs)Q7Vw GH %VwKB ;,N D%J5S# 68)["82 3;'X ^)( ,Z423R C "# 93:l## D :b8?3 Vv3V'"# 93:l##* ^Zn ^D, 2 ,<##M " E3IH"#j

2) Usage:- o#aTIv;# w:4 V&b"# /=3<# •C n ZG4\ )# >:l 7 ,X- '. o 9 Gc . ICx •5 >'&4,"# DJ5 t%E4N >N!s# $<%B"# 5 ON0:"# M%&"# G&T :-

1.3$@& +X E)@& =A +><A! .

2.&/A =*Gaj@& 7< HT .

3.E)@& =*G] =( ,G A<PB +?!"@& +X 32) YDe& :-

&S%: 4@1!':%X QR . I met him yesterday .

4.E)8@ Y+?!"@& +X ]R=!G ,G A<PB De& :-

1( %&.+HZ+ -2N D( 1$B:0 3=dT%,b 5 1$ . When I was on holiday, I swam everyday.

a"# u34GH"#N "#. G? Z|•C 4 V&b"# /=3<#5Key words)3

•("# x.Bb .2,2 _!"# $%&' >N"% 3JA;< k ON0:"# M%&"# G&T 5 DJK"# >\%NE .

>NM%&"# >+&TS# 5 in olden timesR&P yesterday

8+& agod7& $#8 once

9:%U0"#/M%&"# last...-%NS# G& -2N 5 one day>NM%&"# >'N'"# 5 last nightGs# D:X just now

_k"# 5 M%&"# 7V last month5 M%&"# in the past

-:The Past Simple Tense Negative and Interrogative)4 • &"# •c,H)* /;-. G? 9#P|•C 4 V&b"# /=3<#

1.2)< +C* ,"V +X 'BC@&Z<$P@& +?!"@&U2(!N G& G :

>:;"# _aXCFdid notF>?3l 2.Z<$P@& +?!"8@ 2!1C)$M& 7W<T U2(!! G& G :

?jjjjjjj>:;"# _aXCF>?3lFDid

o3p;Iv;#Interrogative ("# /U;Negative ZGUrC.Examples

Did they go to school?

D) &/P0L Q>07.&"# `"b d

They didn't go to school.

-) &/P0L< 2@ Q>07.&"# `"b .

They went to school.

-)&/P0L Q>07.&"# `"b .Did the wolf run away?

3AX '0 4;L8"# d The wolf didn't run away.

4;L8"# 2@ 7QKN .

The wolf ran away.

3AX 4;L8"# .

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

20

78###9"-Examples

M%&"# g2:0S# G%:%N"# `"b .&BP 75%0 . Ahmed travelled to Japan last week. 1.

U7"# ;!( &%0 >"%0 .Samy wrote the letter.2.

U0"# Id.N., Id7%N0 x7!k# :P>NM%&"# >+ . My father bought a new car last year.3.

4)U."# $07. x. M%&"# Wg2:0S# d7kH -X7 WR7 .Huda studied lesson ten a week ago . 4.

>NM%& =-%NP >eFe 8+& j#.C"# Q-%JO" -)%+2H. .We invited them for lunch three days ago . 5.


3(T D&/U%& ,<P +)@& '!BX%& k : *) Correct the verbs in brackets: Ahmed ……………. (buy) a new bicycle last week.1.

She ……………. (make) a cake yesterday. 2.

Two months ago, we …………(have) a holiday. 3.

Samy ……………. (to climb) a tree yesterday. 4.

I ……………… (finish) my work two hours ago. 5.

A stitch in time saves nine.

*3:&) 1N l,) 3p(V - n _a"#jxB% " _D| _3 G (R •C H Et Zc3R*g1 ?jw

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

21

793:l##Z cD3:"#xZ Vv3V'"#wxZU4 A I(\ <#wVerbsWeako r Regularo r Ordinary5H A!"# ).A+ %V'N2B! `"bM%&"# )+%_e"# oN7E_!"#()past tense(-/ N7E_!"# `"bo r"%_e"# )-0#D2JK&"#) (past participle(#;< f!?

^@b!1GA!?;" .jZ* '<=B) ,/=P ed/- d.)73<V<8J*M& 7W8@& '!BX- 73<P@!g +0/ .(

Past participle

I"# r"#+ c1XQ"3 Past

I"# r"#+ c1X/-3 Meaning

. (:<# infinitiveorPresent

\ <#+_3! *. _aX<#

proved proved G)7:4N prove

helpedhelped.H%0N help

burnt burnt 97BN burn

|;;&S*A&<=>C

1.&#@& fA(P +1)*) +)@& '!BX%)e(!1)<!1*@ ZjX f<?* )d.(

Past participle


I"# c1X r"#+/-3 Meaning


\ <#+_3! *. _aX<#

arrivedarrivedDEN arrive

changed changed 7UNC4N change

invitedinvited2H.N invite

2.#@& fA(P +1)*) +)@& '!BX%&)y(_!U/P$" ,/4< :L@&]fA(P ],4!$ Y3,mX #@& fA( )y(^#@b h8j;< )i(f!?#;</ )ed(!1C<AT) =*G.

Past participle




\ <#+_3! *. _aX<#

cr ied cr ied (:N cry

marr iedmarr ied y2T!N marry

studiedstudiedR7.N study

3.#@& fA(P +1)*) +)@& '!BX%&)y(_!U/P$" ,/4< :L@&afA(P 7E8G )5A();" (3,mXY#@& fA( )y(!#"4 ^#jP< /#0 / f!?;< )ed(!1C<AT) =*G.

Past participle




\ <#+_3! *. _aX<#

enjoyed enjoyed f!&!0N enjoy

obeyedobeyedfNO4N obey

played played ;J'N play

stayed stayedr1(&N /`?:N stay

Conjugation of Verbs 93:l## + c1X)d

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

22

4.7X!?b =*G)ed(U A=T"@& 7<!1* ^@b= A=T"8@ A<>%& fA(@& fG!?;< &Lb]fA#(P A=T"@& ^1)*&],4!#$ ;.#8PU 5A();" .(

Past participle




\ <#+_3! *. _aX<#

stopped stopped oQ?N stop

travelledtravelled75%04N travel

Past

participle

I"# r"#+ c1XQ"3

Past

I"# r"#+ c1X/-3

Meaning

. (:<#

orPresent

infinitive

\ <#+_3! *. _aX<#

Past

participle

I"#+ c1X r"#Q"3

Past I"#+ c1X

r"#/-3

Meaning

. (:<#

orPresent

infinitive

\ <#+_3! *. _aX<# describeddescribed#%'describeactedacted(*,' act

dieddied./,'diedamageddamaged #02'damage

disappear eddisappear ed4526' disappearask edask ed)89' ask

diveddived;=?'/@/?'dive believed believedAC2D' believe

dreameddreamedE0G' dreamattack ed attack edEIJK'attack

droppeddropped LM C9'drop blink ed blink edN,?' blink

earnedearned P3/Q R9T'earnarrivedarrived(%' arrive

endedended4KV' end belonged to belonged toX6' belong to

enjoyedenjoyedY2,29'enjoy boiled boiled40?' boil eruptederupted Z/*')[J\]^1`(eruptcalledcalled(%2'/aBJV'call

evaporatedevaporated ]6^2'evaporate borrowed borrowedb]2C' borrow

exercisedexercised[],2' exercisecarr iedcarr ied(,G'carry

explainedexplainedc]d' explainchangedchanged]f g?f 'change

exploded exploded ]h5V'explodechasedchasedBZJ='chase

finishedfinished4KV'finishcheck edcheck edYI`]'check

floatedfloated/5='floatcleanedcleaned#iV' clean

foldedfolded4V*'/a/=' foldclosedclosedkM 0?f ' close

followedfollowedY^2'followclimbedclimbedk092'climb

formed formed [/m Tf 'formcomparedcompared[ZJC' compareguessedguessedn,6f 'guesscollectedcollectedY,h'collect

happenedhappenedoAG'happencomputedcomputedR9G'/4%G'compute

hatedhatedp/T'hatecondensedcondensed#*T'condense

heatedheated(-8' heatcorrectedcorrectedrG%'correct

hopedhoped(-8' hopecook edcook eds^=' cook

hurr ied uphurr ied upt]9f ' hurry upcontrolledcontrolledETG2'control

introduced introducedFAC' introducecopiedcopieds9V' copy

joined joined L_]' joincorrectedcorrectedrG%' correct

jumped jumped N5C' jumpcountedcounted AD'count

kick edkick ed(\]' kickcrawledcrawled#HN'//^G'crawlkilledkilled(2C' killcrossedcrossed]^D' cross

landed landed/:]'landdanceddancedXQ]'dance

93:l## + c1XI8 Z423RZ cD3:"#xv3V'"#Zwx \ <#Z4 A I(w

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

23

Past participle



. (:<#

ortPresen

infinitive \ <#+_3! *.

_aX<#

Past

participle

I"# r"#+ c1XQ"3

Past I"# r"#+ c1X/-3

Meaning

. (:<#

orPresent


_aX<# remember edremember ed]\u2'rememberlifted lifted Yw]'lift

replayedreplayedB]'replaylikedlikedRG' like

reportedreportednx ]']C3 FAC'reportlistenedlistenedy%V' listen

restedrestedcJ3]'restlived lived zgD' live

revisedrevisedYI`]'reviseloadedloaded(,G' load

sailedsailed]G^f 'saillook ed afterlook ed after |_ 4V2D' look after

screamedscreamed}]%'screamlook ed atlook ed at~1 ]iV' look at

shoppedshoppedlm/92'shoplook ed forlook ed fornx ! G^'look for

shoutedshoutedrg%'shoutlook ed goodlook ed good#AgI A^' look good

slopedslopedk1NV'slopelook ed uplook ed up$]629' % ,0\ ~VD-

look up

sowed (sown)sowedZmu^f 'sowlovedlovedRG'lovestartedstarted&A^'startmarr iedmarr ied $N2'marry

stayedstayed!f T,'staymatched matchedE '(f 'match

stoppedstopped#Q/2'stopmeasured measured;gC'measure

supportedsupportedExA'supportmended mendedrm 0%'mend

storedstored[fN6f 'storemilk ed milk edR0G' milk

switched on switched on OJKI ]'A'/

Z/V1` (Dd'switch onmissedmissedAC25' miss

talk edtalk edoAG2' talkmoved moved)m]G2'move

tasted tasted lu2'/lu'tasteneeded needed$J2G'need

tiedtied L_]'tieopenedopenedr25' openthank edthank ed]Td'thankorder edorder ed]-8' order

touchedtouched;,0'touchownedowned* 02,' own

trainedtrainedSZA'train painted painted +A'n paint

translatedtranslatedEI]2'translate passed passed],' pass

travelledtravelled]wJ9'travel phoned phoned#JgW/5g03 (%2' |_ phone

tr ied tr ied )JG'try pick ed pick ed#=C' pick

turnedturnedZA'/#0'turn planted plantedtZN' plant

typedtyped~0x R2T' % 1,`type played playedRD0' play

used used FA629' use ploughed ploughedo]G' plough

visitedvisitedZN' visit pointed to pointed to~1 ]gd' point to

waitedwaited]i2V'wait posted posted(:]' post

wantedwantedA']'want pour ed pour edR%' pour

washedwashed(9?'wash practiced practiced[],2' practice

watchedwatchedA +Jd'watch prefer red prefer red(m - 5f ' prefer

water edwater eda]'water pretended pretended4xmA'/

] +Ji2' pretend

weighedweighed[N'weigh pronounced pronouncedk=V' pronounce

welcomedwelcomed |_ RH]'welcome pulled pulledAd'/]h' pull

work edwork ed(,D'/(?2d'work pushed pushedYwA'/lN' push

worr ied worr ied k0C'worryrainedrained]=,3rainreceivedreceivedE029'receive

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

24

7^?3 C U"# 93:l##xZU4 A I(C EU{"#w The Irregular Verbs:4& d.AH%X %VKN7E!" RN" !"# D%J5S# )3>A+UNJ Q7Vw GH %VwKB ;,N ["8'5 ;'X .

Pastparticiple

I"#+ c1X r"#Q"3


Meaning

. (:<#

Presentor

infinitive +_3!\ <# *.

_aX<#

Pastparticiple

I"#+ c1X r"#Q"3


Meaning

. (:<#

orPresentinfinitive

\ <#+_3! *. _aX<#

clothedclothed/9T'clotheabodeabode! T,'/EgC' abide

comecame438'/] - G'comeagreedagreedkw`/'agree

costcost#m 0T'/aJ9'cost beenwas[/\&am

creptcrept#HN'creep beenwere[/T3/`/W/T'are

cutcutY=C' cutarosearose/ KV'arisedared (durst)dared (durst)1]h'dareawokenawoke 2 Q/'/ 2 Cg29'awake

dealtdealt(-JD2'deal beenwas / were[/T' be

dugdug]5G'dig born boreA03 bear

donedid(D5'do/does borne bore~0x& ~1 (,G' bear

drawndrewE:]'draw beat (en) beatS] - ' beat

dreamtdreamt (ed)E0G'dream become becamer^%'/]g%' become

drunkdrankS]d'drink begun began&A^'/4A2^' begin

drivendroveB/C'/l/9'drive bent bent4V*'/4VG' bend

dweltdweltn=C'/nT9'dwell bet betn +`]' bet

eatenate(\8'eat bet bettedn +`]' betfallenfell LC9'/YC'fall bidden bade5J=x FmACf ' bid

fedfedED=f '/amu?f 'feed bid bid]-8' bid

feltfelt]Dd'feel bound bound L_]' bind

foughtfought(3JC'/]IJd2'fight bitten bitf D'//6A0' bite

foundfoundAh'find bled bled$NV' bleed

fit (fitted)fit (fitted)R:JV' fit blent blent L06'/$N,' blend

fledfledS]K'flee blended blended L06'/$N,' blend

flungflung 'a/= /rg='/$uC'fling blown blewRK'/s5V' blow

flownflew]g='fly broken broke]9T' break

forbiddenforbadeYV,'forbid bred bred4_]' breedforecastforecast8^V2'/nKT2'forecast brought brought] - G' bring

foretoldforetold8^V2'foretell brought up brought up4_]' bring up

forgottenforgot~9V'forget broadcast broadcastY'u' broadcast

forgivenforgaver-J9'/ x /5D'nforgive built built4V^' build

forsakenforsook]hK'/nx ~062'forsake burnt burnt (burned)l]G' burn

frozenfrozeA,h2'freeze burst burst]h5V' burst

gotgot~0x (%G'get bought boughta]2d' buy

givengave4=D'/rV,'give----couldYg=29'can

gonewentR +u'gocastcast$uC'/4-]'cast

groundgroundnG='grindcaughtcaught* 9,'catch

growngrew/,V'/ ']f ^T/tZN'grow chosenchoseZJ26'choose

hunghungkm 0Df 'hangclungclangk%20'/k0D2'cling

93:l#

#+

c1XI8 Z423R^?

3 C

"#x E{"#BZ4 A

I(w

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

25

Past

participle

I"#+ c1X r"#Q"3

Past I"#+ c1X

r"#/-3

Meaning

. (:<#

Present

orinfinitive

\ <#+_3! *. _aX<#

Past participle



. (:<#

orPresent


_aX<#

saidsaid)/C' sayhangedhangedkVd'hangseensaw7]'/EK5'seehadhad* 0,' have / has

soughtsoughtnx ! G^'seek had tohad to[& Rh'have to

soldsoldYg^'sellheardheardY,9'hear

sentsent(:]'sendhiddenhid9 ^6'hide

set outset out4w t]d'/S]?'set outhithitS] - 'hit

setset#J^WJI Y - 'set asideheldheld* 9,'hold

sewnsewed Lm g6'sewhurthurtav: '/E1: 'hurt

shakenshook NK'/rwJ%'shake beenwas[/T'is

shedshed#J-B $NV'/#Jx/-B $Zu'shedkeptkept 2 5G'keep

shoneshoneY,0'/Y=9'shinekneltkneltY\]'kneel

shodshod;AH Y - '[J%G01shoeknitknit (knitted)#J </g7 ACD' knit

shotshotEK91` k0=' & J&]1`@shootknownknew$]D'know

shownshowedr ./' /ng^'showladenladed(m ,Gf 'lade

shrunk shrank z,TV' shrink laidlaidY - '// g^'lay

shutshutk0?f 'shutledledB/C'lead

sungsang4V?'/AdV' singleant (leaned)leant (leaned)~0x 9 T2'lean

satsat;0h' sitleaptleaptN5C' leap

sunk sank @/?'sink learned (learnt)learned (learnt)E0D2'learn

slainslewr_u'/s09' slayleftleftZBJ?' leave

sleptsleptFJV'sleeplentlentb]Cf 'lend

slidslidk1NV'slideletlettA'let

slungslung(^G_ Yw]'/

$uC't( C,_ slinglainlayAQ]'lie

smelt (ed)smelt (ed)Ed'smellliedliedSuT'lie

sownsowedZu^' sowlit (lighted)lit (lighted)54 - ' light

spedsped % x]91 A'N' speedlostlostAC5'lose

spentspent#>J- k5V'/#J2Q 4 - C'spendmademadeYV%'/(,D'make

spilledspiltRT9'/k']'

spill----mightfZm _J,/m(D1 mayspunspan)N?' spin meantmeant4VD'/A%C'mean

spatspatk%^'spitmetmet(_JC'/4C20'meet

splitsplitn']=e ]=d'splitmistakenmistook9 =6'mistake

runrana]h'runmownmowedY,h'/[N6'mow

risenrosel]d'/Yw]'riseovercomeovercameR0?2' overcome

sawnsawedZJdV,1J_ Y=C'saw paid paid#B/CW YwA' pay

soldsoldYg^'sell put putY - ' put

spoilt (ed)spoilt#02'/A95'spoilquitquit)]2'/]f hK'quit

spread spread]d2V' spreadreadread&]C'read

sprungsprangN5C'springridrid('N'/Xm 06' ridstoodstood#C'standriddenrodeR\]' ride

stolenstolel]9'stealrungrang[]'ring

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

26

Pastparticiple

I"# r"#+ c1XQ"3


Meaning

. (:<#

orPresentinfinitive

\ <#+_3! *. _aX<#

stuckstuck k%0'/k%20'stick

stungstungY90'/6A0'stingstunkstankn2V'stink

striddenstrode/=6'stride

struckstruckS] - 'strike

strungstrungy^*'/ L^6'string

strivenstrove( .JV'/rwJT'strive

swornsworeE9Cf '/#0G'swear

sweptswept;VT'sweep

swollenswelledFZ/2' swell

swumswamr^9'/F/D'swim

swungswangN2K'/rIZ82'swingtakentooku78'take

taughttaughtEm 0Df 'teach

toldtold]^6f 'tell

thoughtthought]T5'/n-: 'think

thrownthrew4-]'throw

thrustthrustnD=' thrust

troddentrod8='/<A' tread

undergoneunderwent |_ ],' undergo

understoodunderstoodEK5' understand

undertakenundertook |_ AKD'undertake

upsetupsetk0C'/? xN'/R0C' upset

woken (ed)woke (ed) 2 Q/'wake

wornworeaA3]'wear

wovenwove? 9V'weave

weddedwedded$N2'/[`]Q ACD' wed

weptwept4T^'weep

wonwonR9T'/O/5'/r_]'win

woundwound#0' wind

wrungwrung]%D'wring

writtenwroteR2T'write

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

27

1) Formation:- •c,UH I"# w: 14I&\ <# +_3!\ <# •C n >:;"# 7 ,X-+ VOx

•5 DJK"# D(k G2(N 4&"# G&T 4&"# g7%M 'N %&( 7&!0 :-

!"# E4 d >:;"# >H

I

He, She , It

They, You, We

am

is + 'BC@& A=T" + ing

are

iP_!"# 4.)%k Gs# T%K' . I am watching TV now. 1.

iD(^N &%0 I>B%K! . Samy is eating an apple. 2.

%+:,#2 D&J: -2?+ . We are doing our home work.3.

x \ <# •C n >:;"# 7 ,X- . IC \ <# +_3! 14I&: w o#aTIv;#:Usage)2

• \ )# >:l 7 ,X-n ZG4 \ <# •C \ <# +_3!yu;3z# n 14I&ZV) I#56

1.G%( #8b;" `=(@&A")$ a[/U/@& +X E)@& 6U/ n84 2 De& 3:-

%+Pe)4-;h ,o&. I am writing now .

2.G%( #8b;" `=(@&U/@& +X A")$ a[/ ] =( I" ]A>p aA?!(@& +X De& 3:-

) %&+N: '"B) _k"# 3n% -AU- .N.,"# %V:%!( . While she is making tea, I am reading her new book.

3.G%( #8ba9/=( =*G _c</Z _!)U/ .)B<PZP qAW)$< `=(@&a. A?!(@& +X QDe& 3:

_+b-V ,/*P07.& , Id.N. Q7%k 5 QH%+ . They are building a new school in our street.1.

r) s$ rZ I _k"# i|& ]E"# #8) 4R {%: . The sun is shining this morning. 2.

a"# u34GH"#N "# \ <# •C . G? Z \ <# +_3! 14I& 5Key words)3

•>N!s# $%&'("# x.Bb .2,2 3JA;< k QG&T 5 >'&4,"# DJ5 >\%NE 7&!04&"# g7%M4&"#:

#TN <D stillGs# now

%&+N: /%&"%O as%&+N: while

Z+iP1w 7 ! Look!_"# 68) 5 >wB' at this moment

|0#W& f /!Y!P|0 f& ! Listen!Q7M%B"# 5 at the present

Y!P1k - / !-1k! D)! Smell!-#. %& as long as

3.The Present Continuous Tense K:L7; >3 EF6G; >3 ?8@

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

28

•;;&S*A&<=>#Ka*C*

1../!04N .X - G&T 4&"# 4&"# g7%M _!'" 7&!0 WN GP Q77?&"# G& =r.B GH Q7N:J De& 3IF:?!04& Yr4.B :-

:A)F<$ 7(0"# vJ: )'Pj)$"@& +X (He is going to buy some sugar .

2.o7B"%: DJK"# 7.E& `V!+# #8b(e)UGu5 >5%Mb .+H o8B4N o7B"# #8) (ing)3 De& :-

;(7N ride + ing = riding ;!(N write + ing = writing

OJ4N /~+&N give + ing = giving !^N come + ing = coming

2H.N invite + ing = inviting -0!:N smile + ing = smiling

3.A: DJK"# `V!+# #8b)ee(>5%Mb .+H 7NNC! nP r.BN F5 )ing(De& 3:

95#2N agr ee + ing = agr eeing

4.DJK"# `V!+# #8b=(&/ 5A()" fA(P q/P$" ,4!$ fA(P 3Gu5 >5%Mb .+H oH%M4N 7N/S# o7B"#)ing(De& 3:

9'C4N shut + ing = shutting fMN put + ing = putting

75%04N travel + ing = travelling oX2N stop + ing = stopping

71KBN dig + ing = digging n7,N run + ing = running

~:0N swim + ing = swimming RQ',N sit + ing = sitting

!*;0o7B"# oUH%M4N -" t)(!_+SGN(7B!& GN57B: 92:0& @ .;UB74N /NB4N greet + ing = greeting

!*;07N/S# o7B"# oH%M4N -" )r(9O*+"# ;UJE4N @KNJM! UG< 3. WN D/. enter + ing = entering

5.A: 7.E&"# `V!+# #8b)ie(UGu5 o7B: %&V"#.:!0# -!N GN57B"# GN8) )y(>5%Mb .+H )ing(De& 3:

$2&N die + ing = dying .1X7N /;8(N lie + ing = lying

6.4&"# G&T D&J!04N <4&"# g7%M 7&!0 /-4&"# M%&"# G&T 7&!0 ):-:4,"# DJ5 t%EN < 4&"# G&T 5 >'& 4&"# g7%M 7&!0 /-QG&T 5 4&"# M%&"# 7&!0 (`/=(@& 7"K&= '!BX%& I" ):-%)%+J& G&M!N !"# 7#7&!0<#(De& 3:-

.w C "# 93:l. _,:x5#,z#w)Verbs of Sense(qDe& :

wBF4N notice x7N see U28!N 9 taste f&0N hear

QBF4N w observe -1kN smell

Q&'N R touch

Ew I"# 93:l. EH;)Verbs of Thinking(qDe& :

+JN /.E?N mean -VKN understand

.?!JN believe Q7!KN v suppose

1wN G /4N _(K 7 think 4JkN 7 feel

Q7JN o know

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

29

gwZ;S3:"# 93:l.)Verbs of Emotion(De& 3:

;\7N wish I%E/k ;B4N love

5 ;\7N desire I%LNk ;B4N like

.N74N want $1?&N /7(N 6 hate v157N refuse 67(N dislike

~&%04N /GH 2KJN forgive -!VN /+C4N care

Dw VHG<# 93:l.Z)Verbs of Possessing(De& 3:

['!&N possess ['!&N own

1/N a /`"b WTJ4N belong

U "w \ <# 93:l##^a?3&xHelping Verbsw#a? 3CVerb To Be,Verb To Havej *w _#14Iv;# aV;B ) ZR1;IC s1t. 93:l.YDe& :

`EJN disobey 7VwN /2.:N appear

4N ;0%+ /4N F -j suit 7VwN /2.:N seem

;0%+4N /4N F -j fit n2!BN /G&M!N contain

U2(!N G& G consist of fNO4N obey

-4VN /_(k4N UN&)P D > matter

•U0"# D%J5S# .BP -#./!0# .+H -HS# ;"%C"# 5 >'&4,"# 5 >?:% ON0A:"# g7%MA4&"# G&T -./!04N The Present Simple

_+"# G&2 UN\F: =;%:0S2 I#., 7.% U0"# D%J5S# .BP t%E4N GP O?5 => 1"# 5 >?:% 4&"# g7%M& 7&!0 .

!j;< M_&=P- ' _+b+ -V5P 3_+b4@ )7(N %V . I am understanding; he is hating her.

'!j<t ,4@/ +_+b-V5P3_+b4@ )7(N %V . I understand; he hates her.

_!"%: [#7^0 Q.N(^ I#.\ .)4,"#>'& 1! 4.NK _!"#.N(^ ()Emphasis( I am seeing you tomorrow.

D)c[.H2 `0+!0 )4,"#1! >'& K 4.N _!"# .N.V ()Threat( Are you forgetting your promise?

78###9"-Examples

1. The train is travelling now. Q?"#47%O 4N 47.%C Gs# .

2. We are having a test at this moment. 18/^+ 7%:!/# I#Q68) 5 _"# Q>wB' .

3. Listen! The tractor is working. f&0#!!_k"#1>+B% D&J! .

4. Look! The plane is crashing. 7w+iP!_O"#-OB!! d7L% .

5.

I am drinking tea at this moment. ZkPW7 _k"# 4; Q68) 5 n% _"#Q>wB' .

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

30

4) The Present Continuous Tense Negative and Interrogative:-

14I&\ <# +_3!\ <# •C . G? 9#Pv •c,H)* /;-d

1j^C*;< fM2: 7&!04&"# g7%M4&"# G&T )not(QDJK"# .J: 4&"# .H%0 )Verb To Be.(

am, is, are + not + >:;"# _aXC + ing

2.-!N '&N$ ,</4) `'H 4&"# G&T 4&"# g7%M 7&!0 ;"@& 'BC@& I?/P =G!$ )Verb To Be('G!C@& 'PU Y>&FH fM22 -%VK!0#)d(>'&4,"# Q>N%V+ 5 .

o3p;Iv;#Interrogative U("#/; Negative ZGrUC.Examples Is she working now?

D))iD&J! s#G d She is not working now.

iD&J! < )Gs# .

She is working now.

_+biD&J! %V Gs# . 1.

Are they playing?

G2:J'N -) D)d They are not playing.

_+bG2:J'N < -V .

They are playing.

_+bG2:J'N -V . 2.

Are you playing?

D)$+P;J'! d I am not playing.

%+P4;J"P <.

I am playing.

_+b4;J"P + . 3.


A)>&'!BX%& 3T@&," 7(<( D&/U%& ,<P : I) Choose the correct verbs between brackets:

Listen! They (shout - shouts - shouting - are shouting). 1.

(Do you listen - Are you listening - Do listen) to what I (say-says-am saying)? 2.

Look! Azza (type - types - typing - is typing) letters. 3.

Mother (make - is making - made) coffee now. 4.

Now, they (welcome - welcomes - are welcoming) the new pupil. 5.

The people (is standing - stand - are standing) at the bus stop at this moment. 6.

At the present time, my father (builds - building - is building) a house. 7.

I (answer - am answering - is answering) the teacher @s question now. 8.

She (do - does - is doing) her homework now. She usually (do-does-is doing) it in the evening. 9.

. I (am wearing-not wearing-am not wearing) a coat as it is not raining.10.

3(T k '!BX%& +)@&D&/U%& ,<P : II) Correct the verbs in brackets:

He (wait) for you at this moment. 1.

You can@t see Ahmed now, he (have) a bath. 2.

He is (drive) his car. 3.

Look! it (rain) heavily. 4.

Now, we (hear) very well what he say. 5.

I (think) that I (know) how to use a calculator now. 6.

Glory to my God, the Greatest. B v%V A :"# /8_ '3}bj

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

31

1) Formation: •c,H I"# w: 14I&\ <# /=3<# |•C n ZG4\ )# >:l 7 ,X- + VOx

üQG&T 5 DJK"# G2(!N 4&"# M%&"# !s%( 7&!0 :-

!"# E4 14I&<# /=3<# •C •c,H)

I, He, She , It was + >:;"# _aXC + ing

They, You, We were + >:;"# _aXC + ing

1. I was walking in the street. 1( Z+ 1$ _k"# 5 k&P Qg7% .

2.

Ahmed was reading a story. .&BPI>EX P7?N G%( .

3. They were cooking the food. U.JN #2+%( 2 G _O"# -%J .

2) Usage : o#aTIv;# w: 14I&\ <# /=3<# |•C n >:;"# 7 ,X- . ICx

ü \ )# >:l 7 ,X-|•C n ZG4 \ <# /=3<#yu;3z# n 14I&ZV) I#56

1.b+?!"@& +X _c</Z _!)U/ .9/=( qAW)$& =U `=(@& ,!4 &L .

1.

They were making a party yesterday. *!4 ,/"<j< &/ 'KB "I> D"%!P Q. 2. They were sitting behind as she was driving her car. ,/$8J< &/*!4 Qo'/"# 5 =/j) 6*!4 !"*3 S42HTU"GNe.B"# sit2 driveUT"# 5 %&V!\%NE -! ["8'5 3IFN2O I%!X2 %X7C!0# M%&"# G& 4&"#7&!0 .

2.,!4 &Lb$& =U `=(@&3A") a[/U/@& +X ] =( I" ]A>p +?!"@& +X 3De& :

While she was driving her car, a policeman stopped her.

=/j) 6*!4 !"*<P %V!7%N0 !1CU/)$&1k #O7 .

çTU" M.NO 1.DJK"#stopI%!X2 97C!0# &A<TU QG&T 5 @1!\%NE U-! ["8'5 3"+?!"@& Z<$P@&.

2.DJK"#drive I%!X2 97C!0#_c</Z 3QG&T 5 @1!\%NE U-! ["8'5 ;"@& +?!"@&A")$ .

a"# u34GH"#N "#|•C . G? Z \ <# /=3<# 14I& :Key words)3

ü>N!s# $%&'("# x.Bb .2,2 3JA;< k QG&T 5 >'&4,"# DJ5 >\%NE M%&"# 4&"#7&!0 :

%&"%O /%&+N: as%&+N: while

%&.+H when DTN -" still

4.The Past Continuous Tense ?8@IJ6>3 K:L7; >3

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

32

•;&S*A&<=>;*

1.-#./!0# G(&4N while2P asQGNe.B GH G#7U:J!" QGN7&!0& %+%( QRK+ 5 3$X2"# :-!^N 4& %&VL#72 Id7k%: $DJ5 QGA&T 5 "#M%& "#4& 37&!0 De& :

While he was reading the newspaper, his wife was watching TV.

-Aj< ,!4 !"*KNBUE"# *!4 6 Y!,2T 4@ e) =0!F T%K'_!"#.

2.!*!<(-$!P #8b "when4& %).J: n8"# DJK"# fM+ 5 Id7k%: QG&T A5 7A/s# DJK"#2 ON0:"# M%&"#QGA&T AM%&"#4&"#e& 37&!0 D :

-&i;PZ) 6*!4 eu v( !"=*G Yv? sA e6 . My mother was cooking, when I came.

3.4N 4&"# M%&"# G&T -./!0+ GP G(& B `"b 7Nk1+" 7&!0 =r. =DE!& =>N+&T =d7!K" I%N7%0 G%( 3>&2'J& )aZ 2/#<@& '&/ # '#4 3T@&w!P # !$"@& '4 # aZ E@& '&/ '<8 (......3e& D :

1. I was shopping all afternoon.

1( Z+ QO

9U20!P

1$ j%0&"#

D#2 .

2. They were studying all day. QO G202.N #2+%( -2N"# D#2 .

4.4N !^N n8"# DJK"# G2(N GP G(& .J: as/-whileQG&T 5 4&"# M%&"# 2 7&!0 5 7/s# DJK"#QG&T M%&"#ON0:"#.

!"*<P 1( Z+ 1$ +F"-g7%_k"# 5 ae6<-A Y?N.E . While I was walking in the street, I saw my friend.

4) The Past Continuous Tense Negative and Interrogative:

C . G? 9#Pv •c,H)* /;-|• \ <# /=3<# 14I& 1.4&"# M%&"# G&T `K+4N fM2: 7&!0 not.H%04&"# DJK"# .J: (Verb To Be)!s%( :

was /- were + not + A=T"@& + ing

2.-!N '&N$ ,</4) 4&"# M%&"# G&T `'H .H%04&"# DJK"# fM2: 7&!0 (Verb To Be) >A&FH fAM2 2 3DH%K"# D:X -%VK!0#)d('&4,"# >N%V+ 5 > .

o3p;Iv;# Interrogative ("# /; Negative ZGrC. Examples

Were you working?

D)r6*4 '"B) d I was not working.

e4- 2@ '"G- s, .

I was working.

1( Z+ 1$ '"G-. 1.

Were they working?

D),/8"B< &/*!4 d They were not working.

&/*/4< 2@ 2'&JN G .

They were working.

G2'&JN #2+%( . 2.

Examples 789#"-

!"*<P 1( Z+ 1$ +F"-_k"# 5 3g7% 6<-A &%0 i.As I was walking in the street, I saw Samy. 1.

e4 !"* r8 x6 QX %>AO 1C"# `"bQ>57 .

The teacher was giving us a lesson, when a cat walked

into the room.3.

-Aj< ,!4 i3I%:%!( vA !"=*G3, R7,"# .He was reading a book, when the bell rang. 4.

D"%!P Q4N G%( 3Yk Q)% _!"# `'H I#.N, I%&'N5 . T%K' . Yesterday , he was watching a good film on TV. 5.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

33


3T@& '!BX%& A)>&D&/U%& ,<P ," 7(<( : I) Choose the correct verbs in brackets:

I (meet - met - was meeting) your brother , while I was studying in London.1.

While you (played - plays - were playing) the piano, I (write - was writing - wrote) a letter. 2.

I (find - found - was finding) the ring as I (dig - dug - was digging) in the garden. 3.

When I (arriving - arrive - arrived - was arriving) at the house, he (still sleeping - was still

sleeping - still slept).4.

He (sits - sat - was sitting) in a restaurant, when I (see - saw - was seeing) him.5.

What story (does Samy tell - did Samy tell - was Samy telling) you, when I came into the room. 6.

Last night, somebody (shouted - will shout - was shouting), while I (studying - was studying

- studies). 7.

She (lived - was living - living) in England, when war (begin - beginning - began - was beginning).8.

The phone rang while I (get - got - was getting) a bath. 9.

She (was talking - talked - talking) to her neighbor, when the baby (begin - began - was

beginning) to cry.10.

3(T k '!BX%& +)@&D&/U%& ,<P : II) Correct the verbs between brackets:

The telephone (ring) just as I (leave) the house. 1.

He (have) his dinner, while I (have) a bath. 2.

She (cook) all morning yesterday. 3.

As they (to work), a man (to knock) at the door. 4.

As we (to play), it (rain). 5.

The pupil (sleep), when the teacher (come). 6.

What you (do) when I came in?7.

As we (come) here, a policeman (stop) us.8.

The boy (jump) of the bus, while it (move).9.

He (watch) TV, when I (come).10.

He beat me and cried out, he got the start of me and complained. L =L 1. HI`#*J 'bv* . H8* /8j

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

34

1x Formation: •c,H I"# w:o3 I"# +_3!\ <# |•C n ZG4\ )# >:l 7 ,X- + VO )

üQG&T 5 DJK"# G2(!N 4&"# _!"# g7%M !s%( -% :-

have 2P has + Past Participle (P.P)

( E)@&E9@& f<AT 'BC8@ `@! )

I, They, We, You have + P.P

He, She, It has + P.P

78###9"-Examples

6<1*- =j@ i"T+&"# :,#2 . I have finished my homework.1.

h)4 =j@ I>"%07 7.%+ . Nader has written a letter.2.

&/8P!U =j@ 4& U. W7 -V0 . They have met their teacher.3.

2) Usage : o#aTIv;# w:o3 I"# +_3!4\ "# |•C n >:;"# 7 ,X- . ICxd

ü \ )# >:l 7 ,X- \ <# •C n ZG4 I"# +_3!ZV) I# u;3z# n o356

1.;" 32) =U `=(@& ,!4 &Lbx* eL ]h<AU ]6U/ )E)@& 'PU n84 2 (e& 3D :

!*"8)$& =j@ UNX7:"# 68) > _&/) .)Q&F!0# `'H DN2O $X2 Qv&N -" %V .( We have just received this letter.

2.=BP +1)*< 2@/ -=P =U `=(@& ,!4 &LbDe& 3:

328B) =j@ UNTN',+m# >C'"# .,%& > _!9<=( .)%VQ& !1'J! G& Q@!+N -" 2 %V&1'J! P.: .( Maged has learnt English recently .

3.E@& =<Ae*/ _!"!") OV!J*b 32) =U `=(@& ,!4 &LbaOV!J*b a2!") ,G .</*) De& 3:

!*P)4 =j@ U7"# IFJ5 >"%0 . )U7"# >:%!( -%&! GH 62+1+ >"%0 .( We have already written the letter.

Or: We have written the letter already .

4.=U `=(@& ,!4 &LbA?!(@& +X R=/J/" '&V) M OA!9p/ +?!"@& +X IU/ Qe& 3D :

y<g =j@ 6vA .?J"# 5 $%&'("# vJ: .)GA& U-! $%&'("# vJ: 7NNC! _!7!2 M%&"# 5 %V:Q+%, 7M%B"# 5 7%e &2 ' L%!+ Q@N'H W; .(

She has changed some words in the contract.

3x Key words : o3 I"# +_3!\ <# •C |. G? ZN "#a"# u34GH"#

ü4,"# 5 >N!s# $%&'("# x.Bb .2,2 >'& kJA;< Q>'&,"# DJ5 >\%NE QG&T 5 4&"# _!"# g7%M -% :

already IFJ5 /DJK"%: since 4& Z+ 18 yet _!B Gs# `

just U2! I#/i•4& =$X2 8+ DN'X for 4&" d. never 4& I%?'O /I#.:P

ever d7& $#8 )D#pU0"# 5 ( recently I%eN.B lately _/p& I#7

V6T LD3 EF6G; >3 ?8@5. The Present Perfect Tense

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

35

•;;&S*A&<=>

1.QG&T 5 DJK"# >&,7! .+H4&"# _!"# g7%M _"# `"b -% Q>C' UN:7J"# _+u5 3> @ 19:04N >&'(: )=U (/-)=j@ (.

I have finished my work. e6<1*- =j@ '&H .

2.4N G(& -./!0+ GP just /-already .+H _!"#Qd%H#7& f& 3=;N7X =$X2 18+& ! -! =r.B GH 7N:J >&'( !^! GP just DA:X E)@&E9@& f<AT 3"- `@! ! 7"84 already E@& 'PU +)Q)X E9@& f<AT) 'BC8@ `@! /-a7<!1* +X 78";J@& .

have, has + already ( just ) + P.P have, has + P.P + already

3.>&'( yet )_!B ` Gs#(4, 5 !^! & Q>' 4&"# G&T _!"# g7%M -% +C*"@&YDe& :-

He has not received the money yet . 28)$< 2@ _+"# .2? E)( ,o& ^ )=BP .(

4.-./!01! ever )RA" 6&L (3$@& +X '&N QG&T" 4&"# _!"# g7%M -% .

5.-./!01! never)_&=P-(.+H3$@& 7P!Jb'&N E*@!P +C .2,2 .+Hever @: .

6..2,2 .+H2 ever "# 5 U0 _!"# g7%M4&"# >CNE 5 DJK"# >\%NE -T'N 4@_+u5 D#p >:%,m# .+H (j#20 3-% _+"# 2P ;%,Nm%: AK 'N %&( :-

Have you ever travelled by air? )'&N3$@&( cI#2, d7& $#8 $75%0 D)Yes, I have travelled by air. )6!P9S&( e6AX!$ =j@ 2B* I#2, .

No, I have never travelled by air. )+CE*@&( _&=P- AX!$t- 2@ MI#2, .

7.>&'( recently )_!9<=( (_!"# D:X !^! _e"# oN7E r"% (P.P)/-3>'&4,"# D2P 5 De& :-

I have recently written a new book. I#.N., I%:%!( I#7/p& 1$:!( .?" .

Recently , I have written a new book. I%:%!( 1$:!( .X I#7/p& I#.N., .

8.>&'( since )x*;" eL ( 7<&=P@ =a=v(;" 6U/ !0=BP +)Q< 'BC@&.

last …… etc,clock 'o7,April,yesterday,1985+since

I haven't seen Ahmed since 1995. 4& .&BP x7P -" Z+ 18 -%H 1995- .

9.>&'( for )R="a@ ( ;"@& !0=BP +)Q< 3= - R'BC@& !1<X `=(< +)@& RA)C@& / .

for + 3 weeks, along time, an hour, six years …..etc

She has been in London for seventeen years. 6*!4 =j@ G.+" 5 ;"@ aR= !"!G AFG 7BP$ ".

10.&Lb!J 'BX 7"84 =BP since E*mX ,"V +X A>o& 'BC@&/ Z<$P@& +?!"@& ,"V +X ,/4< . ;"@&E)@& [A!? 2! .

I have come here since you left. e6A?( =j@ !*;0 ^@b x*;" eL 6A=!g ,-.

:The Present Perfect Tense Negative and Interrogative)4

•C . G? 9#Pv •c,H) * /;-y \ <# I"# +_3!o3 ü^C*;< 4&"# G&T _!"# g7%M fM2: -% not4&"# DJK"# .J: .H%0 ):-:=BP have/-has(.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

36

ü-!N '&N$ ,</4) G&T `'H Q 4&"#_!"# g7%M -% ;"@& 'BC@& 2<=j)P =G!$ ):-:2<=j)P have/-(has'#G!C@& ^#8GfAM22 3 -%VK!0# >&FH)d(>'&4,"# Q>N%V+ 5 .


Have you finished work ?D)=U 6<1*-D&J"# d I have not finished work. +1*t- 2@ D&J"# . I have finished work.e6<1*- =j@ D&J"# .

1.

Has Samia met Mona?

.X D)68P!U `+4& >N&%0 d Samia has not met Mona.

>N&%0 'P!je) 2@ `+4& .

Samia has met Mona.

68P!U =j@ `+4& >N&%0 . 2.


3(T ;J@& +X '!BX%& k 7<)o& '" : *) Correct the verbs in the following sentences:

I ………………. (not, see) my friend since last month.1.

Hatem ………………. (already, eat) his breakfast.2.

Hassan …………….. (never, be) to Jordan. 3.

I and Ali ……………. (finish) the work yet.4.

She ………….. (not, meet ) him since she was in Paris.5.

It is no use crying over sil t milk.

y(3Hb"# •C s*a 2 ;N "# . G?|K GE ,H&<#j

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

37

x:o3I"# /=3<# •C n ZG4 )# >:l 7 ,X- + VO w I"#•c,H:onFormati)1

üU2(!N QG&T 5 DJK"# G _!"# M%&"# !^N %&( -% :

had + past participle (P.P)

x I"# r"# + c1X>:;G" Q"3w

6A)F& =U 6*!4 I>KNBE . She had bought a paper. 1.

&/8P!U =U &/*!4 L%X.EP -V . They had met their friends. 2.

x \ )# >:l 7 ,X- . IC•C n ZG4y I"# /=3<#:o3w o#aTIv;# :Usage)2 ü=>'&4, 5 M%&"# 5 G%e.B fX2 #8b2 d.B#2 37/s# %&)4.BP 9:0 UGu5 a,#"V +#X I#?/< '/%& 'BC@&#E)@& +#?!"@& Y2!

+X I?/< O=BP `=( :L@&/ a,"V Z<$P@& +?!"@&.

After they had eaten their breakfast, they went to school.

&/@/!*) =U &/*!4 ,- =BP -)7%O5b -%JO /P0L Y&Q>07.&"# `"b .

a"# u34GH"#N "#•C . G? Zy I"# /=3<#o3:wordseyK )3

ü>'&4,"# DJ5 UGu5 3>'&4,"# 5 >N!s# $%&'("# x.Bb $.,2 #8b3JA;< k _!"# M%&"# G&T 5 t%E4N GP -% :

`_!B until|GP D:X before

NB %&+ timetheby |GP .J: after

%&"%B as soon as `_!B till

•;&<=>

* *

1.G&T 5 DJK"# fM2N Q _!"# M%&"# -% 7"84 'PU before :-)Before before()7"84 'PU 'PU (.

4 V&8 /=3C before (past simple)/=3C )o3x(past perfect x/-3 L + c1X)w >bR (had + P.P)

2.G&T 5 DJK"# fM2N Q _!"# M%&"# -% 7"84 =BP after :-)After after()7"84 =BP =BP (.

o3) /=3Cx(Past perfect after 4 V&8 /=3C (Past simple)

(had + P.P)a:8x/-3 L + c1X)w

V6T LD3 IJ6>3 ?8@ The Past Perfect Tense6.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

38

3.QG&T 5 DJK"# >&,7! .+H_!"# M%&"# UN:7J"# >C'"# `"b -% _+u5 > 4@ 7N:J!: 9:04N :=U ,!4 ..

eU =U e6*e4 ,- =BP 6" : i3:,#2 6PaB@ Yd71( i-.?"# . After I had done my home work, I played football. 1.

e6*e4 rg =U v$ x8 e6 3V,2 ,- 'PU p+) Q>07.&"# `"b . I had washed my face before I came to school. 2.

4) The Past Perfect Tense Negative and Interrogative:

•C . G? 9#Pv •c,H)* /;-y I"# /=3<#o3 ü^C*;< _!"# M%&"# G&T fM2: -% not=BP 4&"# DJK"# .H%0 )had(.

ü2)< '&N$ ,</4) M%&"# G&T `'H _!"#-% =G!$"@& 'BC@& I?/P (had)'G!C@& 'PU Y-%VK!0# >&FH fM22 )d(Q>N%V+ 5 >'&4,"#.


Had she made a cake?

D)63=G- =U 6*!4 I>(J( d She had not made a cake.

) 63=G- =U ,e4) 2@ I>(J( .

She had made a cake.

)63=G- =U 6*!4 I>(J( . 1.

Had they written a letter ?

D)&/P)4 =U &/*!4 I>"%07 d We had not written a letter.

,(* 2@ !*P)4 =U ,e4* I>"%07 .

We had written a letter.

!*P)4 =U !E*e4 I>"%07 . 2.


3(T '!BX%& k D&/U%& ,<P +)@&: *) Correct the verbs between brackets:

Mazen …….. (drink) much tea before he ……… (finish) his supper.1.

(come).After Nadia …….... (cook) the food, her father …… 2.

They ………… (leave) Rafah before I …………. (reach).3.

Samy ……. (go) to school after he ……. (take) his breakfast. 4.

She ……….. (thank) him because he (save) her daughter.5.

The police ………… (arrest) the thief who ………… (steal) the bag.6.

If you want peace, be prepared for war.

E 1}G" >D#a:Iv# . G? •\ Hl o1 &"# uD_. #?0j

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

39

x•C n ZG4\ )# >:l 7 ,X- + VOy \ <#4 V&b"# >b'I&:w I"#•c,H:Formation)1

•5 DJK"# G2(!N QG&T 4&"# !s# G& ON0:"# D:?!0 :

(infinitive) :;"# _aXC> will + *.shall

|;;&S*A&<=>C

1.!01! -./ )f/$ shall(4,"# DH%5 G%( #8b4& >'& _'(! - I2 We :-:

)Infinitive+shallWe,I(

2.-./!01! )f/$ will(3DH%K"# $<%B X%: f& :-UM"# f& >N!s# 7L%& :-

)infinitive+willYou,They,It,She,He(

tQ$ 'P!U I#.&B4& _&=g.I shall meet Mohammed tomorrow .1.

A/V<$ */ * ! -2N 4,"#Q>J& 2=!j@& . They will visit us next Friday. 2.

>N.%k +)Q)$ _k"# 7V 2=!j@&.Shadia will come next month. 3.

x \ <# •C n ZG4\ )# >:l 7 ,X- . IC: 4 V&b"# >b'I& w o#aTIv;#:Usage)2

• \ )# >:l 7 ,X-|•C n ZG4 \ <#yu;3z# n 4 V&b"# >b'I&ZV) I 56 1.E)@& =*GE)@& ,G A<PB ;"@& +X `;=(<$ !3"G NP* 'Pj)$ .

A/V<$ */ * ! _&=g . They will visit us tomorrow . 1.

;5A())$ U0"# D27!: G2.: 3$#7%N ;"@& +X a'Pj)$ . Cars will move without petrol in the future. 2.

2.,!4 &Lb`=(@&$ ;"@& +X Ij< a'Pj)$ 2!G ]'4FP .

_&=g 5&AQ$ . I shall see you tomorrow.

a"# u34GH"#N "#|•C . G? Z \ <#4 V&b"# >b'I&:Key words)3

ü>'&4,"# DJ5 UGu5 3>'&4,"# 5 >N!s# $%&'("# x.Bb $.Q,2 #8b3JA;< k QG&T 5 t%E4N GP4&"# ON0:"# D:?!0 :

D:?!0&"# 5 in the future I#.\ tomorrow

>'N'"# tonight_!"#"% /Q.%?"#- ... next .....

I<%B soonnext (week, month, year, …)

AB7CD3 'CWL7>3 ?8@ The Future Simple Tense7.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

40

78###9"-Examples

-=P)$ i4&"# d#7%: _M!( . The match will begin soon . 1.

AX!$;<$ &#7

_&=g. Ramy will travel tomorrow . 2.

=0!FtQ$ _!"# T%K' 78<8@&. I shall watch TV tonight .3.

,/4)$ U7%B Id;"@& +X 'Pj)$ . It will be hot in the future .4.

);=/B)$ 2=!j@& 2!B@&. She will come back next year .5.

:The Future Simple Tense Negative and Interrogative)4

|•C . G? 9#Pv •c,H) * /;- \ <#4 V&b"# >b'I&

ü@& +C* 2)< ;" I?/P 'Pj)$ (not)'BC@& =BP ;"@&=G!$ )will/-shall(.

>:;"# _aXC not +Fwill *.shall

ü3$@& ,</4) 2)< ;"@& ,"V ^8G '&N ;"@& 'BC@& 2<=j)P Z<$P@& 'Pj)$ =G!$ will/-shall'G!C@& ^8G 3>A&FH fAM22 -%VK!0#)d(>'&4,"# Q>N%V+ 5 .

|;&<=>

1.G(&4N 1( 7%E!/# _' I% G& will /-shall `"b ('ll )Q>"%B 5 I>E%/2 >e.%B4&"# .

Ÿ-!N 7%E!/#shall not shan't )s,@ f/$ .(

Ÿ-!N 7%E!/#will not won't )s,@ f/$ (.

2._!'" 37&!04&"# g7%M4&"# G&T -#./!0# G(&4N 3D:?!04&"# 5 =GNJ4& =ONO/! GH 7N:J /-UN+"# GH 7N:J_!"# > /-& !s%( 3.E?" :

am / is / are + going to F :;"# _aXC> d

2)-Aj<$ iId.N., I>EX . )73<* ( He is going to read a new story. 1.

+?j<$ Y>'O4H

n.%k

G.+"

5

g2:0iS#

>N%V+ . )

Z<Z>) ()Planning(Shadi is going to weekend in London.2.


Will you go to school?

h0L)$ '0Q>07.&"# `"b cI shan't go to school.

W;)8P G" Q>07.&"# `"b .

I shall go to school.

h0LQ$ Q>07.&"# `"b i. 1.

Will he leave school?

'02)5A)<$ c>07.&"# He won't leave school.

2)5A)< ,@ >07.&"# .

He will leave school.

2)v$ ;A)< 5 >07.&"# . 2.

Will he come to school?

Q>07.&"# `"b 7MBN0 D)c He won't come to school.

2)A?(< ,@ Q>07.&"# `"b .

He'll come to school.

2)A?(<$ Q>07.&"# `"b .3.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

41

,#<A") Exercise No.12

& 'BC@& A)>&3T@ D&/U%& ,<P ," k<( : I) Choose the correct verb in the brackets:-

They (will go - are going - is going) to move to a new house. 1.

He (studies - will study - is studying) all morning tomorrow. 2.

We (starts- shall start - will start) work next week . 3.

Tomorrow, I (swam - swim - shall swim) in the sea. 4.

Ali (will built - built - will build) a new house in the future. 5.

3(T D&/U%& ,<P +)@& '!BX%& k : II) Correct the verbs between brackets:-

She (clean) the rooms tomorrow. 1.

We (see) him next Friday. 2.

Ahmed (visit) us in the next Monday. 3.

My father (be) forty next May.4.

I (take) the exam next Tuesday. 5.

Mazen's father (arrive) to Gaza tomorrow.6.

Nadia (study) at home tomorrow.7.

We (meet) Ali next week .8.

When you (meet) them? I (meet) them at 7:00 o'clock.9.

He (leave) in a few days.10.

Birds of a feather flock together.

y M3H`. . G? _,VN G "#@') 3j

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

42


C3? •c_3 N Z(C ## . G? Z General Exercises on Tenses

3(T D&/U%& ,<P +)@& '!BX%& k : I) Correct the verbs between brackets:-

He usually (visit) us once a month.1.

I (make) few mistakes but she (make) many mistakes. 2.

He (live) in England since 1985. 3.

We (finish) the project by the end of the year.4.

Many planets ( to move) round the sun. 5.

He (travel) to France next week .6.

If you think it over, you (see) I am right.7.

The doctor (examine) him and (give) him some pills.8.

After I (work) for some time, I (hear) a knock at the door.9.

I (wait) her till she comes back.10.

I (wait) her till she came back.11.

Samy (come) tomorrow.12.

My uncle (become) better.13.

She (leave) London before we (reach).14.

I (not see) my friend since his absence.15.

I (see) you yesterday; you (sit) outside a café.16.

The pupils (learn) English grammar now.17.

Yesterday, I (visit) my uncle Khalil.18.

While he (learn) to drive, he (have) many accidents.19.

Before I (come) to school, I (eat) my breakfast.20.

They (buy) some fruits now.21.

A policeman always (direct) traffic there.22.

Rain (fall) heavily tonight.23.

He (travel) in Europe when he (meet) Mary in France.24.

She (see) the accident before she (go) to school. 25.

D&/U%& ,&: II) Choose the correct answers between brackets:

I (borrow - borrows - borrowed) three books from the library last week .1.

My friend (lived - lives - has lived) in Rafah since 1980. 2.

Now, he (watches - watched - is watching) TV.3.

After I (had - had had - have had) some biscuits, I had a drink.4.

While she (was making - makes - made) tea, they (open - opened - are opening) her bag.5.

I have not met Ali (for - ago - since) the last two weeks. 6.

Did you (see - saw - seen) Ahmed yesterday? 7.



"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

43

Have you (did - do - done) your work?8.

She (didn't finish - hasn't finished - hadn't finished) her new book yet.9.

Generally, I (think - am thinking - thought) the story is not bad.10.

Before I (go - went - had gone) home, they (left - had left - leave). 11.

Last night, I (sleep - am sleeping - slept) for six hours when I (receive - received - wasreceiving) a telephone call. 12.

We (move - will move - shall move) those stones soon. 13.

They (visit - will visit - had visited) the farm tomorrow. 14.

Have you (never - ever - ago) visited Jerusalem?15.

I have (never - ever - ago) visited Jerusalem.16.

Samy always (go - goes - went) to school on foot.17.

While I (am walking - was walking - walked) in the street I (see - saw - seen) my friend.18.

Look! He (jumps - was jumping - is jumping). 19.

By the time, he (finishes - had finished - finished) answering the test, the bell (ring - rang -rung).20.

As soon as he (had finished finishes - finished) answering the test, the bell (ring -rang -

rung).21.

She (writes - writing - write) to her parents on Fridays. 22.

What (they were doing - they did - were they doing) when the teacher entered? 23.

I (lived - have lived - has lived) here since I (was - were - am) a little boy.24.

He (feel - felt - feels) sick after he (eats - ate - had eaten) three cakes. 25.

The exception proves the rule.

y " \ H>> a?3R?#,`j

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

44

9X8@YD V61 ZT [0= 8

o3p;Iv;# Interrogative /; ("# Negative ZGrC. Examples I"# •c,H Formation 9 "# •C Tense ?.…>:;"# _aXCF>?3l+Do

UM"# f& >N!s# 7L%& :I, You, We, They

>:;"# _aXC+t'don UM"# f& >N!s# 7L%& :I, You, We, They

Do you play football?

d2=j@& RA4 hB8) '0

I don't play football.

%+P -.?"# d7( ;J"P < .

Does + >?3l +>:;"# _aXC …. ?

UM"# f& >N!s# 7L%& :He, She, It

>:;"# _aXC+t'doesn UM"# f& >N!s# 7L%& : He, She, It

Does he read a story?

d7TU -Aj< '0

He doesn't read a story.

2)iP7?N EX .

1) I play football.

4;J"P %+P1( -.?"# d7 .

2) He reads a story.

iP7?N 2)UEX I> .

×G2(!N G& :

BC@& A=T" ' f& 7L%&UMA"#>N!s#:

I, You, We, They ×/-'BC@& A=T" ," +s

f& 7L%&UMA"#>AN!s# :

He, She, It

The Present Simple \ <#4 V&b"# +_3!

?...jjj>:;"# _aXCF>?3l+Did :;"# _aXC>+t'didn UM"# fN&, f& 7L%& .

1) Did they watch TV?

E)@& &/=0!F '0dV!C8

2) Did he study the lesson?

vDA= '03=@& vDA d

1) They didn't watch TV.

_!"# #2.)%kN -" -)T%K' .

2) He didn't study the lesson.

47.N -" 2)WR U."# WR7 .

1) They watched TV.

-)_!"# #2.)%k T%K' .

2) He studied the lesson.

W. 2)W7 WR U."# WR7 .

×G2(!N G& :

f<ATE)@&+*!E9@&'BC8@ . The Past Simple

4 V&b"# /=3<#

Am, Is, Are + 'G!X + _aX<# + ing … ?am, is, are + not +>:;"# _aXCF

ing

1) Are you writing now?

D)Y$+PGs# ;!(! d 2) Is he reading a story?

D)2)iP7?N I>EX d 3) Are they walking?

D)-4)G2k&N d

1) I am not writing now

4;1!(P < %+PGs# .

2) He is not reading a story.

iP7?N < 2)>EX ."

3) They are not walking

1) I am writing now.

4;1!(P %+PGs# .

2) He is reading a story.

2)iP7?N I>EX .

3) They are walking.

4)G2k&N - .

×

G2(!N >CNUE"#

G&

_!"#>N"% :

ing+A=T" +are,is,am The Present

Continuous

\ <# \ <# +_3! 14I&

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

45

G2k&N < -).

* *

o3p;Iv;#Interrogative

/; ("# Negative

ZGrC.Examples

•c,H I"# Formation •C 9 "#

Tense Was, Were + !#$% + &')+-. + ing.. ?was, were + not +'BC@& A=T" + ing

1) Were you running?

1( D)Z+ Y$ n7,! d

2) Was she making tea?

$+%( D)QJ1! ). I%N%k d 3) Were they drinking milk ?

( D)I%:N'B G2:7kN #2+% d

1) I was not running.

1(P -" n7,P G .

2) She was not making tea.

G1(! -" QJ1! ). I%N%k .

3) We were not drinking milk.

I%:N'B ;7k+ G1(+ -" GB+

1) I was running.

1( Z+ 1$ n7,P .

2) She was making tea.

QJ1! $+%( ). I%N%k .

3) We were drinking milk.

I%:N'B ;7k+ %_+1( .

×G2(!N _!"# >CNUE"# G& >N"% :

ing+A=T" +were,was

The Past

Continuous

14I&<# /=3<#

?..…P.P+'G!X +Has/-Have P.P+not+has/-have

1) Have you done your work ?

Q'&J: Y$&1X D)[ d 2) Has he written the letter ?

Y( D)Y! >"%07"# W; d 3) Have they played basketball?

#2:QJ" D)>'U0"# d7( d

1) I have not done my work.

'&J: -1XP -" .

2) He has not written the letter.

U7"# ;1!(N -" >"%0 . 3) They have not played basketball.

1( #2:J'N -" >'U0"# d7 .

1) I have done my work.

'&J: 1$&1X .?" .

2) He has written the letter.

Y( .?" Y! U7"# W; >"%0 .3) They have played basketball.

1( #2:QJ" .?" >'U0"# d7 .

×G2(!N _!"# >CNUE"# G& >N"% :

P.P+has/-have The Present

Perfect

o3 I"# +_3!\ <#

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

46

?..…P.P+'G!X +HadP.P+not+had

1) Had you met Ali?

Y$':%X .X 1$+( D)UN'H I% d 2) Had she cooked the food?

YO .X $+%( D)W: Y/ Z$ _O"# -%J d 3) Had you done the work ?

Z+1( D)D&J"# Y$'J5 .X Y$ d

1) I had not met Ali.

$':%X .X G1(P -" UN'HI% .

2) She had not cooked the food.

$/:O .X G1(! -" _O"# -%J .

3) You had not done the work.

D&J"# Y$'J5 .X G1(! -" .

1) I had met Ali.

1( Z+ 1$ 1$':%X .X UN'H I% .

2) She had cooked the food.

YO .X $+%( W: Y/ Z$ _O"# -%J .

3) You had done the work.

Z+1( D&J"# Y$'J5 .X Y$ .

×G2(!N >CNUE"# G& _!"#>N"% :

P.P+had

The Past

Perfect I"# /=3<#o3

* *

o3p;Iv;#Interrogative /; ("#Negative ZGrC.Examples •c,H I"# Formation •C 9 "#Tense

Shall /- Will + 'G!X + A=T"@& ….? =T"@&A +not+will/-shall

1) Will you visit me tomorrow?

I#.\ +2T!0 D)d2) Will he arrive next Friday?

0 D)-.%?"# >J&,"# -2N DEN d

1) I shan't visit you tomorrow.

I#.\ W[72TP G" .

2) He won't arrive next Friday.

,"# -2N DEN G" >J& -.%?"# .

1) I shall visit you tomorrow.

I#.\ W[72T^0 .

2) He will arrive next Friday.

4,"# -2N DEN0 -.%?"# >J& .

×G& G2(!N _!"# >CNUE"#>N"% :

A=T"@&+will/-shall

shallI" 2=>)$e) : I/ we

will2=>)$e) I" :

He, She, It, They, You

The Future

Simpled4 V&b"# >b'I&\ <#

* *

Nobody listens until you say something wrong.

B c •"Ha -. & V"0 /{X I - O P V` 9,') .3*3 P S3t.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

47

* *

* *

* *

* *

*bb*c.?:;KX"#*A&'?X@?"#+I;WU#*V?1*+Key words of the Tensesb**

The FutureSimple

The PastPerfect

The PresentPerfect

The PastContinuous

The PresentContinuous

The Past Simple The Present

Simple Tense*

tomorrow I#.A\ .JA: after IFJ5 /DJK"%: already%&A+N: while Gs# now yesterday RAA&P I%&L#. always

I<%AB soon D:AX before just 2! I#/DN'X $X2 8+& %&.A+H when at the present

7M%AB"# 5 d7& $#8 once " %:"%\ often

in the future

D:?!04&"# A5

as soon as

%&"%AB

ever

d7A& $#8 )D#p0"# 5 ( %&+AN: /O %&"%A as

at this moment

Q8A) 5 Q6>wB'"# one day

>NM%&"# -%NS# G& -2N 5 Id.%H usually

>'AN'"# tonight _!AB ` until

_!AB ` till

I#.:P/ I%?'O4& never 71w+iP! Look ! just now Gs# D:AX sometimes I%A+%NBP

Gs# `!B /.AJ: yet f&0#! Listen! 18A+4& ago 4HI%&2& generally _!"#"%A ...next …

(next month, year,

by the time

%&+ANB 18A+4& since

still

DTN -" /D#TN <

-1k!P! Smell! in olden times

>NM%&"# $%X2S# 5 DA1( every….. ….

K

A

&

'

@

d

+

*

*

*

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

48

I%eAN.B recently: %&+AN while in the past M%&"# A5 frequently

I#7#7AQ& /I#7Ne(

%&+N: /%&"%O as _/p4& I#7A lately

D#TN < still

never

9FOm# `'H/I#.:P

day…)

_k"#A_!"# 7V "% 3U0A"#>+ _!"#3>N"% _!"# -2N"#"% 3(..

d.A4&" for -#.%& as long as

:%0 19 .... last ….

(last month, year, day….)

I#7.%A+ rarely

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

49

ü)if (+J! @ Y&Lb/ s,b Y.

ü7:!J1! )if (O:7 d#.P2 O7k d#.P .

ü-./!01! (if)_k"# D&4,"# GH 7:UJ!" UNO7 7/ & `'H .&!JN I%LNk UGP .NK1! !"# D&4,"# nP 3> .

ü_k"# >'&4,"# 5 .,2N UNO7 > ZAF 'BX 'BX/ ZAF h&/J -HS# ;"%C"# 5 %&V+N: >XFH [%+)2 'N %&N5 %VN+:+0 .

ü[%+)7BPA-_k"# D&4,"# G& g#2+P UNO7 > )2 'N %&( :

•c,H I"#:Form)1

C "# E#, 2 >:lQ 1 C "# >:lQ 1

i f + Present Simple Present Simple

;" ;" Z<$P [A!? Z<$P [A!?

o#aTIv;# :Usage)2 ü.+H d.H%?"# 68) -./!0+ 7"K&3=@& qK!j(@& ,G A<PBE)@&x!.5 ,H) 3Ca(?(/ C "# = *a - 934I -# Zb&- '100jwR

u;+X<=>A: >'&4,"# $P.: #8b)if (>'E%5 fM+ ),(4,"# .J: 4,"# G& D2S# jT Q>'& $+%( #8b %U&P 3)if (QO02 5 >'&4,"#>'E%5 fM+ F5 .

Examples 789#"-

/@ _+u5 3j%&"# .&,!N 4@ U2B!N `"b D ' 'e .)7j<j( ( I f water freezes, it turns into ice. 1.

/@ ;28N @_+u5 3j%&"# 5 7(U0"# fM+ .)7j<j( ( I f we put sugar in water , it dissolves. 2.

/@ 3.N.B"# G_/01+ _+u5 4@ ..&!N .)7j<j( ( I f we heat iron, it expands. 3.

•c,H I"#:Form)1

C "# E#, 2 >:l Q 1 C "# >:l 1 Q

i f + Present Simple Future Simple

;" ;" Z<$P 'Pj)$ Z<$P [A!?

A=T"@& shall / will +

×-#./!0# G(&N2 may/-canG& I<.: shall/-will.

Conditional Sentences (If Rules) (Conditionals)*

/"#*0'De#+,f$#]g*K1#7hi"*

Z c1; X"# Z VS1 C "# ZG4\ )#xS 23'z# ^a?3Rw 1-The Zero Conditional

#9 *## +, ("# Z VS1 C "# ZG4\ )x>4I}\ <# ^a?3Rw 2.The First Conditional

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

50

o#aTIv;# :Usage)2 üO7_k"# D&4,"# G& g2_+"# #8) -./!0+ GP GA(&&"# G& !"# j%Nkq" >UN q#j()) )`/=#(@& 7#8")(;" 3:-()Probable(.

x!.5(/ C "# = *a - 934I -# Zb&- ' ,H) 3Ca(?50Rjw

Examples 789#"-

/@ I#7Ne( D1(^! v7&!05 3. I f you eat too much, you'll be sick. 1.

/@ ~,+N05 3=.,Q: D&JN . I f he works hard, he will succeed. 2.

/@ ~,+N GP fNO!0N 3=.,: D&JN . I f he works hard, he can succeed. 3.

/@ ~,+N GP T2,N 3=.,: D&JN . I f he works hard, he may succeed.4.

3f?!0 2@ ,b78B! . You'll fall i f you are not careful.5.

2@ &Lb~,+N G'5 3=.,: D&JN . I f he does not work hard, he will not succeed.6.

•c,H I"#:Form)1

B C "# E#, 2 >:l Q 1 B C "# >:lQ 1

A=T"@& i f + Past Simple should / would +

;" +?!"@& +X 'Pj)$ Z<$P +?!"

×-#./!0# G(&N might /-could G& I<.: should /-would.

o#aTIv;# :Usage)2 ü1!'" >UNO7_k"# D&4,"# G& g2_+"# #8) -./!0+ GH 7N:J :-

.w>UU4I}B C EUUK /Gb'I&UUC Q 1UU` *.7UU L *aB - T 2 1UUB C EUUKxB C EUUK>UU4I}x wImprobablejwx!.593UU4I -# Zb&UU- ' ,UUH) 3CaUU(?

(/ C "# = *a -10

Rjw I f he won the prize, he would buy a new car.

&Lb//@ Id.N., Id7%N0 n7!kN05 3dTL%,"# W;0( .);" A<g<g /- '")( A e*- k3JA;" ;. RVK!J@& h$4<$ .(

EwT V}[ EK 1=3z# U R,"# n Q 1`j I f they had some money, they would stay at a hotel.

/@ "# vJ: -VN." G%( _+ Q9.+K"# 5 #2e(&" 3.2? .):-N." RN" _+u5 #8" 3Gs# I#.2?+ -V 9.+5 5 G2e(&N < -V (. 1.

I f I were rich, I wouldn't drive an old car. /@ UN+\ 1$+( I>&N.X Id7%N0 1$.1X %&" 3I% .

♦=k_+P%+&./!0# %+ )were(G& I<.: )was(f& )I(_+P GUN:1+" 4@ 4& 7N\ G(& ) .:-:**- *"=>)$& ! ! +j<j( A<g +?!" ,"V (. 2.

I f I were you, I would (I'd) tell the police. /@ 3[+%(& 1$+( *k"# 1$7:/S>O7 .3.

u;<=>-./!0+ I%:"%\ )were(G& I<.: )was(f& )I, He, She, It(YA<g ,!4 &Lb`=(@& )z&A)XM&(+j<j( .

3.The Second Conditional S1 C "# ZG4\ )#Z ("# "# +,/-3xB E{"# ^a?3R>4I}w

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

51

Examples 789#"-

/@ W. W7 ~,+" 3=.,: WR )~,+N GP g%O!0<(. I f he studied hard, he would (could) succeed. 1.

/@ Id7,k 19_'0!^05 3I#.0P 1$':%X . I f I met a lion, I would climb a tree.2.

/@ i $+( *+"# 1$8/S 3[+%(& .2? . I f I were you, I'd take the money.3.

/@ R.N07& Qg2+ G& G2(P GP 1$:\7" 3Id7%N0 1$+( . I f I were a car, I would be Mercedes. 4.

/@ +%:Je Y$.,2 I% ;7V! GP [N'J5 3W[Q!57\ 5 . I f you found a snake in your room, you should run away. 5.

•c,H I"#:Form)1

C "# E#, 2 >:l Q 1 C "# >:lQ 1

i f + Past Perfect should have / would have + P.P

;" 2!) +?!" +?!"@& +X 2!) 'Pj)$

ü-#./!0# G(&N might have/-could haveI<.: GQ& should have/-would have.

o#aTIv;# :Usage)2

×4& =jk GH 7N:J_!'" >UNO7_k"# D&4,1"# G& g2_+"# #8) -./!0+ g2X2"# DNB!0 )Impossible(/-r4.ABN -" =jk GH /- -._+"# GH/-GH0S#o r.B %& `'H .x!.5(/ C "# = *a - 934I -# Zb&- ' ,H) 3Ca(?0Rjw

Examples 789#"-

/@ Y/P .X G%( W: *k"# W7 DQ!1X .X G%( %&" 3>O7 . I f he had informed the police, he wouldn't have

been killed.1.

/@ ~,+ .X G%(" 3=.,: WR7. .X G%( ).AX G%(" ~,+N GP g%O!0#.(

I f he had studied hard, he would (could) havesucceeded.

2.

/@ J&!0# .X 1$+( =@!BNE+ `"b 1$ .AX 1$+( %&" 3*+"# 1$.?5 .2? .)E*@& ,G A3PBe) 2= (.

I f I had listened to his advice, I wouldn't have lost

the money.3.

2@ /@ .X Un."#2 G1(N U2T! %, 1( %&" 3Z+ 1$.Q"2 .X 1$ . I f my parents hadn't married, I wouldn't have been born. 4.

/@ DQ&H .X G%( 78!H# .X G%(" 3"O/ . I f he had made a mistake, he would have apologized. 5.

3.The Third Conditional VS1 C "# ZG4\ )#"# Z "# +,Q"3x \ <# ^a?3R>V}I&w

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

52

u;;&S*A&<=>0'De#*V?1*+,f$/"#*

* *

ü>'&4,"# G2(! GP G(&4N 3<ZAF _7 _k"# d#.P %V+& $584B .X2 O7 )if (YG2(! >"%B"# 68) 5 2 Idj2.:& >'&4,"#D%J5S# .B^: 4&"#d.H%0 )Should - Had - Were(4,"# G2(! <2 5 >'& UE"#>N&%VK!0<# >CN )U0"# >CNE D#p ) (:-DJK"# 9:0N <

DH%K"#(2 3: -%VK!0# >&FH .2,2 G2. )d(Q7/ & 5 4,"# '& > .

1(o8B G(&4N ( if )%V+& I<.: fM2 2 )(shouldf& _+"# _+"#2 D2S# g2 +%e"# g2 G& UNO7_k"# D&4,"#> .

/@ R7.N ~,+N05 3=.,: . )'/%& [/E*@&( I f he studies hard, he will succeed.

= Should he studies hard, he will succeed.1.

/@ B!'N05 3~,+ 9 >J&%,"%: . )E9@& [/E*@&+*! ( I f he succeeded, he would join the university.

= Should he

succeeded, he

would jointhe university.

2.

2(o8B G(&4N ( if )%V+& I<.: fM2 2 (were)f& _+"#g2 _e"#+% ZjX 4,"# G& _k"# D& UNO7 > .

/@ 4H 1$+( 1$7QO" 3I#72KE . I f I were a bird, I would fly.

= Were I a bird, I would fly. 1.

/@ I#7Ne( 4@!K_'(" 3d7%UN0"# ['! x7!k# .

*b=k%+&./!0# %++P were…. to: GQ& I<. .if

I f he bought that car, it would cost him much.= Were he to buy that car, it would cost him much.

2.

3(o8B G(&4N )( if%V+& I<.: fM2 2 )Had(_+"# f& _e"# g2 _e"#2 +% 4,"# GQ& r"% _k"# D& UNO7 > .

ü_+"# 5 g2 E9@&+*! D&J!0+ had!0=AC"P .

ü_+"# 5 g2 E9@&`@! D&J!0+ hadE)@& I" E9@& f<AT 'BC8@ +*! .

/@ $N7!k< 3I%N5%( I<%& 4['!&P I<T+& I#.N., . )E9@& [/E*@&+*! (I f I had enough money, I would buy a new house. = Had I enough money, I would buy a new house.

1.

/@ W. .X G%( W7 ~,+ .X G%(" 3=.,: WR . )& [/E*@&E9@ `@! ( I f he studied hard, he would have succeeded.

= Had he studied hard, he would have succeeded. 2.

/@ dTL%,"# #2B:7 .X #2+%(" 3+2H%OP .X #2+%( . )`@!9@& [/E*@&( I f they had obeyed me, they would have won the prize.

= Had they obeyed me, they would have won the prize. 3.

4(_+"#_e"#2 D2S# g2 _e"#2 +% UNO7_k"# D&4,"# G& r"% `'H 9:O+! > unless.

üZAF@& h&/J +X 'BC@& ,/4< `<( <C*" _! +P8$ ]+F ,G A3PB;< /- .

ü`'H 9:O+N2 (unless)_k"# DJ5 GN2(! GN: >XFJ'" d.Q.B4&"# .H#2?"# RK+ 2, DJ52 O7 ;#_k"#O7 .

2@ &Lb>J&%,"%: 9B!'N G'5 3~,+N . I f he does not succeed, he will not join the university.

= Unless he succeeds, he will not join the university.

1.

b2@ &L ~,+N G'5 3=.,: D&JN . I f he did not work hard, he would not succeed.

= Unless he worked hard, he would not succeed. 2.

* *

***+'X?L*mnX=I f

o*#]gi*p7"i*o*pqg********unless = i f… ..not

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

53

2@ /@ fL%M:"# -'!0# .X G%( %&" 3I#.2?+ f5. .X G(N .

I f he had not paid money, he would not have received

the goods. = Unless he had paid money, he would not have

received the goods.

3.

2@

&LbGU0B!N

G'5

3j#2U."#

#8)

8/^N .

I f he did not take this medicine, he would not be better.

= Unless he took this medicine, he would not be better .4.


!JS& A)>&3T@& 7P 7(<( : I) Choose the correct answer:

I f she (had " has " have) time, she will visit us.1.

What (will " would " do) you do if you (has " had " have) a lot of money?2.

I f he (came " come-comes), I (should " shall " would) forgive him.3.

(Was " Were " Am) I a car, I (will would shall) be Ford. 4.

I f she (stayed " stays " had stayed) at home, she would have received the telegram.5.

II) Correct the verbs between brackets: 3(T D&/U%& ,<P +)@& '!BX%& k :

I f she (win) some money, she would have (buy) presents to her friends.1.

Unless they (obey) me, the work would (stop).2.

I f you (to eat) too much, you will be sick.3.

Unless he (tell) us the truth, we would not punish him.4.

I f he played well, he (win) the match.5.

Books and friends should be few but good.

\ H"#B I•caV 2 •H"* V GVGR #,-,Hc '# J W (3Ra[;#* Jj

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

54

*bb.?:;KX1#7XZ"*r&X1*cIf b*

ZGUrC.Examples

Time U R*

= *az#

o#aTIv;#Usage

•c,H UI"#Form ZV"34I -# Zb&-= *az#

Probability

percentage

Z VS1 C "# ZG4\ )# +,-

If water freezes, it turns into ice.

/ +024 5-'!5J,1`"/5724 9/ :;%A? 0+ ~1 )<=>=8.(

any time

?A6 BC D% EG$HI=7-. JLM# NOP>QS2T- U$+G.( <2R$V-..

if + Present Simple Present Simple

X , Y>[R ]&$^ Y>[R ]&$^, 100%

The Ze ro

Cond i t i ona l

!"#$If&'( )$*

4%&Zt#*NK1&h*H 1) If you clean my bike, I'll give

you a dollar.

`bdX 3 5-#Z>B * g=xf89w !42I`ZB .

2) Should he studies hard, he ill

succeed.

e&'4 5-AAh_ f0d>[% g.

futureX +-. D%!Q=2[

hiDklmno Jpqrs# Ntuvw>QS2T- x6'X 7-. !+27X ,)E=724 KC Jy+,(.

if + Present Simple Future Simple

Y>[R !Q=2[X , Y>[R ]&$^,)!S{-. &'), (will, shall +

50%

The F ir s t

Cond i t i ona l

!"#$If +,-./4=; >3 \-16Q':L] ^=; >3?_: H

1) If he won the prize, he ould

buy a car.

|[~ .•!;N 'Jh1` U!&$>\ BN2 " >[%.

2) If I were a bird, I would fly.

X?dX ~ 5-!#Z/f 5%f x N> $& [%.

3) Were I a bird, I would fly.

X?dX ~ 5-!#Z/5%f x N> $& [%.

futureX +-. D%!Q=2[

QS2T-hiDo J# N> ]5X A5-. !+27X , N> '.

if + Past Simple should, would !S{-. &'),+

D_$+-. D% !Q=2[X , Y>[R D_$, 10%

The Second

condi t i ona l

!"#$If 023/456#4'Eu:;*^_"#*NK1&hH

1) If he had studied hard, he

would have succeeded.5-e&( 'A K$~!AAhM _ f0: 'A K$y-.

2) If I had listened to his advice,

3) I would not have lost my

money.

5-X?S+2\. 'A X?dX ~!M P2Gg%W ~1'A X?dX ~ $+-

X@'=%B/Cf W ax ("#*+ v## •? 1 b:B )oawj

past

D_$+-. D%

* hiDo J# N>QS2T- ]5A5-. !>72[X ,.

*('d-. J# N>QS2T- $, ) T# `\*. 6C

x'8.

if + Past Perfect should (would) have + P.P

D_$+-. D% ($3 !Q=2[X , ,D_$($3 0%

The Thi rd

Condi t i ona l

!"#$If 023/423#(9#*NK1&h,uEHH

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

55

1.2/8B"8@ +*P"@& 7W<T (Active Voice)`'H j2UM"# ?'1! 'G!C@&(subject)n8"# : -2?N DJK"% .

ço,G:4G" Z V(b<# ZG4\ )# B'3O_.Z L1L56

78 9,U:;C >U:l >?3l

I>,#7. .&BP ;(7N . Ahmed rides a bicycle.1.

I%:%J"P x.4) ;J'! . Huda plays games.2.

2..'/1J"8@ +*P"@& 7W<T (Passive Voice)`'H j2UM"# ?'1! .P '/BC"@&(Object)2)2 @N'H f?N n8"#DJK"#.

ç9,p X 4G" Z V(b<# ZG4\ )# '3O_.Z& Y56

>U?3l by I"# r"# + c1XQ"3 Verb To Be 78 9,:;C

*3?@& +j8e* ,- !*=A- &LbY'/BC"@& ^8G / /-Y'G!C@& fAB* M /-OA4L +X hgA* M Y'3/(e* 2c4@& +*P"@& 7W<T ," 2/8B"8@ ^@b '/1J"8@ +*P"@& 7W<T .

|71! U."# ;( ,#7 >O0#2: > .&B#. A bicycle is ridden by Ahmed.1.

4) >O0#2: ;%J"S# ;J'1! x. . Games are played by Huda.2.

ç/Gc 34O +#,-. =1L B0 9,p X 4G" J b<#* o,G:4G"J b<# %V&') •H %5

ZVC3p;Iv# ZG4B 2x9#Pvw Z c1C. ZG4B 2 ZcfL t ZG4B 2 (Question)(Order) (Statement)

********67vw'?"*xy9#F*r7?8'?"*xy9#Active Voice and Passive Voice*

xy9#*******67vw'?"*xy9#F*r7?8'?"*Active & Passive Voice*

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

56

7 cft ZG4B 2 >c, Z u#, G t•C ZActiveB0Passive:6

1.P '/BC"@&_cG!X kPT< . D2V,&'" +:&"# >'&4, >N#.: 5 )P .P '/BC"@& fAB;< _!P@!gJ/ / = O_RAF!P" 'BC@& =BP (.2.fM+ ( Verb To Be )-2'J&'" +:&"# >'&4, G&T RK+ 5 .N.,"# DH%K'" ;0%+4& ):-&T RK+ 5 G 'ES# DJK"#.(

3._e"# oN7E_!"# fM+ .J: 'ES# DJK'" r"% ( Verb To Be ).

4.M+ >&'(: I%X2:0& 'ES# DH%K"# f by3I#7N&M G%( #8b DH%K"# ;Ok4N .X2 3/-`"b I%LNk oNM4N < G%( #8b 4,"# +J& 3>A'& Y'G!C@& 7XAB" 2=G /0 '/1J"8@ 78";J@& !*P@ IX&3=@& 3,%/-h@!W@& +X OA4L +X 7PgAE@& 2=G Y/-/3?@& !j@b +X 7Pg3A@&

.)3<"0% .P '/BC"@& ^8G.

#/G[## >?3;" by r"# + c1X I"#/G[## >:;G" Q"3 Verb To Be78 9,:;<#

|<=>;C*

1jo,G:4G"J b<# ZG4B 2 n 5 _#a"# 8 1:c '. ! _*1!"# •y C56 -(DH%K"#.

h (+:&"# 5 (j#20 %VL#T,P -)P 7:!J4N >'&4,"# DJ5 UGS 3@N5 t%E4N n8"# @+&T2 >'&4,"# DJ5 "# 2P -2'J&'" +:& D2V,&'" .

{(D2V,&'" +:&"# >'&4, D2P 5 @: P.:N (" 3@: D2JK&"#.)_RAF!P;" 'BC@& =BP .P '/BC"@& ,/4< _!P@!g/ .(

2.o7B: I>X2:0& D2JK& 7L%&M ~:E1! -2'J&'" +:&"# >"%B 5 DH%K"# 7L%&M byDA&,1+ 'N %&N5 3D2V,&'" +:&"# >"%B 5

7L%&M2 DH%K"# 7L%&M D.%:! %&V+N: r4.BN n8"# D2JK&"# G& DN2B!"# .+Hactive `"b passive :-

>?3;"# 1234= you theyweit sheheI

9,:;<# 1234= youthemusitherhimme

ç>:;" Z;GIT<# _,[ X"# T =,c 69*a \ & V"0To Be \ <# Z(C ## nZ;GIT56

Verb To Be Z(C ## Tenses

am, is, are ON0:"# g7%M4&"#Present Simple

was, wereON0:"# M%&"# Past Simple

am being, is being, are being7&!04&"# g7%M4&"# Present Continuous

was being, were being7&!04&"# M%&"# Past Continuous

has been, have been-%_!"# g7%M4&"# Present Perfect

had been-%_!"# M%&"# Past Perfect

shall be, will be ON0:"# D:?!04&"# Future Simple

De#Jz{#*+?'*+**********1. Statement

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

57

ç. *N G "38 I"# Z'c1 V"3Z5

being been was, were am, is, arebe

,#"V 7@!( +X I?/< 2!##E)@& [A!?##;"@&/-2!E)@& +?!"@& ,"V .

,#"V 7#@!( +X I?/< A")$##;"@& [A!?##;"@&-/ A")$;"@& +?!"@& ,"V .

,"V 7@!( +X I?/< Z<$P@& +?!"@&.

,"V 7@!( +X I?/< Z<$P@& [A!?;"@&.

+#X HU!* 'BX =/J/ 7@!( +X I?/< '9" Y78";J@&:

will, would, shall, should can,could, must, had to, ought to

78###9"-Examples

9,p X 4G" J bC Passive Voice o,G:4G"J bC Active Voice English is studied by Shadi.

s=e) vA ;D UNTN',+m# >C'"# n.%k >O0#2: > .

Shadi studies English.

n.%k v< s= ;A D UNTN',+m# >C'"# > . 1.

Many books were bought by her.

3:AeF G& 7Ne("#1("#1! Q; %V!O0#2: .

She bought many books.

)6A)F&1("# G& 7Ne("#1! Q; .2.

The farm was visited by them.

>H7T&"#32) %V!7%NT -V!O0#2: .

They visited the farm.

-)&/A&V >H7T&"# . 3.

The map is being studied by Samia.

s=e) vA ;D >N&%0 >O0#2: >ON7/"# .

Samia is studying the map.

s=e) ;D;A >N&%0 >ON7/"# . 4.

Dinner is being cooked by her. euPZ;< %V!O0#2: j%kJ"# . She is cooking dinner. )euPZ) j%kJ"#. 5.

They were being arranged by her.

,/PE)A;< &/*!4 %V!O0#2: .

She was arranging them.

)21PE)Ae) 6*!4 . 6.

Television was being watched by them.

#_!" T%K' rF;< ,!4 v0! ;= -V!O0#2: . They were watching television.

;< &/*!4 rF ,/=0! _!"#T%K' . 7.

The letters are being written by Huda.

;h)4e) U7"# 4) >O0#2: DL%0 x. .

Huda is writing the letters.

x.)h)4) U7"# i%0 DL . 8.

We were congratulated by them. !*aK|#*;0 #2: -V!O0 . They congratulated us. !*N!##E*0.9.

A chair has been mended by him.

vk|8;T =j@ UN071( @!O0#2: I% .

He has mended a chair.

vkE8vT =j@ UN071( I% . 10.

The road has been built by them.

+a*;P =j@ _O"#9N7 -V!O0#2: .

They have built the road.

=j@ P * l/ _O"# 9N7 . 11.

e) e!j ;= Q@!O0#2: Id7%N0 . A car is driven by him. 2)v< ;=/j Id7%N0 . He drives a car. 12.

aPeU &/8 %+!O0#2: . They were met by us.GB+ 20!*8P!U . We met them. 13.

Everything had been prepared.

jk D( 3=aGt- =U ,!4 .

She had prepared everything.

jk D( $W.HP .X $+%( . 14.

Much noise was being made by it.

$+%( e) =sT 47 W, G& I>N"%H I>,M U7 QL#%V .

It was making much noise.

$+%( 47Q.|E1! Id7N:( I>,M . 15.

It has been remembered by me. L) +@ 32) e4 vA ;O.I have remembered it. Y! .?" Y8 _( |7A Y! 4@ .16.

A bridge will be built. A$J !*P 2)<$ .

)S*j=kqG*&I7"84 the government=U 6XL;( .(

The government will build a bridge.

I#70, >&2(B"# +:!0 . 17.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

58

|;;&S*A&<=>C

1.4,: G%( #8bQ>'& -2'J&"# BX HU!* ' (Defective Verb)UGu5 j%+: .+H DJK"# GN2(! 4,"#QD2V,&'" >'& 'N %&( ~:E4N :

The Defective Verb + be + P.P

I"# r"# + c1XQ"3FbeF ("# >:;"#WR3

× ("# 93:l##/ " ZXR356

will " would " shall " should " can " could " may " might " must - ought to (had to).

9,p X 4G" J bCPassive Voice o,G:4G"J bCActive Voice They may be brought by him.

-)< =U ;( v? &/A Q!O0#2: Q@ .

He may bring them.

2)a?(;< =U vA ;02 . 1.

The lake will be crossed by them.

d7NB4:"#!0A/P;G 2)<$ QV!O0#2: - .

They will cross the lake.

Yd7NB4:"# WG27:JN0 -). 2.

It can not be carried by her.

'"(e) ,- ,4"< MQ!O0#2: %V .

She can not carry it.

)!18"( I<Z)$) M. 3.

2._!"# .BP @: -2'J&"# >'&4, DJ5 G%( #8b>N!s# $%:N(7 :-

_aX<#have to / has to / (am, is, are + going to) +

%V_+u5 D2V,&"# `"b DN2B_!"# .+H (Passive)!s%( ~:E1! :-

I"#+ c1X r"#Q"3have to / has to / (am, is, are + going to) + be +

9,p X 4G" J bCPassive Voice o,G:4G" J bCActive Voice The orders have to be followed. ;[!P)b hJ< 7&#2S# .

*S*jX=kqG*&XI'BC@&)has(3/() ' ^#@b )have(% 7U8 9,U:;<# 'xThe

orderswI"J .

Everyone has to follow the orders.

hJ< =.75 D( `'H IPE)< ,-7&#2S# . 1.

The new project is going to be carried out.

.N.,"# g27k&"#;OeL<C*) 2)<$ . kS*j=qG*&Iare^@b 6@/() is.P '/BC"@& 3,% project=AC;" (

They are going to carry out the new

project.

L<C*)P ,/"/j<$ .N.,"# g27k&"# Q. 2.

The new lessons are going to be prepared.

)."#d.N.,"# WR27 !0;A<?() 2)<$ .

I am going to prepare the new lessons.

47UMBi0 )."#d.N.,"# WR27 . 3.

4.3,mX +C*" 2/8B"@& 78";J 'BX ,!4 &LbVerb To Be+C*" I?/< D2V,&"# `"b DN2B_!"# .+H )Passive.(

9,p X 4G" J bCPassive Voice o,G:4G"J bCActive Voice The mistake is not made by him.

^O/"#2@ .P

2!<j@&

2)< @!O0#2: .

He does not make the mistake.

2)2ejv<

2@ ^O/"%: .

1.

The lesson was not written by me.

U."#|7 WR .)P!)4 2)< 2@ !O0#2: i.

I did not write the lesson.

x4- 2@ e) ;h U."# |7 WR . 2.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

59

Ali has not been met by them.

'H'P!j;< 2@ UN'H I% -V!O0#2: .

They have not met Ali.

&/8P!j;< 2@ UN'HI% . 3.

The letter won't be written by her.

U7"#Y>"%0 e) ,@ f/$ x4 r) vh %V!O0#2: .

She won't write the letter.

)h)4) ,@ U7"#Y>"%0 . 4.

5.DN2B! .+H)Verb to Have(&N `+J&: ! DJK( [Q' ]`"b 0NL7 )Passive(_+u5 iD&J!0+ %+ !s# +HDN2B_!"# . A+:&"# `"b" D2V,&' :-

9,:;4O /G[## >?3;"#F belong to + P.P *.own *.possessx&y GI %w

9,p X 4G" J bCPassive Voice o,G:4G"J bCActive Voice QZ> XX A car is had by me.

A car is owned by me. . by meis possessedA car: Or

Id7%N0 _748)";" " )':QX G& .(

Or: A car belongs to me.

;5a8)"-Id7%N0 . I have a car.

1.

A car was owned by me.

. by mewas possessedA car: Or

.mewas belonged toA car: Or

Id7%N0 &64a8e)" ':QX G& .

&e648)" Id7%N0 . I had a car.

2.

6.>"%B o7w j%, #8b)Adverb of Manner(o7_w"# UGu5 3-2'J&'" >UN+:&"# >'&4,"# 5 fM2N A_!"# DA:X oN7E rA"%_e"#

4& Id7k%: .

9,p X 4G" J bCPassive Voice o,G:4G"J bCActive Voice The lazy boy was severely punished by the teacher.

vhaU/;GD20("# ."2"#]R/$jP O0#2: Q> 4&"# U7. R .

The teacher punished the lazy boy severely .

4&"#U7. R rU!Gvh D20("# W."2"#]R/$jP . 1.

The food is excellently cooked by mother.

1h:O4N W-%J_O"#U&iP >O0#2: =d.N, =d72E: .

Mother cooks the food excellently .

U&iP euPZ) v2!BEZ@& ]RV!)"" ]RA/TP . 2.

English is well spoken by him.

>UNTN',+m#_&=<J

2E84)e) @!O0#2: .

He speaks English well .

2)2E84)< >UNTN',+m#

_&=<J .

3.

7.7, o7B -2'J&'" +:&"# Q>'&, 5 W.Q,2 #8b)Preposition(_+u5 3DJK"# .J: 4@ DwN [I#.2,2& =BP E)@&f<AT E9@&`@! QDJK'" .+HD2V,&'" >'&4,"# j%+: .

9,p X 4G" J bC Passive Voice o,G:4G"J bCActive Voice The map is being looked for by them.

Y>ON7/"#!1*G e v(sP;< -V!O0#2: .

They are looking for the map.

_+b-V ,/9(P< ,GQ>ON7/"# . 1.

Her children are looked after by her.

%).<2PvGA;< s/ v, %V!O0#2: .

She looks after her children.

)^GA) %).<2P .

2.

The picture was carefully looked at by me.

UE"#d72 ]7<!*BP !1<@b Aa}e* !O0#2: .

I looked at the picture carefully .

^@b e6A}* UE"# Qd72 ]7<!*BP )]2!")0!P .( 3.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

60

8.D&4,"# vJ: `'H n2!B! ]'/BC" AF!P;" .P )W7_e^! >?N7O: ]d7k%:4& ]QDJK"%: (3]'/BC"/ A<g .P AF!P;" )2)2 #-A0 2P7N&AM >?N7O: 7_e^! ]d7k%:& 7N\ ]QDJK"%: .(

§=*G/ 78";J@& +X .P '/BC" ," A94- =/J/ 9'O4& >'&4,"# * k+4&" UGu5 3UN74B"# GP 5 > 7%!/N @'J,N" @: D2JK& UnP;L%+ D2V,&'" +:&"# >'&4, >N#.: 5 DH%5 .

§}(c;</ 7,"# o7B -#./!0# `"b 7#7OM<# to_e"# @: D2JK&"%: j.:"# .+H+% }%+L#.: #8b UnP@: D2JK&"%: >'&4,"#+%Ae"#)7k%:&1"#(fM+ toD2S# @: D2JK&"# D:X )7k%:& 7NC"#({ .

UN.) +2OHP -)I> . They gave me a present.

;" .P '/BC" AF!P )2( AF!P" A<g .P '/BC" )1(

§:L@&,/4< AF!P" A<g .P '/BC" ^"$;< _RAF!P" 'BC@& =BP )'/%& '/BC"@&(.P '/BC" ,/4< A>o&/ AF!P;" .

9,p X 4G" J bCPassive Voice o,G:4G"J bCActive Voice A present was given to me by them.

I>UN.)+@ 6<aZGt--V!O0#2: .

Or: I was given a present by them.

-V!O0#2: I>UN.) $NOHiP %+P.

They gave me a present.

+*/ZG-UN.)I> . 1.

They were taught many lessons by him.

& +'4H4. #2 Q!O0#2: Id7Ne( I%027 Q@ .

Or: Many lessons were taught to them by him.

@!O0#2: -V" Z$W& +'4H Id7Ne( I%0274. .

He taught them many lessons.

W&_'H4V 4. - Id7Ne( I%027 . 2.

9.I>'&, Yt2E+ GP =D%B n^: T2,N <q/P$"/ AF!P" A<g !1@/BC" =AJ fA(P >CNE 5 =T2A,N < IFe&5 3D2V,&'" +:&"# t2E+ GP>'&4,"#D2V,&'" +:&"# 5 >N!s# :

;)8 &%0 a7$A="@& ^@b. Samy went to school.

.P '/BC" AJ fA(

10.D2JK&"# .J: j%, #8b)A=T" +to(37.E&"# UGu5 >'&4,"# DJ5 j%+: .J: 2) %&( DwN D%AJ5S#2 3D2AV,&'" !^AN A!"#

)A=T" +to(%VQ"2JK& .J: De& 3:-

'a$A;< send kT*< advise AP>;< tell

< zAB offer EU/)< I expect 'Q$< ask

9,p X 4G" J bCPassive Voice o,G:4G"J bCActive Voice I was advised to give up smoking.

%+PaTe* s,QP e6( a8Ut- I ,G_!"# QGN/. .

He advised me to give up smoking.

2)s,QP +*(T* ,G Ia8Ut- _!"#QGN/. .

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

61

§+)o!4 '/1J"8@ A=T"@& ^*P;< _!*!<(-/ :-

9,p X 4G" J bCPassive Voice o,G:4G"J bCActive Voice I never expected the thief to be arrested.

UG^: f_X2!P -" _"# Wa' Q?"iP Q@N'H v:?"# U .

I never expected the police to arrest the thief .

|G^: f_X2!P -" 1! _k"# ?' Wv:?"# >O7 _"# `'H Qa' .

11.`A+J&'" I%LNk oNM4N < 2P 3`+J&"# G2&M& G& -VK4N -2'J&'" >UN+:&"# >'&4,"# DH%5 G%( #8b)>A'&4,"# DAH%5 UnPD2AV,& >NE/_k"#(_+u5 34,"# G& 4@58B G(&4N @ Q>'& `"b DN2B_!"# .+H +:&"#D2V,&'" )Passive(3 De& :-

.BP < nobody %& #a/k somebody R%_+"# people

4B"#>&2( the government>O7_k"# the police %& #.BP someone

9,p X 4G" J bCPassive Voice o,G:4G"J bCActive Voice The thief was arrested.

faU/t- H8E@&)@N'H v:?"# Q?"iP.(

:S*j=kqG*&I7"84 The police=U 6XaL;( E*%7"/1C" !1 _!*"? .

The police arrested the thief.

EF@&6CU/- 7ZA )^8G zPj@& 6j@-(_"#a' .1.

Her jewels were stolen yesterday.

%)7)#2, 6UaA;$ QR&S%: .

*qG*&XIS*jX=k7"84 Someonef<?#e) M/ _!*"? 7"/1C" !1*% 6XL;( =U _!K<F ^*B"8@ .

Someone stole her jewels yesterday.

rqA$ !" ~=(-7)#2, QR&S%: %). 2.

He has not attacked yet.

2)2vJ!1;< 2@ .J: )!B ` Gs# .( :S*j=kqG*&I7"84 Nobody=U 6XaL;( .

Nobody has attacked him yet.

2@ _&=(- ;."J!1;< .J: )!B ` Gs# .( 3.

12.>N!s# $#7%:J"# x.Bu: >&2'J&"# >'&4,"# $P.: #8b:-

f(;T@& l=(b;AF*) One newspaper reports !"8B@&,/"8B< Scientists know D!E*@&,/@/j< People say

7ZAEF@&+G3=) The police allegeD!E*@&=j)B< ,/ People think !PZ%&=j)B< / , Doctors believe

+)o!4 '/1J"8@ 78";J@& a!*P =*G '3/(e) !1E*mX :-

9,p X 4G" J bCPassive Voice o,G:4G"J bCActive Voice UG^: D%?4N ....It is said.... R%_+"#"2?N G2 People say….

UG^: DNX ....It was said …. R%_+"#"%X #2 People said ….

UG^: .?!J4N ....It is believed …. j%:OS#.?!JN G2 UG^: Doctors believe....

G%( %527J& •....•It was known …. R%_+"#&Q'H#2 /5Q7H#2 People knew.…

H).iP....It is alleged…. >O7_k"#HU.! The police allege….

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

62

###9"- 78 Examples

9,p X 4G" J bCPassive Voice o,G:4G"J bCActive Voice

It is said that he is mad. Or: He is said to be mad.

'<aU /'!j;< _+^: G2+,& 4@ .

People say that he is mad. E*@&;D! ,/@/j< _+^: G2+,& 4@ . 1.

It is said that peace will prevail soon.

Or: The peace is said to be prevailed soon.

'!j;< 4-4JN0 W-FU0"# UG^: I%:N7X .

People say that peace will prevail soon.

E*@&;D! ,/@/j< 4-4JN0 W-FU0"# 4G^: I%:N7X . 2.

It is alleged that the thief escaped.

Or: The thief is said to be escaped.

^G3=;< ;.*b_"# UG^: ;7) Wa' .

The police allege that the thief escaped.

EF@&7ZA +G3=) _"# UG^: ;7) Wa' . 3.

It is thought that the Earth is not exactly round.Or: The Earth is thought to be not exactly round.

E*b;=j)B;< ;. 4& W7N\ Wv7S# UG^: 7N.!0 I%&%&! d.

People think that the Earth is not exactly round. E*@&D! =j)B< ,/ I%&%&! Id7N.!0& $0N" Wv7S# UG^: . 4.

13.%&.+HI" IK!F &L0/ Y=(&/ .P '/BC"@&/ 'G!C@& ,/4< Let)v< v= v[/v< sJ vB ' (3'"B)$* A<"? D4B*;" )Reflexive Pronoun(=/B< 'G!C@& ^8G:-

,p X 4G" J bC 9Passive Voice o,G:4G"J bCActive Voice . be heard)yourselves: or (yourselft let'Don

[=) M[0K+ )[!2E (I>H2&0& .

Don't let people hear you.

[=) M_+"# [24J&0N R% . 1.

He let himself be cheated.

, C1! @0K+ DJ, 2).

He let people cheat him.

2)'BJ 462kCN R%_+"# . 2.

Smile . . . tomorrow may be worse.

'I# %&I8#jjj*#a{lB _ 834.,v. ' ,Hc.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

63

§2&=>)$M& A=!* '/1J"8@ 73<A"%& 78"J@& v!*P 3,bf& -2'J&'" +:&"# -#./!0# ;1'CN 8b 3>'&4,"#>UN7&S#.

§^@b 73<A"- 78";J '</() =*G3,mX Y2/8B"8@ +*P" +8< !"4 ,/4)) '/1J"8@ +*P"@& 78";J :-

Let + object + be + P.P Q"3 r"# + c1X I"#FbeF 78 9,:;<#F>: 2#]+LD

9,p X 4G" J bCPassive Voice o,G:4G"J bCActive Voice Let the window be opened.

'BJ&_+"# Yd85% I>B2!K& .

Open the window.

k)X&_+"# Yd8A5% . 1.

Let this medicine be kept away from heat.

[v= U."# #8) d7#7B"# GH I#.NJ: I%w2KB& j#2 .

Keep this medicine away from heat.

}C)(&U."# #8V: j#2 =<BP d7#7B"# GH I# . 2.

Let the room be cleaned.

'BJ&1C"# Y>57 I>KNw+ .

Clean the room.

f\a}* 1C"# Y>A57 . 3.

.metobe givenyour book Let

[v= !( % " `OJ4N [: .

Or: Let me be given your book.

!( `OHiP +HW. % [: .

+OHP)4 ! 5P .Give me your book .

4.

If you think education is expensive -- try ignorance.

?0 \ O #LU ('. a'I:) I"#L%VG:L L L 4L (B7y "38 _jjjL 2 1h )# E` pL>>R. ' ,Hc aR \ O/ Gh ;*Z.

*************+J$;U#*+?'De#2.Order

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

64

çZG P v##xZ VC3p;Iv;# ZG4\ )#w/Gc 34O 34 " q'3?,-5

Z VC3p;Iv;# ZG4\ )#x9#P &"#w Question

begins with a helping verbbegins with a question word(Wh- question) (Yes, NO question)

a?3&C >:;8 .ab) ZG P v. o3p;Iv# ^#Da 8 .ab) ZG P v.

ç VC3p;Iv;# ZG4\ )# (3(b"Zx &"#9#Pw)NO question,Yes(ZV) I# u#, G \ b# @b )# 9,p X 4G"56

1.>'&4, `"b D#pU0"# DU2B4N ]UN7:/ > ]DJK"# D:X DH%K"# fM2N GP `+J&: 34&"# .H%0 o8B1!2 3-%VK!0<# >&FH)d(. 2.UN7:/"# >'&4,"# DU2B1! D2V,&'" +:&"# `"b > (Passive )9:0 %&( .

3.4,"# 4fM21! >'& UN7:/"#> +:&"#UN Q>CNE 5 D2V,&'" > P `+J&: 3-%VK!0<# 4&"# DJK"# fM2N G G#2 3DAH%K"# DA:X .H%0 fM2! FH-%VK!0# >& )d(Q>'&4,"# >N%V+ 5 .

ç C3p;Iv;# ZG4\ )# (3(b" VZx9#P &"#w)question-Wh( U;- @Ub I-]U;- oaTIUv# @UC 1OMU"# Z'83 &U"# u#,U G \ b# ] Z4GH"#/) I# . ?#1B c* ZVC3p;Iv;#56

1.-%VK!0<# d#.^: D#pU0"# P.: #8bWho)) ('G!C8@ s,v" (5 u %V_+ '3/(e) `"b )By whom()s,v" 7Z$&/P (f& _!bg%A:

U0"# $#2O/"#>?:% .) Who By whom(

2.-%VK!0<# d#.^: D#pU0"# P.: #8b(Whom))'/BC"8@ s,v" (5 u %V_+ 3/(e) ' `"b )Who) ('#G!C8@ s,#v" (fA& _!bg%A: U0"# $#2O/"#>?:% .)Who Whom(

9,p X 4G" J bCPassive Voice o,G:4G"J bCActive Voice 1. She helped him.

2. He was helped by her.

3. Was he helped by her?

D)=aG/;$ %V!O0#2: c

Did she help him?

D));.)=G!$ c 1.

1. Anyone can answer this question. 2. This question can be answered.

3. Can this question be answered?

D)DB QG%(&m%: U0"# #8) cD#p

Can anyone answer this question? D),!4"mP a/k UnP 7P!JbU0"# #8) cD#p

2.

1. She breaks the plates.

2. The plates are broken by her.

3. Are the plates broken by her?

D)A3$4e) c%V!O0#2: 9%:OS#

Does she break the plates?

) D)e) r4 3$ A c9%:OS# 3.

1. They were playing football.

2. Football was being played by them.3. Was football being played them by?

D)6PaBe@ 1( c-V!O0#2: -.?"# d7

Were they playing football?

D),/PB8< &/*!4 1( c-.?"# d7 4.

*+,;&v2EYk#*+?'De#

4#|H"#

H3. Question

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

65

1. They have painted the walls.

2. The walls have been painted by them.

3. Have the walls been painted by them?

D)6*a0;= =U 4,"# c-V!O0#2: G#7.

Have they painted the walls?

-) D)&/*0= =U 4,"# cG#7. 5.

1. You are making a fuss.

2. A fuss is being made by you.3. Why is a fuss being made by you?

#8%&" e v=s(e) c-(!O0#2: I>W:Y'W,

Why are you making a fuss?

#8%&" v,/e9=s(e) cI>W:Y'W, 6.

1. Ali will write the lesson.

2. The lesson will be written by Ali.

3. Will the lesson be written by Ali?

U."# D)R7 !P/)4" ,/4<$ c'H >O0#2: "

Will Ali write the lesson?

D);he)4<$ #'H U."# cR7 7.

1. She hid it.

2. It was hidden by her.

3. Where was it hidden by her?

GNP! 3Pe> c%V!OA0#2:

Where did she hide it?

) GNP;.)Q#3P> c 8.

1. The cat was killed.

2. Was the cat killed?

3. By whom was the cat killed?

|GW& >O0#2: 68a)eU Q?"#_O > c

Who killed the cat?

G& YX Y! D Q?"# _O c> 9.

1. The project will be carried out.

2. Will the project be carried out?

3. By whom will the project be carried out?

|GW& >O0#2: eLC*;<$ cg27k&"#

Who will carry out the project?

|G& EC*;<$ eL [/AF"@& c 10.

1. I met someone.

2. Someone was met by me.

3. Was someone met by me?

4. Who was met by you?

|GW& aP/eU ' c[!O0#2:

Whom did you meet?

|GW&: 6<j)@&c 11.

Al l great discoveries are made by mistake.

\ <# >O Z4V A :"# u3? c Tjj O\.+C IaGb38y.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

66


General Exercises on Active Voice and Passive Voice

9,p X 4G" J b<# * o,G:4G" J b<# . G? Z C3? •c_3 N

'/1J"8@ +*P"@& ^@b '3/( : Change Into Passive Voice:

Y( Y! W; $%:%O/ D&%( ]d7Ne( ]. Kamel wrote many letters. 1.

47 -)U: 4&"# #2C'N GS G2U7OMN %& >':%? . They may have to cancel the meeting.2.

GN!7N:( GN!:N?B D&BN G%( . He was carrying two big bags .3.

iA0 W.H%0 46. I shall help him.4.

Y(P )Y' Z$ 1! YK WB% I> . She ate an apple.5.

U0"# %V!0). .?" U7%&"# $#7%N d. Passing cars have crushed it.6.

]7"# D&BN 4, 4E D IFN?e I%X2.+ . The man is carrying a heavy box.7.

#a/k W&_'H %& 4@ UN0+7K"# 2 > I%02&%X 6%OHP. Someone taught him French and gave him a dictionary.8.

R:F&"# D0C! $+%( . She was washing clothes.9.

68) ?:!0! GP fNO!0! )wK!B! : 68V (9#72S#. You can keep these papers.10.

KN GP #2JNO!0N -" ;%:"# #2B! . They could not open the door.11.

Y( .?" Y! W: Z$ I>"%07 GN7kH %V!?N.E" . She has written twenty letters to her friends.12.

Q!:N?B GH rB:N 2)Q@ . He is looking for his bag.13.

4)%OHP4. - Id7Ne( I%027 Id.NK& . He gave them many useful lessons.

a) Begin with: They……..

b) Begin with: Many useful lessons…….14.

.N.,"# :%!( 4@1!N7P. I showed him my new book.

a) Begin with: He………

b) Begin with: My new book…….15.

UT\ 5 I%&/M I<T+& %+" -U.X d. He offered us a big house in Gaza.

a) Begin with: We……. b) Begin with: A big house in Gaza………..

16.

_+"#_+^: G2"2?N R% Q7&?"# `'H j%& .,2N < 4@ . People say that there is no water on the moon.17.

Id7%N0 4['!&# %+P. I am having a car.18.

;%:"# Y9'C1! <. Don't open the door.19.

QOHP.%&J" W;%!("# #8). Give this book to Emad.20.

4) =G%:& nP 4.N7P <%+ . I don't want any buildings here.21.

2) %&( =jk D( [7!! GP ;,N . You must leave everything as it is.22.

d7,4B"# #2KQw+ (N -" . They have not cleaned the room.23.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

67

68) `+J& GH 1$Kk( .?" >&'("#5 QR2&%?"#. I have looked up this word.24.

_+"#4R% "21?N G2 _+bI>LN7: %V . People say that she is innocent.25.

D%X _+"#4R% _+b I>LN7: %V . People said that she is innocent.26.

|BPQM UM"# j%NkS# D( 7 UN727 > . Bring all necessary things.27.

c!7%N0 Y$(7! GNP Where have you left my car?28.

-'(!N D)4R%_+"#>UNTN',+m# >C'_"# -"%J"# j%B+P D( 5 c Do people speak English all over the world?29.

Q>0&/: %+" G2B&0N0 D)Q>B#7'" 9L%X. c Will they allow us five minutes break?30.

fOX UnP Y$N7!k# D)] Q7%NC'" c Did you buy any spare parts?31.

W2"# G& ;'O |G& G^: GN.Y" c#7.%CN Who asked both boys to leave?32.

_O"# `"b 46.k7P |G& Q9N7 )_O"#Q>?N7 (c Who showed him the way?33.

YO .X n8"# |G& W: Yh _O"# c-%J Who has cooked the food?34.

UE?"# 68) 7:/P |G& c> Who told this story?35.

& c-!%/"# #2.,2 `! When did they find the ring?36.

N D)U7"# U'H ;!( cGs# >"%0 Is Ali writing the letter now?37.

c["#p0 %& #.BP ;%,P D) Has anybody answered your question?38.

I#7Ne( I<%& G24B:7N D)c Do they gain much money?39.

Q>?N?B"%: +247:/N -" #8%&" c Why did not they tell me the truth?40.

For a "TRUE" problem, there is no solution.

B 4G" > - a 2 ,c ;y H CyZGZV'V'z#.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

68

çSpeechDirect) 1`3b\ <# o1 H"#:(-_k"# -F( D?+ 2)2 37NNC! UnP G2. I%N57B a/ -FA("# #8A) Id.%H ;!(4N2 R%:!X<# $%&FH GN: )#2XS#R .(

çSpeechIndirect) 1`3bB C E{"# o1 H"#:(-2)2 ;!(4N < %+4)2 37/ & a/k -F( `+J& 2P x2B5 D?+ -FA("#-F("# 5 $#7NNC!"# vJ: -!N2 R%:!X# $%&FH GN: .

7+8< !"4 +0 ]AF!P" A<g] 2c4 ^@b ]AF!P" ]2c4 ," !18</() ,4";< +)@& '";J@&:-

>UUUU4\ )#Sentences

J[ X :@ I"# h GN G "#J 1UC## 9#P &"# Z cf b# ZG4\ )# (Exclamation) (Request) (Command) (Question) (Statement)

begin with

a helping verb begin with

a question word

>a?3&C 6>:;8 .ab) ZG P v. 6o3p;Iv# y #Da 8 .ab) ZG P v. (Yes / No - questions) x; *. 6%:(8 E3 XB ) ZG P v.w '9" :Are, Do, Have, Will '9" :What, Where, Who

7 C3:"# a?#,'"#6 1`3bC •C o1 H"# >c,}I" Z)direct(6 1`3bC EK B0xindirect5w

1jDN2B! -!N D2?"# DJ5 .,2N n8"#R#2XS# y7%/ ):-:Id7k%:& DH%K"# .J: >'&4,"# >N#.: 5 ("%!"# D2.,"# 5 %&( : B C EK o1 O 1`3b Indirect Speech B C o1 O 1`3bDirect Speech

GQ'J4N /{U7E4N A: say - declare D21?N say

GQ'J4N /A: {U7E4N says - declares D21?N says

7AQ:/4N /A: {U7E4N tell - declare`"b D2?N say to

7Q:A/4N /A: {U7E4N tells - declares`"b D2?N says to

D%X /A: {U7E said - declaredD%X said

7A:/P/A: {U7E told - declared`"b D%X said to

7:/4N0 /A: {U7E4N0 shall say - shall declareD2?N0 shall say

\ <# o1 H"#o1 H"# * 1`3b "# E{B C 1`3b Direct and Indirect Speech x •c1t I# B0 o1 H"# >'-Reported Speechw

\ )#f b# ZG4Z 1. Statement

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

69

2._!"# %!&FH o8B1! aNE+ )S#R#2X (>&'( fM2!2 (that) `+J&: O:7 d#.^( )s,-(%V58B G(&4N2 .

3.UM"# 7UNC1! R#2XS# y7%/ @: D2JK&"#2 DH%K"# `'H .2J! =7L%&M: R#2XS# D/#. 7L%& .

4.G&UT"# G%( #8b)D2?"# DJ5 (ON0: D:?!04& 2P -%! g7%M4& 2P 7&!04& g7%M4& 2P ON0: g7%M4& R#2XS# y7%/ G&UTA"# UG^5 D/#. 7UNC!N < R#2XS#.

5.G&UT"# G%( #8b)D2?"# DJ5 (D/#. G&UT"# UG^5 -%! M%& 2P 7&!04& M%& 2P ON0: M%& R#2XS# y7%/ 7AUNC!N R#2XS#7<@!)@& '/&=J@& h$( :-

B C EK o1 O 1`3b Indirect Speech B C o1 O 1`3b Direct Speech

ON0: M%& Past SimpleON0: g7%M& Present Simple

-%! M%& Past PerfectON0: M%& Past Simple

-%!

M%& Past Perfect

-%!

g7%M& Present Perfect

7&!0& M%& Past Continuous7&!0& g7%M& Present Continuous

7&!0& -%! M%& Past Perfect Continuous7&!0& M%& Past Continuous

×9`.N8D(k )>CNE () 7&!04&"# -%_!"# M%&"# G&T 5 DJK"#:ing+ _aXC+been+had.


A0 G%( shouldo20 / A0 shalld

A0 G%( wouldo20 / A0 will

A0 G%( couldfNO!0N can

T2,N G%( /47 U: G%( %& might%&:7 / GP T2,N mayd ;,N G%( had to (must);,N / -QT'4N must

;,N G%( to oughtGP ;,N ought to

A0 .X G%( should have + P.P A0 G%( should + >:;"# _aXC d

A0 .X G%( would have + P.P A0 G%( would + >:;"# _aXC d

g%O!0# .X G%( could have + P.P # GP g%O!0 could + >:;"# _aXC d

T2,N G%( .X might have + P.P GP T2,N might + >:;"# _aXC d

6.}!C@- 5!*;0)6!"84 (A3<W)) ]2c4 ^@b AF!P;"@& 2c4@& '</() =*GYAF!P;" A<gG%( #8b #8)y7%A/ G&UT"# R#2AXS#)DAJ5 D2?"#(M%& 2P -%! M%& 2P ON0: M%& 37&!0& 3"-'/#j@& 'BX ,!4 &Lb ! 2P ON0A: g7%MA4& 7&!0A4& g7%MA4&

ON0: D:?!04& 2P -%! g7%M4& 2P) %&( `?:!2 7UNC!! < %V_+u5 35@L k?/< '/=J +8< !"<X/ Y:-

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

70

×= 89`.N $G&UT"# G%( #8b 7UNC!! < >?:%U0"# $%&'("#)DJ5 G&T D2?"# (IF:?!0& 2P I%H7%MU& R#2XS# y7%/ .


["8 /['! that#8)/68) thisd

[AL"2P thosej<p) these

[%A+) thereA+)% here

[%+)/["%+) so#8A() thus

8L.+H/[#8+ &/I#725 then / at onceGs# now

-2N"# ["8 5 that day

-2N"# RK+ the same day-2N"#today

>'N'"# ['! that night

>'N'"# RK+ the same night>'N'"# tonight

5 9:%U0"# -2N"# the day before / the previous dayR&Pyesterday

GN&2N D:X two days beforeR&S# D:X -2N"# the day before yesterday

9:%U0"# j%0&"# the previous afternoonR&P j%0& yesterday afternoon

"%_!"# -2N"# 5 the following day / the next dayI#.\ tomorrow

"%_!"# -2N"# {%:E the following morning.C"# {%:E tomorrow morning

=.\ .J: / GN&2N G2M\ 5 in two days' timeJ: n8"# -2N"#=.\ . the day after tomorrow

9:%U0"#... the previous ….. the .....before

9:%0 /M%& last ....

>?:%U0"# >'N'"#the previous night the night before

>NM%&"# >'N'"#last night

DA:X G& before / previous8A+& ago

>+0 D:X G& a year before

>NM%&"# >+U0"# the previous year >+0 8A+& a year ago

[%+4) ;)8#go there%+4) `"%J! come here

["8 8A1/ take that#8) 7MB# bring this

95#2 2) .He agreed. D%X :"-J+ ."He said, "yes ". v57 2) /95#2N -" . He refused. / He disagreed. D%X :"< ."He said," No".

I%:NO I%B%:E `+&! 2). He wished …. good morning. D%X " :7N/"# {%:E ." He said, "Good morning".

+7(k 2). He thanked me. D%X " :[7(kP ."He said, "thank you".

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

71

Examples 789#"-

B C EK o1 O 1`3b Indirect Speech B C o1 O 1`3b Direct Speech He told me that he would see me the next day.

_+^: +7:/P4@ _!"# -2N"# 5 +#7N0 "% .

He said to me, "I shall see you tomorrow".

" D%X " :I#.\ [#7^0 ."1.

They say that they will play basketball tomorrow.

I#.\ >'U0"# d7( G2:J'N0 -V_+^: #2"2?N -).

•M/ 6!"84@& A3<W)) cX [A!?;" '/j@& 'BX !*;0,"V 78";J@& (.

They say, "We shall play basketball tomorrow".

G2"2?N -):"I#.\ >'U0"# d7( ;J'+0 ".

2.

She says that she is very happy today.

_+^: D2?! )%d.NJ0 %V -2N"# I#., .

•'/j@& 'BX !*0)says(M/ 6!"84@& A3<W)) cX [A!?" ,"V 78"J@& .

She says, "I am very happy today".

D2?! )" :-2N"# I#., d.NJ0 %+P."

3.

We say that we are playing football now.

_+^: D2?+ GB+ Gs# -.?"# d7( ;J'+ %+ . •'/j@& 'BX 3,% 78";J@& 'BX M/ 6!"84@& A3<W)) M !*;0)says([A!?;" .

We say, "We are playing football now".

D2?+ GB+ " :-.?"# d7( ;J'+ GB+ Gs#." 4.

We told Ali that we were playing football at once.

UN'H %+7:/P GB+ I% _+^: 1( %+ _+ [#8+ & -.?"# d7( ;J'+ % .

+X/ 6!"84@& +X A<<W) `=( !*0,"V '/j@& 'BX 3,% 78";J@& )said to(+?!" .

We said to Ali, "We are playing football now".

GB+ !*8eU ='J" :"-.?"# d7( ;J'+ GB+ Gs#."5.

He told me that he had gone to Rafah with

his father the day before.

_+^: %+7:/P4@ Q@N:P f& ~57 `"b ;)8 .X G%( Q-2N"# 5 9:%0"# .

He said to me, "I went to Rafah with my

father yesterday".

X " D% :"R&S%: :P f& ~57 `"b $:)8 ". 6.

Maged tells his sister that he remembers his

father's advice to him. _+P @!/iP 7Q:/4N .,%& 4@ >BNE+ 7(8!N 46%:P@" .

Maged says to his sister, "I remember my

father's advice to me". Q!/S D2?N .,%& Q@ :"_(8!P %+P>BNE+ 7 :P" ." 7.

I told the boy that he had neglected his duties.

W2"# 1$7:/PY" W. _+^: 4@ G%( |)P .X W& D Q!%:,#2 5 Q@ .

I said to the boy, "You have neglected yourduties".

Y"2'" 1$'1X Q. :"Y$'&)P .?" Q!%:,#2 5 [ ." 8.

He said that he had to go at once.

D%X _+b4@ Z8N GP @N'H GUNJ!N G%( W)W; I#725 .

He said," I must go now".

D%X :"Z8P GP ;,N W)4; Gs# ."9.

He said that he had not to go there.

D%X :_+b4@ WN GP @N'H GUNJ!N G(N -" Z8 W)W; 4) [%+ .

He said, "I must not go there".

D%X :";,N P_<4) ;)8P[%+ ." 10.

|;;&S*A&<=>C

1.DJ5 G%( #8bQ7/ & 5 D2?"#Q-F("# 5 >'&4,"# "# 4& 4JM5 7k%: QD2P 5 4@ Q>'&4,"# _!"# .+H `"b DN2B Q-F("#7NC"#4& 7k%: .

B C EK o1 O 1`3b Indirect Speech B C o1 O 1`3b Direct Speech The boy said that he had written his lessons

the day before.

4."2"# D%X _+^: 4@ Q-2N"# 5 @027. ;!( .X G%( U0"#9:% .

"I wrote my lessons yesterday", the boy said.

"QR&S%: 027. 1$:!( "4."2"# D%X . 1.

My father said that I had written a good letter.

:P_+^: D%X Id.N, I>"%07 1$:!( .X 1$+1( + .

"You have written a good letter", said my father.

"Id.N, I>"%07 Y$:!( .?" "D%X :P. 2.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

72

2.I%H7%M4& D2?"# DJ5 G%( #8b2P DeQ& IF:?!0& :say)/-says/-say to/-says to/-shall say(L+NB5 =8 7AUNC!! <

<2 >'&4,"# >+&TP%&_+b2 $%&'("#_!"#G2(N 7NNC AK!"?@& +X ZjX .


He says that he feels hungry. _+^: D2?N 2) 4@ Qg2,"%: 7JkN . He says, "I feel hungry". 2)D2?N :"g2,"%: 7JkP %+P."

1.

I shall say to him that there is no room for

him in the house.

Y" D2X^0 4@ 4@_+^: Y" .,2! < 4@ Q$N:"# 5 >571\ .

I shall say to him, "There is no room for you

in the house".

Y" D2X^0 4@ :"Y" .,2N <W[ Q$N:"# 5 >571\ ." 2.

Ahmed tells Ali that he will buy a new car

tomorrow.

N'H 7:/P .&BP I% _+^: 4@ d.N., Id7%N0 n7!kN0 •I#.\.

Ahmed says to Ali, "I shall buy a new car

tomorrow".

D2?N .&BP " ='J :"Id.N., Id7%N0 n7!k^0 .\ I#." 3.

3.7)P!E9@& qK!j(@&y7%/ G&UT"# G%( %&V& ON0:"# g7%M4&"# G&T 5 fM2! R#2XS#)!"1" 'BX ,"V ,!4 '/j@&(De& :-

B C EK o1 O 1`3b Indirect Speech B C o1 O 1`3b Direct Speech He said that the earth is round.

UG^: D%X 2) >N27( v7S# .

He said," The earth is round".

D%X 2) :">N27( v7S# "1.

Our teacher told us that the earth moves round

the sun.

UGP %+07.4& %+7:/PQR&_k"# D2B [7B!! v7S# .

Our teacher said to us, "The earth moves

round the sun".

%+07.4& %+" D%X :"4v7S# [7B!! QR&_k"# D2B ." 2.

4.>N0NL7"# >'&,"# G& y7/4N DN2B!"# .+H @+u5 R#2XS# D/#. ;O%/&"# G%( #8b.

B C EK o1 O 1`3b Indirect Speech B C o1 O 1`3b Direct Speech I told Ali that I wanted to speak to him.

UN'H 1$7:/P I% _+^: Q@N"b -_'(!P GP 1$.7P + .

I said," I want to speak to you, Ali".

1$'1X :"U'H %N [N"b -_'(!P GP 4.N7P %+P."

5.=>'&4, G& 7e(P %+N." G2(N %&.+HUN7%:/b => R#2XS# GN: E*@!P =(&/ 'G!C@&/ Y'";J8@ 7P$ E*mX !* %V,&.+ =>A'&, 5 I%J& =d.AB#2 QEZKWN2 >"2k x7/iP2 >'&4, D( GN: D )>'E%5 ((Comma).J: fM+2 >A&'( >"2_kA"#that`A+J&: )|GP2 (...fMA+2

(… and that …) /-)(and added thatUN7:/"# >'&4,"# D:X d7N/S# > .

B C EK o1 O 1`3b Indirect Speech B C o1 O 1`3b Direct Speech She told him that she could not pay, that she

had lost her bag, that she had hung it to that

chair and then she did not find it.

.AX $A+%( %V_+P2 3f5.! GP fNO!0! G1(! -" %V_+P 4@!7:/P ) %V_+P2 3071("# ["8 `'H %V!?_'H .X $+%( %V_+P2 3%V!:N?B $.?5

%).,! -" =8L.J: .

She said to him, "I cannot pay. I lost my bag.

I hung it to this chair. Now, I do not find it".

4@" $"%X )" :f5.P GP fNO!0P < %+P.Y5 %+PY? |. !:N?B 1$ .%+P071("# #8) `'H %V!?_'H.Gs#3%)4.,P < %+P.

1.

Mary said that she had prepared her passport

the day before and that (and added that) the

next day she would travel abroad.Q9:%U0"# Q-2N"# 5 %)7K0 T#2, $TUV, .X $+%( %V_+^: $"%X n7%& Q.F:"# Qy7%/" 75%01!0 "%!"# Q-2N"# 5 %V_+P2 .

I prepared my passport yesterday", Mary said.

"Tomorrow I shall travel abroad ".

"R&S%: n7K0 T#2, 1$TUV, %+P"& $"%X n7% ."75%0i0 I#.\ .F:"# Qy7%/" ." 2.



"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

73

Khalil told Ahmed that he had come very late

and that he had been about to leave when he

had seen him.

`'H G%( .X 4@_+P2 I#., I#7/^!4& j%, .X G%( 4@_+P .&BP W7:/P DN'/ Q[k2 46&7 .X G%( %&.+H y47/N GP .

Khalil said to Ahmed, "You have come very

late. I was about to leave when I saw you".

.&BS DN'/ D%X :"N!P .?" I#., I#7/^!& Y$ .1( Z+ 1$ Q[k2 `'HGP Wy7/P[!NP7 %&.+H ."

3.

6.1! %&V_+u5 3DH%5 %&V+& D(" R#2XS# D/#. GN!N7:/ GN!'&4, $.,2 #8bA: G%O:!7 (and) -%&P DH%5 D( fM+ -e '&4, Q! Q@ .

B C EK o1 O 1`3b Indirect Speech B C o1 O 1`3b Direct Speech Samy said that he had found that book and Ahmed

said that it was his book.

4@:%!( G%( 4@_+^: .&BP D%X2 I%:%!( .,2 .X G%( 4@_+^: &%0 D%X .

Samy said, "I found this book". "It is my

book", said Ahmed.

D%X &%0 :";%!("# #8) 1$.,2 " .":%!( 4@_+b".&BP D%X .

Always has been * always will be

L ` •Cy7VG? LE3` >(/` . G? Jj

d

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

74


*) Put the following sentences into indirect speech (Reported Speech):-

]7W<TP ,<A> " @ 7<)o& '";J@& 'ej*t-lA>t- :

".AX #2A+2(! %&.+H n%_k"# vJ: -(" 7QMBi0 -!NV!+#"-V" D%X 2).

''I'll bring you some tea when you have finished'', he

said to them.1.

%V" 1$'1X :"I%LNk J& iSWN7 [" 4@ ." I said to her, ''I have something to show you''.2.

@" $"%X :"QR&S%: BN!%K& 1$.?5 ." She said to him, ''I lost my keys yesterday''.3.

D2?N 2):"I>"%07 D.%H " ;!( .?" I>'N2O ." He says, ''Adel has written me a long letter''.4.

$"%X :"Q2,"%: #;%:M QR&S%: G%( %&( -2N"# ." She said, ''It is foggy today as it was yesterday''.5.

D2?N G0B :"4.,P 3w?N!0# %&.+HG:'"# G& I%:2( n7N70 7#2,: ."

Hassan says, ''When I get up, I find a cup of milk

beside my bed".6.

4@" $"%X :"%+Pe(& -2N"# #8) %+"T+&: /P f& 1$ ." She said to him, ''I stayed with my brother in our housethis morning''.

7.

%+" D%X 2):"{%:E !D( 97k1! R&_k"#." He said to us, ''The sun shines every morning".8.

D%X " :Id7& ;)8P GP ;,N x7/iPg2:0iS# 5 Q-.%?"# ." He said," I must go again next week".9.

D%X :"[%+4) ;)8P GP D& & %+P." He said, "I hope to go there''.10.

D2?N " :-2N"# $D2Ck& %+P"."#.N., I%:%!( 1$N7!k# .?" "". He says, "I am busy today"." I have bought a new book".11.

$"%X :"_8"# G& D?eP .N.B"#;)." She said, "Iron is heavier than gold".12.

-V" D%X :"-(4B%:E ;%O .DA1( 1$7MABP .?" 9#72S#.=9%K!# `"b DE+ GP D& & %+P."

He said to them, "Good morning. I have brought all

papers. I hope to reach an agreement".13.

4@" $"%X :"0K+: x7P (" [J& ;)8P GP .N7iP %+P." She said to him," I want to come with you to see with myself'".14.

]7"# D%X 4, D :"#>+U0"# QD2E5 G0BP 2) fN:47" ." The man said, "Spring is the best season of the year".15.

4@" $"%X :"<..?J"# #8) `'H f_X2iP GP fNO!0P < " f5.! -" %& 300.000Gs# 7<2. ."

She said to him," No. I cannot sign this contract unless

you pay 300.000 dollars for me now".16.

@" $"%X " :$+%( *+"%: dj2'&& !:N?B Q.2? ." She said to him, "My bag was full of money".17.

4@" $"%X :"W[4.H%0i0 .W[7QHiP GP fNO!0PvAJ: ;!1("#.g2M2&"# #8) 5 Id.NK4& I%:!1( n.+H."

She said to me, "I shall help you. I can lend you some books. I have many useful books on this subject".

18.

" D%X :"GN!7& [: 1$'E -!# .?" ." He said to me, "I have phoned you twice''.19.

D2?N 2)" :GA& =;AN7X =DTA+& A5 , NJ+ GB+ !07.& .RN:2!iS# ;(7P GP y%!BP <.%+PfNO!0P

5 !07.& DEP GP59L%X. ."

He says, "We are living in a house near to my school.I needn't to take the bus. I can reach my school in

5 minutes".20.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

75

begin with

a helping verb

begin with

a question word >a?3&C 6>:;8 .ab) ZG P v. v.6o3p;Iv# y #Da 8 .ab) ZG P

(Yes / No - questions) x; *. 6%:(8 E3 XB ) ZG P v.w

'9" :What, Where, Who

'9" :Are, Do, Have, Will

78###9"-Examples

" D%X 2):"cQR&S%: Y$:)8 GNP." (Direct) He said to me, "Where did you go yesterday?".

GNP +"^0 2)QR&S%: 1$:)8 . (Indirect) He asked me where I had gone the day before. 1.

D%X -"%0 :"cDN:+ %N IFN2O r(&!0 D)." (Direct) Salem said, "Are you staying long, Nabil?''.

IFN2O r(&N G%( #8b %& DN:+ D^0 -"%0 . (Indirect) Salem asked Nabil if he was staying long. 2.

ç 1`3b\ <# o1 H"# •C 9#P &"# >c, Z u#, G txDirectw 1`3bB C E{"# o1 H"# B0xIndirectw56

1.4&"#2) %&( `?:N -_'(! .

2.4N !S%( R#2XS# y7%/ G2(N n8"# D2?"# DJ5 DU2B :-

B C EK o1 O 1`3b Indirect Speech B C o1 O 1`3bDirect Speech

D^0N ask

70K!0N enquire

oQ7JN GP .N7N want to know

DÂ0N /;2,!0N question

D2?N / `"b D2?N say ] say tod

DÂ0N asks

N 70K!0 enquires

oQ7JN GP .N7N wants to know

D2?N / `"b D2?N says ] says tod

D^0 asked

GH 70K!0#enquired (inquired)

oQ7JN GP .#7P wanted to know

D%X /`"b D%X said / said to

DÂ0N0 shall say

70K!0N0 shall enquireD2?N0 shall say

3.R#2XS# o8B+ )_!"# !&FHaNE+ .(

C3p;Iv;# >4\ )# Z2.Questions

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

76

4.=.H%0& =DJK: R#2XS# D/#. D#pU0"# P.: #8b)Defective Verbs - Verb to Have - Verb to Do - Verb to Be(

-./!0+ i f 2Pwhether `+J&: ),!4 &Lb !" (...aR&=Q4 ZPA =. 5.U0"# P.: #8bQd#.^: R#2XS# D/#. D#p =-%VK!0# De& 3:

When - Why - Who - Which - Whom - Whose - What - Where - How - How many - How much … etc

-F("# `"b DN2B_!"# .+J5 7NC"## d#.P fM21!2 3R#2XS# o8B1! 7k%:4& ) %&( -%VK!0<)O:7 d#.^( .(

6.D#pU0"# DU2B1+ ):L@&.<X :4&"# DJK"#DH%K"# 9:0N .H%0 (=>'&4, `"b=>UN7:/ ): DJK"# D:X DH%K"# fM2 .(

7.-_'(!&"# `'H .2J! x7/iP =7L%&M `"b R#2XS# D/#. 7L%&UM"# DU2B1+ )DH%K"#(;O%/4&"#2 )@: D2JK&"#.(

8.+ -%VK!0<# >&FH o8B (?)"# UGSI>'&4, ~:EP D#pU0 I>O?+ fM+2 (.) (Full stop).

9.D&/U%& '>&= }!C@%&/ '!BX # @ 7P$E*@!P :

P (g7%M4&"# G&T 5 D2?"# DJ5 G%( #8b 7NNC! nP r.BN <)ON0:"#/--%!"# /- 7&!04&"#(/-D:?!04&"# G&T .

; (M%&"# G&T 5 D2?"# DJ5 G%( #8b)ON0:"#/--%!"# /-7&!04&"# (7UNC1! w%K"S#2 D%J5S# UGu5 %&( `+J&"# ;0B 5

UN7:/"#

>'&4,"#> .

B C EK o1 O 1`3b Indirect Speech B C o1 O 1`3b Direct Speech Ameera asked Azza if she had watched the

film the day before.

d7N&P8b %& dUTH $"^0 Q-2N"# 5 -'NK"# $.)%k .X $+%( #9:%U0"# .

Ameera said, "Did you watch the film

yesterday, Azza?".

d7N&P$"%X :"QR&S%: -'NK"# Q$.)%k D)cdUTH %N ." 1.

She asks Ali if he is happy today.

D^0! )N'HI% -2N"# I#.NJ0 G%( #8b %& .

'>&= ,"3V@& +X A<<W) `;=(< 2@ !*0[A!?;" '/j@& 'BX 3,% }!C@%& M/ D&/U%& .

She says to Ali, "Are you happy today?".

)='J" $"%X ":#.NJ0 $+P D)c-2N"# ." 2.

I asked Mazen if he had met the teacher. RU7.4&"# D:%X .X G%( #8b %& GT%& 1$"^0 .

I said to Mazen, "Have you met the teacher?" 1$'1X GT%&" :"$':%X .X D)cRU7.4&"# ." 3.

She wanted to know whether they had departed.

#2'B7 .X #2+%( #8b %& o7J! GP $.#7P.

She said, " Have they departed?".

$"%X :"c#2'B7 .X -) D)." 4.

I asked the boys if they had been busy the

day before.

8b %U&H .<2S# 1$"^0 QR&S%: GN"2Ck& #2+%( .X #.

I said to the boys "Were you busy

yesterday?".

.<2q" 1$'1X :"cQR&S%: GN"2Ck& -1!+1( D)." 5.

Beesan wanted to know if I could solve the

problem.

>'(k&"# !DBP GP 1$JO!0# .X 1$+1( #8b %& o7J! GP $.#7P G%0N: .

Beesan said to me, "Can you solve the

problem?".

" $"%X G%0N: :"Y! GP fNO!0! D)QB +D 4&"# c>'(k ."

6.

Nora asked her friend if she could have solved

the question.

72+ 6U&H %V!?N.E $"^0 % D#pU0"# $_'B .X $+%( #8b .

Nora said to her friend, ''Could you solve

the question?"

72+ 6"%X %V!?N.E" $ :"Y$JO!0# D)cD#pU0"# !DB! GP " 7.

He asked his father if he would buy a car the

next day.

Q-2N"# 5 Id7%N0 n7!kN0 G%( #8b %& 46."#2 D^0 "%!"# .

He said to his father, "Will you buy a car

tomorrow?"

Q6."#2" D%X :"cI#.\ Id7%N0 n7!k!0 D)" 8.

I asked Ali if he didn't believe that story.

N'H 1$"^0 I% UE?"# ['! 9.E4N < G%( #8b %& > .

I said to Ali, "Don't you believe this story?"

='J" 1$'1X :"UE?"# 68) 9.E1! <Pc> " 9.

John asked what I was doing at once.

G2, [#8+ & DJ5P 1$+1( %U&H D^0 . "What are you doing now?'' said John.

"cGs# DJK! #8%& :"D%X G2, . 10.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

77

I wanted to know when he would travel to

London.

4N0 `!& o7HP GP 1$.7PG.+" `"b 75%0 .

I said to him, "When will you travel to

London?"

@" 1$'1X :"1!0 `!& cG.+" `"b 75%0 " 11.

The man asked who had finished his work.

U7"#

D^0 4, 4@'&H

`V+P

G%(

.X

n8"#

D .

"Who has finished his work?" said the man.

"

c@'&H

`V+P

.X

|GW& "

U7"#

D%X 4, D .

12.

He asked Adel where he learnt English.

UNTN',+m# >C'"# -_'J! GNP D.%H D^0 2)> .

He said to Adel, "Where do you learn English?"

J" D%X 2)D.% :"UNTN',+m# >C'"# -'J!! GNPc> " 13.

|;;&S*A&<=>C

1.UN7:/ >'&4,2 D#p0 R#2XS# GN: .,2 #8bM+5 3> f D#pU0"# D:X askedYAUN7:/"# >A'&4,"# D:X2 > said/-toldYDU2AB+2 D#pU0"#Q>?N7O: UN7:/"# >'&4,"# DU2B+2 3D#pU0"# Q>?N7O: > UN7:/"# >'&4,"# > .


He told me that it was too late and askedwhere I was going then.

I#., d7/^!4& $+%( %V_+^: +7:/P 2)/ [#8+ & I%:)#8 $+1( GNP +"^0 .

He said to me, "It is too late. Where are yougoing now?"

" D%X 2):"_+b4& %V %d7/^! I#., .8 $+P GNP#cGs# #;)"

2.#8b#2XS# GN: .,2 R A: %&VO:7+5 GN"#p0 and asked.

B C EK o1 O 1`3b Indirect Speech B C o1 O 1`3b Direct Speech Ramy asked if I wanted to go to the sea

and asked how I should go there.

Q7AB:"# `A"b W;)8P GP 4.N7iP 1$+1( #8b %& &#7 D^0 / [%+4) 4;)8^0 1$+1( oN( D^0 .

"Do you want to go to the sea?" "How will you gothere?" said Ramy.

"cQ7B:"# `"b ;)8! GP .N71! D)"3"c[%+4) ;)8!0 oN( ":&#7 D%X .

|R&}*Ak&=**

1.)< 2 ) aT zBP '</( v< +8< !"4 2!1C)$M& $ :

\ <# EK 1`3bIndirect \ <# 1`3b Direct {7!?N suggestGH #8%& ...c What about..?

~E+N advise

-"

#8%&" .....

c Why don't you ..?d

;1'ON askfNO!0P D).....c Could I have... ?

W7AWHWv offered

G^: WvW7AWH...... offered to A=T" + ;\7! D)....c Would you like….?

2.Could you ...? )$JO!0# D)....c(/Would you…?)A0 D)....c/ (Will you...?)A0 D)...c(68A);'O"#2 7&S# GH 7U:J1! >'L0S#.

3.Would you mind….?)f+%&1! D)......~&0! D) 3 c....c(`"b DU2B! asked …. toY2P DU2B! =D#p0A( =n.%AH

A: >X2:0& ) %&( Dw!2 )if(.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

78

78###9"-Examples


He suggested flying. _O"# {7!X# 2)G#7N . "What about flying?" he said. D%X 2):"_O"# GH #8%& c G#7N ."

/-D%X 2)" :NP7 %& [ _O"%: cG#7N ."

1.

She advised me to ask him.

|G^: +!BE+ )Y"Â0P 4@ .

"Why don't you ask him?" she said to me".

" $"%X " :Y"^0! < #8%&" c4@ ." 2.

She asked me for a cup of tea.

_+& $:'O )n%k G%,+5 .

"Could I have a cup of tea?" she said to me.

" $"%X :"cn%k G%,+5 D2%+!P GP fNO!0P D)."3.

He asked me to sign the book.

W;'O _+& ;%!("# f_X2iP GP .

"Could you sign the book, please?" he said.

D%X :"_X21! GP fNO!0! D)c['M5 G& 3;%!("# f " 4.

He asked me to open the door.

1( #8b %& +"Â0 !K: f+%&iP 1$+ Q~ ;%:"# .

Or: He asked me if I would mind opening the

door.

1( #8b %& +"Â0 1$+ ;\7#Q~!K: ;%:"# .

"Would you mind opening the door?" he

said.

D%X :"Q~!K: ~&0! D)c;%:"# ." 5.

He offered me a drink.

WHW7 Wv I%:27k& " .

''Would you like a drink?" he said.

D%X :"=;27k&: ;\7! D)c." 6.

He offered to wait for me.

WH 2)W7 Wv +7Qw!+N GP .

''Shall I wait you, I shall wait for you if you

like?" he said.

"Y$+1( #8b [47w!+^0 3W[47w!+P D)c;\7! :"D%X 2) 7.

It i s the end that countsj -0y :"# 34L f \ ("38Zc3pj

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

79

) ,#<A" Exercise No. 17

2c4@& ^@b '3/( @&A<W ;" AF!P : Change Into Indirect Speech:-

%V40 $"%X :"4,"# -2N Q@'J5 5 :\7! #8%& c>N.%+ %N >J& ." Soha said, "What do you want to do onFriday, Nadia?".

1.

$"%X `+4& :"c>N&%0 %N %0+75 `"b GN75%01!0 oN( ." Mona said, "How are you going to travel to

France, Samia?".2.

?N.E" 1$'1X :"cY$'E2 `!& ." I said to my friend, "When did you arrive?".3.

U0"#Q) .N Yk D%X -% :"Q& WGNP G UE"# !^N G%( c$2 ." Mr. Hesham said, "Where was the voice

coming from?".4.

1$'1X :"1$'J5 %+P D)nP c^O/ ." I said, "Did I make anything wrong?". 5.

D%X :"c7%w!+<%: ~&0! D)." "Would you mind waiting?" he said.6.

%V" D%X 2):"oN( Q$7MB c%+) `"b""D)`"b Q$7MB 4)Q-#.XS# `'H I%Nk& %+ c."

He said to her, "How did you come here?"

"Did you come here on foot?". 7.

$"%X :"+/:21! #8%&" )+&2'! (c." She said, "Why do you blame me?".8.

#.&B& D%X :"_?_k"# D)c>EN/7 > ." Mohammed said, "Is the flat cheap?".9.

D%X :">wB" 7w!+! D)c." "Could you wait a moment?" he said.10.

97%O D%X " :c=>'NE2!: ;\7! D)."1$A'1X :AN7O UnP GA& =9 c;)8!0 ."

"Would you like a lift?" Tariq said, "Which

way are you going?" I said.11.

" $"%X :"D:X %V'&J! GP fNO!0! D)\ -2N =. c." She said to me, "Can you do it beforetomorrow?"

12.

%V,2T D%X :"G& @" %N =G%!05 DN&, c." Her husband said, "What is a suitable dress?".13.

@" 1$'1X :"" {%!K4&"# ;?1e DF/ G& 7w+! #8%& c." "Why are you looking through the keyhole?"

said to him. 14.

D%X :"Z+1( GNPY$ c-T%B .N0 %N >NM%&"# >'N'"# ." "Where were you last night, Mr. Hazem?"

he said.15.

$"%X " :&"# `"b ;)8+ GP `"b =>,%B: GB+ D)Q$FB x7+" 4&"# GN!%0K"#7%J0S#2 >:0%+ 7NC"#4& c>:0%+ ."

She said, "Need we go to the shops in order to

see suitable dresses and unsuitable prices?".16.

G%0B D%X :"cDN'/ %N dT\ 5 r(&!0 -( ." "How long are you staying in Gaza, Khalil?"Hassan said.

17.

D2?N :".N, 2,"# D)c-2N"#." He says, "Is the weather good today?".18.

D%X :"2,"# D).N, c-2N"#." He said, "Is the weather good today?".19.

" D%X :"Y$:,P D)_!"# #8) cGN7& ." He said to me, "Did you answer this

exercise?".

1$:,P:"-J+ ." I replied, "Yes".

/-:,P 1$: :"< ." Or: I replied, "No".

20.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

80

.w'3?,- 1C##56

1.>(/` >:;8 1C.qDe& :-

%+" D%X R7.4&"#:"_w+ Wv7S# #21K ." (Direct) The teacher said to us, "Clean the floor".

W&PW7 U7.4&"# %+ |G^: R _w++ Wv7S# o . (Indirect) The teacher ordered us to clean the floor.

2.q>(/` >:l •? /p (G" 1C.De& :-

" D%X :P:"_/^!! <7 ." (Direct) My father said to me, "Don't be late".

:P_/^!P <%: +BE+ 7 . (Indirect) My father advised me not to be late.

EwqJGN G "#De& :-

GT%& D%X :"3['M5 G& 7&4H %N [&'X +OHP." "Give me your pen, please, Omar "said Mazen. 1.

4@&'X 4@NOJ4N G^: 7&4H G& ;'O GT%& . Mazen asked Omar to give him his pen. 2.

|>:;C

DJK"%:

;'O"#2

7&S#

G&

IF(

P.:N )

DJK"#

7.E& .(

ço1 H"# •C 1C## >c, Z u#, GB tB C E{"# o1 H"# B0 1`3bB C 1`3b5

1.ah$( ^8G D&/U%& {A!> '/j@& 'BX A3<We* +)Q< !" :

-(said to`"b DU2B1! ordered/-command)vAv"-(YI#7.%E 7&S# G%( #8b," =a/k AP4-2P I>:!47 2P I%+Q0 I%A&%?& ^#@b 7/ & =a/k AWT-I%&%?& 2P I>:!47 2P I%+Q0 .

h (said to`"b DU2B1! prayed)'3$/)< (/-begged)/;JA< (#8b 3I#7.%E 7&S# G%( ," =a/k AWT- 2P I>A:!47 2P I%+Q0

I%&%?& ^@b

=a/k

AP4-

I%&%?&

2P

I>:!47

2P

I%+Q0

Y>&'(:

P.:N

%&

d.%H2 Please

!"#2 .+H

o8B1! 7NC"#

`"b

DN2B_!"#7k%:4& .

{(said to`"b DU2B1! asked /-toldI#7.%E 7&S# G%( #8b 3," ^@b ]H>F ]H>F A>p +X .B" ]/!$);" ,3$@&7P);A@& /-.

. (said to`"b DU2B1! advised ... to)vkTr* (G&M!N 7&S# G%( #8b 3jk DJK: I>BNE+ .

A)(said to`"b D2B! advised ... not to .../ ordered ... not to/ begged ... not toY7&S# G%( #8bG&M!N jk DJ5 -.J: >BNE+ .

2.5 D2S# g2_+"#)+F 'BCP A"-(+ aNE+_!"# $%&FH o8B )R#2XS#(-./!0+2 )A=T"@&to +(O:7 d#.^( `A+J&: ),-(

_%U&P+%_e"# g2_+"# 5 )'BX ,G +1* +F (+ D.:!0+2 R#2XS# o8B Don'tA: )A=T"@&not to +(`+J&: ),- M(.....

3.DU2B1! 3?@& AK!" Q;0B `'H `+J&"# )ah$( ^8G@& .P '/BC"@&/ 'G!C ) (ah$( ^8GhZ!>;"@&/ 2E84);"@& (.

4.DU2B1! }!C@%&Q;0B `'H D2.U,"# 5 j%, %& )73<AP>@& 78";J@& +X (.

c1C## ZG4\ )#Z3. Command (Order)

4. Request JGN G "#

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

81

78###9"-Examples


He begged the manager to give him an otherchance to prove his honesty and ability.

4&"# %W,W7 |GP 7N. I>E715 •DY+WN 4@!7.1X2 4@!+%&P $:e4N (" x7/iP .

He said to the manager, "Let me have an otherchance to improve my honesty and ability".

7N.4&'" D%X :"7.1X2 !+%&P $:eiP (" x7/iP I>E715 DY+P +H. ! ." 1.

The manager ordered him to give her an

other dress.

|GP 7N.&"# 46W7W&P7/P I%:2e %VQOJ4N .

The manager said to him, "Give her an other

dress".

7N.4&"# 4@" D%X :"7/P I%:2e %VQOHP." 2.

Ali asked his friend to give him his bicycle

for half an hour.

D^0 #'H|G^: 4@?N.E >H%0 oE+ d.&" 4@!,#U7. 4@NOJ4N .

Ali said to his friend, "Give me your bicycle

for half an hour".

4'H D%X Q@?N.E" :"U7. +OHP4&" W[!,#>H%0 oE+ d. ".3.

The pupilbegged

the teacherto

explainthat

point again.

_!"#U7.4&"# %W,W7 8N&' |GP R 7kN ['! {>O?*+"#x7/iP Id7& .

The pupilsaid to

the teacher, "Please,

explain

this point again".

U7.4&'" D%X 8N&'_!"#R :"*+"# 68) {7k# 3['M5 G& U7& >O? x7/iP Id." 4.

The teacher advised the boys to write their

names clearly.

U7.4&"#R Y+ WE W~ W.<2S# |G^: #2:!(N ={2M2: -VL%&0P .

The teacher said to the boys, "Write your

names clearly".

U7.4&"#R .<2q" D%X :"L%&0P #2:!(iP={2M2: -1( ." 5.

She advised her husband not to trouble

troubles till troubles trouble him.

!B 3W;H%!&"# 7Ne!0WN <P %VW,|2WT $BE+ ` %!&"# 467Ne!0! 4;H.

She said to her husband, "Don@t trouble

troubles till troubles trouble you".

%V,2T" $"%X " :Ne!0! <=7 !B 3W;H%!&"# ` 4;H%!&"# [7Ne!0! ".6.

The mother told the child not to be afraid.

|G^: DQKQO"# $7:/P -iS#I%KL%/ G2(N < .

The mother said to the child," Don't be afraid.

QDKO'" $"%X -iS#:"Y! <Zo/ ."7.

|;;&S*A&<=>C

1.Y$.,2 #8b7&S# f& >UN7:/ >'&4, )>UN7&P >'&4, (3>AUN7:/"# >'&4,"# Q>?N7O: DU2B1! >UN7:/"# >'&4,"# UGu5 3:-%V?:0AN thatY

2 7&S#)>UN7&S# >'&4,"#(Q>?N7O: DU2B1! 3>UN7&S# >'&4,"#b2 #8 4@?:0N UnP 3D#pU0"# Q>?N7O: DU2B4N D#p0 .,2 asked.

B C EK o1 O 1`3b Indirect Speech B C o1 O 1`3b Direct Speech The doctor advised me to stay in bed and

take that medicine and said that he would

visit me the next day.

|G^: +BE+ ;N:_O"#Q, #7K"# 5 `?:P 181/P2 j#2U.A"# [A"8 Q-2N"# 5 +72TN0 4@_+^: " D%X2 _!"# "% .

The doctor said to me, "Stay in bed and take

this medicine. I shall visit you tomorrow".

" D%X ;N:_O"#:"Q, #7K"# 5 Y9:#j#2U.A"# #8A) 81/2 .%A+PI#.\ [72T^0 ."

1.

The poor man begged me to give him some

food to eat and asked if I should help him to

cross the road.

]7"#DA_(^N" -%AJ_O"# vAJ: 4@NOHiS U"P D0U2! 7N?K"# D4, 46.H%0i0 1$+1( %& #8b +"^02 " 9N7_O"# fO?N .

The poor man said to me, "Please, give me

some food to eat, will you help me cross the

road?"

" D%X 7N?K"# D4,7"#:"-%AJ_O"# vAJ: +OHP 3['M5 G&

|G^: +.H%01! D) 3D1(P `!B c9N7_O"# fOXP "

2.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

82

2.Let's)Let us()%+H. (={#7Q!X# GH 7 !Q:J1! %& Id.%H`"b DU2BI!2 suggest){7!?N .(

_aXCFshouldF 1t. >?3lFthatF suggestedF >?3l

.....+undgerF suggestedF >?3l: Or

78###9"-Examples

B C EK o1 O 1`3b Indirect Speech B C o1 O 1`3b Direct Speech Mary suggested that they (we) should go to

the cinema.

|GP ;,N -V_+^: $B7!X# n7%& #2:)8N );)8+ (%&+NU0"# `"b.

Or: Mary suggested going to the cinema.

_8"# $B7!X# n7%& %&+NU0"# `"b ;%).

"Let's go to the cinema", Mary said.

n7%& $"%X :"%&+NU0"# `"b ;)8+ %+24H. ."

1.

He suggested not saying anything about that

subject.

ZX#Y! W7 W{M2&"# ["8 GH =jk UnP D2X -.J: g2 .

Or: He suggested saying nothing about that

subject.

ZX#Y! W7 W{["8 GH jk UnP D2X -.H g2M2&"#.

He said, "Let's not say anything about this

subject".

D%X :"Y+ < %+24H. #8) GH jk UnP D1? g2M2&"#." 2.

3j1 H"# B0 1`3b\ <# o1 H"# •C JGN G "# >c , Z u#, GB to E{"#/) I# Z A-1B C @C 1C## >c , Z u#, GB t ];- / " 1`3bB C56 P ( DU2B1+ said `"basked.

; ( >&'( o8B+ Please.

B C EK o1 O 1`3b Indirect Speech B C o1 O 1`3b Direct Speech He asked me to take a seat.

Q& ;'O _+ R',P GP .

"Please, take a seat", he said to me.

" D%X :"R',# 3['M5 G& ."

A chip of the old block.

#M "@ C "#B>byav## d#? •Cj

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

83


2c4@& ^@b '3/( @&A<W ;" AF!P : *) Change Into Indirect Speech:-

Q@?N.E" D%X :"[!E%/ 7N2E_!"# >" & +7HP." He said to his friend, "Lend me your camera". 1.

n.+4,'" O:%UM"# D%X :"OL#7/"# Y>:N?B " 7MBP." The officer said to the soldier, "Bring me

the bag of maps". 2.

>KNO'Q" $"%X %:Q)" :;%!( +OHP[!E%/ >UNTN',+m# >C'"# ." Heba said to Latefa, "Give me your English

book".3.

Q@+:< D%X ;S#:"[Q.B2" ;)8! <." The father said to his son, "Don't go alone".4.

$"%X :"_+H ~KE# /+B&%0 ." She said, "Forgive me".5.

$"%X " :3,%+ %N 7&!0#@:7M#." "Go on, Nagi, hit him", she said.6.

"G_/.1! < 3['M5 G& ":8"# D4,7'" d.NU0"# $"%X %V:+%,: R',N n. "Please, don't smoke", said the lady to theman sitting beside her.

7.

?N.E D%X " :70Az,"# .+H +7w!+#.|GP fNO!0A! DA)c[J& >:N?B"# 68) 7MB1! ."

"Wait for me at the bridge, Can you bring

this bag with you?" said my friend. 8.

" D%X 7.%+ :")8#A:S D1X2 ; ^A: _+ |GP fNO!A0P < + QDT+&"# `"b 7MBP>'N'"# 68) ."

Nader said to me, "Go and tell my father

that I cannot come home tonight".9.

%V" D%X :"UNM1! <_O"# Q68V: %+"#2&P QJ Q>?N7 j%?&B"# ." He said to her, "Don't waste our money inthis foolish way".

10.

Every cloud has a silver liningj B _EL =3> _Z:l3-.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

84

çZG4\ )# b[ X :I"# VZ5W21! %V_+("2 >UN7:/ >'&4, GH d7%:H >k)U."# ~UM /--._+"# /-o0S# /-RAK+ I%:N7?! %VN'H 9U:O4N2 3>B7K"# _!"# G& =jk f& >UN7:/"# >'&4,"# .H#2X ON0:"# 7NNC .

çJB X :I"# u34GO qJU[ X :) Z4GHO >4:B Iv\. o3p;Iv# 8 1 - 3 C03'9" :how , whath %JB) 7"cG =/J/P !1XAB*/ +#X 78";J@& 7<!1* (!)Yq3py )#M8 J[ X :) Z4GO *.G =/J/P !1XAB*/ _RAF!P;" !0=BP h %JB) 7"c '9" Y:

^(A" ! Hurrah! O/-! Oh! $ # @ !< ^ ! Alas! M& +*B) 7"84 F V&VK" %A@& /- hG Ugh!

ç

@ I"# >c ,

Z u#,

GB t

[L X

:JxZ Vb[ X

:I"# ZG4\ )

#wB C6o1

O •CB C EK6o1

OB

06 1`3b

6 1`3b56

1.>&'( fM2 R#2XS# o8B#thatQd#.^( W7 =O: .

2..!"# >&'( o8B#WJ Y! >&'( %V+& I<.: fM2 ; ), iD4. De& 3%VN'H :-

D%X /W{%E /;U,J! ={7KQ: ....say, cry, exclaim with joy ….1.

D%X /W{%E /;U,J! =;MCQ: .... say, cry, exclaim with anger …. 2.

D%X /W{%E /;U,J! =o0^: .... say, cry, exclaim with sorrow …. 3.

D%X /W{%E /;U,J! =;%,Hu: ....say, cry, exclaim with admiration ….4.

D%X /W{%E /;U,J! =GT4BQ: .... say, cry, exclaim with sadness….5.

D%X /W{%E /;U,J! =-W.Y+Q: .... say, cry, exclaim with regret …..6.

D%X /W{%E /;U,J! =gTKQ: .... say, cry, exclaim with horror …..7.

D%X /W{%E /;U,J! =72470Q: .... say, cry, exclaim with pleasure ….8.

3.QDH%K"# ;0B `'H 7L%&UM"# 7UN\@: D2JK&"#2 );O%/4&"#2 -_'(!4&"#.(

4.]T"# 7UNC!N G& )Tense(4& 7N\ =-F( `"b @'NU2B! .+H 7k%:4&"# -F("# D&4, D%J5SY! -" %& =7k%: |G1( _'J!4& D%J5S# =>"%B: >? =d7M%B =>'e%& +H 7UNC"# `"b -F("# D?+ . )GN7/ &(7:/"# D&4,"# 5 D%B"# 2) %&( w%K"S# vJ: 7UNC!!2 3>UN .

78###9"-Examples

B C EK o1 O 1`3b Indirect Speech B C o1 O 1`3b Direct Speech He said with sorrow that his shop was

completely damaged.

`0^: D%X )=GT4B: (Q! DB& UGbU&.4& G%( 4@!7%, I%&%&! I#7 .

He said, "Alas! My shop is completely

damaged".

D%X 2):"`0q" %N !Q! DB& U&.4& !7%, I%&%&! 7 ."1.

He cried with joy that he had won the first

prize._+b IFL%X ={7K: {%E `"2iS# dTL%,"# ~:7 .X G%( 4@ .

He said," Hurrah! I've won the first prize".

D%X :"`WB|7W& !QdTL%,"%: 1$T15 .?" `"2iS# ." 2.

J[ X :@ I"# 5. Exclamation

x@ I"# >4\ )#Z Vy b[ X :w

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

85

He said with regret that he had been foolish.

_+^: =-.+: D%X I%N:\ G%( .X 4@ .

He said, "How foolish I have been!".

D%X :"I%N:\ 1$+1( -( ." 3.

Fadi said with admiration that the idea was

very great.

I#.,

>&NwH

$+%(

d7(K"#

UG^:

=;%,Hu:

n.%5

D%X .

Fadi said, "What a great idea".

n.%5 D%X :"=d7(5 G& %V" %N =>&NwH ." 4.

Yk Y( W7 + . He thanked me. D%X :"1k [" I#7( ." He said, "Thank you". 5.

W)_+ +^AA .He congratulated me.D%X " :U+%V! ."He said, "Congratulation".6.

W. WH_8("%: Q+% ;# . He called me a liar.D%X :";#8( ."He said, "Liar".7.

The absent party is not faulty.

7:C LeL _M ? J23{"#j <A") ,# Exercise No. 19

*) Change the following sentences into indirect ( Reported) speech:-

AF!P;" A<W@& 2c4@& ^@b 7<)o& '";J@& '/3( :-

Y" $"%X 4@ :"=9&BP G& [" %N !=jk !D( Y$.05P .?" ." She said, "What a fool! You have spoilt

everything." 1.

D%X :"#.NH.NJ0 ." He said, "Happy Christmas." 2.

]7"#D%X 7N?K"# D4, :"Qo0q" %N !.NB2"# 'KQO 1$JMP .?" ." The poor man said, "Alas! I have lost my

only child."3.

$"%X ):"B7& /!!+:# $B,+ .?" ." She said, "Hurry! My daughter has

succeeded."4.

$"%X :"62P!Y" %N & 4@ 15 G =DN&, =G%!0 .`:P %N [71(kP ." She said, "Oh! What a nice dress. Thanks

daddy."5.

D%X " :>'N&, =$+: G& %V" %N !." "What a lovely girl!", he said.6.

$"%X :"62P!G%:J1e 4@_+b .D%KOP %N 4@+Q& #2:7!?! <." She said, "Oh! It's a snake. Don't get near it

children".7.

DN'/ D%X :"d^,%K&'" %N !4& W[7P -" |GP 8+ RN7%: 5 %_+1( ." Khalil said, What a surprise! I have not seenyou since we were in Paris ".

8.

D%X 2):"6%!B75P2 !W0 U"b +:# .%H .?" `5%J4& I%&N' ." He said, "Oh! My son has returned to mesafe and sound ".

9.

D%X 2):"o0q" %N !n.2?+ U.7!0P G" ." He said," Alas! I shan't recover my money".10.

Do as you would be done.

'. J}B ) 34O 53 ("# >y C3L ?d ,GC3:B cj

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

86


General Exercise on Direct and Indirect Speech

|o1 H"# . G? o3? •c1 N \ <#|o1 H"# * 1`3bB C E{"# 1`3b ;" A<g ]2c4 ^@b '/3( ]AF!P :- *) Change into Indirect Speech:-

4@" $"%X :"UnP .,P -" %+4) =jk .;A)8# c %AV!^U:/ GANP

%)%+.,2 .X %++P .?!J! %V'J,#2 .|GP D2%B!2 !^!0 .(^!! .

%V!.,2 .?" !^,%K&'" %N d!

She said to him, "I didn't find anything here.

Where did she hide the bag? Go and make

her think we've found it. She will come and

try to make sure. What a surprise! I've

found it!".

1.

" $"%X ":4@!'J5 n8"# ["8 9&BP =fN+E G& @"i %N !;)8#

UE%/"# ['L%02: > _k"# `"b >O7 .%A&( =jAk D(: -)7:/P r.B .;N8%(P UnP -V" D1?! <.`"b $+P ;)8! GP DM5S#_k"#[N'H 4v:?4N GP G& >O7 ."

She said to me, "What a foolish deed you

have done! Go by your own means to the

police. Tell them everything as it hashappened. Do not tell any lies. It is better to

go to the police than to be arrested".

2.

Cut your coat according to your cloth.

& VG 2 _ aC & l3z _aR . G?j f,# % - _#H g 1C _aR 8 1?7&;-f

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

87

1. X"#Z;5# oE! Id.%H >&'( )UM"# 2P -0<2P I%+L%( -0<# #8) G%( (j#20 37N& I#7(5 2P I%LNk 3.....h"#.

2.WE24N .X Q7e(^: .B#2"# -0<# o >KE G& .

3.UE'" 7NNC! nP r4.BN <I%Ae+p4& 2P I#7(8A4& 3I%J&, 2P I#.7K& o2E2&"# G%( (j#20 >K )&L#0 3:-+#*B< 4&"# >KAE UGP.7AK &,'" >KE I%MNP )f ):-:I"Je) M 7C3T@&37CT/ rL;"@&E4 _!?<- +0 A 7CT E*N"8@ ` .(

78###9"-Examples

2)~+4L . He is clever. 1.

73<4L +0$. She is clever. 2.

~!<4L- 20. They are clever. 3.

çZG4\ )# n Z; X"# @R#,C56 1.!^! >KUE"#2$M& 'PU .

%dP7&##T2,H an old womanU(8 #."2 /#7)%& .a clever boy

#.N., %$N: a new house #7&BP #;%!( . a red book-

2.>KUE"# !^! GP G(&4N =BP Verb to BeYDe& :-

78###9"-Examples

#;.p& n.%5 . Fadi is polite. 1.

%>'N2AO ). She is tall. 2.

#.NJA0 %+P. I am happy. 3.

|&<=>:;C******

1.X %V?:0N2 3-0<# G& I<.: >KUE"# D&J!01! . the>'&%J& D&%J1!2 -0<# o8B4N2 3f&,"# -0<#De& :-

1K"#j#7?A the poor 7N?A5 poor

j%N+A\S# the rich +A\ rich

G%J,A*k"# the brave g%,1k brave

2.>N!s# >'L0S# GH ;N,1! >KUE"#:-

UnP...c Which… ? g2+ %& ...c What sort …?

>N&('" -( ...c How much …? ..J'" -( ...c How many…?

u3; X"#Adjectives

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

88

Numerous people buy these micros because they are such reliable machines.

4&"# 68) G2.N.H #R%+iP n7!kN %VN'H .&!J4N !"# $%+N(%&'" D%eQ& %V_+S $#7U:( .

×a26R>3 Sb67D3TU" M.N= O cd 1.

UE"#>K (numerous)

D#pU0"#

`'H

;N,1! (How many...?).

2.>KUE"#2 (these);N,1! D#pU0"# `'H(Which…?).

3.>KUE"#2 (reliable)`'H ;N,1! D#pU0"#(What sort…?).

7# $2%K! rNB G& j%&0P 2P j%NkP GN: G7%?1+ GP %+.7P #8bQ>,7. 5 j%&0S# 2P j%NkS_52! 7 UE"# 68)3%V+N: >K GP %+N'J5

-'J+ UGPg#2+P

>eFe

`"b

-0?+!

$%KUE"#)

$%,7. (

):-

1.Z cD3:"# Z; X"#)Positive Degree(xB *\## ZU 2 _a"# u3;[5w6367AN\ fA& >+7%?& G2. o2E2&"# oQE! !"# )2 e& D :-

$DN2O $D4,7 @_+b. He is a tall man. 1.

%V_+b%dP7&#T2,H . She is an old woman. 2.

=7N:( =DB& W;71X I>N"%H Id7,k 1$NP7 . I saw a tall tree near a big shop.3.

2.

V ( L# V 8 Z-_3'\ <# Z;[)Comparative Degree(

xa"# u3;U[ r"# ZU 2 _ZUV-35w6>A+7%?&'"

-./!0!

$%KE

)2 ,<#P ZjX ,<*9&.

3.•& -## Z;[x \ '"# Z; X"#s,Xw)Superlative Degree(xa"# u3;[ r"# Z 2 _ZUr"35w6>+7%?&'" -./!01! !"# )2 ,<#P ,<*9& ," A94-.

7V ( L# •C 1rO. V 8* V ( L# V 8 ' _3'B - + VO 5 _a- . I - &'B ) u3; X"#'. 8 1:- '. 3(VG?%*3!c.B056

+?J7f*+2RV 8 Z-_3'4G"^-h*+2RV 8 Z-_3'4G"

,<*9& ,<*9& ," A94- ,<*9& ,<*9& ," A94-

1.+X?J7d~"#*A&2-"#$%KE )2 G& G2(!! }C8E@& =*G ]=(&/ ]IZj" ," aA94-)3:-Q7e(P `'H n2!B! Q$2AE GA& =o7AB =[7B!& (De& 3:-

fL#7 wonderful7NO/ dangerous "%\ expensive

-UNYX /GN&e />&NX 28 valuable -QV4& important DN&, / >'N&, beautiful

Comparison of adjectives

*+•O&Z:;i&2-"#*0:3&2

A&2 -"#*

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89

2.N^-XZ"#*A&2-X"#!"# )2 G& G2(!! ]IZj" ]=(&/ ZjX _"# .+HwK' )3:-`'H n2!B! Q$2E =o7B =[7B!& =.B#2 OA?5 (3De& :-

.7%A: cold GN&0 fat 7NEX short

DN2O tall -N.X /GU0"# 7N:( old-/M /7N:( big oNBA+ thin 7%AB /G/%0 hot fN70 quick

çkFGi?J7d~"#*A&2-"#C*

-(ZjX ,<*9& ,&'( fM+ more 2!"->&'(2 >'N2_O"# >KUE"# than %).J: .

+ thanZGc,S Z;[more + 1rO.FZGc,S Z;[F•C

üUE"# @N5 752!! n8"# -0<%: >'&4,"# P.:+2 De& 37e(P >K :-

47e(P >N.%+ d7N&0 G& I<%&, . Nadia is more beautiful than Samira. 1.

47e(P .0S#I#7O/ ;'("# G& . The lion is more dangerous than the dog.2.

h (,<*9& ," A94- ,&'( fM+ %+ most the )7e(S#(UE"# -%&PK > _O"#>'N2 .

ZGc,S Z;[the most +

1rO ##F ZGc,S Z;[üDe& 3x7/iS# j%NkS# 2P j%&0S# G& 7e(P >KUE"# @N5 752!! n8"# -0<%: >'&4,"# P.:+2 :-

j%&"#2)_k"#5 I>N&)P 7e(S# j %+!%NB . Water is the most important thing in our life1.

D&,P ) G%0N: DEK"# 5 $+: . Beesan is the most beautiful girl in the class. 2.

X"# . G? ZGrC.N G "# u3;ZGc,

>UNTN',+m# >C'"# G& I>:2JE 7e(P >UN:7J"# >C'"#. Arabic is more difficult than English.1.

(jF\ 7e(S# $N(%,"# n.!7N -N)#7:b. Ibrahim is wearing the most expensive jacket. 2.

-N)#7:b G& I#78B 7e(P2 (j%(8 7e(P .&BP. Ahmed is more intelligent and more careful than Ibrahim.3.

Id72O/ 7e(P D#T"T"#)7O/P(G%(74:"# G& . The earth quake is more dangerous than the volcano.4.

ç`,•& i^-Z"#*A&2-"#*C

* *

-(*9& ,<P 7*A!j"8@ ZjX ,< ),<"$& /- ,<K<F (f<?* )er(3T@& 7<!1* ^@b f<?e* 29 Y_!P@!g 7C 7"84 than3T@& =BP 7C .

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

90

thanF erF ÊXR Z;[ •y CFerFÊXR Z;[

ü& 7e(P >KUE"# @N5 752!! n8"# -0<%: >'&4,"# P.:+2 G De& 37/s# :-

47:(P n.%5 Q0 _+ .&BP G& I% . Fadi is older than Ahmed.1.

iD2OP .N7C! %V!/P G& . Tagreed is taller than her brother. 2.

h (,<*9& ," A94- ,<P 7*A!j;"8@ )!"$- /- !<F- &&/$ (!**mX the IZj"@& f<?e*/ 7C3T@& 2!"-)est(7C3T@& 7<!1* ^@b .

estFÊXR Z;[the +

iD2OP 7N&0 QDEK"# 5 8N&'! . Sameer is the tallest pupil in the class.1.

QDEK"# 5 $+: `(8P x.). Huda is the cleverest girl in the class. 2.

X"# . G? ZGrC.ÊX'"# u3;

4V+& D2OS# 2)I%JN&, - . He is the tallest of them all.1.

7:!JN 4.0S#Id2X 7e(S# G#2NB"# )x2XS#(-"%J"# 5 . The lion is the strongest in the world. 2.

a/7S#

2)

;%!("#

#8). This book is the cheapest one.3.

|;&S*A&<=>:;C*

1.=o7B: I%X2:0& G%( #8b 3d7NE?"# >KUE"# G& 7N/S# G(%U0"# o7B"# oUJM4N .X =[7B!4& I%:"%\ ):-:7X!?b =*G )er(

/-)est(3T8@ 7C (3De& :-

V ( L# •C 1rO. V 8 Z-_3'B 4G" 4 'l V ( L# V 8 Z-_3'B 4G" . (:<# X"#Z;the fatter fatter than GN.: /GN&0 fat

the bigger bigger than -/M big

the hotter hotter than G/%0 hot

the thinner thinner than fN57 /oNB+ thin

2.o7B"%: V!+! !"# d7NE?"# >KUE"#(e)%V" oNM+ (r)G& I<.: O?5 (er)OA?5 GNA+e# GNA: >A+7%?4&"# .A+H 3:-)than+r+ÊXUR Z;U[(3%V" oNM+2 )st(G& I<.: O?5 )est(GNA+e# GA& 7Ae(P GNA: >A+7%?4&"# .+H 3:-)st+ÊXR Z;[+the(YDe& :-

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91

V ( L# •C 1rO. V 8 Z-_3'B 4G" 4 'l V ( L# V 8 Z-_3'B 4G" . (:<# X"#Z;the largest larger than 7N:( )f0#2 ( large

the nicest nicer than oNO" nice

the simplest simpler than ON0: simple

the finest finer than DN&, fine

3.o7B: d7NE?"# >KUE"# $V!+# #8b(y)_!U/P$" ,4!$ fA(P A"# o7B UGu5 3(y)`"b ;'?4N (i)>5%Mb .+H(er)

/-(est)De& 3>KUE"# >N%V+ 5 :-

V ( L# •C 1rO. V 8 Z-_3'B 4G" 4 'l V ( L# V 8 Z-_3'B 4G" . (:<# X"#Z;the easiest easier than DV0 easy

the happiest happier than .NJ0 happy

the funniest funnier than [QBM4& Funny

the heaviest heavier thanDN?Ae heavy

the noisiestnoisier than' QHT4& noisy

the prettiest prettier thanDN&, pretty

ç3T@& zBP 5!*;0EF@& 6!C 7*A!j;"@& 7JA= +X RL! ),<*9& ," A94- /- ZjX ,<*9& ,?:%U0"#3I% De& :-

L# •C 1rO. V 8 Z-_3'B 4G"V ( 4 'l V ( L# V 8 Z-_3'B 4G" . (:<# X"#Z;the best better than G0B /.N, good

the worstworse than jn.7 /* N0 bad

the worstworse than vN7& ill

the furthestfurther than .NJ: far

the leastless than

DN'X little

the leastlesser than DXP less

the mostmore than..J'" 7Ne( many

the mostmore than>N&('" 7Ne( much

the eldestolder than T2,H old

78###9"-Examples

4G0BP DN+: >&%0iP G& . Nabil is better than Usama.1.

nT&7 2)DEK"# 5 DM5S#. Ramzy is the best pupil in the class. 2.

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92

G"V ( L# •C 1rO. V 8 Z-_3'B 4 4 'l V ( L# V 8 Z-_3'B 4G" Z; X"# +,- ZGc,S Z;[the most + + thanZGc,S Z;[more +

Samira is the most beautiful in the class.

47e(S# d7N&0 QDEK"# 5 I<%&, .

Huda is more beautiful than Nadia.

47e(P x.4)N.%+ G& I<%&, > .

ZGUc,S ZUU;[

+ est (st)ÊXR Z;[the + thanF er (r)F ÊXR Z;[ 1) Ahmed is the tallest of them all.

4V+& D2OS# .&BPI%JN&, - .

2) This question the simplest of them all.

U0"# #8)I%JN&, -V+& DV0S# D#p .

1) Ahmed is taller than Ali.

'H G& D2OP .&BP.

2) This question is simpler than that.

U0"# #8)["8 G& DV0P D#p .

ÊUXR ZUU;[

|&<=>:;C*

1.GNE/k GN: G7%?+ %&.+H7C3T@& +X ,<</!$)" UE"# -./!0+ _!"# GUN:1! !"#2 >N!s# >CN UE"# 5 n2%0 >K :-

+ asZ;[as +

'e& %V'e& >'N2O ). She is as tall as me.1.

4@'e& (8 ;JE4& 0# .:H De& . Mosab is as clever as Abed Allah. 2.

2..+H7*A!j;" =J/< M/ R=(&/@& 7C3T@& :/!$) 2=GUE"# K+ G(&N 3U0"# >CN !s%( >?:% :-

+ asZ;[not ( as / so) +

0# .:H De& I%N(8 RN" ;JE4& . Mosab is not as clever as Abed Allah.1.

I>'N2O $0N" )'eQ& . She is not so tall as me. 2.

3.GNNwK" GNJO?& $#8 $%KUE"# vJ: )4&"# o27B'" GN!2E `'H n2!B! nPU7B! >( (4N G(& >A'N2O >KE %)7%:!H#/->KAE De& 3d7NEX :

V ( L# •C 1rO. V 8 Z-_3'B 4G" 4 'l V ( L# V 8 Z-_3'B 4G" . (:<# Z; X"#Z; X"# +,- the politest politer than ;.p& polite RA<TU 7CT

the most politer more politer ;.p& polite 78</Z 7CT

4.,$(%& 7CT v=BP )_!"# >KE x2E1?"# DNMK ) (4&"# >KE GN+e# G& 7e(P GN: >+7%? (•_!P@!g7,"# o7B D&J!0+ %& inY,4!" # @

2 7,"# o7B of !<F # @ /- H!>F # @ 3%V+N: G7%?+ !"#'9" :

A&2-?"*r&1*c.?:;*

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93

>N&%0 )Q:"#Z+ 1$ S# QDEK"# 5 D&, . Samia is the most beautiful girl in the class.1.

DN'/ 2) I%JN&, -V+& `(8S#. Khalil is the cleverest of them all.2.

_+b4@ ]7"# 4, %+!N: 5 D2OS# D . He is the tallest man in our house.3.

5.A: V!+! 2 GNJO?& G& G2(!! !"# d7NE?"# >KUE"#)ow(4N %V" o%M )er(,<P 7*A!j"8@ ,<*9&ZjX /-)est(7#*A!j"8@ Y,<*9& ," A94- ,<P De& :

V ( L# •C 1rO. V 8 Z-_3'B 4G" 4 'l V ( L# V 8 Z-_3'B 4G" . (:<# Z; X"#the narrowest narrower than 9UNM narrow

If an experiment works, something has gone wrong.

#?0 I"#Z81 XH(/` d3(pl qU } h aG t 3C.

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D&/U%& ,<P +)@& 6!"84@& k3(T : I) Correct the words between brackets:

Hany is the (old) student in our classroom.1.

A train is (fast) than a car.2.

Huda is the (thin) girl in the class.3.

Football is the (popular) game in Gaza.4.

Ali is the (good) football player in our school.5.

Old men need (little) sleep than children.6.

This is the (difficult) lesson in the book. 7.

Magda is the (clever) girl in the class.8.

My table is (high) than yours.9.

August is the (hot) month in the year.10.

P7(<(3T@& 7"84@& A)> : II) Choose the right word:-

Ali is as (old older oldest) as his friend. 1.

This is the (easy easier easiest) exercise. 2.

Oxygen is the (useful more useful most useful) gas. 3.

I have bought the (good better best) television. 4.

This is the (interesting more interesting most interesting) book I have read. 5.

Concil iation is the matter of the law.

X"#BT GL v VBao3H -##j

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95

,#<A") 7P!JbExercise No. 1

Those17.ourselves13.my9.We5.It1.

These18.myself14.it10.You6.He2.

This19.themselves15.them11.Your7.They / It3.

themselves16.yourself12.mine8.I4.


are5.is4.are3. am2.is1.I was5.were4.were3.were2.was1.II


Does5.do4.do3. does2.Did1.


has6.hhas 5.have4. has3. have2.have1.


help6.study5. buy4. write3. get2.help1.


drives6.gives 5.meet4. watches3. speak2.takes1.I

goes / catches 5.answers4. visits3. reaches2.drinks1.

visits10.shines9.gets8.studies7.enjoys6. II

E"#*A&5&ag*******"JO&'Answers



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finished 5.climbed4. had3.made2. bought1.


are standing6.are shouting1.

is building7.Are you listening /

am saying2.

am answering8.is typing3.

is doing / does9.is making4.

am not wearing10.are welcoming5.

I

think / know6.hear5.is raining4. driving3. is having2.is waiting1.II


was Samy telling 6.met1.

was shouting / was studying7.were playing / wrote2.

was living / began8.found / was digging3.

was getting9.arrived / was still sleeping4.was talking / began10.was sitting / saw5.

I

was sleeping / came6.rang / was leaving1.

were you doing7.had (was having) / was having2.

were coming / stopped8.was cooking3.

jumped / was moving9.were working / knocked4.

was watching / came10.were playing / rained5.

II


have not finished 4. has never been3.has already eaten2.have not seen1.

has not met5.


went / had taken4.had drunk / finished1.

thanked / had saved5.had cooked / came2.arrested / had stolen6.had left / reached3.



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will build5.shall swim4.shall start3. will study2.are going1.I

will arrive6.will clean1.

will study7.shall see2.

shall meet8.will visit3.

will you meet / shall meet9.will be4.

will leave (is going to leave)10.shall take (am going to take)5.

II


had left / reached 14.visits 1.

haven't seen 15.make / makes 2.

saw / sat 16.has lived 3.

are learning 17.shall finish 4.

visited 18.move 5.

was learning / had 19.will travel 6.

came / had eaten 20.will see 7.

are buying 21.examined / gave 8.

directs 22.had worked / heard 9.

will fall 23.

shall wait 10. was travelling / met24.waited 11.

will come 12.had seen / went 25.

became 13.

I

will visit 14. borrowed 1.

ever 15.has lived 2.

never 16.is watching 3.

goes 17.had had 4.

was walking / saw 18.was making / opened 5.

is jumping 19.since6.rang / had finished 20.see 7.

had finished / rang 21.done 8.

writes 22.hasn't finished 9.

were they doing 23.think 10.

have lived / was 24.went / had left 11.

slept / received 12.felt / had eaten 25.

shall move 13.

II



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98


had won / bought1.has 1.

obeyed / would not stop2.would / had2.

eat3.comes / shall3.

told4.Were / would 4.

would win5.

II

had stayed 5.

I


1. Many letters were written by Kamel.

2. The meeting may have to be canceled by them.

3.

Two big bags were being carried by him.

4. He will be helped by me.

5. An apple was eaten by her.

6. It has been crushed by passing cars.

7. A heavy box is being carried by the man.

8. He was taught French and was given a dictionary.

Or: French was taught to him and a dictionary was given to him.

9. Clothes were being washed by her.

10. These papers can be kept by you.

11. The door couldn't be opened by them.

12.

Twenty letters have been written to her.

13. His bag is being looked for by him.

14. a) They were given many useful lessons by him

b) Many useful lessons were given to them by him.

15. a) He was shown my new book by me.

b) My new book was shown to him by me.

16. a)We were offered a big house in Gaza by him.

b) A big house in Gaza was offered to us by him.

17. It is said that there is no water on the moon.

18.

A car is being possessed by me.

Or: A car is being owned by me.

Or: A car is being belonged to me.

19. Don't let the door be opened.

20. Let this book be given to Emad.

21. Any building are not wanted here.

22. Everything must be left as it is by me.

23. The room has not been cleaned by them.

24. This word has been looked up by me.

25. It is said that she is innocent.

26. It was said that she is innocent.

27. Let all necessary things be brought.

28. Where has my car been left?



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29. Is English spoken all over the world?

30. Shall we be allowed five minutes break?

Or: Will five minutes break be allowed to us by them?

31. Were any spare parts bought by you?

32. By whom were both boys asked to leave?

33. By whom was he shown the way?Or: By whom was the way shown to him?

34. By whom has the food been cooked?

35. By whom was this story told?

36. When was the ring found?

37. Is the letter being written by Ali now?

38. Has your question been answered?

39. Is much money gained by them?

40. Why was not I told the truth by them?

Or: Why was not the truth told to me by them?


1. He told them that he would bring them some tea when they had finished.

2. I her that I had something to show her.

3. She told him that she had lost her keys the day before (the previous day).

4. He says that Adel has written him a long letter.

5. She said that it had not been foggy that day as it had been the day before.

6.

Hassan says that when he gets up, he finds a cup of milk beside his bed.7. She told him that she had stayed with her brother in their house that morning.

8. He told us that the sun shines every morning.

9. He said (that) he would have to go again next week.

10. He hoped to go there.

11. He says that he is busy today and that he has bought a new book.

12. She said that iron is heavier than gold.

13. He greeted them that morning and told them that he had brought all papers and that he hoped

to reach an agreement.

14. She told him that she wanted to go with him to see by herself.

15.

The man said that Spring is the best season of the year.

16. She did not agree telling him that she couldn@t sign that contract unless he paid 300,000

dollars for her at once.

17. She told him that her bag had been full of money.

18. She told me that she would help me, that she could lend me some books and that she had

many useful books on that subject.

19. He told me that he had phoned me twice.

20. He says that they are living in a house near to his school, that he needs not to take the bus

and that he can reach his school in 5 minutes.



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1. Soha asked Nadia what she wanted to do on Friday.

2. Mona asked Samia how she was going to travel to France.

3.

I asked my friend when he had arrived.

4. Mr. Hesham asked where the voice had been coming from.

5. I asked whether I had made anything wrong.

6. He asked me to wait. Or: He asked me if I would mind waiting.

7. He asked her how she had gone there and inquired )A$C)$&( if she gone there on foot.

8. She asked why I blamed her.

9. Mohammed asked if the flat was cheap.

10. He asked me to wait a moment.

11. Tariq offered me a lift and I asked which way he was going.

12.

She asked me if I could do it before the next day.13. Her husband asked what a suitable dress is.

14. I asked him why he was looking through the keyhole.

15. He asked Mr. Hazem where he had been the previous night.

16. She asked whether they needed to go to the shops in order to see suitable dresses and

unsuitable prices.

17. Hassan asked Khalil how long he was staying in Gaza.

18. He asks if the weather is good today.

19. He asked if the weather was good that day.

20. He asked me if I had answered that exercise.

I replied that I had answered it. Or: I replied that I had not answered it.


1. He asked his friend to lend him his camera.

2. The officer ordered the soldier to bring him the bag of the maps.

3. Heba asked Latefa to give her her English book.

4. The father advised his son not to go alone.

5.

She asked for forgiveness )w!"3$@& /- /CB@&(.6. She urged )6E9( ( Nagi to hit the other boy.

7. The lady asked the man sitting beside her not to smoke.

8. My friend asked me to wait for him at the bridge and asked if I could bring that bag with me.

9. Nader told me to go and tell his father that he could not go home that night.

10. He advised her not to waste their money in that foolish way.

"#$%&'( )*+$, %+%-(/012 "#$%&' (%)*+

101


1. He said with anger that he was a fool and that he had spoilt everything.

2. He wished me a happy Christmas.

3.

The poor cried with sorrow that he had lost his only child.

4. She cried with joy that her daughter had succeeded.

5. She said with joy that it is a nice dress and thanked her daddy.

6. He said with admiration that she is a lovely girl.

7. She exclaimed with disgust )V&VK"F&( that it was a snake and told the children not to get near it.

8. Khalil said with joy that he hadn@t seen me sine we had been in Paris.

9. He said with pleasure that his son had returned to him safe and sound.

10. He said with sorrow that he wouldn@t recover =A)$< ( ) his money.


General Exercise on Direct and In direct Speech

1.

She told him that she hadn@t found anything there. She asked where she had hidden the bag.

She ordered him to go and make her think they had found it. She told him that she would

come and try to make sure. Then she cried with joy that she had found it.

2.

She said with anger that I had done a foolish deed. She ordered me to go by my own means

to the police. She asked me to tell them everything as it had happened. She advised me not

to tell any lies. She told me that it was better to go to the police than to be arrested.


less6.oldest or eldest1.

most difficult7.faster2.

cleverest8.thinner3.

higher9.most popular4.hottest10. best5.

I

most interesting5. best4.most useful3.easiest2.old1.II

After black clouds* clear weather.

a` >O ^q'

,p) * X"#B fB Cg1;"# i3I;

"#$%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&'()*+, %-./)0%&*/*12

"#$%&' (%)*+

1

Sentence, Phrase and Clause

!"#$%&' )*+,- .& /#0' )*+,- .&

11 - .&)*,The sentence2- ü!" #$%&"' ($ )*+$,$ -.!"# $%&! )/01$ 234$ -5467 (2%* 8+797+ :'"( + )*)+! &( );<=&> +>) .(?<41"'

/+/9$"':finite verb($@ A" 8B"' ?41"' +. .(

ü&$"' )%$C,"' @0$77+ ;0D& EF;9D >/D7 !G3HD )D+7 Capital Letter:)<5I3D -!737 !G3HD+ (.)+> D J)<$K4 L!17<M' ),(

*-D J)$K4 N,47 (!).

./0001!-Examples

+.200/3 . He sat. 1.

-.45&/6 L/I"' O;& . She plays football. 2.

L. ?.7*89:; , Are they dancing? 3.

/I" :PQ<*6-! Ah , they have come! 4.

-:9<RS;T/"' . Read the lesson.5.

2

1!"++#$%&Clause

2-

ü#$%&"' ($ )*+$,$ -.+ =>!"# $%&! ?)@6 A)*)+! &( * '"( "BC* D)G3> 8>234$"' )UV3 )%$, ! .(

./0001!-Examples

...G3WA 7"# XD47$ . ... because he was tired. 1.

$/3*8* ...When he arrived ... 2.

313/#0)*,.&Phrase2- ü/+/9$ ?4Y Z + ?*Y !D S0"+ ?$& 234$ !" S0" #$%&"' ($ )*+$,$ -.+ .

./0001!-Examples

...)0+'@"' -Y ... ... in the corner ... 1.

/3*0D%" ?+U+"':# ... Reaching home, ... 2.

v) "#$%&Reaching ($@ A" S0" 8> /+/9$ ;0[ ?4Y ?4Y LM' \V+$ -Y 3. +.+ :gerund ) (verbal noun).(

"#$%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&'()*+, %-./)0%&*/*12

"#$%&' (%)*+

2

3/#0' !"#$%&' )*,- .& 45 678%&)*,- .&

Finite verb

!"#% &())*%, -.(

Complete sense

&%/0 23(% b b 56789Sentence

b: ;</6=?Clause

:: 57689 -=@Phrase

×?$C,"' PD]> L/^7M3+ Phrases#';D4"'+ ClausesE)50MD E)%$C, 2"_ #$+%4$ )Y`a .

Reaching home, he sat in the corner because he was tired. XD47C$ (& A3W )0+'@"' -Y S%, #0D"' ?U+ $/3*.

Phrase Main Sentence Phrase Clause

70;:!6 Exercise No. 1

v Which of the following are sentences, clauses or phrases?

EF"CG- *- H<:"C' *- !43 :C6&I6 J6K< 7! ?-,!43

Open the window. 1.

whom we saw. 2.

at the grocer's. 3.

across the street. 4.

that he came. 5.

through the window. 6.

Come here. 7.

as I was waiting. 8.

from my father. 9.

Where are my books? 10.

Did you laugh? 11.

Sit down. 12.

near the new secondary school. 13.

before he met you. 14.

if I see him. 15.

They watched T.V.16.

"#$%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&'()*+, %-./)0%&*/*12

"#$%&' (%)*+

3

9+,- .& :&;+<= Kinds of Sentences

u>!&?@%& ABCBD(+&7 /V )%$C,"' T(_:-

1. )T0;D^ )%$C, ))T0;D^_ ( Statement 3. )T0;$> )%$C, Order

2. )T0$!17M' )%$C, )?'bTM"' ( Question 4. )T0DC,47 )%$C, Exclamation

v5IY )T0;D^"' )%$C,"' 2%* c+T "' -I%63M (d'+ .

)CEF& )*,- .& The Statement

ü)013$ +> )7D=C$ $_ (+&7 + :$ )$+%4$ -5467 )0;D^"' )%$C,"'.

@1%7"' /.]C0 +.. ).6C14! .;:CL ./!43 ( He watches TV. 1.

@1%7"' /.]C0 Z+..);M%! .;:CL ./!43 . ( He does not watch TV. 2.

vGH ' )CEF& 9,- .& IJ :&;<= )KLK @M;C2

1. .N;OCP< ./!43P< The Simple Sentence

2. .CQ#:4!P<

./!43P< The Compound Sentence

3. R)QS&4!P< ./!43P< The Complex Sentence

)*,- .&)NOP#%& 1. The Simple Sentence

ü/9'+ /+/9$ ?4Y+ ?*Y 2%* 8+797 + :/9'+ 234$ (* )50MD"' )%$C,"' ;TD467 NS( !"+5 (& $!$ .

./0001!-Examples

S$G]"' ?+9 e;W' f;977 . The earth moves around the sun. 1.

XO;0M -$M f%7$0 . Samy has a car. 2.

?47 ).+. + X3$` F+;4$ ?*1"'"#3>"( Come. 3.

g#;`9 'B$" hX';^H7C$ Why did you come late? 4.

f3+V/UC0 Z L.. They didn't believe you. 5.

Going home, he stopped by the grocery shop to buy some tea and rice.

G]"' e4D 8;7]0" )"GID"' /3* FV+7 :#0D%" AD.B /3* @C;W' + 8. 6.

u!"#$%' J)%=$W' -Y O/+/9$ ;0[ ?i$"' 5^"D )D+7&$"' ?4YW' )IDTM" non-finite verbs)"BP 2;P "&(-7!T .(

"#$%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&'()*+, %-./)0%&*/*12

"#$%&' (%)*+

4

u "#$%&# '()(*:E(4$D +> ;^Q 234$D 234$"' 5D7;0 $ X';0=& ?D :X)50MD XK$C, X$i'/ #M0" )j%"' T(_ f"B%Y :k;^l>'B. + :EO/9'+ E)%$C, -Y /9'+ 234$ ($ ;=&> (* ;0D4G7"' L@%0 )<%$C,"' -<Y CAM;/3M $

O/I4C$"' )%$C,"'+ )D&;C$"'.

- Q& )*,- .&)#R S7 2. The Compound Sentence

üG&;C$"' )%$C,"' ;TD467 J;=&> (* )D /+/9$ ?4Y ($ ;=&> !D /,+0 + :234$ ($ .

ü(0750MD (07%$C, ($ (+&77 )D&;C$"' )%$C,"');=&> +>(!5D;0 + :E)0+M7C$ EL0V #'B G7"' F<54"' F+;<9 X4$ I0M<3 T0 ) Coordinative Conjunctionsm' c] (_ E?0%V /4D !M;/3M -7"' -.+ :.

ü?=$ ?I7MC$ ?$& 234$ !3$ E?&" (+&0 n09D :)D&;C$"' )%$C,"' (0+&7 -Y )%^'T/"' ?$C,"' ?UY (&$C0 :

-.4U6') ) ..N;OC ./!43 ( She invited him. a)

VHW/O:-M A0"_ !7;0 ) ..N;OC ./!43 ( She sent him her car. b)

×:/9'+ 234$ -Y (0034$"' o$/ (&$C0+ 7"# <XY)%$C,"' -Y 234$"' )b()%$C,"' -Y 234$"' \$ 5D7;0 )a.(

X`0> !7;0M A0"_ #%M;> ?D :NM9Y CAC*/7 L" . Not only did she invite him but al so she sent him her car. c)

./0001!-Examples

T;"' pI07M'?C, .X$$9 gB^> +.) .7;6N;OC 7;6/!43 (

=T;"' pI07M' ?C, * X$$9 gB^>) .Q#:4! ./!43 .C (

The man woke up. He took a bath.

= The man woke up and he took a bath. 1.

X'/0, -$M RS;/ .q,30 L" +.) .7;6N;OC 7;6/!43 (

=/0, -$M RS;/ X'Q%#P* 4U q,30 L" ) .Q#:4! ./!43 .C (

Samy studied well. He didn't succeed .

= Samy studied well but he didn't succeed . 2.

$30M"' 2"_ N.B7 (> f3&$C0 .#<0D"' -<Y 2<ID7 (> f3&$C0 .

)7;6N;OC 7;6/!43 (

=$30M"' 2"_ N.B7 (> f3&$C0 *-#0D"' -Y 2ID7 (> ) .Q#:4! ./!43 .C (

You can go to the cinema. You can stay athome.

= You can go to the cinema or you can stay

at home.

3.

X'/, )%0$, #3& .(0D,4C$"' ($ ;0=&"' A0/" (& .r+@<77 L<" L!3$ X'/9>) ..N;OC !43 .1>1 (

=X'/, )%0$, #3& * (0D,4C$"' ($ ;0=&"' !0/" (& Q#P* "B% L" > r+@77 L!3$ X'/9 ) .Q#:4! ./!43 .C (

She was very beautiful. She had many

admirers. She married none of them.

= She was very beautiful and she had many

admirers but she married none of them.

4.

"#$%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&'()*+, %-./)0%&*/*12

"#$%&' (%)*+

5

v!"# $%& '&()* +,-. /0123 456 20789:;-%& <($=>?/50@ A5%/BC D$E F&G H

-.CQ#:4!P< ./!43P< NC: H<*) )Z;S;O%Q6P< [N&P< [*:+ . ( Coordinative Conjunctions

"$%'( )(*+( "$%'( )(*+(

f"B \$ + /f"B L[;D + /T(> Z_ nevertheless...+ ../ ..TL= ../..F ..and

f"B ($ L[;"' 2%* in spite of that (&" but

($ L[;"D despite that($ ?& ...+ ... both ... and ...

f"B ($ e0I3"' 2%* + on the contraryf"B& + ...and also

+>/GZ_ + or(> $& ..X`0>../X`0> + as well as

f"B ?0/D + /...GZ_ + otherwiseS0" ..?D : 5IY ..X`0>.. not on ly ...but also

GZ_ + or elsef"B (* XK`Y + besides

$_....+>...either ... or ...f"B 2%* XO+K* + /f"B ($ ;=&> + furthermore

Z....Z + ..neither ... nor ...f"B 2"_ )Y`aD + moreover

f"B" + so)%=$$ E)I0;5D /X`0> likewise

'B&. + thusX';';&7 /O;$ /4D XO;$ again

TL= s(J$ + hence(d' 279 yet

X'B_ then?'@0 Z still

f"B 2%* tc3D + therefore?9 ?& 2%* however

f"B" X),073 + consequentlyf"B" X4D7 + accordingly

v./!&6O4!P< [N&P< [*:+ \<*%- 5O+ $/' ]\<*%- E.O!L $PY .C#:4!P< ./!43P< ^OS%6 :

1. .Z;3*<T6 .Z;S;O%6 Coordinating Copulative 1.

2. .Z;M%! .Z;3*<T6 .Z;S;O%6 Negative Coordinating Copulative 2.

3. .Z;)"_6 .Z;S;O%6 Coordinating Adversative 3.

4. Z;:";6L< .Z;S;O%6 . Coordinating Alternative 4.

5. .Z;SN%! .Z;S;O%6 Coordinating Illative 5.

)? OM'&BT )? OUOPVT 1. Coordinating Copulative

üs467 -7"' -.+ )%0UY ($ !`4D 2%* F5 "and "-. F+;9"' PB.+ :

fu rther moreagain and

likewise besidesand also

as well as moreover both...and

not only...but al so

üT;%" L/^7M67 F+;9"' PB.+ E?$C, (0D 5D E)50MD E)7D=C$ ).Z;M%! :;`()I0=+ )VK* !30D .

"#$%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&'()*+, %-./)0%&*/*12

"#$%&' (%)*+

6

[N&P< R<)- :D* ...Z 1 ...D...0( ...1. and

üL/^7M67 and JF54" LM' 2%* LM' *-;0$` 2%* ;0$` *-?4Y 2%* ?4Y *-)1U 2%* )1U *-?9 2%* ?9 .

Ahmed went to school. Hany went to school. Nader went to school.

Ahmed, Hany and Nader went to school. (compound)=

=/$9>* -3.* )M;/$"' 2"_ '+D.B ;/3 .)"B_&C $/' a"!O- [N'(

♦ "#$%&and ="CP"` :;Lb< [*N&!P< ^OA< C9 c_*I6 (

a)

Samy went away. Samy bought a paper.

= Samy went away and bought a paper. (compound) =-$M r;^ * X)109U k;7]'.)&( $/' &( [N'( b)

The liquid was thick. The liquid was yellow.

= The liquid was thick and yellow. (compound) =X';1U> + X&0$M ?iTM"' (& .).M8 $/' .M8 [N'( c)

He was the bravest. He was the strongest.

= He was the bravest and the strongest. (compound) =,]W' (& k+VW' + \ .).M8 $/' .M8 [N'( d) I hope to succeed. He hopes to succeed.

= I and he hope to succeed. (compound) =q,33 (> ?$H3 +. + 3>.):;!_ $/' :;!_ [N'( e)

Slowly he arrived home. Safely he arrived home.

= Slowly and safely he arrived home. =E($HD + Ec5DD #0D"' ?U+ )."+ $/' "+ [N'(f)

v&'!"#$%-#

1((& 'B_'"( <D (075+D;$"' (07%$C,"' and =<)+<* )'"MP< 2M% (D1"' ;&BC0 Z A3uY ./4D ?*)/4D and (-13 L70 + :

L'/^7MD ?'bM (0+&7 + )%$C,"'or .

2($>(& 'B_ '"( (07%$C,"' ="M/6L4! ./4D JP;&B ($ /DKY )/4D and (?p7 + :and -7j0U -Y O/+,+$ L!17MZ' + -1G3"'.

./0001!-Examples

ND"' C/"+"' q7Y .)Y;j"' C/"+"' ?^/ .

=ND"' C/"+"' q7Y * )Y;j"' ?^/ .

The boy opened the door. The boy walked

into the room.

= The boy opened the door and walked into

the room.(compound)

-

× "#$'%&+. (075+D;$"' (07%$C,"' -Y ?*1"' the boy<D (07%$C,"' 5D; TL7 f"B%Y : and ?<*1"' gFJB<C9+ the

boy/4D ($ and .

r;^0 L" -$M .)109U 8;7]0 L" -$M .

=r;^0 L" -$M * 8;7]0 L" )109U Samy didn't go away. Samy didn't buy a paper.

= Samy didn't go away or buy a paper.(compound) -

× "#$'%&7;6;M%! 7;6/!43P<:F54"' F;9 3$/^7M' f"B%Y or F;9 ($ XZ/D $!30D 5D;%" F54"'and?*1"' gFJBC9+ F;9"' c';+ ($ or :"' K& -Y /9'+ ?*1"' T(W+. + (07%$C, )Samy(:v#gYJBC9 + t'didnF;9"' /4D ($ or .

-$M r;^0 L" .?@3$"' -Y /,$ gwD0 L" . =?@3$"' -Y /,$ gwD0 L"+ -$M r;^0 L" .

Samy didn't go away. Magid didn't stay home.= Samy didn't go away and Magid didn't stay home.

(compound)

-

"#$%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&'()*+, %-./)0%&*/*12

"#$%&' (%)*+

7

× "#$%&X1%7^C$ (075+D;$"' (07%$C,"' ?*Y )Magid(* )Samy(+ (07%$C,"'7;6;M%! (0<7%$C,"' <35D; f"B<%Y : F;9"D and J + + R\ /4D ;^W' ?*1"' and LV; )%$C,"' -Y 3%4Y $& AYB93 L"+ :)2.(

-$M r;^ .)109U -$M k;7]'.

=-$M r;^ ?.*-)109U k;7]',

Samy went away. Samy bought a paper.

= Did Samy go away or buy a paper ? (Question) -

× "#$'%&

'"MP<(075+D;$"' (07%$C,"' -Y )+<* +.+ )Samy(/3* f"B%Y :^"BM6OA<)<@OP< 7;*#6 (L/^7M<3 or

($ XZ/D and /4D ($ ?*1"' FB93 + or .

-$M r;^ .?@3$"' -Y /,$ -ID .

=-$M r;^ ?.* ?@3$"' -Y /,$ -ID ,

Samy went away. Magid stayed at home.

= Did Samy go away, and , did Magid stay at home?

(Question)

-

ü "#$'%&

'"MP<(05+D;$"' (0"'bM"' -Y [/6L4! )Magid* Samy(\`<3 (0"'bM<"' 5D; /3* f"B%Y :and (0<D

(0"'bM"'.

7! # ....* .... 2. both .... and .....

>(x;.$ -%* .

N (X`0> x;.$ /$9> .

==># 7! -%* * (';.$ /$9> .

a) Ali is clever.

b) Ahmed is clever too.

= Both Ali and Ahmed are clever. (compound) 1.

>(L0%47"D )T$7!$ #$+&9"'.

N (L0%47"D (+$7!$ cDd'. =7! =>I# ' #$+&9" * L0%47"D (+$7!$ cDd' .

a) Governments are interested in education.

b) Parents are interested in education.

= Both governments and parents are interested ineducation.(compound)

2.

Z7- "!# ...="_;- ......... as well as3

üF0`67 as well as XZ+> )<Y+;4$ ;<0j"' #<$+%4$"' ;&JB L70 + :)Y+;4$ #$+%4$ 2"_ )Y+;4$ ;0[ #$+%4$ 0C9

as well as )Y+;4$"' #$+%4$"' (+&7 $30D "d)&C .

> ()T0@0%,3a' )j%"' LG%&70 +..

N ()T0M3;1"' )j%"' LG%&70 +..

=j%"' LG%&70 +.) )T0M3;1"' "!# UQ%- j%"' LG%&70 ) y )T0@0%,3a' .

a) He speaks English.

b) He speaks French.= He speaks French as well as English.

(compound)

1.

>(N0D5 +..

N (-I0M+$ +..

=x-I0M+$ +.4UQ%- "!# ="_;-N0D5 .

a) He is a doctor.

b) He is a musician.

= He is a musician as well as a doctor.

(compound)

2.

> (2I0M+$"D L7!C$ 3>.

N (X`0> 2I0M+$"D L7!C$ -^> .

=3>1! 2I0M+$"D L7!C$ -^> .

a) I am interested in music.

b) My brother is interested in music too.

= I, as wel l as my brother, am interested in

music. (compound)

3.

• "#$%&

?41"'am?+W' ?*1"' \D70 )I()%$C,"' PB. J?=$ -Y .

"#$%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&'()*+, %-./)0%&*/*12

"#$%&' (%)*+

8

>(TM"D x\"+$ +.J)9D .

N (TM"D (+4"+$ JA$* c3D>X`0> )9D .

=+.1! TM"D \"+$ JA$* c3D> J)9D .

a) He is fond of swimming.

b) His cousins are fond of swimming too.

= He, as wel l as his cousins, is fond of swimming.

(compound)

4.

-(T$* c3D> TM"D (+4"+$ JA J)9D . N (TM"D x\"+$ +.J)9D .

=T$* c3D>TM"D (+4"+$ JA J)9D 4U/1! .

a) His cousins are fond of swimming.

b) He is fond of swimming too.= His cousins, as well as he, are fond of

swimming. (compound) 5.

2;P ...NS( ...C ...="_;- .... 4. not only .... but .... also ...

Or : not only .... but also ... .... ="_;- 7#P * ... NS( 2;P : !"

ü

/0&H7%" + (0750MD (07%$C, 5D;" O'/W' PB. L/^7M67 . ü+ /^7MZ'?'/D_ nC/90 f"B" + :)03="' )$+%4$"' /0&H7" )%$C,"' ?+> -Y ;&B67 (> +. O'/W' PB!" ?=$W' L')?-?<41"' wDM<0

?*1"' /*MC$"'(+ :L/^7M3 33uY :/*MC$ ?4Y )%$C,"' -Y /,+0 L" 'B_did*-does*-doJNM9 2%*?<41"' ($@ )?- <XYH/!&I6O<not only e( D./!43P< *- J( ^"BM6OA< .f;8 J( c_*; "d)&C &MP< Z7 )?-'"MP< &MP< gCO; .(

ü;&B67 (> @+,0+ not only ?'/D_ +> /0&+7 8> (+&0 Z )"9"' PB. -Y + :?*1"' /4D )?-A'"MP< &MP< gCO; .(.

./0001!-Examples

>()T0@0%,3a' )j%"' LG%&77 -.. N ()T03DMa' )j%"' LG%&77 -..

=G3_! A)T0@0%,3a' )j%"' LG%&77 NS( :C )T03DMa' )j%"' LG%&77 ="_;- .

*-=G3_! NS( 2;P :)T0@0%,3a' )j%"' LG%&77 C )j%"' LG%&77 )T03DMa'="_;- .

a) She speaks English. b) She speaks Spanish.

= Not only does she speak English but she

speaks Spanish also . (compound)

Or = She not only speaks English but she

speaks Spanish also . (compound)

1.

ü;0D47"' L/^7M3 (> @+,0 as well XZ/D )$%& ($ also -Y EO@0$ /+,+ (* ;0D4G7"' /3* XU+U^ + )%$C,"' ;^Qk;<^l> ?=$ :$ Ec-]" +> $ Ez^]" :

Or: = Not only does she speak English but she speaks Spanish as well . (compound)

*-=G3_! NS( 2;P :)T0@0%,3a' )j%"' LG%&77 C )T03DMa' )j%"' LG%&77 ="_;- .

>(EL$7.D \$7M0 +.J?U1"' -Y .

N (J#0D"' -Y E/,D ?$40 +..

=+.NS( 2;P EL$7.D \$7M0 U1"' -Y J? ="_;- 7#P* +. J#0D"' -Y E/,D ?$40 .

a) He listens carefully in class. b) He works hard at home.

= He, not only listens carefully in class, but

also , he works hard at home.(comp.)

2.

üJ)%$C,"' -Y J)IDTM"' L'/^7M' (&$C0 as well as ($ XZ/D not onl y .... but also .....

Or = He listens carefully in class as well ashe works hard at home. (compound)

*-=+.J?U1"' -Y L$7.D \$7M0 UQ%- "!# l?$40 #0D"' -Y E/,D ="_;- .

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9

>(L!43U$ '+*D .

N (&0;$> 2"_ '+;,..

=^P L!43U$ '+40D0 5O+( :C +;,. &0;$> 2"_ '.

a) They sold their factory.

b) They migrated to America.

= Not only did they sell their factory but

they migrated to America also . (comp.)

3.

>(P;D7^' /$9> @7,' /I" . N (E)$K* 2%* /$9> ?U9 /I" E)%$& .

=^P P;D7^' @7,' /V /$9> (&0 5O+( :C ="_;-?U<9 E)$K* 2%*E)%$& .

*-=/$9>^P P;D7^' @7,' /V (&0 NS( :C ="_;-?U<9 E)$K* 2%*E)%$& .

a) Ahmed has passed his exam.

b) Ahmed has obtained full mark.

= Not only has Ahmed passed his exam but

also he has obtained full mark. (comp)

Or = Ahmed, not only has passed his exam,

but al so he has obtained full mark. (comp)

4.

>(c8;D +..

N ({,6] +..

=Q%Y2;P U Xi0;D 5O+( :UQ%#P* x{,6] l="_;-.

a) He is innocent.

b) He is brave.

= Not only is he innocent but he is brave as

well . (compound)

Or =He, not only is innocent but he is

brave as well . (compound)

5.

>(#D5^ JA0"_ (+%JM;C0 L..

N (#4V;1C$"' + ?$"' JA0"_ (+%JM;C0 L..

=L!G3>AE#D5^ A0"_ (+%JM;C0 NS( + :^BQ%#P JA0"_ (+%JM;C0 #4V;1C$"' + ?$"'="_;-.

a) They send him letters.

b) They send him money and explosives.

= Not only do they send him letters but

they send him money and explosives also .

Or = They, not only send him letters but

they send him money and explosives also .

6.

>(X'/+I63 \Y/7 (> eY;7 (> @+,0 . N (7M7 (> @+,0 )5;|]"' -*/ .

=A )9 X'/+I63 \Y/7 NS( :)9 "B%#P* )5;|]"' -*/7M7 (>="_;-.

a) She may refuse to pay money.

b) She may call the police.= Not only may she refuse to pay money but

she may call the police also . (compound)

Or = She, not only may refuse to pay money

but also she may call the police.(compound)

7.

hPX 7' =>_( * 5. besides

-(O/0/, LKVW'.

N ()U0^; LKVW'.

=O/0/, LKVW'hPX 7' =>_(* )U0^; !G3> .

a) The pens are new.

b) The pens are cheap.= The pens are new, besides , they are

cheap. (compound)

1.

>(T0D;4"' )j%"' NK|5"' S;/0 )M;/$"' -Y ) .

N (T0`0T;"' NK|5"' S;/0 )M;/$"' -Y # .

=T0D;4"' )j%"' (+MC;/0 NK|5"')M;/$"' -Y ) 70' =>_0(* hPX #0`0;"' '+MC;/0 LC. .

ü.;0O"O- .0Z;C:&P< .f/P< .O<:) Z7- ./!43P< 7! ^BM4;*

;:P< .O<:)* .Z;("_Y .Z;C%"3 H";_" .

a) Students study Arabic at school

b) Students study Maths at school.

= Students study Arabic at school, besides,

they study Maths at school. (compound)2.

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12

4. however "+ # $/'*

>($ E/9 2"_ X3+3,$ qDU>.

N (A4$ L%&77 (> \057M7 .

=:$ E/9 2"_ X3+3,$ qDU>]"+ # $/'* A4$ L%&77 (> \057M7 :.

a) He became rather mad.

b) You can talk to him.= He became rather mad, however , he can talk

to him. (comp.)

hPX c!* 5. nevertheless

>(Xi0;D (& .

N (XKI74C$ (& .

=Xi0;D (& hPX c!* XKI74C$ (& .

a) He was innocent. b) He was hanged.

= He was innocent, nevertheless , he was

hanged.(comp.)

1.

>(G3_c'/*> L! .

N (;^d' L./9> L;790 .

=G3_c'/*> L! hPX c!* ;^d' L./9> L;790 .

a) They are enemies.

b) They respect each other.= They are enemies; nevertheless , they respect each

other. (compound)

2.

>(x/;D c7G]"'.

N (x;9 F0TU"'.

=x/;D c7G]"')D7#P* D7K< $6+* "+ # $/'* (x;9 F0TU"'.

a) Winter is cold.

b) Summer is hot.

= Winter is cold (but, yet, however) summer

is hot. (compound)

1.

>(2$*> (& . N (CAI0;5 /,0 (> {57M'.

=2$*> (& )hPX c!*D7#P*D"+ # $/'* ((> {57M' CAI0;5 /,0 .

a) He was blind. b)He could find his way.= He was blind (however, but, nevertheless)

he could find his way. (compound)2.

hPX 7! j;SQ%P< $/'* 6. on the contrary

>(CA.;&7 Z !G3_.

N (JAD )$;jC$ !G3_.

=CA.;&7 Z !G3_hPX 7! j;SQ%P< $/'* JAD )$;jC$ !G3_.

a) She does not hate him.

b) She is fond of him.= She does not hate him, on the contrary , she is

fond of him. (compound)

)? C!"OYZ& )? OUOPVT 4.Coordinating Alternative

ük;^~" ;07^' (+&0 $.'/9_ 234$ :(0750MD (07%$C, ($ )D&;C$ )%$C, -..

üJF+;9D F5467 -7"' -.+ EF5* J)%0UY ($ "*-" "or "?=$ ::

or elseor

otherwiseeither ...... or

ü"' F+;9+ JPB. ;, 0MD (07%$C, (0D ?U7 7" (075 T + #';07^Z' +> ?i'/D"' q .

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13

*-/ QAY* 1. or

>(-3+M )&;$ ?T,MC$ 8;7]7 (> \057M7 .

N (

SD%0Y

)&;$

?T,MC$

8;7]7

(>

\057M7 .

=-3+M )&;$ ?T,MC$ 8;7]7 (> \057M7 *-SD%0Y )&;$ .

a) You can buy a Sony recorder.

b) You can buy a Philips recorder.

= You can buy a Sony or a Philips recorder.(compound)

1.

>(X'/+I3 L!" \Y/'.

N (oi73"' ?T$97 .

=X'/+I3 L!" \Y/'AY* oi73"' ?T$97" .

a) Pay them money. b) Take the consequences.= Pay them money or take the consequences.(compound)

2.

"Z!Y....*- ....2. either ...... or

>(JO@i,"D @+10M 2"+W' .

N (JO@i,"D @+10M )03G="' .

=@+10M "!YJ O@i,"D 2"+W'*-JO@i,"D )03G="' .

*-:="!YJO@i,"' 2"+W' *-JO@i,"' !D @+10M )03G="' .

a) He will gain the first prize. b) He will gain the second prize.

= He will gain either the first prize, or the second

prize. (compound)

Or = Either the first prize or the second prize will

he gain. (compound)

1.

>(2ID7 (> f3&$C0 .

N (;/j67 (> f3&$C0 .

=f3&$C0 "!Y(> 2ID7 *-;/j67 (> .

a) You can stay.

b) You can leave.

= You can either stay, or you can leave. (comp.)2.

>(LZlHM /•TD+HM .

N (LKC0M /•TD+0M .

="Z!Y3> *-•TD+0M +. .

a) I am to blame.

b) He is to blame.

= Either I or he is to blame. (compound)3.

AY* ....3. or else ....

>(L!405l> (> T-%* (T0470 (& .

N (-3+%7I0M '+3& . =L!405l> (> T-%* (T0470 (& AY* -3+%7I0M '+3& .

a) I had to obey them.

b) They would have killed me.

= I had to obey them, or else , they would have killedme. (comp.)

hPX ;)C* /...AY* ....4. otherwise ....

>(L./+I63 (+B^H0M .

N (O;0TM"' (+B^H0M .

=L./+<<I63 (+B H0<<M AY* (+B H0<<M O;0TM"'.

a) They will take their money.

b) They will take the car.

= They will take their money; otherwise , they will take the

car. (comp.)

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14

["D \"]J General Example

>(C;/7 (> N,0 RS E/,D .

N (E)0"* E#$K* 2%* ?CU97 (" . =C;/7 (> N,0 RS E/,D *-)AY* (?CU97 (" E#<$K* 2<%*

E)0"*.

+>= :"Z!YE/,D S;/7 (> *-E)0"* E#$K* 2%* ?CU97 (" .

+>= :"Z!YE/,D S;/7 (> *-E)0"* E#$K* 2%* ?CU97 (" .

a) You must study hard.

b) You wont get high marks.

= You must study hard or (otherwise) you wontget high marks. (compound)

Or: = Either you must study hard or you wontget high marks. (compound)

Or: = You must either study hard or you wontget high marks. (compound)

)? OUNVJ )? OUOPVT 5. Coordinating Illative

^? OUOPVT )#R S7_ J )*,_ M)? OUNVJ )`

ü2"+~" X),073 )03G="' )%$C,"' (+&7+ :(0750MD (07%$C, ($ )DG&;C$ )%$C, -..

üJ)%0UY ($ EF5* F+;9D F5467 -7"' -.+ "hPXP ""so "?=$ :

thereforeso

accordinglythus

thenhence

consequently

ü" -I53$"' ;+5G7"' (0D" (07%$C, (0D ?U7 F+;9"' PB.+ ?+W' Jn/9"' ($ CA,737M' +> CA4V+7 (&$C0 8B"' n/9% .

♦"#$& ' (k;^lW' ?9$ !?97 (> (&$C0 )IDTM"' #'+/W' ($ 8>.

>(X'/, XD47C$ (& .

N (-]$0 (> \57M0 L" .

=X'/, XD47C$ (& hPXP* )U;/' ka"%C* D<X#d* (-]$0 (> \57M0 L" .

a) He was very tired.

b) He couldn't walk.

= He was very tired, so (thus, therefore), he

couldn't walk. (compound)

1.

>()`0;$ #3& .

N (N0D5"' 2"_ #D.B -..

=)`0;$ #3& hPXP =.3;6%* )Z I1 7!* (N0D5"' 2"_ #D.B .

a) She was sick.

b) She went to the doctor.

= She was sick, consequentl y (hence) , she

went to the doctor. (compound)

2.

hPXP* ...1. so ...

>(5D` CAG3_.

N (X'/0, S/MC$"' L/^7M0 (> \057M0 CAG3_.

=5D` CAG3_hPXP* X'/0, S/MC$"' L/^7M0 (> \057M0 CAG3_ .

a) He is an officer.

b) He can use a gun well.

= He is an officer, so , he can use a gun

well. (compound)

1.

>(R0 L" JAD,'+D L6I .

N (C*RNJV+ .

=JAD,'+D L6I0 L" hPXP* RNJV+C*.

a) He didn't do his homework.

b) He was punished.= He didn't do his homework, so, he was

punished. (comp.)

2.

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15

<X#d* 2. thus

>(v5>!7'/37MC$ 2%* 374% .

N (

O/09+"'

)&"$"'

-.

!G3>

/I743

(93 .

=!7'/37MC$ 2%* 374%5><X#d* O/09+"' )&"$"' -. !G3HD /I743 .

a) She showed us her documents.

b) We believe that she is the only owner.

= She showed us her documents, thus , we believe that she is the only owner.(comp.)

hPXC* / U;/' ka"%C* 3. therefore

-(-.!T$l> \0567 X$i'/ .

N (fJ7$9 \$ ;$W' N7;67 (> f0%* (T0470 .

=-.!T$l> \0567 X$i'/ U;/' ka"%C* \<$ ;<$W' N7;67 (> f0%* (T0470 fJ7$9 .

a) She always obeys her mother.

b) You have to arrange it with your mother-in-law.

= She always obeys her mother, therefore , you have

to arrange it with your mother-in-law. (comp.)

hPXP ="&C6* 4. accordingly

>(/I4"' 2%* '+4GV+ /I" .

N (50 (> (+4057M0 Z2%*> X3$= '+D% .

=/I4"' 2%* '+4GV+ /I" hPXP ="&C6* 2%*> X3$= '+D%50 (> (+4057M0 Z.

a) They have signed the contract.

b) They cannot ask for a higher price.

= They have signed the contract, accordingly , they

cannot ask for a higher price. (comp.)

Z 1 7!* / hPX )&C 7!* 5. hence

>(O;$ #'B #VJ;CM .

N (-.Ec-] !?& X$i'/ wJ%j67 .

=-.O;$ #'B #VJ;CM hPX )&C 7!* c-] !?& X$i'/ wJ%j67 .

a) She was robbed once.

b) She always locks everything.

= She was robbed once, hence , she always

locks everything. (compound)

1.

>(($G="' !?& 6#4Y/ /I" .

N ((> -Y w9"' -" >P;,0_ )$0V ?TU9 .

=($G="' !?& 6#4Y/ /I" Z 1 7!* (> -Y w9"' -" >P;,0_ )$0V ?TU9 .

a) I have paid all the price.

b) I have the right to earn its rent.

= I have paid all the price, hence , I have

the right to earn its rent. (compound)

2.

=<XY6. then

>(-7;p3 6#0M3 .

N (c-] T8> >;V> (> \057M> Z.

=:-7;p3 6#0M3 =<XY c-] T8> >;V> (> \057M> Z .

a) I left back my glasses.

b) I can not read anything.

= I left back my glasses, then , I can not read

anything. (compound)

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16

hPXP =.3;6%* 7. consequently

>(XD47C$ (& .

N (H5^ #3& CA7D,_. =XD47C$ (& hPXP =.3;6%* H5^ #3& CA7D,_.

a) He was tired.

b) His answers were wrong.

= He was tired, consequently , his answers werewrong. (comp.)

1.

>(JA7DV; ($ CA7&M$>.

N (C40 (> \57M0 L" T -3 .

=JA7DV; ($ CA7&M$>hPXP =.3;6%* (> \57M0 L" -3T C40 .

a) I held him by the neck.

b) He couldn't bite me.= I held him by the neck, consequently , he

couldn't bite me. (comp.)

2.

6 70;:! Exercise No. 2

J6l; "!! 7;6/!43 # 7;C NC:<: ** Join each pair of the following:

+-./0

ü L/^7M7 Zand , but , or :(07%$C, (0D 5DT;"' f3$ N%5C0 $/3*$!30D 5DT;"' (&$C0 (07%$C, 8> T(WPB. k/9uD E)"+!MD 5D'+T;"'.+ "':)D7&"'+ Oc';I"' -Y O;=&D )j%"' -Y L/^7M67 )=KG="' 5D'+T; (0<D 5DT;<"' -Y !3$ 8> L'/^7M' @+,0 Z f"B%Y

#';D7^Z'+ (0;$G7"' -Y (07%$C, .

üT0> f0%* f"B" )DM3C$"' 5DT;"' O'/> /0/97 \057M7" (07%$C,"' (0D 234$"' -Y )VK4"' (* n9D"' L0;&"' S;'T/"' ! -%0 $0Y :

1.

Hoda was blamed. Her mother was blamed. (both .... and ...)

2. Hoda was not blamed. Her mother was not blamed. (neither .... nor ...)

3. He is a farmer. He is a government employee. (as wel l as )

4. He works hard. He finds time to play. (not only ... but ... also )

5. He came to see me. He stayed for a month.

6. He has time to play tennis. He has money to play tennis.

7. I told him that she does not fit. He insisted on marrying her.

8. This is a very heavy loss. You should not stop at all.

9. I did not cause any harms. Why do you blame me?

10.

She may send a telegram. She may come tomorrow.

11. I can not believe that such a child can buy a gun. I can not believe that he can use it.

12. When the murder was committed, I was having an operation at a hospital. It is impossible to

be accused )G7C$ L! .(

13. He did not buy a car. He did not buy a flat.

14. of forty feddans.n0;+ Her father died last month. She is the heiress

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17


** Join the following sentences using a suitable coordinating conjunction and

make necessary changes:

**^T/; "! :Z;`* .CO"%4! .Z;S;O%6 NC: R<)- ="!)L6O4! .;6K< !43P< NC:<:

1. The wind was cold. I felt warm.

2. It was raining. We decided to stay indoors.

3. Hurry up! You'll be late for school.

4. The weather was windy and rainy. It was cold.

5. He told the truth. No one believed him.

6. Can you fix the lamp ? Is it too high?

7. She studied hard. She failed.

8.

She studied hard. She succeeded. 9. She didn't study hard. She didn't succeed.

10. He is intelligent. He is hard-working.


** Rewrite the following sentences beginning with the words between brackets

and make necessary changes:**E'-EH"!/#P"C ="m)"C .;6K< !43P< .C"6# ) ^T/; "! :Z;`* 2<*9b< 7;C J6P< :

1. He neither cheated nor lied. (Neither ....)

2. He was not kind, but , he was also brave. (Not only ....)

3. He either went home or went to the club. (Either ....)

4. He neither sold his car nor used it. (Neither ....)

5. She not only cleans the house, but she also cooks dinner. (Not only ....)


** Complete with an appropriate coordinating conjunction:

**.CO"%4! .Z;S;O%6 NC: R<)- ^<)L6O"C !#- :

1. He drinks ..... tea ... coffee, but never the tow at the same time.

2. Their actions were .... risky ..... positively suicidal.

3.

I'm going out for a minute ..... two ..... you can get supper ready. 4. I don't agree with you, ..... does my brother.



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18

5. Those who are not studying hard should ..... change their ways ..... make room for those who will work.

6. The answer is not right ..... is mine. 7. The car was quite old, ..... it was in excellent condition. 8. John could ..... see, hear ..... talk.

When I am right no one remembers, when I am wrongno one forgets.

aPVC @b& c dNZ a*D e;S& "J@VD' f7SgYC @b& c h&;i a*D e;S& "J@VD1

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19

@R U$- Q& )*,- .& 3. The Complex Sentence

ü234$ ($ ;=&> (* O/GI4C$"' )%$C,"' ;TD467 .

ü?4Y ($ ;=&> !0Y+ . ü2$M67+ !D )U^ 5D'+; !" Subordinative Conjunctions6/P [N&P< [*:+ .Z;&C ;<0[ ?<9"' )40D5D -.+ :

2$M67 -7"'+ )D&;C$"' )%$C,"' 5D'+; Coordinative Conjunctions.Z;S;O%6P< [N&P< [*:+ :5D'+T;<"' w0;5 (*+ )T0;D^a' ?$C,"' ($ (0*+3"' (0B. (0D @00$7"' \057M3 ))T0;D^"'(k;^l> w+;Y 2"_ )Y`aD .

ü$.+ (0>@, ($ O/I4C$"' )%$C,"' (+&77 -7d& :

Complex Sentence consists of two parts

.&C"6 R:"C'Subordinate Clause.Z;O;m: R:"C' Main (Principle) Clause

Simple sentence - has a verb.

- has not a complete meaning.

- connect to the joining-word.

= `!"#D^)*,_ M`@+b&' )? OPOj!Clause)Principle(Main2(&$C0 -7"' -.+ :?<$& 2<34$ -5467+ :!M13D ?I7M7 (> 5IY /9'+ /+/9$ ?4Y 2%* 8+797+ )($@ A" ?4Y 8>.(

h`)$5"T !"#D^)? C;<"K` 7+]S= '=Subordinate Clause: O;<D4"' 2<%* /<$747+ :?<$& 2<34$ <!" S0<" -7"' -.+

5IY /9'+ /+/9$ ?4Y 2%* 8+797+ :.34$ ?$&7MZ )T0M0i;"')?4Y 8>($@ A" .(

ü?$& 234$ -547 -&" !M13D ?I7M7 (> !3&$C0 Z )4DG7"' O;D4"' X'B_.

ü{+3 F%7^0+ )0M0i;"' O;D4%" )DMG3"D A0/b7 8B"' ;+T/"' NM9 2%* )4DG7"' O;D4"'.

ü)4DG7"' O;D4"' ?0+97 (&$C0 )Subordinate Clause(2"_ AD] )%$C, )Phrase(D< 0&( 7! nI/LQ6P"C hPX* R:"0C&P

.&C"Q6P<).;O;m:P< R:"C&P< J( L) ?- "%P 2;P (D?T+977 'B&.+ :)3T04C$ x;+U CA" 8BG"' -5$G3"' F;UG7"' ($ Ec-]D f"B+ <"' O;D4"')Clause()%$C, AD] 2"_)Phrase(DO/I4C$"' )%$C,"' ?+977+ O;D* 2%* )0+79C$"')<%$C, 2"_ O/9'+ )4D7 )50MD .)T0%$4"' -. PB.+ <"' ?0+97D )Y+;4$"' )Clause(<"' 2"_)Phrase(D-.+ N<0&';7 L<!1" )T0;+;` )T0%$*

)T0@0%,3a' )j%"' O/,_ /0;C0 ($" ?'+9W' ($ E?9 8HD !7M';/ /3* !3* c3j7MZ' (&$C0 Z+ :)T0@0%,3a' )j%"'.

@)%*+,-

=`)*,- .& /#0)Phrase(2^"' #$%&"' ($ )*+$,$ 8> -./+/9$ ?4Y ($ )0" )($@ CA" ?4Y 8>.(

5 ()07d' )%=$W' -Y k;3M $& :k;^l> 2"_ E)%$C, ($ )4DG7"' O;D4"' + )0M0iT;"' O;D4"' ($ XK6& {+`+$ F7^0 .

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20

./0001!-Examples

1. I shall start cooking when you come home. 1.#0D"' 2"_ \,;7 $/3* g•DG5"' >/DHM .

.;O;m: R:"C' .&C"6 R:"C' ü

./012#234#5 "#$%*+6)T0*;1"' O;D4"' !74D7 TL= XZ+> #7> )T0M0i;"' O;D4"' ))4DG7"'.(

2. I f you succeed, I'll buy you a car. 2.O;T0M f" 8;7]HMY :q,37 +" .

.&C"6 R:"C' .;O;m: R:"C'

•./'012#23'4#5 "#$'%*+6)T0*;1"' O;D4"' )')4DG7" ()%UY \`3 )"9"' PB. -Y+ :)T0M0i;"' O;D4"' !74D7 TL= XZ+> #7>),(

)4DG7"' O;D4"' /4D .

3. He was angry because they arrested him for a crime he did not commit.

.&C"6 R:"C' )2 ("C'.&C"6 R: )1 (.;O;m: R:"C'

3.!D&7;0 L" E)$0;, 2%* P+%I7*' L!G3W :XD`[ (& .

•./012#234#5 "#$%*+6)T0*;1"' O;D4"' !74D7 L= XZ+> #7> )T0M0i;"' O;D4"'))4DG7"'(O;<D* X`<0> -. !4D70 -7"' 2"+W')03= )T0*;Y .

4. The man who arrived by taxi will be promoted because he is efficient.

.&C"6 R:"C')2 (.&C"6 R:"C')1 (R:"C' .;O;m: 4." 16& CAG3W 2GV;C0M -M&G7"D ?U+ 8B"' ?C,T;"')?T4Y .(

•./'012#23'4#5 "#$'%*+6

)T0*;1"' O;D4"' !5M+ -Y+ XZ+> #7> )T0M0i;"' O;D4"' ))4DG7"'(O;<D4"' #<4D7 TL< #= :2"+W'XO;]DC$ )03= #)0*;Y #O;D* )0M0i;"'.

2GV;C0M ?C,T;"'.Z;O;m:P< R:"C&P<The man will be promoted

-M&G7"D ?U+ 8B"'$P*b< .Z;':MP< R:"C&P<who arrived by taxi

" 16& CAG3W)?T4Y (.;%"Q1P< .Z;':MP< R:"C&P< because he is efficient

• - .& :;< k*Yl ,3)#P? V%"5 )$5"? Y%& )*,- .& /CWmT Ag%& !'?@%& nPb a*D @U$- Q& )*? OP+Oj? 7%& )+*,_ o*%f)["Pp= )KLK qr @U$- Q& )*,- .& sPUVT t%g*u2

)? Ovc& )*,- .&^ T w%&sxc& 9,D AWm`Noun Clause1.

)? O#P? V%& '= )? O8i;%& )*,- .&^)8? y%& 9,D AWmT w%&`Adjectival (Relative) Clause2.

)? Ou7R z%& )*,- .&^{7R z%& 9,D AWmT w%&^\"|&``Adverbial Clause3.

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21

Subordinative Clause

Noun Clause Adjectival (Relative) Clause Adverbial Clause

)? Ovc& )*,- .& )? O#P? V%& '= )? O8i;%& )*,- .& )? Ou7R z%& )*,- .& } ./0001!-Examples

!7D%5 -7"' N676&"' J?+U+ (* A"M> F+M ;0/C$"' /+40 $309 (0;]G3"' ($ .

When the manager returns, I will ask him

whether the books which you ordered have

arr ived fr om the publi shers

ü "#$%*+6

)4D7 #';D* nK=+ E)0M0i; EO;D* 2%* 8+797 )%$C,"' PB. ))T0*;Y (-%0 $& :

.;O;m:P< R:"C&P<main ClauseI will ask him

.&C"6 .Z;(:o R:"C'an adverbial Clausewhen the manager returns

.&C"6 .Z;!O< R:"C'noun Clausewhether the books have

arr ived fr om the publi shers

.&C"6 .Z;M8* R:"C'an adjectival Clausewhich you ordered

How to change a complex sentence Into a simple sentence

Or : How to change from Clause Into Phrase

)NOP5 )*,_ M qr @R U$_ J )*,_ M 9C;~ )? O8OS }

ü!#$%#&' ('*%+, -%/, 02%345 (6%7 89: ;<= !%/;: ><= ?%@*A *%7 ;<Main (Principle) Clause

('*+,C)D='*+, CE(!9F*5Subordinative Clause(s)GH IJ247 3<= !#/;, 7KLM Nphrase -<OclauseP*+<*Q RST5 NU!%9F*7 3<= UD='*%+9<= -/, VC6%4;<= *%W/9M G%H X: /Y7 3<*%F Z%<[CP*+<*Q.

].Z;!O< ]./!43 EUCG *- ] O< $PY .Z;!OA< R:"C&P< Z*+I%( .

Noun Clause Noun or Noun Phrase

].Z;M8* ]./!43 EUCG *- ].M8 $PY .Z;M8*P< R:"C&P< Z*+I%* .

Adjectival Clause Adjective or Adjectival Phrase

].Z;(:o ]./!43 EUCG *- ][:o $PY .Z;(:QoP< R:"C&P< Z*+I%* .

Adverbial Clause Adverb or Adverbial Phrase

üD='*+9<= IJ245 !#/;, 7KOClausesI;: \ ^*+_E -<O Phrases!%#/;, a%+39: 5 bc9<*%FC

?$%#< e%fC N!%7 Jg#/>@h= !%j/<= e%M !k/3Y: ;<= a#+97 3<= R#<*`EC R#A=a5 lWk< !7 J'Cam Uoq%4<= C U!M*%mh*F UD*%;/c<= e%M IJ6%95C l%WM -%<O r*%345 *%W7 Tc<C N!%7 #c#@*c#H !#/;,*fa##j3F *T;: t e3<= ('*+9<= -T9;< -T9H uatE ev9: 3<.

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what whom how long how far

when who how much how often

where which how many whose

why how how wide

5 ([N&P< [*:+ )07d' :

whether / i f <XY "Z!'=7"# <XY "! that 7-)T0;/U$"'

@/)%*+,-

1.)T0$MZ' #';D4"' /,3 $ ;=&>(Noun Clauses)?4Y> /4D f"B&+ :)T0$!17MZ' )T0;D^a' ?$C,%" ;]DC$"' LK&"' -Y + ;0&1G7"'/I7*Z'.

•/I7*Z'+ ;0&17"' ?4Y>(Verbs of thinking) ?=$ -:

understand L!10 suppose e;710 mean -340 believe /I740 know F;40 feel ;C4]0 think ;G&1C0 remember ;&B70 trust w=0 recall -*/7M0

2.P=[O wFa< !H6Y3$: ;<= wF=C7 a<= 7KE 3T3$@ " +` *;H!/;: ><=!%/;: >F !7 #;%`i= !9F*7 3<= !9F*5!7 #$#&' ef :-

that )T0;/U$"' (>

question words (wh.) <D >/D7 -7"' L!17MZ' #$%& wh

if / whether (& 'B_ $ /(& 'B_ T$*

./0001!-Examples

1. That the earth moves around the sun is a fact. (Complex / Clause)

Subordinate clause (Noun clause) Main Clause

1.)I0I9 ;D7467 S$G]"' ?+9 Ce;W' fT;977 s(>.

ü0+97D :E)50MD E)%$C, 2"_ O/I4C$"' )%$C,"' PB. ?0+97 (&$C0 ? )T0$MZ' )4DG7"' O;D4"' (Noun Clause)C, JAD<] 2"_ E)<%$ E)T0$M'(Noun Phrase)8> <!" nC/90 Z )T0M0i;"' )%$C,"' T(> 6n09 :)T0$MZ' )4DG7"' O;D4"' ?4Y ($ Jz6%^G7"D f"B+ :

-7d& :;00j7 :

= The movement of the earth around the sun is a fact. (Simple / Phrase)

=)I0I9 ;D7467 S$G]"' ?+9 e;W' )&;9 .

•' ($+ O;D* T(> Jq`'+" The movement of the earth around the sun?41"' ?*Y -. isq`G70 f"B ($+ :)T0M0i;"' )%$C,%" )DMG3"D ?*1"' ;+/D #$V !G3W :)T0$M' )4D7 O;D* -. $G3_ ?=$"' 'B. -Y )4DG7"' O;D4"' T(>.

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2. He explained how nature breaks rocks. (Complex / Clause)

Main Clause Subordinate clause (Noun clause)

2.;+^TU"' 6)40DG5"' LG5967 F0& &;] +..

•T(> )%$C,"' PB. -Y p9KC0 how -<Y S0<" ./<4D LK&"' T(> X`0> p9KC0+ :5D; O'/> 3C. !G3&"+ :)T0$!17M' )$%& #M0" TU"')<4DG7"' )%$C,"' !0Y 8/b7 E)T0$M' E)%$C, J//UD 33> /&H73 3%4,0 $$ :?*1"' wDM0 Z ?41"' T(> B_ :)T0$!17MZ' )j0 :*) UC *&M!P<.

= He explained the way of breaking rocks by the nature. (Simple / Phrase)

=)40DG5"' J)5M'+D ;+^TU"' L0597 )010& &;] +..

•<"' -Y 234$"' T(> p9K63 clause<"' -Y 234$"'+ phrase/9'+ 234$ (* J;0D47%" (7I0;5 $!Y :(0+M70 /&0 .

Noun Clauses .Z;!O< .&C"6 H<:"C' Noun Phrases .Z;!O< !43 UCG

1. I told him that he is innocent.

c8;D CAG3HD CA7;D^>.

I told him about his innocence.

JA7c';D (* CA7;D^>.

2.

That the earth moves around the sun became

a fact.

X)I0I9 qDU> S$G]"' ?+9 f;977 e;W' T(>.

The movement of the earth around thesun became a fact.

X)I0I9 #9DU> S$G]"' ?+9 e;W' )&;9 .

3. What he said annoyed me. -3,*@> CA"V $ . His words annoyed me. -37,*@> CA7$%& .

4. He showed that he is a clever doctor.

x;.$ xN0D5 CAG3> q`+>.

He showed his cleverness as a doctor.

N0D5& CA7;!$ q`+>.

5. That he is innocent became a fact.

X)I0I9 qDU> /V c8;D CAG3>. His innocence became a fact.

X)I0I9 #9DU> CA7c';D .

6. I know where she lives. L0I67 R(0> 6F;*> 3> . I know her address. !3'+3* 6F;*> 3> .

7. He knows when she will arrive.

?U7M 27$ F;40 +..

He knows the time of her arrival.

+ #V+ F;40 +.!J"+U .

8.

I don't know whether she can buy it or she

cannot.

Z L> A0;7]7 (> \057M7 #3& 'B_ $ F;*> Z 3>.

I dont know her ability or inability to buy

it.

A0;7]7 (> 2%* !7;/6V L/* +> !7;/6V F;*> Z 3>.

9.

He brought what is necessary for us.

$ R;R 9>3" x8;+;` +. .

He brought our necessary things.

3" )T0;+;T "' c0]W' R;R 9>.

10.

I don't know whether he has succeeded or

failed.

NM; +> q,3 /V (& 'B_ $ 6F;*> Z 3>.

I dont know anything about his success

or failure.

+> JAJ9,3 (* Xi0] 6F;*> Z 3>JAJD+MC; .

11. They discovered how deep it was.

XI0$* (& L& '+1]7&'.

They discovered its depth.

CAgI$C* '+1]7&'.

12.

She asked how much sugar I had bought.

;& 'M"' ($ 6#0;7]' L& #"HM -..

She asked about the quantity of sugar

bought by me.

'M"' )0$& (* #"HM -.-75M'+D O';7]C$"' ;& .

13. The teacher asked how many books we had.

34$ -7"' N676&"' //* L& CST;/C$"' ?HM .

The teacher asked about the number of

our books. 3D76& J//* (* CST;/C$"' ?HM .



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14. He didnt tell us why he had committed his

crime. CA7$0;, N&7;' /V (& 'B$" 3;D^C0 L" +. .

He didnt tell us the reason of his crime.

A7$0;, NDM (* 3;D^C0 L" +..

15. What he said is true. q09U CA"V $ . His speech is true. q09U CA$K& .

16. That he will succeed is certain. /0&> q,30M CAG3> . His success is certain. /0&> CA9,3 .

17.

That he is generous was known to everyone.E/9'+ J?6&" XY+;4$ (& L0;& CAG3> .

His generosity was known to everyone. Y+;4$ (& CAR$;& E/9'+ J?6&" X .

18. What he studies gave him great pleasure.

X$0p* X';+;CM CA93$ CAMC;/0 $ .

His studies gave him great pleasure.

X$0p* X';+;CM CA793$ CA7M';/ .

19. That he failed was unexpected.

X4V+7C$ (6&0 L" RNM; CAG3>.

His failure was unexpected.

X4V+7C$ (6&0 L" CARD+MC; .

20.

Tell me where you live. (6&M7 (0> -3;D^> .

Or : Tell me where your address is.

f3'+3* (+&0 (0> -3;D^>.

Tell me your address.

f3'+3* -3;D^>.

21.

Can you tell me where your birthplace is?

$ (0> -3;D^67 (> \057M7 ?.f/K0$ (& .

Or : Can you tell me where you were born.

g#/"+ (0> -3;D^67 (> \057M7 ?. .

Can you tell me your birthplace?

Rf/K0$ J(&$D -3;D^67 (> \057M7 ?..

22. I saw who built that house.

#0D"' f"B 23D 8B"' 6#0>; .

I saw the builder of that house.

#0D"' f"B RcG3D 6#0>; .

23. I met who wrote this book .

N7&"' 'B. N7& 8B"' 6#%DV .

I met the writer of this book .

N7&"' 'B. N7& 6#%DV .

24.

She spoke of what she feels.

Or : She spoke of what she felt.

;C4]7 $D #=/97 -.)#;4] .(

She spoke of her feelings.

.;*]$D #=/97 -..

25. No one knows why he was absent.

XDi[ (& 'B$" F;40 /9> Z.

No one knows the reason of his absence.

JAJD0[ -Y NDTM"' F;40 /9> Z.

26. The doctor discovered why he was ill.

yX`0;$ (& 'B$" CN0DG5"' gF]7&'.

The doctor discovered the cause of his

illness. JAJ ;$ -Y NDTM"' CN0DG5"' gF]7&'.

27. He told me when he arrived.

?RU+ 27$ -3;RD^> +..

He told me the time of his arrival.

A"+U+ #V+ -3;RD^> +..

28.

Tell me how far the house from the airport.

0D"' /C4D0 L& -3;JD^>;5$"' (* # .

Tell me the distance between the house and

the airport.

;5$"'+ #0D"' (0D )YM$"' -3;D^>.

29. We hope that he succeeds. q,30 s(HD l?$H3 . We hope for his success. JAJ9,3D l?$H3 .

30.

She knows how she makes cakes.

47 -.f4&"' C\3U7 F0& L% .

She knows the way of making cakes.

f4&"' J\3CU" )I0;G5"' L%47 -..

Or : She knows how to make cakes.

.f4&"' \3U7 s(> F0& L%47 -. :*-

31.

He knew how he can solve the problem.

)%&]C$"'

?9

CA3&$C0

F0&

gFJ;*

+..

He knew the way of solving the problem.

)%&]C$"' ?9" )I0;G5"' gFJ;* +..

Or: He knew how to solve the problem.*-:)%&]C$"' ?9C0 s(> F0& gFJ;* +. .

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** Change the following clauses into phrases (Change the following complex

sentences into simple sentences):-

!43 EF"CG- $PY .;6K< H<:"C&P< Z*+ )].N;OC ]!43 $PY .;6K< R)QS&4!P< !43P< Z*+ :(- 1. Remember that we are friends. G&B7 cV/U> 33HD ; .

2. We dont know why he broke it. .;M& 'B$" F;43 Z (93 .

3. I know why she failed. #I1^> 'B$" F;*> 3> .

4. I expect that they will arrive here. \V+7> 3>D G3H 3. (+%U0M L! .

5. She did not tell us how old she is. 4"' ($ ( 6%D7 L" 3;D^7 L" -.J;$ .

6. None knows who owns it. !&%7$0 ($ F;40 /9> Z.

7.

They can guesshow

we got money. T$^C0 (> (+4057M0 2%* 3%U9 F0& '+3 "'G3 /+I . 8. We discovered that she was clever. 31]7&'D O;.$ #3& !G3H .

9. You should know how high the hill is. 6%D0 L& F;47 (> N,0 ?D,"' {17;' ( .

10. I do not know how deep this canal is. O3I"' PB. w$C* ( 6%D0 L& F;*> Z 3>.

11. Tell me why you were absent. XDi[ #3& 'B$" -3;D^>.

12. I dont know when the flood occurs (happens). (`01"' n/90M 27$ F;*> Z.

13. It is essential that man thinks before he acts. ;+;T "' ($ AG3_8?$40 (> ?DV C(M3a' ;G&10 (> .

14. Most of the members repeated what he said. T;& c`*W' Lp4$ "V $ '+; CA .

15. He seems that he is glad. /04M AG3HD +/D0 +..

16. The policeman knew where the crime had happened. 0> F;40 -5;]"'#4V+ /V )$0;,"' #3& ( .

17. Do you know how much this house costs? h?@3$"' 'B. F%&0 L& L%47 ?.

18. That he will arrive tomorrow is certain. G3>TA l?U0M /&b$ X'/[ .

19. Bring what you need with you. f4$ r797 $ ;J 9'.

20. We know who designed the house. "' F;43 (93 ?@3$"' LT$U 8B .

21. We must hope that he will recover. G3HD ?$H3 (> N,0 CA 21]C0M .

22.

Dont forget where you will examine. (97$67M (0> 2M37 Z.

23. He spoke along time what he suffers. V+" LG%&7 +.EE# E?0+5 T$* CA034C0 .

24. We agreed to what he suggested. '+ (93 R9;7V' $ 2%* 3IY CA .

25. Tell me how tall you are. J?+5"' ($ ( 6%D7 L& -3;D^>.

26. I am sure of that the book is not useful (is useless). /01$ ;0[ N7&"' T(> ($ /&H7C$ 3>.

27. The patient hoped that he recovers quickly. Ce0;$"'s(HD ?$H0 E)*;MD 21]C0 .

28. That he is young was evident to all. G3>CA \0$,%" X9`'+ (& (TM"' ;0jU .

29.

That he is intelligent was clear to every one. 63>CA J?&" X9`'+ (& -&B E/9'+ .

30. Tell me how many boys there are in this class. JB0$K7"' ($ /,+0 L& -3;D^>J?U1"' 'B. -Y .

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2. Adjectival (Relative) Clauses & Adjectival (Relative) Phrases

)? O8i;%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&^)? O#PVR %&`)? O8i;%& 9,- .& 3•"#0='^)? O#P? V%&` }

v ,-./01% 23# 401%56#7201 ,79:01Clause)Relative(Adjective:

L+I7 X$M'

JFU+D

?-^*S6

.MZ8P< .M;o*C .

ü"' 5DT;"' #'+/>F;<4C0 <$ -. J)T0M0i;"' J)%$,"D E)01U+ E)4D7 EO;D* J5D;" )$/^7MC$ .P*08*!P< E:m"!_0P"C Relative Pronouns (ka<*O J)%$,"' -Y .;&B L7 *-XY+B9$ ?+U+$"' ;0$`"' (& *-(<&$C0 X';77M<C$

P;0/I7 .

ü-.+ ?U+"' ;i$` /9HD )01U+"' O;D4"' >/D7+ :

who, which, that, whom, whose, what (= the thing that) )&C "!;( "BO:)%O

ü:AD X)I0U" (+&7+ A1U7 8B"' LMZ' X$i'/ )01U+"' O;D4"' \Dv77 )?-:L<MZ' /<4D XO;]D$ )T01U+"' O;D4"' -7H7 );0$`"' +>(234$"' /MY GZ_+ :A1U7 8B"'(:f"B 2%* ?=$ :

A3D' ?M;>! 7"# ?XP<="_;: N0D5"' 2"_ . He sent his son who is ill to the doctor.1.

N0D5"' 2"_ A3D' ?M;>="_;:! 7"# ?XP<. He sent his son to the doctor who is ill.2.

Main clause Adjectival clause

×o+ALV; )%$,"' -Y )2(LV; )%$,"' -Y +. $& (DZ' S0"+ e0;$"' +. N0D5"' qDU>)1.(

v !" #$%" &'( )* !" #+,-'( .(/0$1'( 2(-3* 4Kinds of Relative Clauses 56 (*+3 f3. :

> ( !*+*,#& '-. /.0123-.4defining clauses5(;<0jD+ :!ID<M 8B"' LMZ' F0;47 +> /0/97" )0;+;` PB.+ <./+,+ XUV3 234$"' qDUC0 ) .Jd ?-:XK$& 234$"' (+&0 Z #YBC9 'B_+ A3047+ ?*1"' //967 O;D* .(

N ( !*+*,#& '-. 0,67 /.01,23-.4defining clauses-non5(;<0[ <!G3&"+ :L<MZ' (<* E)0Y`_ E#$+%4$ 305467 -.+ Z' )%$C,"' )%$4C$ ?$467 f"B"+ :!3* c3j7MZ' (&$C0+ )0;+;` E)%<U1D )<%$C,"' -V<D (<* ?U167Y )T0`';7*),(

)comma(./4D+ !%DV .

Examples 1!-00 ./

1. The student who was absent yesterday will be punished.

NV4C0M JS$WD XDi[ (& 8B"' B0$%7"'.

was absent yesterdaywho O/J/9C$ )T01U+ O;D* PB. )defining(<!3* c3j7MZ' \057M3 Z 33W :XOH,Y ?+I3+ :

The student will be punished. B0$%7"' NV4C0M .

:*MP<

$/'

lO6%

[*O

"%%b :

What student? hB0$%7 8>

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2. Nabil, who was absent yesterday, will be punished. XDi[ (& 8B"' ?0D3 NV4C0M JS$WD .

was absent yesterdaywho O/J/9C$ ;0[ )T01U+ O;D* PB. )defining-non(c3j7<MZ' 33&$C0 A3W :XY+;4$ ?*1"' L'/ $ !3*:

Nabil will be punished. NV4C0M ?0D3 .

3. The professor who teaches us chemistry is a good teacher. (defining)

4. The professor, who teaches us chemistry, is a good teacher. (non-defining)

(070"7"' (07%$C,"' (0D (;V (d'+ :

1. The boys, who wanted to swim, jumped into the water.

2. The boys who wanted to swim jumped into the water while the others played on the beach.

)T01U+"' O;D4"Y )who wanted to swim(O/J/9C$ ;0[ O;D* 2"+W' )%$C,"' -Y ))%$, !G3W :!3* c3j7MZ' (&$0+ )0`';7*'(C0 f"BD+ :)%$C,"' 234$ qDU :Z7-a"!P< J( <*TM9 )A*b< c;!3 -347+ O/J/9C$ O;D* -Y )03="' )%$C,"' -Y T$> :

c$"' -Y '+@1V (0B"' L.+ )9DM"' '+/;> 5IY /Z+W' e4D T(>.

v./01%=> #?@%ABC%&#'()*" 5

×?$47M' (&$0 which ?=$ :E)%$& E)%$C, 2"_ O;] ) " :

I did not bring my book again, which made the teacher very angry.

:k;^l> XO;$ -D7& ;`9l> L" ?XP< *d* X'/, XD`[ ST;/C$"' ?4, .

×81'39:.; 8<;-. 06'= >? @1AB9:%. >C'6(

1.;/U$"' )infinitive(($ XZ/D )?U+"' ;0$` * ?4Y (/4D X)U^+ :

the first, the second, the next, the last, the only, and the superlatives k+UI"' ?0`17"' )j0U )(M9W' )1U (

(e.g. the most, the least, the fewest ..etc.).

Mr. Ahmed was the first person that (who) arrived at the reception.

?DI7MZ' 2"_ ?U+ 8B"' ?+W' z^G]"' (& /$9> /0M"'.

= Mr. Ahmed was the first person to arrive at the reception.

?DI7MK" XKU+ ?+W' z^G]"' (& /$9> /0M"'.

2.?*Y LM' )-ing form()the present participle(L+<%4$%" 2<3D$ ?<4Y+ ?U+"' ;0$` ($ XZ/D )verb in active

voice:(

Students who want to success should study harder.

"' NK5"';=&> E/,D '+M;/0 (> N,0 '+9,30 (> (+/0;0 (0B .

= Students wanting to success should study harder.

;=&> E/,D '+M;/0 (> N,0 '+9,30 (> -Y (+D[';"' NK5"'.

3 .?+41$"' LM')-ed form) (the past participle(?+<!,$%" -<3D$ ?4Y+ ?U+"' ;0$` ($ XZ/D )verb in passive

voice:(

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Jewellery that was bought ten years ago are worth ten times as much now.

= Jewellery bought ten years ago are worth ten times as much now.

×L'/^7M' TL7 'B_'"MP< Ô<)Present Participle(CAG3HY :JE)1U& ./9"' :;` a";G- [8; ?=$ ::

X$%0Y R/.] +.X';0=C$ . He saw an exciting f i lm .1.

X0G%MC$ XD7& (& . It was an interesting book .2.

wJ;79C$"' J#0D"' -Y '+3& J?,;"' ($ ;0=&"'. Many men were inside the burning house .3.

×L'/^7M' TL7 'B_*&M!P< Ô<)Past Participle(CAG3HY :E)1U& 9"&P< [8; )7"O%i<(NS( ?=$ ::

L%01"' k>; $/3* R;0=l>. He was excited when he saw the film. 1.

N7&"D X0g%MC$ (& . He was interested in the book. 2.

21]7MC$"' 2"_ )*;MD '+%JM;l> (+V+;9$"' ?,;"'. The burnt men were rushed to the hospital. 3.

v,-./01% B?DE1%F7GraseAdjectival Ph.MZ8P< E.M;o*C ^*S6 )Adjective((* #$+%4$ 305467 8>

LMZ')#$+%4$"' S13 30547 X)1U /,3 Z n09D :J)0/4"' J)1TU"' ($ XK0U17 ;=&> #$+%4$"' PB. (+&7 /V+ (?=$ ::

-M;& AD]0 +..;*<T . (Adjective)He likes a corner seat.1.

-M;& AD]0 +..;*<TP< J( . (Adjectival Phrase)He likes a seat in the corner.2.

v% -H01%I#JGKForms of Adjective

)CW"D )NOP5 )8i^(Simple Adjectivef?=$ :

clever boy ;.$ /"+ intelligent girl )T0&B #3D wise man L0&9 ?C,;

'"MP< Ô<(Present Participle)# ="%";+- '"MP< Ô< J6l; D.M8 (* O;D* ?*1"' LM'+ :)?<41"'+ing(?<=$ ::

exciting film ;0=C$ L%0Y interesting book -G%MC$ N7& terrifying place F0^C$ (&$

9$8*%! %"]%& kC7yY%&^\;$8Q& sx&^ `Past Participle2`.M8# ="%";+- !&6O4; ?=$ ::

educated man LG%47C$ ?C,; broken bottle ,C@ O;+M&$ ), sunken ship )V;[ )301M written exercise 8;0;97 (0;$7

ü?=$ :#1U"' (0+&7" ?41%" n"="' F0;U7"' ($ #I7]$ ?$47M' (&$0 :

c'+!"' FT0&C$ ?@3$ An air-conditioned house

w6YlW' wT0` ?C,; a narrow-minded man

N+.+$ (T9%C$ a talented composer

v

$& )T01U+"' O;D4"' T(> 6IDM 3;&B )Adjective Clause(="CP"`?U+"' ;i$` /9HD >/D7 ))T0DMG3"' ;i$`"'(

(Relative Pronouns)($ ?0+9G7"' )0%$* ?DV ;i$`"' f%7 )M';/D (d' L+I3M f"B%Y :clause 2"_ phrase

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31

)%;i;Q& 7j",? X%&^9i;%& 7j", "^ ` P? V%& 7j",? X%&)? O# ` Relative Pronouns

×9+i;%& 7j", "2)0M0iT;"' )%$C,"D )01U+ )4D7 O;D* 5D;" )$/^7MC$"' 5D'+T;"' -. )?-(07%$C, 5D; (0+<&7" (0750M<D

O/GI4C$ O/9'+ )%$C, .(×",H' 4Y8O # ;5 9i;%& 7j", " [;UT21(LMZ' ?9$ ?90 E;0$`& .

2(EF5* J)$%& +> E;, JF;9& conjunction.

× "GH 9i;%& 7j",2

)? O $ *,*%Possessive /5 \;$8JObject 9D"uSubject[&@ % Yxc&

whosewhom - thatwho - thatn"LGpP whosethatthata";Gb<* H"%<*;+/P

of whichwhichwhichNS( a";GpP

×4"' J)j%"' -Y !C$'/^7M' E;0D& E/9 2"_ AD]C0 ?U+"' ;i$` L'/^7M' )T0D; ) :0 7;X0QP< 0 7"06Q/P< 0 7<XQ/P< 0 J6QP< 0 ?XQP< Jm>P< 0 J6>P<(:?-(<* P@00$7 /4D #1TU"' ($ X)1U JA0%* -1`C0" E)IDM E)%$C, -Y P;&B TL7 LM' ;';&7 ($ XZ/D L/^7M67

P;0[.)03G="' )%$C,"' -Y P;';&7 ?9 -Y LMZ' \V+$ 2%* ?+U+$"' ;0$T "' ;07^' FV+70+ .

v#L/MB"

1("B/C9 $6- ?XP< E OA< $PY "d)&C J6l; "! 45EO%6 "BQ%b .COQ%P< E:m"!_C 8*P< :m"!_ H;!4O .

>(+7%" ?C,;"' ?U+ /I" .

N (X.H7 (& +..

=?C,;"'?XP<+7%" ?U+ /V X.H7 (& .

a) The man has just arrived.

b) He was lost.

= The man who (that) was lost has just arrived.

× "#$%*+6who ;0$T "' +.+ ?*Y ?9$ #G%9 /V He2"+W' )%$C,"' -Y ;+&B$"' z^G]"' S13 +.+ :)a.(

2()T01U+"' )4DG7"' O;D4"' >/D7 Adjectival Clause?U+ ;0$`D XD"[ .

1. who ?XP</ 9"&/P J6P<

×;0$T "' L/^7MC0 who E?U+ J;0$`& ]9"' ]'"( :<:#6 7! =A)C ?=$ ::

>(?C,;"' 2%* eD6V .

N (f3D"' w;M /V (& ?C,;"'.

=?C,;"'?XP<A0%* eD6V f3D"' w;M /V (& .

a) The man was arrested.

b) The man had robbed the bank.= The man who (that) had robbed the bank was arrested.

1.

>(xNi[ C/"+"'.

N (fDG]"' ;M& +..

=C/"+"'?XP<Ni[ fDG]"' ;M& .*

a) The boy is absent. b) He broke the window.

= The boy who (that) broke the window is absent.2.

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32

×ABCDE2#5#$%*+6#1G2G "<D ?U+"' >/D7 -7"'+ )T01U+"' )4DG7"' O;D4"' )who+>that) (B6+6 J6P< JdNL " (

LMZ' /4D -7H7 )m"!P< NLP"C ?XP<()T0M0i;"' )%$C,"' -VD -7H0 LMZ' FU7 (> /4D+ : XO;]D$ A1U7 8B"'))03*; A ?XP<NL U6+6 (X$$7 )0D;4"' )j%"' ?=$ 8> :.

×LV; )%$C,"' -Y p9Z)2(z^G]"' S13 T(>)?*1"'(L<MZD XO;<$ R;J&6B /V+ :(07%$C,"' K& -Y /+,+$ ;0$T <"D XO;<$+ -U^]"')He(LMZ' \` ?0!M7%"+ )The boy(-U^G]"' ;0$T "' ($ XZ/D )He('B&. ::

a) The boy is absent.

b) The boy broke the window.

= The boy who (that) broke the window is absent.

×(0$MZ' /9> ?'/D7M' TL7 /IY p9K67 $& )The boy(?U+ ;0$`D )who*-that(A<7%$C, #4`++ )L<MZ' )<%$, F+B9$"'(XO;]D$ LMZ' /4D .

= The boy who (that) broke the window is absent.

= The boy who (that) is absent broke the window.

×B"' 234$"' ?$97 -7"' )%$C,"' ;7^3 F+M \DG5"D+ 85DT "D P/0;3 .

2. which ?XP</;fP J6P< 9"&P< :

×;0$T "' L/^7MC0 which ?U+ ;0$`& 9"' :;` UC *&M! *- '"( :<:#6 7! =A)C ?=$ ::

>(O/i1"' L0/* (,31"'.

N (

;+M&$

(,31"'.

=O/i1"' L0/* ;+M&$"' (,31"'.)"%dthe cup'"( 7' R:"C' Jd (

a) The cup is useless.

b) The cup is broken.

= The cup which (that) is broken is useless.

1.

>(EO/0, E)"9D O;+DTM"' #9DU>.

N (O;+DTM"' cK5D LV .

O;+DTM"'J6P<JiK5D LV EO/0, E)"9D #9DU> ! .

a) The blackboard became well.

b) He painted the blackboard.

= The blackboard which (that) he painted became well.

2.

>(XO;0M 6#;,H7M'.

N (J)YM$ /4D #%547 !G3_2;7$+%0& .

=XO;0M 6#;,H7M'J6P<* )YM$ /4D #%547 2;7$+%0& .

a) I hired a car. b) I t broke down after two kilometers.

= I hired a car which (that) broke down

after two kilometers.

3.

ü "#$%&

it=a car:\V+$ c,+ it;]DC$ AD ?+41$ ?9$ -Y .

>(cKG5"' ($ X'/0/, X!,+ ?@3$"' 6#05*>.

N ((d' X'/, XK0$, +/D0 AG3_.

=?@3$"'?XP<(d' X'/, XK0$, +/D0 cKG5"' ($ X'/0/, X!,+ CA705*> .

a) I gave the house a new coat of paint.

b) It looks very lovely now.

= The house to which I gave a new coat of

paint looks very lovely now.

4.

üZ7- o+Ait=the house\`3 5DT;"' /3* f"B%Y :;]DC$ ;0[ AD ?+41$ ?9$ -Y #c, which+[:+ :3 .

v"#$%&#'()*" 5%

1()$%& L'/^7M' (&$C0 which?9$ -Y \V'+ ?V* ;0[ LM' ;';&7 ($ XZ/D "C4! UC *&M! :G . 2(?9$ -Y \V'+ ;;&C$"' LMZ' (& 'B_+ :G"C4! :;` UC *&M! A3$ 6Z/D L/^7M3 33uY :which+:3 [:+ .

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1. why = for which ADDMD 8B"'

NDTM"'EUCCOC ?XP<XY+;4$ (&0 L" 2ID0 (> RegYR; . • The reason why he refused to stay was not known.

2. where = in / at which )7"#!/P (6n09 / A0Y 8B"'

w/31"'?XP<L06I0 (& U;( %47]' (';0G3"' A0Y # .The hotel where he was staying caught fire.1.

)0;I"'"B;( J6P<)0VD ?'@7 $ -7"+15 6#0`V .The villa where I spent my boyhood is still standing.2.

3. when = in / on / at / during which )H9*/P ($/3*/ A0Y 8B"'

"'

L+0

?T+>

;6&B7>30I7 U;( hDo you remember the day when we first met ?1.

L+0"' -Y ?XP<?U+ U;( XK15 CA67>;$' #D,3> :.The day when he arrived , his wife had a baby.2.

4(?U+"' F;p FB9 (&$C0 3.+ )Relative Adverb()"9 -Y (&"+ :)T01U+"' )4DG7"' O;D4"' ($ where(<$ /<DZ

$47M'-7d& )IDTM"' ?$C,"' qDU67 f"BD+ :;, F;9 ? :

NDTM"'EUCCOC ?XP<XY+;4$ (&0 L" 2ID0 (> eY; . The reason he refused to stay was not known.1.

w/31"'?XP<L06I0 (& U;( (';0G3"' A0Y #%47]' .The hotel he was staying in caught fire.2.

)0;I"'"B;( J6P<15 6#0`V )0VD ?'@7 $ -7"+ .The villa I spent my boyhood in is still standing.3.

30I7"' L+0 ?T+> ;6&B7>U;( hDo you remember the day we first met ?4.

L+0"' -Y ?XP<?U+ U;( XK15 CA67>;$' #D,3> :.The day he arrived , his wife had a baby.5.

5( ()* &*,'-.)* /01 &'!"#2 $3 456%üAD ?+41$"' )"9 -Y (& 'B_ ?U+"' ;0$` FB9 (&$C0 -<Y )T01<U+"' O;D4"' 2T$M67+ :O/J/9C$ )T01U+ O;D* >/D0+

)"9"' f%7 .S86/4!P< R:"C&P"C )contact clause(:0;` .;M08*P< H<:"C&P< 7! 8*P< :;!_ [X+ 7#!4; A* DR)E)+4!P<:

(defining clause)The man whom you saw yesterday is a doctor.(contact clause)= The man you saw yesterday is a doctor.

1.

(defining clause)The family whom I visited invited me to stay.

(contact clause)= The family I visited invited me to stay.2.

6(?$47M' (&$C0 who *- whom H"%<*;+/P :XY<LG%&77+ L!17 )%V* .3;D7*' .

• The dog, who was chasing rabbits in his sleep, suddenly kicked the table.

N%&"'?XP<XOH,Y )"+5"' ?&; :JA$+3 -Y N3';W' /;5C0 (& .

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7("!;( "!&6OA<* $%&!P< J( g:MP< o+A J/; )"BSNI%* H"!/#P< Ô: UC"G6 7! ^`Z:P"C ("!0_ 7;C E08*P< E:m EH"M08* E "BM6OA< E:m"!_* E "BM6OA<:

Interrogative Adjectives

[" & 8Yxc&"8i}Interrogative Pronouns

[" & 8Yxc& 7j", "

-7H0 LM' ./4D

LM' (* !D ?HM3

-7H0 ZLM' ./4D LM' (* !D ?HM3

Relative Pronouns

9i;%& 7j", "}

------------h s(R$ )?*1%" ( who 8B"')?*1%" ( who

------------h s(R$ )?+41$%" ( whom 8B"')?+41$%" ( whom

)Ô<+ (s7r! whose + noun h s(R$J" ))0&%$%" ( whose 8B"'))0&%$%" ( whose

?-) +Ô<( which + noun h $!C0> which 8B"')(M3a' ;0j" ( which

------------ ------------ 8B"' that

)?-+Ô<( what + noun h $ /h 'B$ what 8B"' c-]"' what

.0?@A= 5üÔ< "B&C6; 7- )CA ^"BM6OA< H"M8 )"B%bLMZ' FU7 #1U (T$> :Ô< "B&C6; >( ^"BM6OA< :m"!_ )Q%b"B ;i$`

MZ' ?9$ ?97 L .(

üLM' (* ?'bM%" L!17MZ' ;i$`+ L!17MZ' #1U ($ GK& L/^7M3 .


I) Join each pair of sentences together to make one sentence. (Use a relative

pronoun). 1(R)+<* ./!43 7Z*#6P 7;6/!3 # NC:<)*8*! :;!_ ^)L6O<(

The minerals are in great quantities. The minerals are found in Egypt.1.

The boat has no sails ).':G-( . The boat is on the river.2.

The policeman warned ):QX+ ( the boy. The boy was driving quickly.3.

Those boys must have good food. You made them work hard.4.

The man helped the girl. He had met her in Gaza.5.

Samy was weeping. I had found Samys book.6.

The boy was very clever. His answers were correct answers.7.

I took all these things. I need all these things.8.

This is the man. I met him in London.9.

The man was killed. He was driving a car.10.

I bought this stereo last week. It doesnt work properly.11.

Hes the person. Hes going to be fired )):N4; ( . 12.

That is the journalist. His article made quite a stir ):;#&6 /h;:+6 ( yesterday.13.

Im the man. You stole my wallet.14.

They sent a new teacher. She looks nice.15.

We didnt like the housemaid. The agency sent her.16.

Nadia looked angry. She has been listening to our conversation.17.

I climbed up the stairs. They were newly-painted.18.

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II) Put a suitable relative pronoun: 2(5O"%4! 8* :;!_ c_ :

The cat …… had been very quiet, suddenly started mewing.1.

I didnt find the wallet …… you said youd left under the pillow )R)"O* ( . 2.

Mr. Galal, …… had been very sick, died yesterday.3.

Im the one …… car was stolen last night.4. Thats the general manager …… is retiring ))'"S6; ( next month.5.

I love cities, …… are big and noisy.6.

He was extremely rude, …… made me very angry.7.

Ive never met the actor …… lives next door to us.8.

That is one neighbour with …… Ill never be on good terms ).C;N H"9>'( . 9.

The car, …… four wheels were punctured, had to be abandoned )*3B! : ( 10.

Students …… names begin with !A" always get examined first …… is unfair ( :m"3 /^P"o ).11.

I did …… I could …… wasnt much.12.

He was very rude to the police officer ……, of course, made things worse.13.

Youssef, ……. wallet was missing, found it under the table.14.

III) Add the missing word: 3(.(*X+!P< .!/#P< [_-:

I dont know ……. to do.1.

I asked him ……. to put it. 2.

I cant remember ……. to start this machine.3.

We dont know ……. to give it to.4.

I dont know ……. is your house.5.

I cant imagine ……. you are angry with me.6.

I cant remember ……. I am supposed to meet him at the station.7.

You must do …….. he tells you.8.

Do you know ……. did it?9.

She hasnt written to me ……. she is coming. 10.

IV) Remove the relative pronoun and make the necessary changes:

4(T/; "! :;`* 8*P< :;!_ [X+<^ :

The captain was the last man that left the sinking ship.1.

Tourists who travel abroad a lot should make prior reservations )gCO4! T3+ ( at hotels. 2.

The man who was sick was brought to the doctor.3.

Students, who were punished yesterday, are to report to the headmaster s office.4.

He was the only student who understood the lesson.5.

Guns that have been fired recently are easy to detect.6.

Mona was the first person who saw the flying saucer ):m"N 7+8 ( . 7.

The car that was stolen from the garage was returned to its rightful owner.8.

Plants that are watered by salty water seldom survive.9.

People who want to survive a nuclear was should build proper shelters )t3>! ( 10.

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V) Join the following sentences beginning with the words between brackets:

5(2<*9b< 7;C J6P< H"!/#P"C =<a)6C! .;P"6P< !43P< NC:<:

Romeo and Juliet were deeply in love. Their families hated each other. (Romeo and Juliet ….) 1.

I was waiting for a friend. He didnt come. (The friend ….) 2.

!Swiss Family Robison", is a story about family. Their ship sank near a desert island. (BSwissFamily RobisonC ……)

3.

I saw several apartments. Few of them were suitable. (I saw …..) 4.

I was given this address by my friend. I met her at the airport. (I was given …..) 5.

A man answered the phone. He said that it was the wrong number. (The man …..) 6.

The bed had no springs. I slept on that bed. (The bed ….. ) 7.

Before the Gulf War, the roads were crowded with refuges. Many of them were hungry.

(Before the Gulf War …..) 8.

Rashids leg is still in a plaster cast. Hell have to watch the match on T.V. (Rashid ….) 9.

He wanted to visit me at 11 p.m. This didnt suit me at all. (He wanted …..)_ 10.

VI) Pick out the adjective clause in each of the following sentences:

6(.;6K< !43P< 7! .Z;M8*P< .&C"Q6P< R:"C&P< u:L6O<:

This is the dress that my aunt gave me. 1.

The cakes which I bought are on the table. 2.

The thief who robbed the old lady was arrested.3.

A car that wont start is of no value to anybody.4.

The police gave the old man who has been robbed his stolen wallet.5.

VII) Get rid of the relative pronoun (make contact clauses or use the infinitive,the present participle or the past participle):

7(8*P< :;!_ [X+<)< ^O< *- &MP< :)8! ^)L6O< *- .S86/! R:"C' 7Z*# *0&M!P< ^0O< *- 0'"MP )&M/P vP"1P< [;:86P<:((

The house which they built fell down after two months. 1.

The bus that arrived late was full. 2.

The money which he borrowed from his friend was lost. 3.

She was the most beautiful girl that attended the party. 4.

The street was lead to the university is very wide. 5.

Buildings which were built fifty years ago are more robust 8+V than those are built these days.6.

The man whom I saw at the party yesterday turned out to be my new boss. 7.

Books that bored him were usually thrown into the waste basket.8.

Being the last person that arrived that night, he was obliged to sit near the kitchen door.9.

He said that bonds #$'@7"' /#Z1& that were purchased c';] last month made a large profit /i* /)$^` O/iY .10.

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How to change Adjectival Clause into Adjectival Phrase

(How to change from Complex to Phrase)

)? O8i' )*,_ M /#0 qr )? O8i;%& )$5"Y%& !"#$%& 9C;~ )O8OS

Adjectival Clause Adjective or Adjectival Phrase

)T01U+ )%$C, AD] *- )1U 2"_ ?T+967 )T01U+ )4D7 O;D*

ü($ ?0+9G7"' /3*complex 2"_simple ($ +> clause2"_phraseDFB9lC0 *08*!P< :;!_P<+verb To Be

*-?+U+$"' ;0$`%" N9UC$"' ?41"' .

ü#3& 'B_.N;OC .MZ8P<)9'+ )$%& O/ (\`+7 !G3uY :ÔA< C9 CA1JU7 8B"' .

ü)1TU"' #3& 'B_ $>.C#:4! )O;D*(\`+7 !G3uY :ÔA< )&C CA1U7 8B"' .

The man who is intelligent can overcome his problems. (Complex / Clause)

(M3a')l?C,T;"'(' CAg3J&$C0 8B"' +. -&B"'JAJ%J&]$ 2%* RN6%jG7" .

The intelligent man can overcome his problems. (Simple / Phrase)

(M3a')l?C,T;"'(JAJ%J&]$ 2%* RN6%jG7"' CAg3J&$C0 -&B"'.

1.

EgC"OP< "1!P< J( o+>I% )1TU"' T(> intelligent.N;O0C .M8 ).0!/# R)0+<* ((<$ ?<0+97"' /<3* f"B<" :)Complex /Clause( 2"_ )Simple /Phrase([*8*!P< ÔA< C9 c_*6 )UM806 ?X0P< ^0OA< C9 (:

FB9 TL7 f"B&+ who is)?+U+$"' ;0$`"'* verb to be.(

I bought a suit which is made of wool. (Complex / Clause)F+TU"' ($ )*+3U$ -. -7"'+ X)"/D 6#0;7]'.

I bought a suit made of wool. (Simple / Phrase)

F+TU"' ($ X)*+3U$ X)"/D 6#0;7]'.

2.

EgC"O0P< "01!P< J0( o+>I% )1TU<"' T(>made of wool.0CQ#:4! .M08 )R:"0C'( (<$ ?<0+97"' /<3* f"B<" :(Complex /Clause)2"_ Simple /Phrase)([*8*!P< ÔA< )&C c_*6 )UM86 ?XP< ÔA< C9 ()a suit(:

FB9 TL7 f"B&+ which is)?+U+$"' ;0$`"'* verb to be.(

./0001!-Examples

Adjectival Phrase

.Z;M8* !43 F"CG-

Adjectival Clauses

.Z;M8* .&C"6 H<:"C'

Learned People behave wisely.

L0&9 E?&]D (+Y;U70 (+$%47$"' z^]W'.

People who are learned behave wisely.

L0&9 E?&]D (+Y;U70 (+$%47$ L. (0B"' z^]W'. 1.

The wounded man could regain his health.

CA70Y*

/047M0

(>

{57M'

NUC$"'

?C,;"'.

The man who was wounded could regain his

health.

CA70Y*

/047M0

(>

{57M'

XDUC$

(&

8B"'

?C,;"'.

2.

Careless students are always punished.

(+DV4C0 X$i'/ (0%J$!$"' NK|5"'.

Students who are careless are always punished.

(+DV4C0 X$i'/ (0%J$!$ '+3+&0 (0B"' NK|5"'. 3.

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The man called Hany, did the work.

?$4"D LV -3. +*/$"' l?C,T;"'.

Or: Hany did the work. ?$4"D LV -3. .

The man who is called Hany did the work.

?$4"D LV -3. 2*/C0 8B"' l?C,T;"'. 4.

Mr. Mazen, your host of yesterday is dead.

#$ S$~" Rf610U :(@$ /T0TM"'.

Mr. Mazen, whom you visited yesterday, is

dead.

#$ S$WD CA7;C@ 8B"' ?C,T;"' :(@$ /T0TM"'.

•Z7- o+>4; :visitedL/^7M<C$ n<"= F0;U7 (&"+ :XK4Y S0" )$%&" E)1U& Mr. Mazen41"'+ )<%C$,"' -Y /+,+$"' /09+"' ?

+.is.

5.

Nadia, the owner of the blue car, is downstairs.

?1MW' JwDG5"' -Y O/+,+$ cV;T@"' O;T0TM%" )&J"$"' :)0/3 .

Nadia, who owns the blue car, is downstairs.

?1MW' JwDG5"' -Y O/+,+$ cV;T@"' O;T0TM"' f%7$7 -7"' :)0/3 . 6.

The book recommended by you was

excellent.

X'@7$$ (& f3$ 2TU+$"' N7&"'.

The book which you recommended me to

read was excellent.

X'@7$$ (& A7>;ID -370U+> 8B"' N7&"'. 7.

Your advice caused me much trouble.

?&]$"' ($ ;0=&"' -" #DDM Rf6790U3 .

Or: The advice given by you caused me

much trouble.

?&]$"' ($ ;0=&"' -" #DDM !70/M> -7"' )90UG3"'.

The advice you gave caused me muchtrouble.

?&]$"' ($ ;0=&"' -" #DDM !70/M> -7"' )90UG3"'.

•Z7- o+>4; :)5D'T;"'which ?<*Y ($ ;=&> /,+0 CA3W :)Y+B9$ )%$C,"' -Y $.+ you+ the advice.

8.

The deaf girl couldn't hear the noise.

c`+T "' \$M7 (> \57M7 L" cT$TU"' #3D"'.

The girl who was deaf couldn't hear the noise.

c`+T "' \$M7 (> \57M7 L" cT$U #3& -7"' #3D"'. 9.

I met the blind man in the street. ' ?C,T;"' 6#%DV 2$*W)F+1&$"'({;G]"' -Y . I met the man who is blind in the street.2$*> +. 8B"' ?C,T;"' 6#%DV )F+1&$ ({;G]"' -Y .

10.

The robber of the bank was arrested.

A0%* ReJD6V f3D"' 6w;M .

The man who had robbed the bank was arrested.

3D"' w;M /V (& 8B"' ?C,T;"'A0%* ReJD6V f . 11.

The people invited by you are wanted.

(+D+%5$ f75M'+D (+*R/$"' SG3"'.

•Z7- o+>4; :invitedn<"= F0;U<7 <!3&"+ :XK4Y #M0" +. )%$C,"' -Y /09+"' ?41"'+ :JS3%" E)1U& L/^7MC$ are.

The people whom you invited are wanted.

5$ L!7+*R/ (0B"' SG3"'(+D+% . 12.

The dismissed man wept.

2&D ?$4"' ($ /+;5$"' ?C,T;"'.

The man whom the manager dismissed wept.

2&D ;0/C$"' CP/;5 8B"' ?C,T;"'. 13.

Migrating birds have strong wings.

)T0+V )93,> !" O;,!lC$"' ;+0|5"'.

Birds which migrate have strong wings.

|5"')T0+V )93,> !" ;,!67 -7"' ;+0 . 14.

A broken cup is useless.

O/i1"' L0/* ;+M&$"' (,31"'.

A cup which is broken is useless.

O/i1"' L0/* X';+M&$ (+&0 8B"' (,31"'. 15.

Farmers possessing burnt land will get money.

%* (+%U90M E)V+;9$ Ee';W (+&"$"' (+9K1"'/+I3 2 .

Farmers who possess burnt land will get money.

/+I3 2%* (+%U90M )V+;9$ Ee';> (+&%7$0 (0B"' (+9K1"'. 16.

The car bought by her is very expensive.

($G="' )0"[ !75M'+D O';7]C$"' O;T0TM"'. •Z7- o+>4;* :boughtn<"= F0;U7 !3&"+ :XK4Y #M0"

1U& L/^7MC$ +. )%$C,"' -Y /09+"' ?41"'+ :O;0M%" ) is.

The car she bought is very expensive.

($G="' )0"[ !7;7]' -7"' O;T0TM"'. •Z7- o+>4; :?+U+$"' LMZ' which /<4D -7H<7 -<7"' the car

$.+ )%$C,"' -Y ?*Y ($ ;=&> /,+0 CA3W :)Y+B9$ she+ the car.

17.

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43

The government gave money to the owner

of the burnt houses.

)VJ;79C$"' ?@3$"' N9UW X'/+I3 )$+&9"' #5*>.

The government gave money to the people

whose houses were burnt.

L!"@3$ #V;79' /V #3& (0B"' Jz^]W' 2"_ X'/+I3 )$+&9"' #5*>. 18.

The lost battle was a great one.

X)$0p* X)&;4$ #3& O;M^"' )&;4$"'.

The battle that they lost was a great one.

X)$0p* X)&;4$ #3& .+;M^ -7"' )&;4$"'. 19.

The valuable illustrations are kept in

museums.

F97$ -Y p1967 )$T0I"' #9+%"'.

The illustrations which are valuable are kept

in museums.

F97$ -Y p1967 )$0I"' #'B #9+%"'. 20.


v Change adjectival clauses into phrases:

$%' ()*+$ ,./ 0/1+2)./ 3)T01U+"'45+278 9.; ($ <>?& @AC D :

The road which they destroyed joined two cities. w0;G5"' ?XP<$/ (0730/$ 5D;0 (& P+; . 1.

The man who wrote these papers died many years ago.

?C,T;"'?XP<EO/0/* E#'+3M B3$ #$ w';+W' PB. N7& . 2.

The man who invited this rocket made more advanced rockets.

?C,T;"'?XP<X$/I7 ;=&> •0;'+U R\g3U ,+;TU"' 'B. {;7^' . 3.

The people whom they employed are very clever. z^]W' 7;XP<X'/, (+;.$ L.+1p+7M' . 4.

The stories that he writes are tragedies. zUJI"' J6P<)0+MH$ !D7&0 . 5.

The man whose car was damaged is still alive. ?C,T;"' ?XP<O09"' /0V 2%* ?'@0 Z CA7;0M #; -$C/ . 6.

The manuscripts th at they found in the desert clear many things

#5+5^$"'J6P<XO;0=& tc0]> qT +7 c';9TU"' -Y .+/,+ . 7.

The papers which were very old are written in a strange language.

w';+W'J6P<E)D0;[ E)j6%D )D+7&$ X'/, X)$0/V #3& )E)Y;4$ ;0[.( 8.

Deeds, not words.

(c&;p= c (c",D=1

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44

How to change from Simple Sentence into Complex Sentence

Or: How to change from Phrase into Clause

$_ J ))*,_ M qr ))NOP5 ))*,_ M IJ \? ; *_ T kOS )@R U '=!"#D qr )* + )#0 \? ; *_ T kOS

-($ ?0+9G7"' )0%$* T(_phrase2"_ clause)T0M&* )0%$* -. ?-($ ?0+9G7"' #'+5^ S&4D clause 2"_ phrase.

Adjective or Adjectival phrase Adjectival clause

)1U+ )4D7 O;D* 2"_ ?T+967 )01U+ )%$, )D] +>)1U

ü)01U+ )4D7 O;D* 2"_ )T01U+"' )%$C,"' )D] +> )1TU"' ?0+97 N,0 8>)adjectival clause()j0TU<"' ?$47<MD )0"G7"':

)8y%&, nx"VJ 9$u A= '=verb to Be, \;i;J - , "

Adjectival Clause ( Complex )

.Z;M8* .&C"6 H<:"C'

Adjectival Phrase (Simple )

.;M8* !3 F"CG-

The boy who is clever succeeds every year.

)3M ?& q,30 X';.$ (+&0 8B"' /"+"'.

The clever boy succeeds every year.

)3M ?& q,30 ;.$"' /"+"'. 1.

The man who is wise can solve his problems.

A%&]$ ?90 X$0&9 (+&0 8B"' l?C,T;"'.

The wise man can solve his problems.

A%&]$ ?90 (> \057M0 L0&9"' l?C,T;"'. 2.

People who are living in Gaza enjoy the sea.

Or: People who live in Gaza enjoy the sea. SG3"')z^]W'((+3&M0 (0B"')(+35I0 ((+47$7M<0 O@[ -Y ;9D"D .

People living in Gaza enjoy the sea.

SG3"')z^]W'((03&M"')(035I"'((+47$7M<0 O@<[ -Y ;9D"D . 3.

The pupils who are in the third year must

work hard.

E/,D '+M;/0 (> N,0 8+3="' )="="' )3M"' -Y '+3+&0 (0B"' NK5"'.

The pupils in the third year must work hard.

E/,D '+M;/0 (> N,0 8+3="' )="="' )3TM"' NK5 . 4.

I have read a story which was interesting.

X)0%M$ #3& -7"'+ X)UV 6#>R;V /I" .

I have read an interesting story.

X)0%M$ X)UV 6#>R;V /I" . 5.

I saw a film which was wonderful.

X4i'; (& 8B"'+ X$%0Y 6#/.] .

I saw a wonderful film.

X4i'; X$%0Y 6#/.] .

6.

Khalil lives in a house which is air-

conditioned.

(&M0 ?0%^ )(65I0 (FT0&$ Ai'+. 8B"'+ E#0D -Y .

Khalil lives in an air-conditioned house.

(&M0 ?0%^ )(65I0 (JF0&$ E#0D -Y c'+!"' . 7.

We live in a house which is containing

many rooms.Or: We live in a house which contains many

rooms.

F;j"' ($ /0/4"' 2%* 8+790 8B"'+ E#0D -Y C(6&M3 .

We live in a house containing many rooms.

C(6&M3 )(65I3 (($ /0/4"' 2%* 8+790 E#0D -Y F;j"'. 8.

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45


v Change the following sentences from Simple to Complex and vice versa:

JS&4"D

CS&4"'+

EO/GI4C$

E?$C,

2"_

E)50MD

E?$C,

($

)0"G7"'

?$C,"'

?T+9 :

×'()"C$ L> )50MD )%C$,"' ?. F;47 (> XZ+> f0%*GI4 >/D7 ./4D+ O/ ?9"'.

;,]W' \%7I7 )1U4"' &0;"'. Violent wind pull out trees.1.

The students answered the questions which are difficult.2.

The government decided to educate the illiterate people )7;;!q- 2"%q-( . 3.

The man playing piano is my friend. 4.

The girl who has golden hair, answers well. 5.

My friend bought a car which was old. 6.

Our brave soldiers have freed our land. 7.

His broad minded thought has helped us. 8.

Books which are written by hand are put in museums. 9.

Minerals found in Egypt will help in developing the country. 10.

Hard working students always attain gS+; /xI/C; ( ) their ends. 11.

The passengers on this train escaped death. 12.

The people like faithful friends. 13.

The carpenter repaired the broken chair. 14.

Cloudswhich

were heavy caused rain today. 15.

Narrow minded people always face troubles. 16.

63 (93 ;!I67 Z -7"' L.+;D N,4 . We admire their unconquerable spirit. 17.

Homeless children should be housed in healthy homes. 18.

The goods which were in the shop window were damaged by fire. 19.

A useful book gives knowledge. 20.

He laughs best who laughs last.

)C" & V%&. t * XC IJ 7]S= t * XC ",? <r1

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46

3. Adverbial Clause and Adverbial Phrases

)? Ou7R z%& 9,- .& 3•"#0=' )Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&

v? Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&)^Adverbial Clauses2`ü?9"' +> F;Gp"' ?$4D #';D4"' PB. L+I7 Adverb7$ +> F0& 3;D^67Y ::'B$" +> (0> +> 2 ...$ *?4JY n/9 •"'.

ü)T04DG7%" F54"' F+;9 /9HD XO/* #';D4"' PB. >/D7+ )Subordinating Conjunctions(?=$ ::

whi le, where, because, if , as, although , ...etc.

ü "#$'%&)T04DG7%" F54"' F+;9 )Subordinating Conjunctions(DG7"' O;D4"' >/D7 O/<I4$"' )<%$,"' -Y )4 Complex Sentence:7#!;* )4D7"' O;D4%" Subordinate ClauseO/<I4$"' )<%$,"' >/D7 (> *-\<D77 s(>

)T0M0i;"' O;D4"'main (principle) clause:

G3W #0D%" N.B XD47C$ (& CA . )R)QS&4! ./!43 (

♦G*C "J \"]Q& &gH. / bL_ <2 1.+. )T04D7%" F54"' F;9 because.

2.G7"' O;D4"'-. )0Y;Gp"' )4D because he was tired

3.-. )T0M0iT;"' O;D4"'he went home

•

He went home because he was tired. (complex)

.Z;O;m: R:"C' .Z;&C6/P [N' [:+ .&C"6 R:"C'

G3WXD47C$ (& CA #0D%" N.B . )4! ./!43 R)QS& (

♦\"+]Q& &g+H. / bL_ <:#>/<D )T0Y;Gp"' )4DG7"' O;D4"' T(>O/GI4C$"' )%$C,"'.

• Because he was tired, he went home. (complex)

./0001!-Examples

G3W #0D%" N.B XD47C$ (& CA .He went home because he was tired.1.

G3WXD47C$ (& CA N.B #0D%" .Because he was tired, he went home.2.

;5$67 #3& !G3> \$ 2G]$70" N.B . He went for a walk although it was raining.3.

2G]$70" N.B AG3> Z_ :;5$67 #3& !G3> \$ . Although it was raining, he went for a walk.4.

v%&

)%UY ?$47M'),) (comma((0D )4DG7"' JO;D4"D )%$C,"' >/D7 $/3* f"B+ :)T0M0i;"' )%$C,"'+ )4DG7"' O;D4"' .

E)O%"? Y%& :&;<0& qr )Ou7R z%&&!"#$%& sPUVT'^@$5 ",Ou 19Oy8? Y%"5 " & x_ !@Vx2 `-

1.)? O<" $ J )Ou7 # )$5"T !"#D Adverbial Clause of Place

2.)? OVJ 2 )Ou7 # )$5"T !"#D Adverbial Clause of Time

3.)? O##x )Ou7 # )$5"T !"#D Adverbial Clause of Cause (Reason)

4.)? O " 7 3 )Ou7 # )$5"T !"#D Adverbial Clause of Purpose

5.)oOYV*% )Ou7 # )$5"T !"#D Adverbial Clause of Result (Consequence)

6.4 p"V? Y*% )Ou7 # )$5"T !"#D Adverbial Clause of Contrast

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47

7.)? O8O $ *% )Ou7 # )$5"T !"#D^)UC7N*%` Adverbial Clause of Manner

8.)<!"U,*% )Ou7 # )$5"T !"#D Adverbial Clause of Comparison

9.5 7? 6 *% )Ou7 # )$5"T !"#D Adverbial Clause of Condition

10.)M!?@*% )Ou7 # )$5"T !"#D Adverbial Clause of Degree11.)$5"T !"#D7"V]YxL% )Ou7 # Adverbial Clause of Exception

12.9OX8Y*% )Ou7 # )$5"T !"#DAdverbial Clause of Preference

13.nx"VY*% )Ou7 # )$5"T !"#D Adverbial Clause of Proportion

v )Ou7R z%& )*,- .& /#0Adverbial Phrase2ü@EF)>./ 9GH)B @=JLM),* (N$ <OP$ Q./ @STAC U./ 5+2V78 W%XY-)8 (>$ Z[./ &...\]./(&8 _2abc d$ <f2C = &8 ghijk%l& e+mBn &8 e+opqB K4JstC = &8 g

hk%l& uP7 &8 vPw...\./.

ü ;<<,"' F+;<<9D XO/<<* )<<T0Y;Gp"' ?<<$C,"' PD<<]> >/<<D7+ Preposition*- )<<D&;$"' F<<54"' F+;<<9D Compound Conjunctions*- D?*1"' LMD Present Participle) (ing D form)(*- ?+<41$"' L<MD

)Past Participle) (?41%" n"="' F0;U7"'.(

./0001!-Examples

1. He smiled wickedly. (adv. Phrase of manner)

EA.';&D RLM7D' ) .UCG .Z;M;#/P .%Z;C4! .;(:o ./!3 ) (.S;:N/P (

2.

He smiled in a wickedly way. (adv. Phrase of manner) & E)I0;5D LM7D'E)!0; ).O;0;] ) .(CG U .;M;#/P .%;C! .;(:o ./!3 (

3. He arrived at four oAclock . (adv. Phrase of time)

)4D';"' )*M"' ?U+ +.) .CG U 7"!T/P .%;C! .;(:o ./!3 (

4. She went into the garden. (adv. Phrase of place)

)I0/9"' 2"_ #%^/ -.) .CG U 43 Z;(:o ./! Z;C! . 7"#!/P .% (

5. Being ill, he was absent yesterday. (adv. Phrase of reason)

JS$WD XDi[ (& e;$"' NDMD ) .CG U Z;(:o ./!3 Z;C! . 5CO/P .% (

6.

Going home, he ran into his friend. (adv. Phrase of time)

L/5U' :#0D%" XD.'B (& $/3*)2I7"'(JAI0/UD ) .CG U 43 P .%;C! .;(:o ./! 7!T/ (

7. He studied hard, in order to succeed. (adv. Phrase of purpose)

q,30 -&" E/,D S;/ +.) .UCG 43 Z;(:o ./! j:f/P . (

8. But for his illness, he would succeeded. (adv. Phrase of condition)

Z+" )(+/D (q,3 /V (&" :CA`R;$ ) .CG U 43 Z;(:o ./! Z;C! . QG/P .% N: (

ü8/4"' F;p"' ($ ?`Y> #$+%4$ 305467 )T0Y;Gp"' )%$C,"' AD] (> X`0> p9K63 3.+ .)%$C, AD] ($ ;=&> ?$47M' /3*+ F;p%" 8/4"' N07;7"' ?$47M3 33uY :O/9'+ E)%$, -Y )T0Y;p .

He went on foot to the station at four oAclock .

59$"' 2"_ L'/VW' 2%* N.B +. )4D';"' )*M"' ) .

Adverbial clause of manner place time

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48

|7829':2#;<'=<>e 8&I+J :;+< 9+S )+x&!@5 [;UV+x&!"++#$%&f)+? Ou7z%& )+$5"? Y%& S'" & +*C;~ )+O8O ++JIClauseqrphrase("XC=9$ $%&'1

1. Adverbial Clauses of Place )? O<" $ Q& )? Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&ê" $ ,*% )V? O#,R %&`

•.'*!3! Jd .;O;m:P< ./!3P"C 7"#!/P .%;C!P< .;(:oP< .&C"6P< H<:"C&P< NC: H<*)-"where:"

6n09 ($ /(0> ($ whence 6n09 where

(&$ 8> 2"_/(&$ 8> -Y any where $6=09 wherever

ü)?-G7"' O;D4"' >/D7 )IDTM"' F54"' F+;9 /9HD (&$%" )3T0DC$"' )T0Y;Gp"' )4D .(

./0001!-Examples

1. I dont know where he went. L%*' Zv;+ )(0>(N.B .

2. I found your pen where you dropped it. ;D9"' f$%V 6#/,+ "!I1;+ CA74`> .

3. Bad luck follows him wherever he goes. 9"'AI9KC0 " 0TM"' |p "l"!I1;+ N.B0 .

4. I dont know whence he came. L%*> Z7;- 7! 27> .

How to change from Adverbial Clause to Adverbial Phrase))? Ou7 # ))*,_ M 3/#0 qr )? Ou7 # )$5"T !"#D IJ 9C; *? Y%& )? O8OS

Adverbial Clause $PY Z*+I6 Adverb or Adverbial Phrase

.Z;(:o ./!43 UCG *-[:o )"+ ($PY Z*+I6 .Z;(:o .&C"6 R:"C'

ü?$47MD :?41"' ($ Jz|%^7"D f"B (+&0+ D&MP< 5O"%4; Ô<)T04D7%" F54"' F+;9 ;00j7 f"B&+ )5D;"' #'+/>(2<"_M' TL= :-7H0M $& E)DM3$ Ep1">)T0%UW' )%$,%" (&$C$ 234$ N;V> 2"_ ?+U+%" f%I* ?$47 .

How to change from Adverbial Clause of Place into Phrase

e" $ ,*% )? Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%& !"#$%& IJ 9C; *? Y%& )? O8OS ê" $ ,*% )V? O#- Q&è" $ ,*% ))Ou7 # ))*,_ M 3/#0 qr

ü;D4"' 5D; -Y )$/^7MC$"' 5D'+T;"' ?T+967 ($ ?0+97"' /3* )T03&$"' )T0Y;Gp"' )4DG7"' #'Clause2"_ Phrase-%0 $& ::

Phrase Clause

6n09 where

$6=09 wherever in, at, on, .. etc, every where (&$ ?& -Y

6n09 ($ /(0> ($ whence

(&$ 8> -Y S0" /(&$ Z 2"_ no where(&$ 8> -Y /(&$ 8> 2"_ any where



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49

./0001!-Examples

Clause Phrase

1. She goes with him where he goes.

N.B0 6n09 A4$ N.B7 -..

She goes with him every where .

(&$ ?& 2"_ A4$ N.B7 -.

2. You can go whence you came.

#07> 6n09 ($ N.B7 (> f3&$0 .

You can go back .

3&$0 \,;7 (> f .

3. The sun was where the sea meets the sky.

c$M"D ;9D"' -I7%0 6n09 #3& S$]"'.

The sun was at the horizon .

w6YlW' /3* #3& S$]"'.

4. He made friends wherever he went.

N.B $6=09 cV/U> A" B^7'.

He made friends every where .

?& -Y cV/U> A" B^7'(&$ .

5. Do you know where he hides the map?

h)50;^"' " TD^C0

(0>

F;47

?.

Do you know the place of the hi dden map ?

h)TD^T$"'

)50;^"'

(&$

F;47

?.

6.

She showed them where she had hidden

the bag.

)D0I9"' #HTD^ /V #3& 6n09 L!7;>.

She showed them the place of the hidden bag .

Oc+D^$"' )D0I9"' (&$ L!7;>.

7.

New building are standing where old

cottages once stood.

)$0/V ,'+&> /,+7 #3& 6n09 FI7 O/0/, E(D$ .

New building are standing in the place of the

old cottages .

)$0/V ,'+&> (&$ FI7 O/0/, E(D$ .

Like father, like son.

/O5& !;i @%;%&^s* # "J •"5& /5"0 IJ1`

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50

2. Adverbial Clauses of Time )? OVJB%& )? Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&^e"J? B*% )V? O#- Q&`

•.&C"Q6P< R:"C&P< NC: H<*)-.Z;(:QoP<.'*!3! Jd .Z;O;m:P< ./!43P"C 7!ZT/P .%Z;C4!P< )when (Jd* D:-

$30D as$30D while$/3* when

s(> ?DV before$G%6& every time$G%6& /#V+ 8> -Y wherever

s(> /4D after279 until$"5 /L'/ $ as long as

s(> )p9" the moment279 t i l l6B3$ since

s(> ;+Y /

s(> /T;,C$D as soon as/&0 L" /(> ;+Y once(> ;+Y immediately

')$/I"' OT;$" the next time;^W' OT;$"' the last timeOT;$ ?T+> the fi rst time

/&0 L" ...279 scarcely … when …/&0 L" ...279 hardly … when…f'B309+ where upon

/&0 L" ...279 no sooner … than …

./0001!-Examples

1. I saw my friend, when I arrived. -I0/U #0>; "!)%'6#%U+ .

2. As I was walking, I met an old friend. "!%;C L0/V w0/U 6#%DV :-]$> 6#36& .

3.

While I was shaving, the telephone rang. "!%;C F7!"' T(; :-3VB 6wJ%9> 6#36& .

4. Before he went out, he had given me a prize. C9 s7-5*> /V (& :rC;^0 XO@i, -3 .

5. After he had written the letter, he posted it. )&C s7-/0;D"D !%M;> :)"M;"' N7& /V (& .

6. He waited outside the gate, t i l l we arrived. :)D'+D"' r;^ R;p73>$Q6+ 3%U+ .

7. I havent seen him, since he got married. CP;> L" IX%! r+@7 (> .

8. Hardly had he arrived when he started work. s7- )#; ^P ?U+ $Q6+ ?$4"' >/D .

9. No sooner had he arrived than he started work. s7- )#; ^P ?U+ $Q6+ ?$4"' >/D .

v/)%*+,

1.X)$7 XZ4Y> XO/* ?$47M3 perfect tenses?$47M3 $/3* )T0M0i;"' O;D4"' -Y since D4"' -Y )4DG7"' O; .

2.-%0 $& :O//9C$ )3$@> ./4D -7H0 )0"G7"' 5D'+T;"':

hardly L7 -`$ when 50MD -`$ scarcely L7 -`$ when 50MD -`$ no sooner L7 -`$ than 50MD -`$

ü($ XZ/D )IDTM"' 5D'+T;"' L/^7M67+ when )T0/* ;0j"' #Z9"' -Y )> )4V+7$ ;0[)i,1$ + (extra-ordinary cases

$%&!C "BQ/#* ))#; ^P ...$6+ (....D.Z;)"&P< HA"+P< J( "Z!-D/^7M3 33uY L :($@%" )3T0DC$ k;^> 5D; O'/> 8> 01! :

when .

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51

ü?41"' ($@ (+&0+ "d)&C ="!"6 =";_"! Present PerfectEn09D wDM0 /*MC$"' ?41"' )had(?*1"')<Y nC/90 $& - L!17MZ' )"9 (:8/* ;0[ 234$"' T(> 2%* /0&H7%" f"B+ :1! :

Hardly had he opened the envelop when an explosion was heard.

)#; ^P F+;p$"' q710 $6+ E;,13' g#+U R\J$CM .

31? 7%&? Y%&: 5&')O%"2after, when, as soon as, before, til l , unti l, the moment

-(J6l; "d)&C ?DI7M<C$"' -<Y ;<^W' ?<41"' n+/<9 \V+73 $/3* f"B+ :L7"' {;`$"' ($@ +> 50MD"' {;`C$"' ($@ )?-CS6O!P< $/' 4)6 ./!43P< H%"# <XY .(

,: OP5 9#UYPJ after, when, as soon as, before, til l , unti l , the moment + ["T :!"X_ J '=: OP5 :!"X_ J }

./0001!- Examples

1. After I finish (or have finished) my work, IAll go to the

cinema. )&C s7-$30M"' 2"_ N.BHM :-%$* -!3l> .

2. I will visit him as soon as I phone (or have phoned) him. CP;+@HM s7- :*( JAD ?U7> .

3. She will prepare the dinner before she goes (or has

gone) out. c]4"' L45 ;T 967M s7- C9 rC;^7 .

4. We will wait until he arrives (or has arrived).

;p733M $Q6+ ?U0 . 5. When I get (or have got) my visa, IAll travel to Paris. "!)%'-7@0Y 2%* ?CU9> )S0;D 2"_ ;YMlHM :-7;0]H7 .

6. IAll send him a letter the moment I know (or have

known) of his success.X)"M; CA" l?M;lHM .o+P s7-JAJ9,3 (* R\$M> .

üGT 8& )U5"? P%& )*]J0&. / bc2 §P<*b< v)+ -7H0 )&C after, when, as soon as, til l , until , the moment .

§J%"Q1P< v)+P<-7H0 )&C before .

N (-7H0 )&C after, when, as soon as, ti ll , unti l ?41"' ($@ D^"6 ]j"! (<$@ -Y ;^d' n/9"' (& 'B_-<`$"' 50MD"')50MD"' -`$"' -Y ;^d' ?41"' ($@ (& 'B_.(

r(-7H0+ )&C before($@ N;OCP< J_"!P<L7"' -`$"' ($@ -Y ;^d' n/9"' (& 'B_ :)-<Y ;^d' ?41"' ($@ (& 'B_L7"' -`$"'.(

: OP5 G ""J^;e"K<@b` + after, when, as soon as + ^\'=<@b`["T ;="J }

["T G ""J^\'=<@b` + before + ^;e"K<@b`: OP5 ;="J }

`;e"K<@b^ G8VJ: OP5 G ""J ,till, until + ["T ;="J `\'=<@b^}

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53

How to change from Adverbial Clause of Time into Phrase

e"J? B*% )? Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%& !"#$%& IJ 9C; *? Y%& )? O8OS ê"J? B*% )V? O#- Q&`))OVJ 2 )3)? Ou7 # ))*,_ M 3/#0 qr

ü3$@"' )0Y;Gp"' )4D7"' #';D4"' 5D; -Y )$/^7M$"' 5D'+;"' ?T+967 ($ ?0+97"' /3* )0 Clause2"_ Phrase-%0 $& ::

PhraseClausein / at / onwhen

after / beforeafter, before

during / whileas, whi le

till / untilt i l l, until

since + poss. adj. .Z;#/! .M8 since

just onthe moment

noun Ô< or

'"( Ô<gerund

immediately on / after / just on /on / as soon as + poss. adj. .Z;#/! .M8

as soon as,

no sooner … than …,scarcely … when …,

hardly … when …

when in, at, on + noun or gerund

Clause Phrase

1. When he saw his mother, he ran towards her.

"!)%'.+93 k;, :CAT$l> k>; .

On seeing his mother, he ran towards her.

)%'.+93 k;, :CAT$l> A70b; .

2. When he arrived, she was angry.

"!)%'X)D`[ #3& ?U+ .

On his arrival, she was angry.

)%'X)D`[ #3& A"+U+ .

3. When he came, I was sleeping.

"!)%'X$i3 6#36& :;`9 .

On his coming, I was sleeping.

)%'X$i3 6#36& :P;+`9 .

4. When she heard the news, she fainted.

"!)%'6#s4J$RM l> ;D^W'!0%* -$[.

On hearing the news, she fainted .

E)%'!0%* -$[l> ;D^W' J{$M .

after 1) after + noun or gerund

Or 2) having + p.p

before before + noun or gerund

PhrasesClauses

After eating dinner, he went for a walk .

Or: Having eaten dinner, he went for a walk.

)&C -]$%" r;^ :c]4"' L45 ?+37 .

After he had eaten dinner, he went for a walk.

)&C 7--]$%" r;^ :c]4"' L45 ?+37 /V (& . 1.

After receiving the telegram, they came.

Or: Having received the telegram, they came.

)&C '+c, )0V;D"' LK7M' )'+;`9 .(

They came after they had received the

telegram. '+c, )'+;`9 ()&C 7-)0V;D"' '+$%7M' /V '+3& .2.

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54

After finishing the work , they went home.

Or: Having finis hed the work , they wenthome.

)&C '+D.B :?$4"' c!3_ )'+/*(#0D%" .

After they had finished the work , they went

home.

s7- )&C '+D.B :?$4"' '+!3> /V '+3& )'+/*(#0D%" . 3.

They had studied the plans before starting

the project.

:55J "' '+M;/ /V '+3& C9 {+;]$"' c/D .

They had studied the plans before they

started the project.

55J "' '+M;/ /V '+3& s7- C9 {+;]$"' '+c/D0 .4.

He had sent a telegram before her arrival.

X)0V;D ?RM;> /V (& C9 !J"+U+ .

He had sent a telegram before she arrived.

X)0V;D ?RM;> /V (& s7- C9 ?JU7 . 5.

whi le / as 1) while + noun or gerund

Or 2) during + noun or gerund

ü;*+6P g:N .1>1 h"%dWhile *-As 7! )(complex / clause$PY )(simple / phraseJ6K< "1!P< J( "B+Z_*%O :

•

Whi le (As) I was studying my lessons, my friends came. (clause / complex)

"!%;C -iV/U> ;`9 :-M+;/ CS;/> 6#v36& .

1. While studying my lessons, my friends came. (phrase / simple)

2. During studying my lessons, my friends came. (phrase / simple) 3. Studying my lessons, my friends came. (phrase / simple)

a"%1--iV/U> ;`9 :-M+;/ )M';/ .

Clauses Phrases

1.

He met her while he was walking in the

street. !%DV "!%;C 2G]$70 (& )-]$0 ({;]"' -Y .

Walking in the street, he met her.

a"%1-!%DV J{;]"' -Y JAJ7R0v]J$ .

2.

Whi le (As) his friends fought with theenemy, he hid himself.

"!%;C CARM13 HTDg :+/4"' \$ AiV/U> ?7V .

During his friends fight with the enemy, he hid

himself.

a"%1-CARM13 HTDg :+/4"' \$ AiV/U> ?7V .

3.Whi le (As) I was singing, I coughed.

"!%;C 6#s0T9g& -G3[> 6#v36& .

While singing, I coughed.

a"%1-6#s0T9g& c3j"' .

4.While he was climbing the tree, he slipped.

"!%;C w%9@7 O;,G]"' wG%M70 (& .

Climbing the tree, he slipped.

)%'"' JAJI|%RMg7 w%9@7 gO;,G] .

until until

+ noun or gerund

t i l l till

Clauses Phrases

1.She will not leave until he comes.

;/j67 (" -.$Q6+ ;`90 .

She will not leave until (his) coming.

;/j67 (" -.$Q6+ P;+`9 );+`9"'.(

2.They waited until (till) the work began.

'+;p73'$Q6+ ?$4"' >/D .

They waited until (till) the beginning of work .

'+;p73'$6+ ?$4"' )0'/D .

3.He waited till it appeared again.

gp73>R; $6+ k;^l> XO;$ c-G]"' f"B R;!p .

He waited t il l its second appearance.

gp73>R; $6+ X)03= XO;$ c-G]"' f"B ;+!p )k;^l>(.

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55

since since + poss. adj. + noun or gerund

ü(')%*,)T0&%$"' )1U FB9 (&$0 )poss. adj.(?=$ ) :my, his, her, it, their, your, our(\<`++ since

5IY ./9+" .

Clauses Phrases

1.

I havent seen him since he returned from

the U.S.A.

CPR;> L" IXV%4! )T0&0;$W' O/97C$"' #0Z+"' ($ /* s(> .

I havent seen him since his return from the

U.S.A.

CPR;> L" IXV%4! )T0&0;$W' O/97C$"' #0Z+"' ($ CA7/+* (> .

2.He hasnt sent letters since he departed.

?iM; ?M;C0 L" IXV%4! ?R9R; s(> .

He hasnt sent letters since (his) departing

(departure).

?iM; ?M;C0 L" IXV%4! JAJ%J0J9; .

3.Since he died, no one has visited his family.

IXV%4! /9> CA7%i* ;C@0 L" :#$ s(> .

Since (his) death, no one has visited his

family.

IXV%4! " :A7Y+ /9> CA7%i* ;C@0 L .

4.He has left his home since they arrived.

JA"@3$ (* ?9; /I" IXV%4! '+%U+ s(> .

He has left his home since their arrival.

JA"@3$ (* ?9; /I" IXV%4! L!"+U+ .

5.

She neglected every thing since her child

died.

Ec-] !?6& v#g%R$s.>IXV%4! !%15 #$ .

She neglected every thing since the death of

her child.

Ec-] !?6& v#g%R$s.>IXV%4! !%15 OY+ .

the moment just on + noun or gerund

Clauses Phrases

1.

The moment he rang the bell, two mencame.

s7- W.Wo+P (KC,; c, :RS;T,"' R{R;gV .

Just on ringing the bell, two men came.

)%' NCZ_P"C (KC,; c, :RS;T,"' JAJ*;V .

2.

The moment he read that letter, he leftour village.

s7- W.Wo+P 370;V R;R/[ :N5^"' f"B >;V .

(Just on) Reading that letter, he left our village.

Ra<:9 )%'370;V ;/[ :N5^"' f"B .

•!"#$%FB9 (&$0 Just on .

3.

I shall send him a letter the moment I

know of his success.

X)"M; CA" l?JM;lHM s7- W.Wo+P JAJ9,3D F;*> .

I shall send him a letter just on knowing of his

success.

JAJ9,3D )Y;4$"' /3* X)"M; CA" l?JM;lHM .

hardly ….when ….

no sooner …. than ….

scarcely …. when …

as soon as …..

immediatelty on !F immediately after

Clauses Phrases

1.As soon as he arrived, he started talking.

7- ):3!C .RU+ ? LK&"' >/D :.

Immediately on arrival (arriving), he started talking.

):3!C LK&"' >/D :?+U+"'.

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56

2.

As soon as I received the telegram, I hurried tothe airport.

s7- ):3!C ;5$"' 2"_ 6#*;M> )T0V;D"' 6#$%7M' .

Immediately on receiving the telegram, I hurried to theairport.

):3!C ;5$"' 2"_ 6#*;M> )T0V;D"' LK7M'.

3.

As soon as he had arrived, he demanded

a meal.

):3!C s7-X)D,+ RNg%5 :?U+ /V (& .

Immediately af ter his arrival, he demanded a meal.

):3!C X)D,+ RNg%5 :JAJ%CU+ .

4.

No sooner had she taken the papers

than she tore them.

)#6 ^P s7-gw';+W' gB6 H7 $6+ !7VT@$ .

Immediately on taking the papers, she tore them.

/3* XO;]D$ )):3!C (!7VT@$ w';+W' !$K7M'.

5.

No sooner had she swallowed two pills

than she slept.

)#6 ^P s7-JN+DC9"' ($ J(0RU;6V \%7D7 $6+ #$3 .

Immediately on swallowing two pills, she slept.

\>6C< ):3!C #$3 JN+DC9"' ($ J(0RU;6V .

6.

No sooner had I reached the station

than the train left.

)#- ^P s7-J)59$%" #%U+ $6+ R;5I"' ;/[ .

Immediately on reaching the station, the train left.

):3!C R;5I"' ;/[ J)59$%" J?+U+"'.

7.

No sooner had she seen the lion than

she cried.

)#6 ^P s7-R/MW' k;7 $6+ #g R;RU .

Immediately after seeing the lion, she cried.

.;@: ):3!C #g R;RU /MW'.

8.

Hardly had he reached the station when

he was called back.

)#; ^P 59$"' 2"_ ?U0 ) $6+ R-J*s/67sM' .

Reaching the station, he was called back.

y)P )):3!C ($"' 2"_ A"+U+ O/+4%" R-J*s/67sM' :)59 .

9.

Hardly had she opened the envelopwhen an explosion was heard.

)#6 ^P F+;p$"' q717 $6+ ;,13' #+U R\J$CM .

Opening the envelop, an explosion was heard.

)%' R:G"C! )):3!C (;,13' #+U R\J$CM F+;p$"' q7Y .

10.

Hardly had he left the house when we

missed the jewels.

)#; ^P ?@3$"' ;/jC0 $6+ #';.+,$"' 3/I7Y' .

Just af ter his leaving the house, we missed the

jewels.

)%' R:G"C! )):3!C (#';.+,$"' 3/I7Y' ?@3$"' A7;/j$ .

11.

Scarcely had the plan touched theground when it burst into flames.

)#6 ^P e;W' S$%7 O;i5"' $6+ X)V;79$ #;,13' .

Just on touching the ground, the plan burst into

flames.

)%' R:G"C! )):3!C (X)V;79$ O;i5"' #;,13' e;W' !M$" .

12.

Scarcely had the bus stopped when it

burst into flames.

)#;

^P FV+70

S0D+7W'

$6+ ;,13'

XK47]$ .

Stopping , the bus burst into flames.

)%')):3!C (XK47]$ S0D+7W' ;,13' FV+7"'.

13.

So long as he neglects his duties, he should be blamed.

"!P"N LKC0 (> L@%0 :A7D,'+ ?$!C0 .

Neglecting his duties, he should be blamed.

> L@%0 :A7D,'+ XKJ$s!C$ LKC0 ( .

14.

So long as he disobeys me, I shall stop sendinghim money.

"!P"N A0"_ /+I3"' \Y/ (* FV+7HM :-30U4R0 .

Disobeying me, I shall stop sending him money.

DJ%";8' J( EFE:<:!6O"C A0"_ /+I3"' \Y/ (* FV+7HM .

15.Once he stands firm, she will respect him.

"!)%')s7- r:*( (A$;797M O/9'+ O;$ +"+ EL@9D FI0 .

Standing firm, she will respect him.

A$;797M XO/9'+ XO;$ +"+ EL@9D JAJY+V+D .

16.

Once you sign these papers, I shall send you thegoods.

s7- :*( \GV+7 )#3>/L73'(f" ?M;lHM :w';+W' PB. 2%*)L<&" (`D"'\i .

Signing these papers, I shall send you the goods.

f" ?M;lHM :w';+W' PB. J\J0V+7D )L&" (\i`D"'.

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57


I) Join the following pairs to make one complex sentence:

1(O/GI4C$ )%$C, (T+&7" (0750MD (07%$C, ?& 5D;':

I waited for a long time. At least he appeared.1.

We arrived at the football field. Then the game started.2.

He arrived at a certain time. Immediately I went home.3.

My father finished his work. He soon went home.4.

I studied my lessons. I went to bed afterwards.5.

He went away yesterday. We have done no work since that time.6.

They crossed the canal. Then they attacked the enemy.7.

The Egyptian soldiers had appeared. Immediately the Israeli soldiers disappeared.8.

I was washing my hands. The telephone rang.9.

She was sitting at the table. Then the children came.10.

II) Complete the following: 2(J6K< !#- :

1. He had lived abroad since …………

2. No sooner had he left the house …………

3.

He apologized to his father after …………4. The boys sat silent when …………

5. Hardly had he packed his luggage to travel …………

6. Scarcely had they gone out of school ………… 7. I shall wait for him till …………

8. He had studied his lessons well before …………

III) Change the black typed clauses into phrases and vice versa:

3(2#&P"C 2#&P<* ]!43 EF"CG- $PY ].&C"6 ]H<:"C' 7! ]g!"` ]NLC J6P< !43P< Z*+ :

|)%*,?9"' >/D7 ./4D+ O/GI4C$ L> )50MD )%C$,"' ?. F;47 (> XZ+> f0%*)?$C, JPD]>+ )4D7 #';D* /,+7 ?'bM"' 'B. -Y 8>.(

I didnt know him until he spoke to me.1.

No one could believe him after he had told lies.2.

The sick pupil forgot every thing when he sat for the exam.3.

He had not prepared himself before entering the exam. 4.

Having prepared every thing, they set out for the picnic.5.

No sooner had he met him than he informed him of his success.6.

In doing your duty, you should not be shamed.7.

Hardly had we attacked them when they escaped.8.

Immediately after his reaching school, the bell rang.9.

When I spoke to him, he was angry.10.

Dont write till I give you an order.11.

The world has changed since the atomic power was discovered.12.

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58

3. Adverbial Clauses of Cause (Reason) )? O##? P%& )Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&^n#P*% )V? O#- Q&`

ü)%$C,"D NDM%" )3T0DC$"' )T0Y;Gp"' )4DG7"' O;D4"' 5D;" )$/^7MC$"' 5DT;"' #'+/>-. )T0M0iT;"' .'*!3! )because :(-

for T(W because T(W/NDMD

so long as L'/$ since T(> n09 now that /V+ $> as T$" /$"5

./0001!-Examples

1. She didnt come to school today because she was ill. L+0"' )M;/$"' 2"_ ;J s9g7 L" -."BQ%b$ #3& X)`0; .

2. As she was late, she was walking quickly. "Z!P )*;MD #]$ :XO;^H7C$ #3& .

3. He walked carefully since he was in pain. :E;B9D 2]$ 4UQ%bL"H70 (& .

4. She was thirsty for she had drunk nothing all morning. :2]5* #3& "BQ%b"' ?'R+J5 Ec-] 8> N;]7 L" &DTU .

5. As long as he refuses our advice he should shoulder

the results. ^<) "! RoJig7G3"' ?T$970 (> N,0 :3790U3 e6Y;0 .

6. Now that you have taken money, sign this contract. )9* "!-#$%7M' )#3>(/I4"' 'B. 2%* \ /V+ :/+I3"'.

u(,/4#()%*+, C,"' -Y p9K63 T(> )IDTM"' ?$ since *-as *-for -347 !G%6& :because)T(W(8> <!" S0"+ :($@"D )VK*.

How to change Adverbial Clause of Cause into Phrase

)? O##x )? Ou7 # )*,_ M /#0 qr )? O##x )? Ou7 # )$5"T !"#D 9C;~ )O8OS

ü' )%$C,"' 5D; -Y )$/^7MC$"' 5D'+T;"' ?T+967 ($ ?0+9G7"' /3* )T0DDTM"' )0Y;Gp"' )4DG7" clause2"_ phrase-%0 $& :

Clause Phrase

because T(W/NDMD because of NDMD

for T(W/NDMD for NDMD /0 "

since T(> 6n09 /NDMD owing to 0 " X';p3

as T$" /$"5 /NDMD due to 0 " X';p3 /NDMD

on account to 'B& NDMD so long as L'/ $

as a result of J <" X),073

now that /V+ $> thanks to ?`1D

so long as L'/$ Being + 5GH R(s+g& /(s+g&"

+ poss. adj. +

noun or gerund

u)%*+,

%*($ ?0+9G7"' /3 clause 2"_ phraseL/^7M3 (> (&$C0 )verb + ing(5DT;<"' O'/> ($ XZ/D 7"0# <XY

)T0M0iT;"' )%$C,"' ?*Y S13 +. -3="' ?*1"'.



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59

./0001!-Examples

Clauses Phrases

1. He could not speak because he was ill.:L%&70 (> \57M0 L" +.4UQ%bX`0;$ (& .

He could not speak because of his illness.

Or: Being ill, he could not speak.

L%&70 (> \57M0 L" :X`0;$ JAJ3+&" .

2.He got angry since she was late.

:XD`[ ;U "BQ%b#;^H7 .

He got angry on account of her lateness.

R.J;6 H7 NDMD :XD`[ ;U .

3.She drove fast as she was late.

:E)*;MD #/V "BQ%bO;^H7$ #3& .

She drove fast owing to her being late.

O;^H7$ !3+&" X';p3 :E)*;MD #/V .

4.

He studied hard because he wanted to

succeed.

:E/,D

RSR;R/ 4UQ%b;>

q,30

(>

/'.

He studied hard due to his need to succeed.

q,30 (W JA7,9" X';p3 :E/,D RSR;R/ .

5.

Because he was careless, he was

punished.

4UQ%bRNJV+C* :XK$!C$ (& .

Because of h is carelessness, he was punished.

RNJV+C* :A%M& NDMD .

Or: Being careless, he was punished.

*-:RNJV+C* :XZ+M& JAJ3+&" .

6.As it was dark, we lost our way.

"BQ%b3I0;5 3%%` :X)$%p$ #3& .

Owing to darkness, we lost our way.

3I0;5 3%%` :)$%p%" X';p3 .

7.

She stayed in bed as she was ill.

:$ ';1"' -Y v#g=&$ -."BQ%b`0;$ #3& X) .

She stayed in bed as a resul t of her illness.

!J ;$" X),073 :$ ';1"' -Y v#g=&$ -..

Or: Being ill, she stayed in bed$ ';1"' -Y v#g=&$ :X)`0;$ R!J3+&J" .

8.She danced because she was happy.

:#UV; "BQ%bO/04M #3& .

Being happy, she danced.

04M !3+&" #UV; :O/ .

9.They admired his for he is brave.

:JAD '+DJ,*l>4UQ%b{,6] .

They admired his for his bravery.

JAJ7*,]" :JAD '+DJ,*l>.

10.

As we have a wise leader, we avoided

many troubles.

Z7bN*7$"' ($ X';0=& 3D3,7 :X$0&9 X'/iV 30/" .

Owing to the wisdom of our leader, we avoided

many troubles.

N*7$"' ($ X';0=& 3D3,7 :3/iV )$&9" X';p3 .

11.He will succeed since he works hard.

q,30M 4UQ%bE/,D ?$40 .

Working hard, he will succeed.

q,30M E:/,D ?$40 JAJ3+&" .

12.

They work in this way as you have

directed them.

)I0;G5"' PB!D (+%$40 L."!# L!7!,+ )L!7/];>.(

They work in this way according to your

directions.

f7'/];a XIY+ )I0;G5"' PB!D (+%$40 )f7!0,+7" .(

13.

Now that you have taken money, sign

this contract.

)9* "!-2%* \ /V+ :/+I|3"' #$%7M' /I4"' 'B..

Having taken your money, sign this contract.

/I4"' 'B. 2%* \ /V+ :RfJ/+I63 JLKJ7MD .

14.

Now that he is innocent, they must set

him free.

)9* "!-O;+;T "D CA9';M (+IJ%5C0M :c8;D CAG3> #D= .

Being innocent, they must set him free. i0;D JAJ3+&" CA9';M '+IJ%5C0 (> 8;+;`"' ($Y :X .

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15.

As long as he refuses our advice, he

should shoulder the results.

^<)"! oi7G3"' ?T$970 (> N,0 :3790U3 e6Y;0 .

Refusing our advice, he should shoulder the

results.

CevY'; )e6Y;0 ($ (oi7G3"' ?T$970 (> N,0 :3790U3 .

16.

As you had been here before, you had

better lead the way.

rhQ%b3/+I7 (> ?`YW' ($Y :?DgV ($ 3C. g#36& .

Having been here before, you had better lead the

way.

3/+I7 (> ?`YW' ($Y :?DgV ($ 3C. RfJ3+&" .

17.

He refuses to drive his car since he has

faced many accidents.

A7;0M /+I0 (> e6Y;0 4UQ%- v;+ XO;0=& gn/'+9 A,'+ /V .

Due to his accidents, he refuses to drive his car.

JAJ7;0M R/+I0 (> e6Y;0 :JAJ=/'+9" X';p3 .

he refuses to,Due to facing many accidents : Or

drive his car.

JAJ7!,'+$" X';p3 JAJ7;0M R/+I0 (> e6Y;0 :n/'+9"' ($ /0/4"' .

18.You cannot blame him for he is innocent.

:CA$+%7 (> \057M7 Z4UQ%bc8;D .

You cannot blame him for his innocence.

JA7c';D ?,> ($ :CA$+%7 (> \057M7 Z.

19. He succeeded becausehe is clever.:q,3 4UQ%b$ ;. .

He succeeded owing to (due to) (on account of)

(according to) h is cleverness.

JAJ7;!$" X';p3 :q,3 .

Necessity has no law.

&!;z ?&@ #_ T&!'7? X%&1



1(R)QS&! ./!43 r7Z*#I6P 7;6N;OC 7;6/!43 # NC:<:

He could not see. He was blind.1.

He was angry. He lost his watch.2.

He could not play well. He was not trained well.3.

He could not walk. His leg was broken.4.

He suffers from cough. He smokes much.5.

II) Complete the following: 2(J06K< !#- : 1. He closed his shop as ……….

2. He left sad because ……….

3. She wept bitterly R:<:+C H#C since ……….

4.

He could not buy new shoes for ……….5. As he refused to return the stolen good ……….



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III) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:


|)%*,?9"' >/D7 ./4D+ O/GI4C$ L> )50MD )%C$,"' ?. F;47 (> XZ+> f0%*)8>?$C, JPD]>+ )4D7 #';D* /,+7 ?'bM"' 'B. -Y .(

1. He failed because of his laziness.

2. Owing to his bravery, he defeated his rival )4UrOE("%4! ^Td(.

3. Being tired, he went to bed.

4. We couldnt study, because there was much noise.

5. As the day was hot, they decided to spend it on the beach.

6. The boy was punished because he was careless.

7. He was put in prison as a result of bad behavior.

8. Thanks to intelligence, he could overcome his difficulties.

9. The travelers suffered a great deal as they did not have enough water.

10.

Egypt, being full of monuments, tourists visit it all the year round.

Charity begins at home.

7x-0"5 =@#C e"PbA&^3{'7$Q"5 q'= e;57p0&`

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4. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose = 7 B *% )V? O#- Q& )? Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&^{@ & *%`

üe;j"' F%7^0 purposeNDTM"' (* cause (reason)?'bM<"' (* N0,C0 $.K& T(> \$ ::<X"0!P ....... ,

)Why........ ?(.

h)M;/$"' 2"_ N.B7 'B$" Why do you go to school?

L%47> (> /0;> -33W )M;/$"' 2"_ N.B>.)5CO ( I go to school because I want to learn. (cause)

*-:LG%47W )M;/$"' 2"_ N.B>)LG%47> -&" ()j:`(Or: I go to school to learn. (purpose)

ü)D%G5"' /,0 f"B" )T0DDM"' O;D4"' (0D w0;17"' -Y X)D+4U of reason )T0`;j"' O;D4"'+ of purpose:

•.Z;CCOP< R:"C&P<=";%!T .SC"O 7*#6 )T0M0i;"' O;D4"' (*)J_"!P< J( v)+ 5CO .(

•.Z;_:fP< R:"C&P<=";%!T .;P"6 7*#6 G)0M0i;"' O;D4"' (* )CS6O!P< J( 5*/N! j:`.(

ün#? P%&^cause2`+. X$R/R*+ X'/+,+ !"+%4$" )$@KC$ )G%4"' .

ü= 7 B %& "J=^{@ C&^ `purpose2`wI970 Z /V+> wI97 /V CAG3uY .

@)T0M0i;"' )%$C,"D e;j%" )3T0DC$"' )T0Y;Gp"' )4DG7"' )%$C,"' 5D;" )$/^7MC$"' 5D'+T;"' L.>.'*!3! Jd)so that (-.+ ::

so that

in order thatthat

in the hope that -&" *-279 *-(> 2M* *-!?4" aiming that [)BC

1.

ü234$D !G%6& PB. 5DT;"' #'+/>J#P *-$6+ *-7- $O' *-Dz&P 8> L'/^7M' @+,0+ c'+M E/9 2%* 234$"' 'B. (0D" !3$ .

ü-M0i;"' ?41"' (& 'B_))0M0i;"' )%$C,"' -Y (="':"_4! +>=>CS6O! :J6l; 4U%e( )&C NC<*:P< FXd :)8! +may.

ü-M0i;"' ?41"' (& 'B_+ ))0M0i;"' )%$C,"' -Y ({=";_"! :J6l; 4U%e( )&C NC<*:P< FXd :)8! +might.

üF/. +> e;[ )VK* $!30D (07%$C, (0D #'+/W' PB. 5D;7 .

9$8%& 9 $ 0@$5: 5? 7%& &W= , 9D"u

, : 5? 7%& &W= , Oj7%& 9$8%& IJ 2GP

may +&MP< :)8! + '"( +so that, in order, that, in the

hope that, aiming that+ \:"_4! *-CS6O!

might +&MP< :)8! + '"( +so that, in order, that, in the

hope that, aiming that+ J_"!

ü),*S )U5"? P%&&'W0& @$5 (",j&W 9,$YP< (&Dr^may '=might()*,- .& IJ 2 nPb= 7 B *% )V? O#- Q& )? Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&. 1

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63

lest Ki" /(> ($ XY+^ /(> g)0]^ /Z 279 for fear that

2.

ü?$47M3 should\$ X$i'/ lest \$ X309>+ :;i$T "' \0$, \$+ )%$C,"' ($@ (& X$!$ for fear that.

lest

for f ear that+ '"( + should + &MP< :)8!

+ '"( + may or might + &MP< :)8!

+ '"( + should + &MP< :)8!

for f ear that

(> g)0]^ /(> g)Y^$

./0001!-Examples

1. He worked hard so that he might succeed. E/,D ?J$R*J#P q,30 .

2. She studies hard that she may / can succeed. E/,D SC;/7 -.J#P q,37 )J#P q,37 (> \057M7 .(

3. He ran fast in order that he might catch the train. E)*;CMD k;, +.J#P R9%0 gw J;5I"D .

4. He traveled abroad in the hope that he might find work . r;^%" R;YM 4UQ/&P XK$* /,0 .

5. He stopped smoking lest he should die young. G7"' (* FV+7 (0^/ 7- .;GL .g#+$0 X';0jU .

6. I opened the door quickly lest I should disturb him. E)*;MD RND"' 6#97Y 7- W.;GL )A $6+ (J*@l> R, CA .

7.She didnt sleep all night for fear that she might

miss her train. J5 sL37 L" ?0%"' ?'+ s7- W.;GL /I17 )!7+10 (R.C;g5V .

8.He got up early for fear that he should miss the

train. X';&DC$ Re!3 s7- W.;GL ;5I"' /I10 .

How to change Adverbial Clause of Purpose into Phrase

)V? O#_ J )? Ou7 # )$5"T !"#D 9C;~ )? O8OS 1= 7 B *% ))V? O#_ J ))? Ou7 # ))*,_ M 3/#0 qr= 7 B *%

ü" & 5 )*,_ M 9C; * Y%'thatso IJ " & TLO]J'clause^complex`qrphrase^simple`GT 8& :"#? Tr tO*D f2

•#'+/W' FB9'))IDTM"' 5DT;"' #'+/>(f"B&+ ./4D 8B"' ?*1"'+ may*-might-7d' #'+/W' f%7 ($ XZ/D \`+ ::

Clause Phrase

so that, in order that,

that, in the hope that-&"

to J#P , in order to J#P ,so as to J#P , not to QA- ,

in order not to J# A

J#P

aiming that -&" /F/!D aiming to [)BC

+ infinitive

&MP< :)8!

Or: for IJK. , with the intention of L"MN> ,with the aim of L"N>

+ noun or gerund

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64

ü" & 5 w%& )*,- .& "? J=lest '=for fear that fIJ \? ; *_ Yuclause^complex`qrphrase^simple`GT 8"S 2

•#'+/W' FB9'))IDTM"' 5DT;"' #'+/>(f"B&+ ./4D 8B"' ?*1"'+ should+ :-7d' #'+/W' f%7 ($ XZ/D \` :

+ infinitive &MP< :)8! ( ) A J# /A $Q6+ so as not to

+ noun or gerund (Ô< *- &( Ô<)s7- W.;GEL /7! ="(*L Or: for fear of

PhraseClause

so as not to + infinitive (&MP< :)8! ) Or: for fear of + noun or gerund (&( Ô< *- Ô< )

lest / for fear that

./0001!-Examples

Clauses Phrases

1.

We went to the theater in order that we

might see the play.

&;M$"' 2"_ 3D.B J#P )T09;M$"' k;3 .

We went to the theater in order to see the play.

)T09;M$"' k;3" &;M$"' 2"_ 3D.B .

2. He ran everyday that he might win the race.

L+0 ?& k;, +.J#P wDTM"' qD;0 .

He ran everyday to win the race.

wDTM"' qD;0" L+0 ?& k;, +..

3.

He works hard so that he may get high

marks.

E/,D ?$40 +.J#P * ?CU90 2% E#,;/ E)0"* .

He works hard to (so as to / in order to)get high

marks.

2%* ?CU90" E/,D ?$40 +.E#,;/ E)0"* . Or: He works hard for getting high marks.

*-:2%* ?CU90" E/,D ?$40 +. E#,;/ E)0"* .

4.

We go to school so that (i n order that /

that / aiming that)we may learn.

)M;/$"' 2"_ N.B3 (93 J#P LG%473 .

We go to school to (so as to / in order to / aiming

to) learn.

LG%473" )M;/$"' 2"_ N.B3 (93 .

5.

They went to Gaza in order that they

might enjoy the sea.

OT@[ 2"_ '+D.B J#P ;9D"D '+47$7M0 .

They went to Gaza to (so as to / in order to)

enjoy the sea.

;9D"D '+47$7M0" OT@[ 2"_ '+D.B .

Or: They went to Gaza with the intention of(with the aim of) enjoying the sea.

*-:;9D"D {7$7MZ' F/!D OT@[ 2"_ '+D.B .

6.

Mother entered the kitchen that she might

cook .

•D5$"' #%^/ -$l>J#P •CD57 .

Mother entered the kitchen to cook .

•CD57" •D5$"' #%^/ -$l>.

Or: Mother entered the kitchen for (with the aim

of / with the intention of) cooking.

*-:•D5$"' #%^/ -$l> [)BC •DG5"' .

7.

Yesterday, Ahmed returned home early

lest he should be late.

/* :JS$WD /$9>2"_ J#0D"' X';&DC$ 7- W.;GL ;^H70 .

Yesterday, Ahmed returned home early for f ear

of being late.

/* :JS$WD /$9>2"_ J#0D"' X';&DC$ 7! ="(*L ;0^H7"'.

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8.

I am in a hurry lest I shouldnAt attend the

first lesson.

?,47M$ (>A- W.;GL ?+W' S;T/"' ;`9> .

I am in a hurry for f ear of not attending the first

lesson.

?,47M$ (>^)' 7! ="(*L ?+W' S;T/"' ;+`9 .

9.

He worked hard lest he should fail.

E/,D ?J$R*7- W.;GL NCM;0 . He worked hard so as not to fail.

E/,D ?J$R*A J#P CM;0 N . Or: He worked hard for fear of failing (failure).

*- :E/,D ?J$R*7! ="(*L N+M ';"' .

10.

He got up early for fear that he should

miss the train.

X';&DC$ Re!3 7- W.;GL ;5I"' /I10 .

He got up early so as not to miss the train.

X';&DC$ Re!3 A $6+ )A J#P (;5I"' /I10 . Or: He got up early for f ear of missing the train.

X';&DC$ Re!3 7! ="(*L ;5I"' ('/IY .



1(=R)QS&4! =./!43 7Z*#I6EP 7;6N;OC 7;6/!43 # NC:<:

He went home. He wanted to take a rest.1.

They spent the day on the mountain. They hoped to enjoy the fresh air.2.

The students worked hard. They were afraid to fail.3.

She went to the doctor. She wished the doctor to examine her.4.

They kept the child in a warm room. They feared he would take cold.5.

They traveled to Egypt. They aimed at spending the holiday.6.

The doctor cleaned the instruments. He was afraid the wound would fester n+%70 .( ) 7.

My uncle left for Europe. He wished to find a new job.8.

He told me a funny story. He wanted me to forget my sadness.9.

She answered perfectly. She wished to get the top prize.10.

II) Complete the following to make a complex sentence: 2(J6K< !#-+OPKQ RT .=R)QS&4! =./!43 :

1. Boys go to the library so that ………..

2. Children play with toys in order that ………..

3. Youth travel abroad in the hope that ………..

4. Pupils get up early lest ………..

5. The policeman locked the thief up lest ………..

6. The teacher explained the lesson twice in order that ………..

7. They took a boat so that ………..

8.

People read books in order that ………..

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III) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:

2#&P"C 2#&P<* ]!43 EF"CG- $PY ].&C"6 ]H<:"C' 7! ]g!"` ]NLC J6P< !43P< Z*+ :

|)%*,

R)QS&4! ^- .N;OC ./4!3P< d [:&6 7- =A*- h;/'+P< -)C6 "d)&C* )!43 EF"CG-* .&C"6 H<:"C' )3*6 <@OP< <Xd J( ?-.(

1. He went home so as to study his lessons.

2.

They got up early so that they might enjoy the fresh air.

3. He disguised ;&37 himself so as not to be recognized.

4. The policeman hurried in order that he could catch the thief.

5. The army marched quickly to surprise the enemy.

6. He saved his money lest he should fall in trouble.

7. The pupils listened carefully to understand the lesson.

8. He hurried to the station for fear of missing the train.

9. My uncle traveled to Europe with the intention of taking a degree.

10. I study in order that I may succeed.

11.

Many of our soldiers sacrificed their lives so as to free our land.12. We waged T(] the war so that we might restore our land.

13. We decided to conquer ;!I0 Israel to break the myth R:*NO- of her army.

14. The boys escaped for fear of being punished.

15. They met to discuss the new plan.

A bird in the hand is worth ten on the brush.

7o? 6 %& a*D 7 6 D c' @O%&. !;8yD1

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General Exercise No. 13 ^"' 7;:!6

v ) Change the following Clauses into Phrases:

U&8Q 9 TV/=@F 2.W 5X./O R.Z 5(>/O R.Z [Z</=(.Z 'OP$:

1. Do you know where he lives?

2. I shall find him wherever he hides.

3. Ice will melt when the sun shines.

4. He ran away as soon as he heard their steps. 5. When he was working for them, he earned much money.

6. She went home after she had finished her lectures. 7. While we were having supper, all lights went out.

8. We cannot do anything till he arrives.

9. No sooner had she smelt it than she fainted. )/' J!`q-; "B (

10.

Hardly had he left their house when they cried for help. 11. Scarcely had she opened the door when two men rushed in. )L<)/P c()%<(

12. While he was going to school, she met him.

13. Once you have frightened her, she will not return home. 14. She is quite unconscious so long as the doctor operates. 15. While he was abroad, she ran all his shops. 16. They dismissed him because he was careless.

17. Remember these facts for they are very important.

18. He was very angry as she insulted him )U%"d-/U!6G ( .

19.

They killed him for he refused to obey them. 20. He has not been allowed to smoke since he became seriously ill. 21. Cover our food lest flies should spoil it.

22. We arranged everything well in order that his wedding party might be a lovely party. 23. He went to the market so that he might buy a camel.

24. She pays him regularly so that he may let her sell her goods. 25. I shall do everything that I may help you.

Actions speak louder than works.

\&;p0& IJ ("T;i a*D= \",D0&1

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5. Adverbial Clauses of Result (Consequence)

)oOYV*% )? Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&^)oOYV*% )V? O#- Q&`

ü

+77

$/3*'TU"'

;Y !Y+U+$

-Y

)1 )D"M

+>

)D,+$

),073

wI977

A304$

E),;/

2"_ .

•N0,C0 (> J),;/" $ EB0$%7 -Y O;!$"' )1U wI977 (> (&$0 ?=$"' ?0DM 2%*+ 2%* %iMW' ?& ?+I3Y ) :-

1.

He is so clever that he answers all questions. ( complex )

x;.$ +.J),;/" X'/, AG3> CN0,C0 2%* J?& J)%iMW' .)43 4! ./! QS& R) (

Or: He is clever enough to answer. ( simple )

-* :E),;/D ;.$ +.N0,C0 (> -1&7 ) .43 .N;OC ./! (

*-:1U wI977 /V EB0$%7 -Y O/KD"' ) J),;/" G"> RN0,C0 2%*-%0 $& ?+I3Y ?'bM 8>:

2.

He is so stupid that he cannot answer any question. ( complex )2.x-D[ +.J),;/" G"> RN0,C0 2%* ?'bM 8> .)43 4! ./! QS& R) (

Or: He is too stupid to answer. ( simple )

!F:JcDj"' ($ +.(&$D 6n09D N0,C0 Z .)5\X^> 5789(

ü-. :wI977 (> J),;/" !Y+U+$ -Y )1TU"' J;6Y'+7 J),073 (* ;0D4G7%" )$/^7MT$"' 5D'+T;"'.'*!3! )so - - - that (Jd* :-

(> J),;/" so + "+ *- .M8 + that + &( +'"( 1.

(> J),;/" such + [*8*! ^O< *- ^O< + that + &( +'"( 2.

ü)IDTM"' 5D'+T;"' k/9uD ),073%" )3T0DC$"' )T0Y;Gp"' O;D4"' >/D7 8>.

so * - such = very =<)3

that = (> J),;/"

ü/4D so ?9 +> )1U -7H7 )F;p (/4D+ that )%$C, -7H7 )?*Y +?4Y (/4D (+&7 -7"' ?9%" +> )1TU%" X),073 so .

ü/4D h suc /4D+ F+U+$ LM' +> LM' -7H0 that )%$C, -7H7 )?*Y +?4Y ((+&0 8B"' F+U+$"' LMZ' +> LMK" X),073 /4D such .

|)%*,)1UD w+DM$ LM' +. F+U+$"' LMZ'.

./0001!-Examples

1.

He is very strong. He can defeat his rival. X'/, x8+V +..CARMY3C$ RL@!0 s(> \057M0 .

He is so strong that he can defeat his rival. ( complex / clause )

CARMY3C$ RL@!0 (> \057M0 CAG3> J),;/" X'/, x8+V +..)43 4! ./! QS& R) (

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2.

He was very clever. He passed the examination. X'/, X';.$ (& .@7,'(97$Z' .

He was so clever that he passed the examination. ( complex / clause )

@7,' CAG3> J),;/" X'/, X';.$ (& (97$Z'.)43 4! ./! QS& R) (

3.

She was very polite. She respected every one. X'/, )D/b$ #3& ./9'+ ?& #$;79'.

She was so polite that she respected every one. ( complex / clause )/9'+ ?& #$;79' !G3> J),;/" X'/, )D/b$ #3& .)43 4! ./! QS& R) (

4.

He spoke very slowly that I could not hear him. CAR4$M> (> \57M' L" 6n09 E/0/] Ec5DD LG%&7 +..

He spoke so slowly that I could not hear him. ( complex / clause )

CAR4$M> (> \57M> L" -33> J),;/" E/0/] Ec5DD LG%&7 +..)43 4! ./! QS& R) (

|/)%*+,

:

1.(0"=$"' -Y )1(* )2(, (0D )1U #cso + that LV; ?=$"' -Y+ :)3(F;p $!30D c, )?9 (-7"' )%$C,"'+ : /4D -7H7 that $!" ),073 (+&7 )?9"'+ )1TU%" .(

2.<D (070%$C,"' 5D; /4D so .... that DO/GI4C$ XO/9'+ X)%$C, (9DU67 (07%$C,"' T(uY {)(complex / clause.

3.K="' ?<$C,"' -Y 3%$47M' /I" )IDTM<"' 2<"+W' )<= that +"0+ *- .M08 +so D?$47<M' k;<3 F+M<"+

th at)+Ô<*-[*8*! Ô< such +(D\$ ?$C,"' JS13 .

Verb to Be + such + [*8*! Ô< + that

Verb to Have + such + Ô< + that

1.

He is such a strong man that he can defeat his rival. ( complex / clause )

CARMY3C$ RL@!0 (> \057M0 CAG3> J),;/" X'/, 8+V *?C,; +..)43 4! ./! QS& R) (

Or: He has such strength that he can defeat his rival. ( complex / clause )

*-:CARMY3C$ RL@!0 (> \057M0 CAG3> n09D O+I"' A0/" +..)43 4! ./! QS& R) (

2.

They were such clever boys that they passed the examination. ( complex / clause )

L.3& '+ >X'/"+ O;!$ C!G3> J),;/" X'/, L @7,' '+ (97$Z'.)43 4! ./! QS& R) (

Or: They have such cleverness that they passed the examination. ( complex / clause )

*-:L.!0/" L G3> n09D c&B"' C! L @7,' '+ (97$Z'.)43 4! ./! QS& R) (

3.

She was such a polite girl that she respected every one. ( complex / clause )

!G3_/9'+ ?& #$;79' !G3> J),;/" X'/, )D/b$ #3D .)43 4! ./! QS& R) (

Or: She has such politeness that she respected every one. ( complex / clause )

*-:/9'+ ?& #$;79' !G3> n09D N/W' !0/" -..)43 4! ./! QS& R) (

|/)%*+,

:

1.;0&3G7"' O'/> ?$47M' p9 Z)a (/4D such DF+U+$"' LMZ' (& 'B_=<):M4! LV; ?=$"' -Y $& :)1(+ )3(?$47M7 Z+ ;0&37"' O'/>)a(-Y $& X3=$ +> X4$, F+U+$"' LMZ' (& 'B_LV; ?=$"')2.(

2.?0+97 p9Z+ BeVerb To2"_ HaveVerb To?$47M' /3* f"B+ :ÔA<)&C such F+U+$"' LMZ' ($ XZ/D .

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"#$%&' (%)*+

70

ü);#lQ6P< )%')(T04C$ 234$ 2%* /0&H7"' )"9 -Y ()Emphasis(5D'+T;"' (+&7 :so * such ./!43P< *- J( PB<. -Y+ : T(uY )"9"'-Y \`+0 ./4D ?41"'L!17MZ' )j0U )?-:R0 sM JD 6w l?41"' "' /*MC$"' /0&HG7"' 2%* X)"Z/ f"B+ :?J*1 (-%0 $& ::

So + ^"BM6OA< .f;8 J( &MP<+"+ *- .M8 + that + .;%"1P< ./!43P<

Such + ^"BM6OA< .f;8 J( &MP< +[*8*! Ô< *- Ô< + that + .;%"1P< ./!43P<

1. She was such a polite girl that she respected everyone.

Or: Such a polite girl was she, that she respected everyone. ( complex / clause )

( complex / clause )

2. He had (has) such cleverness that he passed the examination.

Or: Such cleverness had (has) he, that he passed the examination.



3. He spoke so slowly that I couldn't hear him.

Or: So slowly did he speak, that I couldn't hear him.( complex / clause )


4.

She sings so beautifully that I admire her.Or: So beautifully does she sing, that I admire her.

( complex / clause ) ( complex / clause )

5. He is so strong that he can defeat his rival.

Or: So strong is he, that he can defeat his rival.



How to change Adverbial Clause of Result into Phrase

)oOYV*% )V? O#_ J ))? Ou7 # ))*,_ M 3/#0 qr )oOYV*% )V? O#_ J )? Ou7 # )$5"T !"#D 9C;~ )? O8OS

ü!D )%$C, ?0+97"+ so ….. that *-such …. that ($ complex (clause)2"_(phrase)simpleDPB<. T(uY FB967 #'+/W'+3$ XZ/D \`3+ :?*1"'-%0 $& ! :

Clause Phrase

so + .M8 *- "+ + that + '"( + &( 7- E.3:)P .M8 *- "+ + enough to + &MP< :)8!

such + [*8*! Ô< *- Ô< + that + &?/) + &( 7- E.3:)P too + .M8 *- "+ + to + &MP< :)8!

|/)%*+,:

1.)&C '"MP< 7"# <XYhat t *d UOM% .;6K< .f;8P< ^)L6O"( D"B/C9 ?XP< :

.M8 *- "+ + enough to + &MP< :)8!

2.)&C '"MP< 7"# <XYthat [/6L; .;6K< .f;8P< ^)L6O"( D"B/C9 ?XP< '"MP< 7' :

.M8 *- "+ + enough for + I4/`.Z &?/G.Z !F bX8c + to + &MP< :)8!

3.

?97 enough to (for)

?9$ so ….. that

*-such …. that

-Y

H"C1i<)

?-2%*

)D7;7$"'

),073"'

#3&

'B_

F+U+$"' -Y )1TU"' w0I97 .C3*! (

"#$%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&'()*+, %-./)0%&*/*12

"#$%&' (%)*+

71

4.?97+ too …. to ?9$ so ….. that -Y JMQ%P<)?-F+U+$"' -Y )1TU"' w0I97 2%* )D7;7$"' ),073"' #3& 'B_ .CP"O ) (?-/4D )%$C,"' #3& 'B_ that .Z;M%! .(

> ( ?*1"' (& 'B_/4D that +. 2M% )07d' )j0U"' L/^7MY :!%DV 8B"' ?*1"' :

too + .M8 *- "+ + to + &MP< :)8!

N ( ?*1"' (& 'B_/4D that [/6L; )07d' )j0U"' L/^7MY :!%DV 8B"' ?*1"' (* :

too + .M8 *- "+ + for + I4/`.Z &?/G.Z !F bX8c + to &MP< :)8! +

5.3*/ ?0+97 .Z;M%! ./!43 !D so …. that ($ complex2"_ simpleT(uY :-1G3"'L'/^7M' /3* FB9C0 too … to .

./0001!-Examples

Clauses Phrases

1.The atom is so small that you cannot see it.

, #O;0jU OT;GB"'.';7 (> \057M7 Z fG3> J),;/" X'/ .

The atom is too small to see.

67 GZ> J),;/" X'/, #O;0jU OT;GB"'; k.

2.He is so rich that he can buy governments.

E#$+&9 8;7]0 (> \057M0 CAG3> J),;/" X'/, x-3[ +..

He is rich enough to buy governments.

;/" X'/, x-3[ +.E#$+&9 8;7]0 (> J), .

3.She is so clever that she answers any question.

?'bM 8> N0,67 !G3> J),;/" X'/, #O;.$ -..

She is clever enough to answer.

N0,67 (> /9 JO;!$"' ($ #j%D .

4.The bag is so heavy that I cannot carry it.

6)D0I9"'#)%0I= > J),;/" X'/, !%$9> (> \057M' Z ( .

The bag is too heavy to carry.

6)D0I9"'#)%0I= ?$967 GZ> J),;/" X'/, .

5.She is so clever that she can guess the truth.

)I0I9"' (T$^67 (> \057M7 !G3> J),;/" X'/, #)*;D -..

She is clever enough to guess.

67 (> J),;/" X'/, #)*;D -.(T$^ .

6.The car is so cheap that I can buy it.

6O;T0M"'#)U0^; !0;7]> (> \057M' -33> J),;/" X'/, .

The car is cheap enough to buy.

6O;T0M"'#)U0^; k;7]67 (> J),;/" .

7.

The food is so hot that we can't eat it.

\057M3

Z

33>

J),;/"

X'/,

x(^M

L4G5"'6&H3

(>g% CA .

The food is too hot to eat.

x(^M CL4G5"'?&bC0 GZ> J),;/" X'/, . Or: The food is too hot for us to eat.

*-:?6&H3 GZ> J),;/" 3" J)DMG3"D X'/, x(^M L4G5"' .

8.

The train moved so quickly that it reached

London in an hour.

;5JI"' fT;97 E)*;MD )*M (+`[ -Y (/3" 2"_ ?RU+ CAG3> J),;/" X'/, .

The train moved quickly enough to reach in

an hour.

C;5JI"' fT;97 E)*;MD -Y ?U0 (> -1&7 J(+`[ )*M .

9.He spoke so quickly that I could not write.

N67&> (> \57M> L" -33> J),;/" E)*;CMD LG%&7 .

He spoke too quickly to write.

)D7&"' 2%* O;/GI"' L/* J),;/" E)*;CMD LG%&7 .

10.

He was so perfectly disguised that she

could not recognize him.(> \57M7 L" !G3> J),;/" X'/, X';&37C$ (& 7 JA0%* F;47 .

He was too perfectly disguised for her to

recognize.g7 (& 6&3 R; JA0%* F;477 L" !G3> J),;/" !" )DMG3"D XK$& CP.

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72

11.

Khalil is such a clever doctor that he got

a prize.

Or: Such a clever doctor is Khalil that he

got a prize.

EO@i, 2%* ?U9 CAG3> J),;/" X'/, x;.$ xN0D5 ?0%^ .

Khalil is a clever doctor enough to got a prize.

EO@i, 2%* ?CU90 (> J),;/" X'/, x;.$ xN0D5 ?0%^ .

12.He was so lazy that he could not succeed.

q,30 (> \57M0 L" CAG3> J),;/" X'/, XZ+M& (& . He was too lazy to succeed.

q,30 Z (> J),;/" X'/, XZ+M& (& .

13.

The ceiling is so high that he can't touch it.

Or: So high is the ceiling that he can't

touch it.

CAM$%0 (> \057M0 Z> J),;/" X'/, E?* FITM"'.

Or: It is such a high ceiling that he can't

touch it.

Or: Such a high ceiling is it that he can't

touch it.

X'/, E?* #FIM CAG3_CAM$%0 (> \057M0 Z> J),;/" .

The ceiling is too high (for him) to touch.

X'/, E?* FITM"')CA" )DMG3"D (S$%C0 Z (> J),;/" .

Or: The ceiling is not low enough (for him)

to touch.

S$%C0 (> \057M0 Z (> J),;/" X`1^3$ S0" FITM"'.

|)%*,L'/^7M' (&$C0 enough …. to ?9$ too …. to 234$"' S&* \`+ ?K^ ($ f"B+ :JM%! ?=$ ::

Clauses Phrases

1.

The exam was so difficult that we couldn't

answer any question.

2<%* N0,63 (> \57M3 L" 33> J),;/" XD4U (& (97$Z'

?'bM

8>.

The exam was too difficult to answer.

)D,a' 2%* O;/I"' L/* J),;/" XD4U (& (97$Z'.

Or : The exam was not easy enough to answer.

*-: )<D,a' 2%* O;/I"' L/* J),;/" XK!M (6&0 L" (97$Z' )N,C0 (>.(

2.

The baby was so young that he couldn't

pick up anything.

l?1G5"'8> 5I7%0 (> \57M0 L" CAG3> J),;/" X'/, X';0jU (& c-] .

The baby was too young to pick up anything.

c-] 8> 5I7"' 2%* O;/I"' L/* J),;/" X'/, X';0jU (& ?1G5"'.

Or: The baby was not old enough to pick up anything.

l?1G5"';/" yX';0D& (6&0 L" c-] 8> 5I7%0 (> J), .



1(=R)QS&4! =./!43 7Z*#I6EP 7;6N;OC 7;6/!43 # NC:<:

1. The aero-plane flew very fast. No one could see it.

2. The mountain is very high. No one could climb it.

3. The journey was very tiring. I fell asleep.

4. The flowers are very beautiful. It is a shame to pick them.

5. It was a very boring book. I couldnt finish it.

6. It was a very long flight. We had three meals on board.

7. It was a very pretty dress. I couldnt resist it.

8.

They were very large boxes. We couldnt send them by air.9. He was very fat. He couldnt get through the door.

10. I was very busy. I couldnt answer the telephone.

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"#$%&' (%)*+

73

II) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:


|)%*,

+P< -)C6 "d)&C* R)QS&4! ^- .N;OC ./4!3P< d [:&6 7- =A*- h;/')!43 EF"CG-* .&C"6 H<:"C' )3*6 <@OP< <Xd J( ?-.(

1. The child became so ill that he could not leave his bed.

2.

He was honest enough for everyone to trust him.

3. He was so frightened that he could not move.

4. The enemy soldiers were so cowardly 7"C3 that they could not resist.

5. Our soldiers were so brave that they destroyed the enemy.

6. They walked too slowly to catch the train.

7. He was so annoyed that he could not speak .

8. The building is too high for us to reach it.

9. He spoke so foolishly that people left him.

10. Some people are so short-slighted that they cannot appreciate matters.

11.

The pyramids are so strong that they will remain for centuries.12. The moon is bright enough to read a book .

13. We were so impatient that we could not wait any longer.

14. The fruit is ripe enough to be picked.

15. The flat is wide enough for them to live in.

III) Combine each of the following pairs to make one complex sentence using too

/ enough wi th inf ini ti ves :

3(="!)L6O! R)QS&! ./!43 !&P 7;6N;OC 7;6/!43 # NC:<enough / too"&(b< :)"8! c! :

1.

It is very cold. We cant go out.

2. You are quite clever. You understand perfectly.

3. It is very dark. I cant see anything.

4. I am very old. I cant wear this kind of hat.

5. I am very rich. I could buy your whole hotel.

6. He is very ill. He cant eat anything.

7. You are quite thin. You could slip between the bars.

8. He was furious. He couldnt speak.

9. Our car is very wide. I wont get through those gates.

10.

The ice is quite thick. We can walk on it. (it [X+ 7#!; ) 11. He was very drunk 7<:#O . He couldnt answer any question.

12. It is very cold. We cant have breakfast in the garden.

Love me little, love me long.

(LC; E I $ %' (LO*pF #b=1

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74

6. Adverbial Clauses of Contrast (Concession !&7pA& )

= !"$Y*% )? Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&^4 p"VY*%^ ` !&7pG %^ ` !&7pG % '=4 p"VY*% '== !"$Y*% )V? O#- Q&`

•)$/^7MC$"' 5D'+T;"' L.>e;47%" )3T0DC$"' )T0Y;Gp"' )4DG7"' O;D4"' 5D;" )eV37%" ()*+$,$ -. )T0M0i;"' )%$C,"D )although :(

1. although / though … T(> \$ /($ L[T;"D /T(> L[;

2. even though / even i f … +" 279 /($ L[T;"D

3. however / whatever (6&0 $!$ /(& $!$ /X0>(&

4. whether …. or not … c'+M ...L" +>...

5.whereas , whi le, on the

other hand …T(> 6n09 /(09 -Y /$30D /k;^l> E)093 ($

6. as …….. T(> \$ /($ L[T;"D /T(> L[; ***

***-7H7 "as "234$D "although "c, 'B_./4D )1U .

ü$C0 O;0=& k;^l> 5D'+; f3.+ 5DT;"' O'/> ?=$ :e;4G7"' (* ;0D47%" X`0> L/^7M67 (> (& and 3"+V -Y $& :

• He came and I didn't see him c, * CPR;> L" .

üj:"&Q6/P .%Z;C4!P< NC<*Z:P< ^d- :#XC "%;M6#< hPXP* .

although, though, even though, even i f + '"( + &( 1.

He was poor. He was happy X';0IY (& .X'/04M (& .

Al though (Though / Even though / Even if ) he was poor, he was happy. 4UQ%- c! ;0IY (& X'(& CAG3> G"_ M /04 X'.

•I6"#$%&

)1TU"' -7H7 (> (&$C0 C9 *- )&C thoughXO;]DC$ .

•

Poor though he was, he was happy.• Though poor was he, he was happy.

• "#$%#&although * though * even though * even i f )+<* ="&;!3 "BP"!&6O< .

Although (Though / Even though / Even i f) she was wealthy, she felt miserable.

"BI%- c! :X)0;= #3& !G3> G"_SH0"D #;4] . 1.

Although he was clever, he always failed 4UQ%- c! :X';.$ (& CAG3> G"_?]10 X$i'/ )NCM;0 .(2.

Although he was strong, he couldn't work hard. 4UQ%- 7! ^`Z:P<:X0+V (& CAG3> G"_E/,D ?$40 (> \57M0 L" .

Or: Though strong he was , he couldn't work hard. 3.

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"#$%&' (%)*+

75

however + "+ *- .M8 )[:o ( + '"( + &( 2.

ü-7H0 )&C however ?9 +> )1U )F;p .(

However clean the house was, we didn't stay in it. 7"# "!B! X10p3 #0D"' 3G3> G"_JAD 2ID3 L" . 1.

However badly he wrote, he got high marks. "!B! :E)i0M E)I0;5D N7& CAG3> G"_E)0"* E#,;/ 2%* ?U9 .2.

•o+A?+W' ?=$"' -Y )1TU"' /+,+ )clean(-3G="' F;Gp"'+ )badly()&C however :L!17MZ' )j0U $./4D ?$47M3 L"+ .

ü?$47M' (&$C0 however ($ XZ/D although (&"+ :?9 +> )1U ./4D -7H0 (> N,0 )F;p .(

4UQ%- c! :X';0IY (& CAG3> G"_X'/04M (& . Although he was poor, he was happy.

7"# "!B! :X';0IY CAG3> G"_X'/04M (& . However poor he was, he was happy.

X'/04M (& 4UQ%- c! 7"# X';0IY . He was happy, however poor he was.

3.

7! ^`Z:P"C !IG%M70 (> \057M0 CAG3HY :)0"* O;,G]"' T(> . Though the tree is high, he can climb it.

7! ^`Z:P"C !IG%M7 (> \057M0 CAG3HY :)0"* O;,G]"' T(> . However high the tree is, he can climb it.

O;,G]"' w|%M70 (> \057M0 +.7I#6 "!B! )0"* . He can climb the tree however high it is.

4.

whatever + :;!_ *- ^O< + '"( + &( 3.

•/4D -7H0 whatever LM' *-;0$` .

Whatever mistakes she made, he forgave her. "!B! g%J$* !9$M :Ec5^> ($ # .1.

Whatever you say, I never mind. "!B! X'/D> ;&B7> Z 3> :?6I7 )'L7.' Z .(2.

•?$47M' (&$C0 whatever ($ XZ/D although -7H0 (&"+ :"d)&C )?-)&C although (^O<:?=$ :

Although he tells lies, he is believed. 4UQ%- 7! ^`Z:P"C wT/UC$ +!Y N0B&> -&90 .

Whatever lies he tells, he is believed. "!B! wT/UC$ +!Y N0B&> ($ -&90 .

He is believed whatever lies he tells. wT/UC$ +. "!B! N0B&> ($ -&90 .

3.

•?$47M' (&$C0 :;!_ /4D whatever ?=$ ::

Whatever he said, we all laughed. "!B! X40$, 3&9` 3G3> G"_ ?V .

We all laughed whatever he said. "!B! X40$, 3&9` 3G3> G"_ ?V . 4.

.M8 + as + '"( + &( 4.

üL/^7M67 as 234$D although )($ L[T;"' 2%*(eV3G7"' (* ;TD467 -.+ )1U /4D #c, 'B_ :.

Clever as he was, he couldn't answer the question. 4UQ%- ^`: :X';.$ (& CAG3> G"_?'bTM"' N,C0 (> \57M0 L" .

Or: Although he was clever, he couldn't answer the question. 1.

Educated as he was, he behaved badly. ^`: 4UQ%-:X$G%47C$ (& CAG3> G"_E)iT0M E)I0;5D FT;U7 .

Or: Although he was educated, he behaved badly.2.

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76

How to change Adverbial Clause of Contrast into Phrase

= !"$Y*% )V? O#_ J )? Ou7 # )$5"T !"#D 9C;~ )? O8OS ^4 p"VY*%`= !"$Y*% ))V? O#_ J ))? Ou7 # ))*,_ M 3/#0 qr^4 p"VY*%`

•?<0+97 /3*<!D )<%$C, although *-though *-even i f *-even though*-however *-whatever *-

)as.M8 )&C (T(uY :FB967 #'+/W' PB.+?*1"'+)07d' #$%&"' k/9_ !3$ XZ/D \`3+ :./4D 8B"' ?41"':

Clause Phrase

although / though ($ L[T;"D

however / whatever !$ (6&0 $

even though / even if +" 279 /($ L[T;"D

in spite of 7! ^`Z:P"C / despite 7! ^`Z:P"C / for all C 7! ^`Z:P" / with all /7! ^`Z:P"C regardless of 70! ^`Z:P"0C /not with

standing Lbd> /*? beO 3.Z Tgi>

whether …. or not … c'+M ...L" +>... with or without + j_Z (noun)

+ poss. adj .

+

noun or

gerund

v(',/4#(')%*+,I%%9k<= l%%`= |*;93%%`= G%%c;: J)(verb + ing)gerund(G%%H Pi6%%F {=6Y3%%`= CE N!k7 S%%<= G%%H l%%ì= y*83%%_= !%%Ma9H {6%%, 6%%T, Z%%<[C Nl%%ì=

!j#S<=)!kn+being(I9k<= l`= CE lì= GH Pi6F.

./0001!-Examples

PhraseClause He was unhappy in spite of his wealth.

/04M ;0[ +.^`: JAJi';= .

He was unhappy though he is wealthy.

/04M ;0[ +.4UQ%- c! 8;= . 1.

I n spite of his strength, he couldn't work hard.

^`: E/,D ?$40 (> \57M0 L" :JAJ7T+V .

Or: I n spite of being strong, he couldn't work

hard.

*-:7! ^`:P"C E/,D ?$40 (> \57M0 L" :X0+V JJAJ3+& .

Although he was strong, he couldn't work hard.

4UQ%- ^`: E/,D ?$40 (> \57M0 L" :X0+V (& . 2.

Despite his bad writing, he got high marks.

7! ^`Z:P"C E)0"* E#,;/ 2%* ?U9 :E)i0TM"' JAJ7D7& .

However badly he wrote, he got high marks.

"!B! E)0"* E#,;/ 2%* ?U9 :E)i0M E)I0;5D N7& .

3.

Despite his wealth, he doesn't spend much.

7! ^`Z:P"C X';0=& w13C0 L" :JAi';= .

Although he is wealthy, he doesn't spend much.

7! ^`Z:P"C X';0=& w13C0 L" :8;= CAG3> . 4.

Despite being wealthy, he doesn't spend much.

7! ^`Z:P"C X';0=& w13C0 L" :X0;= JAJ3+& .

However wealthy he is, he doesn't spend much.

"!B! X';0=& w13C0 L" :X0;= (6&0 .5.

She refused to stay with them in spite of her

happiness.

:LC!4$ 2ID7 (> #`Y; 7! ^`Z:P"C !7/4M .

She refused to stay with them though she was

happy.

:LC!4$ 2ID7 (> #`Y; "BQ%- c! XO/04M #3& . 6.

I n spite of being my only friend, he never

visits me.Z:P"C 7! ^`X'/D> -3+@0 Z +!Y :/09+"' -I0/U JAJ3+& .

Although he is my only friend, he never visits me.

4UQ%- c! X'/D> -3+@0 Z +!Y :/09+"' -I0/U . 7.

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77

She remembers me despite my absence for

many years.

-3;&B77 -.^`: EO;0=& E#'+3M" -D0[.

She remembers me although I was absent for

many years.

-3;&B77 -.J%%- ^`: EO;0=& E#'+3M" XDi[ 6#36& . 8.

I shall find him in spite of hiding into a cave.

JAJ0%* ;6=*HM ^`: EF!& -Y JAJiD7^'.

I shall find him even if he hides into a cave.

JAJ0%* ;6=*HM *P $6+ EF!& -Y HD7^' . 9.

I shall find a way despite all difficulties.

X)I0;5 C/,HM ^`: #D+4U"' ?6& )N4 -U"'.( I shall find a way even if there were many

difficulties.

X)I0;5 C/,HM *P* $6+ EO;0=& E#D+4U f3C. #3& . 10.

Despite his carefulness, he made mistakes.

7! ^`Z:P"C :JJP;B9 tc5^> N&7;' .

Or: Despite being careful, he made

mistakes.

*-:7! ^`Z:P"C tc5^> N&7;' :X';B9 JAJ3+& .

However careful he was, he made mistakes.

"!B! tc5^> N&7;' :X';B9 (& .

11.

Regardl ess of his strong right hand, youcan defeat him.

7' :oQ%P< E[:8C JP/0 CA$@!7 (> \057M7 :)T0+I"' 23$C0"' .

However strong is his right hand, you candefeat him.

"!B! CA$@!7 (> \057M7 :X)0+V 23$C0"' CP/0 (6&7 . 12.

Not with standing our slow steps, we shall

reach our goal.

7' :oQ%P< E[:8C 3Y/. l?U3M :37'+5^ c5CD .

However slowly we are marching, we shall

reach our goal.

"!B! 3Y/. ?U3M :Ec5DD -]$3 . 13.

With all his money, he can't escape being

tried.

zI#C L&9C0 (> ($ NC;!0 (> \057M0 Z :JAJ"'+$> .

Whatever money he pays, he can't escape

being tried.

"!B! (> \057M0 Z :X'/+I3 \Y/0 L&9C0 (> ($ NC;!0 . 14.

For all his difficulties, he could succeed.

7! ^`Z:P"C q,30 (> {57M' :JAJ7D+4U . Whatever difficulties he faced, he couldsucceed.

"!B! q,30 (> {57M' :E#D+4U ($ A,'+ . 15.

With or without money, he cannot succeed.

EU%*)C *- E"!P"C D"!P<q,30 (> \057M0 Z .

Whether he pays money or not , he cannot

succeed.

ka<*O X'/+I3 \Y/ ^P *-q,30 (> \057M0 Z +!Y :\Y/0 . 16.

She will encourage him regardl ess of (his)

success or (his) failure.

CA4T,]67M 7' :oQ%P< E[:8C &,G3"' )CA9,3 (*-?]1"' )JA%]Y .(

She will encourage him whether he succeed or

fails.

CA4T,]67M -.ka<*O q,3 *-?]Y . 17.

History repeats itself.

/P8< _@O$C _H C!"? Y%&1

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1(;6N;OC 7;6/!43 # NC:<=R)QS&4! =./!43 7Z*#I6EP 7 :

The battle was fierce .M;%'( ). We could win the battle.1.

The distance was too far. We could cover it in a short time.2.

The road was bad. They crossed it easily.3.

He was very hungry. He refused to eat.4.

We shall stay a little longer. It is late.5.

He behaved unwisely. He was highly educated.6.

He made the same mistakes. I warned him much. 7.


2(2#&P<* ]!43 EF"CG- $PY ].&C"6 ]H<:"C' 7! ]g!"` ]NLC J6P< !43P< Z*+ 2#&P"C :

|)%*,?9"' >/D7 ./4D+ O/GI4C$ L> )50MD )%C$,"' ?. F;47 (> XZ+> f0%*)?$C, JPD]>+ )4D7 #';D* /,+7 ?'bM"' 'B. -Y 8>.(

Though he has a car, he often uses a bus.1.

However strong he may be, he cannot bend J%1; ( ) this bar.2.

Intelligent as he was, he behaved wrongly.3.

Whatever books he reads, his knowledge is limited.4.

I shall buy a car, whatever money it costs.5.

In spite of his strength, he could not fight two men.6.

For all his wealthy, he does not help the poor people.7.

Despite his courage, he escaped.8.

However violent the resistance was, we could conquer ):BS; ( them.9.

Whatever mistakes he made, I forgave him.10.

Regardless of his serious illness, he went on working.11.

However cautious he was, he fell into troubles.12.

For all his great efforts, he failed to attain his ends.13.

Although he has a good name, he faced troubles.14.

Though clever he was, he failed to answer well.15.

It is no use crying over silt milk.

h; $ PQ&I *%& a*D 7" $ #%& IJJ '@M c1

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79

7. Adverbial Clauses of Manner

#$%&)? O8O $ *% )? Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"^)UC7N*% '= )? O8O $ *% )V? O#- Q&`

ü)T010&%" )3T0DC$"' )T0Y;Gp"' )4DG7"' O;D4"' 5D;" )$/^7MC$"' 5D'+T;"'))I0;G5%" ()*+$,$ -. )T0M0i;"' )%$C,"D )as :(

$& as …. 1.

s+g" $& as if …. 2.

s+g" $& as though …. 3.

Examples 5766`%F

?$40 +."!# CPR;C$> . He works as I order him.1.

JAD,'+D LV "!# {,6] x8/3, AD L+I0 (> N,0 . He did his duty as a brave soldier should (do it). 2.

!J%$4D #$V 23C$ "!# ?R$4C0 (> N,0 . Mona did her job as it should be done. 3.

RfJ9R *P "!# (& X3+3,$ . He laughed as if (as though) he was mad. 4.

L%&70 *P "!# X&J%$ (& . He speaks as i f he were a king. 5.

'/D *P "!# A7+;= !?6& /IY /V (& . He seemed as though he had lost his wealth. 6.

E&'!"#$%1.LV; ?=$"' -Y )5(/4D )4DG7"' )%$T,"' -Y ?41"' T(> /,3 )as if (-<I0I9"' ;<0[ -`$"' -Y CA7[0U #$7 /V )-<Y

;`9"' -Y LK&"' T(> \$ -`$"'(?*1"' T(> 8> :)he(?4Y 2"_ /g3sM$ /;1$ )were((> /<0&H7" f<"B ?<&+ :\$, )I0I9"' ;0[ ;!p$"'.X&J%$ (& +" $& L%&70+ X&J%$ S0" CAG3>…..as if he were a king8> :P< ^)L6O% "%%-J_"!

:|sCL!/P :Bo!P< R:;"f4! 7' :;C&6/P JS;S+ :;fP<):CL4; "!P :;"f4! :Bo!P< Z7- ?-) (.S;S+/P .(

2.LV; ?=$"' -Y )6()T0M0i;"' )%$C,"' ?4Y T(> /,3 )seemed( )<4DG7"' O;<D4"' ?<4Y+ :50M<D"' -<`$"' ($@ -Y …. as though he had lost his money. ' ($@ -Y :)I0I9%" ;0jC$ ;!p$"' T(> 2%* )"Z/%" :LG7"' -`$" .

./IY /V (& +" $& '/D CAG3&"+ :X)I0I9 A7+;= /I10 L" CA3_.

He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.

(" K O0 9$8C cL N %_ C c IJ1



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80

How to change Adverbial Clause of Manner into Phrase

!"#D 9C;~ )? O8OS )? O8O $ *% ))V? O#_ J ))? Ou7 # ))*,_ M 3/#0 qr )? O8O $ *% )V? O#_ J )? Ou7 # )$5"T

üT;"' ?0+97 L70 5D'+ as! as if

! as though -%0 $& :

Clause Phrase

as $& according to ="SCN }P / as / in accordance with ="SCN }P

in the manner (way) of . ] .S;:NC ...

in a (.M8 ) way (manner) … ] .S;:NC ...

with …. }C as if / as though s+" $&

like …. Z7l#

+noun or

gerund

Examples ./001!-

PhraseClause He made the door according to my orders.

ND"' \3U ="SCN 8;$'+W)-7$0%47 (.

He made the door as I told him.

ND"' \3U "!# CAg7;D^> . 1.

They worked according to her orders.Or: They worked in accordance with her orders.

'+%J$R*="S(* .;$'+W.

They worked as she had ordered them.

'+%J$R**P "!# LC!7;D^> /V #3& . 2.

They are acting according to his teachings.

(+Y;U70 L.="SCN CA$0"47" .

They are acting as he taught them.

(+Y;U70 L."!# L!$G%* . 3.

He speaks l ike a king.

L%&70 & fJ%$ .

He speaks as if he were a king.

L%&70 *P "!# X&J%$ (& . 4.

He smiled with pleasure (fake).

EO/4MD LM7D')EF0@D /E?,/D .(

He smiled as though he was pleased.

LM7D'*P "!# X'/04M (& . 5.

He speaks l ike the owner of the factory.

LG%&70 Q%l# 4U \3U$%" fJ"$ .

He speaks as if he were the owner of the

factory.LG%&70 *P "!# \3U$%" fJ"$ +. (& .

6.

She talked in a singing way (manner) (fashion) .

)T0i3[ E)I0;5D #=/97 .

She talked as if she were singing.

#=/97 *P "!# -G3j67 #3& . 7.

He seemed losing his money.

JAJ"'+$W /VY Ez^]& '/D .

He seemed as though he lost his money.

'/D *P "!# JPJ/+I3 /IY /V (& . 8.

He ran l ike a haunted person.

k;, /;5C$ Ez^]& .

Or: He ran in great fear. ./0/] EF+^D 8;,0 :*-

He ran as if the devils were pursing him.

k;, *P "!# CPR/;567 (050G]"' #3& . 9.

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82

8. Adverbial Clauses of Comparison )<!"U,*% )V? O#- Q& )? Ou7R z%& )$5"Y%&&!"#$%&

üS;T/"' 'B. JL!Y 2%* Rf/*M67" :!7Z$47M'+ )3;IC$"' #1U XZ+> S;/0 (> f0%* N"G5"' -^>.

ü

;/G3"'

($ (>)j0U

-Y

)3;IC$%"

)3T0DC$"'

)4DG7"'

)T0Y;Gp"'

#';D4"'

(+&7

<"'phrase

)j0<U

-Y

(+&7

XD"[

!G3&"+

: <"'clause.

ü.!)L6O4!P< NC<*Z:P<)3;IC$%" )3T0DC$"' )T0Y;Gp"' )4DG7"' O;D4"' 5D;" .'*!3! Jd )than (?=$ ::

S0" ....<& not so (as) + .M8 + as 4. <& .....<& as + .M8 (adj.) + as 1.

$G%6& ....$G%6& .. the more ….. the more …. 5.)3;I$ )1U +T$*/(* Comparative adj. + than 2.

$G%6& ....$G%6& .. the more …. the less ….6. )3;I$ )1U +8B"' f'B (* Comparative adj. + than that 3.

E)%*+,

more* less.%:"S4! .M8 7' R:"C' comparative adj.).(

0# .....0# as + .M8 (adj.) + as 1.

ü)1TU"' -Y 8+MG7"' (* ;0D4G7%" L/^7M67 .

CA%=$ x-D[ RfG3>. You are as foolish as he (is).1.

A0^> ?=$ ;.$ (@$ . Mazen is as clever as his brother (is). 2.

/MW& E)*,]D N;9 . He fought bravely as the lion did.3.

-%=$ ?0+5 -3.. Hany is as tall as I (am).4.

CAg%$* \057M7 $& ?!M ?$4"')CAg%4Y .( The work is as easy as you can make it.5.

E$'%&LV; ?=$"' -Y )1(* )2(* )4(D)5M'+D )Y+54$"' )03G="' )T0Y;Gp"' O;D4"' -Y ?41"' ;U7^' TL7 as 2ID0 L"+ :

5IY ?*1"' GZ_.?-[X+ 7#!4; )is(* )is(* )am(JP<*6P< $/'.

2;P .....0# not as (so) + .M8 (adj.) + as 2.

ü)1TU"' -Y 8+MG7"' L/* (* ;0D4G7%" L/^7M67 .

/I747 $& XK!M S0" ?$4"'. The work is not as easy as you think.1.

-%=$ X';.$ S0" +.. He is not so clever as I (am). 2.

)%0+5 #M0" -.$ -%= . She is not so tall as I (am).3.

)%0$, #M0" k/C.)0$M& ))0$M ?=$ .( Huda is not so beautiful as Samia (is).4.

.%:"S! .M8 +"Z!'/7' Comparative adj. + than (than that) 3.

ü(03=' (0D ?0`1G7"' )j0U ?$47M3 )(03=' (0D )3;I$ )1U (?DV than .

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?!M> ?$4"'"!'/I747 . The work is easier than you think.1.

?!M> ?$4"'?XP< h<X 7'-`$"' {+DMW' AD g#$6V . The work is easier than that you did last week. 2.

;0$M y*9-7! L"M . Samir is stronger than Salem (is).3.

3+%7IC$ :1#-XO;D^

7! L!0%J7IC$ . Our fighters are more experienced than their fighters.4.

"!Q/I# ...."!Q/I# .....the more + '"( + &( …….., the more + '"( + &( ……..4.

ü^)L6OI6 the more ….., the more …….;):QNP< .9>&P< 7' :;C&6/P .

The more you work, the more you gain. "!Q/I# E/,D g#%J$R* :1#-:"!Q/I# g#9D; :1#-.

E%&(03=' (0D )3;I$"' )j0U ?$47M'(comparative adj.)/4D the…….., the…… .

the + comparative adj. …….., the + comparative adj. …………

5. the more + '"( + &( , the less + '"( + &(

ü^)L6O6 .f;Z8P< FXd .;O#&P< .9>&P< 7' :;C&6/P .

The more we yield to the demands of our children, the less we encourage their own abilities.

"!Q/I# 3"15> N"5$" 3$%M7M' :1#-:"!Q/I# "%//9 L!D )U^"' L!7';/V ($ . 1.

The less mistakes you make, the moremarks you get.

"!Q/I# c5^> #D&7;' 9-:"!Q/I# #,;/ 2%* #%U9 :1#-. 2.

I commit my affair to Allah.

>& qr A7J== ;u='

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84

How to change Adverbial Clause of Comparison into Phrase

? O#_ J ))? Ou7 # ))*,_ M 3/#0 qr )<!"U,*% )V? O#_ J )? Ou7 # )$5"T !"#D 9C;~ )? O8OS )<!"U,*% ))V

•-7d& 5D'+T;"' ?0+97 L70 :

Clause Phrase

equal in + Ô< *- of the same + Ô< + as as + .M8 + as <& .....<&

equally + .M8 not so (as) + .M8 + as S0" ...<& not equal in + Ô< *- not of the same + Ô<

comparative adj. + than ...

(e.g. more than )($ + )3;I$ )1U

not equal in + Ô< *- not of the same + Ô< or: not equally + .M8 *- different + Ô<

Examples ./001!-

PhraseClause

We are equal in tallness . ?+5"' -Y (0+M7$ (93 .

Or : We are equall y tall . .XZ+5 (00+M7$ (93 :*- He is as tall as I (am). -%=$ ?0+5 +..

1.

They are equal in beauty . ?$,"' -Y (70+M7$ $. .

Or : They are equally beautiful .

*-:XZ$, (70+M7$ $..

She is as beautiful as Samia.

)0$M ?=$ )%0$, -.. 2.

They are not equal in beauty .

?$,"' -Y (70+M7$ ;0[ $..

Or : They are not equally beautif ul .

*-:XZ$, (70+M7$ ;0[ $. .

Or : They are dif ferent in beauty .

*-:?$,"' -Y (71%7^$ $. .

Or : They are not of the same beauty .

*-:?$,"' S13D 7M0" $. .

Huda is ( not) as (so) beautiful as Samia.

)0$M ?=$ )%0$, #M0" k/C..

Or : Huda is beautiful than Samia.

)0$M ($ ?$,> k/C.. 3.

We are not equal in strength .

O+I"' -Y (00+M7$ ;0[ (93 .

Or : We are not equall y strong .

*-:XO+V (00+M7$ ;0[ (93 .

I am stronger than he is.

A3$ k+V> 3>. 4.

He fought bravely l ike the lion.

/MW' ?=$ E)*,]D N;9 .

He fought bravely as the lion did.

/MW& E)*,]D N;9 . 5.

A T.V camera is costli er than a T.V set does.

(+0@1%7"' @!, ($ X)1%&7 ;=&> (+0@1%7"' ';0$& .

A T.V camera costs more than a T.V set does.

(+0@1%7"' @!, ($ ;=&> (+0@1%7"' ';0$& FG%&67 . 6.

They bought more food than their need.

L!7,9

($

;=&>

X$45

'+;7]'.

They bought more food than they needed.

'+,79'

$$

;=&>

X$45

'+;7]'.

7.

The vegetables are not of the same price as last week.

+';`^"'-`$"' {+DMW& ;4TM"' S13D #M0" #'.

The vegetables costs as much as they did last week.

-`$"' {+DMW' A0%* #3& $$ ;=&> FG%&67 #'+';`^"'. 8.

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I) Complete the following: 1(ISmZ &80F :

1. He received less money than ……….

2.

I am not so old ……….

3. He does not work so well ……….

4. The more attention a pupil pays ……….

5. The more quickly we run ……….

6. The thinner the man is ……….

7. The easier the question is ……….

8. He can write as clearly ……….


2(2#&P"C 2#&P<* ]!43 EF"CG- $PY ].&C"6 ]H<:"C' 7! ]g!"` ]NLC J6P< !43P< Z*+ : @)%*,f0%*?9"' >/D7 ./4D+ O/GI4C$ L> )50MD )%C$,"' ?. F;47 (> XZ+>)?$C, JPD]>+ )4D7 #';D* /,+7 ?'bM"' 'B. -Y 8>.(

1. Ali is not so intelligent as his brother is.

2. He wrote well as his brother did.

3. He is as tall as his father is.

4. He and his brother are equal in generosity. ^:# ( )

5. He and his brother are equally short.

6. He was not so stupid as his brother was.

7. The first film and the second film were not equally interesting.

8.

The son and his daughter are equal in cleanliness.

Content is better than riches.

aV B %& IJ - Z )D"VU%&1

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86

9. Adverbial Clauses of Condition (The Conditional Clauses) ( If Clauses)

)? O E 7? 6 %& )? Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&^5 7? 6 *% )V? O#- Q&`

•

-. ?$C,"' ($ {+3"' 'B. -Y )$/^7MC$"' 5D'+T;"' L.>.'*!3! )i f

(=$ :? :

5;]D /s(> )50;] 2%* on conditi on that …. 5. 'B_/+" /s(_ if …..1.

eR;1D provided … 6.L" 'B_/L" +" /L" s(_un less = if …. not … 2.

eJ;7Y' suppose …. 7. eR;1D (> provided that … 3.

T(> eJ;7Y' supposing that ….4.

•a*D :; " ;Q& &gH e"S "R Q'f"C;YP+Q& M +O + a+*D e"+ * YJ& /+VJ ;*l W" $ C c' f)? O,H0& IJ ; - #S )n<"M

u P_/b7 6 < {;? Y%& IJ )7G 6 5? y%&. 9Oy8)JW"U%& )*O*U%&" * 81

Conditional Sentences (If Rules) (Conditionals)

)O E 7 6 %& 9,- .&^&Dr @D&;pN ;%`

ü)if (-347 P D<XY* s7Y D.

ü;D7467 )if (] O'/> 5D; O'/>+ 5; .

üL/^7M67 (if);^Q 2%* /$740 Xi0] T(> /0167 -7"' ?$C,"' 8> :)05;]"' ?$C,"' (* ;DT47" .üG]"' )%$C,"' -Y /,+0 T05; ) N:G &( &(* N:G 5<*3 L*W' N"j"' -Y $!30D )VK* f3.+ -%0 $0Y !03D3M .

üf3..&C:-G]"' ?$C,"' ($ {'+3> T05; -%0 $& ) :

)*,- .&)? C78? y%& )? O E 7? 6 %&^O j"U|& @D"p` 1-The Zero Conditional

Q6P< 7;*# :Form-1

5 7 6 %& h&;M 9$u 5 7 6 %& 9$ui f + Present Simple Present Simple

50MD {;`$ 50MD {;`$

A<^<)L6O :Usage-2

ü/3* O/*I"' PB. L/^7M3 Q6P<Z)P< gm"S+P< 7' :;C& .!m<)?-:"!)%'6 7*# .CO% aJQGP< v*)+ "!6+< 100%.(

u(')%*,<D )%$C,"' #>/D 'B_)

if ()%UY \`3 )

,(#3& 'B_ T$> :)%$,"' ($ ?+W' c@,"' /4D )

if (5M+ -Y )%$C,"' )%UY \`3 KY .

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Examples ./10!-

*P 3uY :c$"' /$,70 A o%="' 2"_ ?+970 .).S;S+ ( I f water freezes, it turns into ice. 1.

*P N+B0 AG3uY :c$"' -Y ;&TM"' \`3 .).S;S+ ( I f we put sugar in water, it dissolves. 2.

*P //$70 AG3uY :/0/9"' (G M63 .).S;S+ ( I f we heat iron, it expands. 3.

- .&\'0& :;V%& )O E 7 6 %& )*,^9,Y * - Q& @D"p` 2.The First Conditional

7;*0#Q6P< :Form-1

5 7 6 %& h&;M 9$u 5 7 6 %& 9$ui f + Present Simple Future Simple

`$ 50MD ?DI7M$ 50MD {;

:)8!P< shall / will +

×L'/^7M' (&$0+ may*- can($ XZ/D shall*- will.

^<)L6OA< :Usage-2

üG3"' 'B. L/^7M3 G]"' ?$C,"' ($ {+ T05; w<I977 (> (<&$$"' ($ -7"' c0]~" ) )<%$79C$ T8>) n+/<9"' ((Probable).

)?-:"!)%'6 7*# .CO% "!6+< aJQGP< v*)+ 50%.(

Examples ./10!-

*P X';0=& ?6&H7 e;$7MY :. I f you eat too much, you'll be sick. 1.

*P q,30MY :E/,JD ?$40 . I f he works hard, he will succeed. 2.

*P q,30 (> \057M0 :E/,D ?$40 . I f he works hard, he can succeed. 3.

*P 0 (> @+,0 :E/,D ?$40 q,3 . I f he works hard, he may succeed.4.

:\I7M ^P 7Y;B97 . You'll fall i f you are not careful.5.

^P

<XYq,30

(%Y

:E/,D

?$40 . I f he does not work hard, he will not succeed.6.

3.The Second Conditional

? O E 7? 6 %& )*,- .&? ]%& :;_ V%& )G<"^9,Y P -B %& @D"p^ `9O * YPQ& @D"p`

Q6P<7;*0# :Form-1

5 7 6 %& h&;M 9$u 5 7 6 %& 9$u:)8!P< i f + Past Simple should / would +

J_"!P< J( CS6O! N;OC J_"! ×L'/^7M' (&$0 might *-could ($ XZ/D should *-would.

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^<)L6OA< :Usage-2

üG3"' 'B. L/^7M3 G]"' ?$C,"' ($ {+ T05; ;0D47%" ) (*:-

ü -(U1*)4+ wZ3:4! :;` *- !6+4! :;` J/CS6O! N:G )?<$79$ ;<0[) (Improbable.(^A=2)#P+< e;+ $ T "J@+VD

7G? 6 %&< '@b \",Yb&10Q1` I f he won the prize, he would buy a new car.

<XY/*P XO/0/, XO;0M 8;7]0MY :O@i,"' RNM& .);` *- !6+! :;`: RTm"3P< 5O#;O U%- wZ3:4! .(

h`@ O * i -3 7 ""|&' p;%&. 5 701

I f they had some money, they would stay at a hotel.

*P w/31"' -Y '+=&$" :/+I3"' e4D L!0/" (& .)?-d' X'/+I3 L!0/" S0" w/3Y -Y (+=&$0 Z L!3uY 'B" :( (. 1.

I f I were rich, I wouldn't drive an old car. *P X)$0/V XO;0M 6#/6V $" :X03[ 6#3& .♦%&

3$/^7M' 33>were )(($ XZ/D was )(\$ )I((&$$ ;0[ A3> (T0D63" ) .?-:%!)L6O< "%%- " ! 7!T JS;S+ :;` J_" .( 2.

I f I were you, I would (I'd) tell the police. *P :f3&$ 6#3& )5;G]"' 6#;D^W.3.

u)%*,L/^7M3 XD"[ )were(($ XZ/D )was(\$ )I, He, She, It(DJS;S+ :;` 7"# <XY.

Examples ./10!-

*P E/,D RS;/ q,3" :)q,30 (> {57MZ(. I f he studied hard, he would (could) succeed. 1.

*P XO;,] 6wG%M7HMY :X'/M> 6#%DV . I f I met a lion, I would climb a tree.2.

*P /+I63"' 6#B^W :f3&$l #3& . I f I were you, I'd take the money.3.

*P J{+3 ($ (+&> (> 6#D[;" :XO;0M 6#3& S/0M;$ . I f I were a car, I would be Mercedes. 4.

*P 3D4= g#/,+ X N;!7 (> f0%4Y :RfJ7Y;[ -Y . I f you found a snake in your room, you should run away. 5.

! %"]%& :;V%& )? O E 7? 6 %& )*,- .&^9O * YPQ& @D"p` 4.The Third Conditional

Q6P<7;*# :Form-1

5 7 6 %& h&;M 9$u 5 7 6 %& 9$ui f + Past Perfect should have / would have + P.P

xy+A./ xO W+- @2Y,zB L7 -`$

üM' (&$0 L'/^7 might have*-could have(J$ XZ/D should have*-would have.

^<)L6OA< :Usage-2

×G]"' ?$C,6"' ($ {+G3"' 'B. L/^7M3 G7%" )T05; {+V+"' ?097M$ Ec-] (* ;0D4 (Impossible)Ec-] (* +> +> nC/<90 L" MW' +> L/G3"' (*F n/9 $ 2%* .^A=2)#P< e; $ T "J@VD7G? 6 %&< '@b \",Yb&0Q1`

"#$%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&'()*+, %-./)0%&*/*12

"#$%&' (%)*+

89

Examples ./10!-

*P ?J76V /V (& $" :)5;]"' R;D^> /V (& . I f he had informed the police, he wouldn't have

been killed.1.

*P q,3 /V (&" :E/,D RS;/ /V (& )/<V (&" q,30 (> {57M'.( I f he had studied hard, he would (could) havesucceeded.

2.

*P EA790U3 2"_ 6#4$7M' /V 6#3& /<V 6#3& $" :/+I3"' 6#/IY .)^)%P< 7' :ZC&I6 (.

I f I listened to his advice, I wouldn't have lost the

money.3.

^P *P /V T8/"'+ (6&0 ,+@7 6#/J"+ /V 6#3& $" :. I f my parents hadn't married, I wouldn't have been born. 4.

*P ;B7*' /V (&" :yH5^ ?J$* /V (& . I f he had made a mistake, he would have apologized. 5.

uBJKL:2#MDNE2#OC>#(,/4#?/)%*,

),+*S {g+b I f

ü)%$C,"' (+&7 (> (&$C0 =.;N:G 5;]"' O'/> !3$ #YBC9 /V + )if (D(+&7 )"9"' PB. -Y + XOc+/D$ )%$C,"'D ?4YW' /9H O/*M$"')Should - Had -Were(C,"' (+&7 Z+ -Y )%$ TU"')0$!17MZ' )j0 )TM"' )j0U ?'b ) (?<41"' wDM0 Z 8>

?*1"'(C,"' ;^Q -Y L!17M' )$K* /+,+ (+/ + :%$ ) .

1(FB9 (&$C0 ( if )!3$ XZ/D \`+ + )(should\$ G3"' G3"'+ ?+W' {+ -3="' {+ ($ T05;G]"' ?$C,"') .

*P S;/0 q,30MY :E/,D . )*b< \*Q%P<(

I f he studies hard, he will succeed.

= Should he studies hard, he will succeed.1.

*P 97%0MY :q,3 w )4$,"D . )Q1P< \*Q%P<J%" ( I f he succeeded, he would join the university.

= Should he succeeded, he would join the university.2.

2(FB9 (&$C0 ( if )!3$ XZ/D \`+ + (were)-3="' {+3"' \$ NS( C,"' ($ G]"' ?$ T05; ) .

*P 6#;J5" :X';+1U* 6#3& . I f I were a bird, I would fly.

= Were I a bird, I would fly. 1.

*P X';0=& CA71G%&" :O;T0M"' f%7 k;7]' .

#P%&33> 3$/^7M' were…. to(J$ XZ/D .if

I f he bought that car, it would cost him much.= Were he to buy that car, it would cost him much.

2.

3(FB9 (&$C0 )( if!3$ XZ/D \`+ + )Had(G3"' \$ G="' {+ G="' + -3 C,"' (J$ n" G]"' ?$ T05; ) .

üG3"' -Y {+ Q1P<J%" ?$47M3 had"d):M!C .

üG3"' -Y {+ Q1P<vP" ?$47M3 hadQ6P< c! Q1P< [;:8 &M/P J%" .

*P #0;7]Z :X0Y& XZ$ Cf%7$> XZ@3$ X'/0/, . )Q1P< \*Q%P<J%" (I f I had enough money, I would buy a new house. = Had I enough money, I would buy a new house.

1.

*P " :E/,D RS;/ /V (& q,3 /V (& . )Q1P< \*Q%P<vP" ( I f he studied hard, he would have succeeded.

= Had he studied hard, he would have succeeded. 2.

*P O@i,"' '+9D; /V '+3&" :-3+*5> /V '+3& . )vP"1P< \*Q%P<( I f they had obeyed me, they would have won the prize.= Had they obeyed me, they would have won the prize. 3.

4(G3"'G="'+ ?+W' {+ G="'+ -3 T05;G]"' ?$C,"' ($ n" 2%* wD537 ) unless.

"#$%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&'()*+, %-./)0%&*/*12

"#$%&' (%)*+

90

R &DrNR S ;%NR Ser unless = i f…..not

üN:GP< 5<*3 J( &MP< 7*#; v;+ ;M%! =" JC/O ]aJG 7' :ZC&4; *- .

ü%* wD530+ 2 (unless)G]"' ?4Y (0+&7 (0D )VK4%" O/J/9C$"' /*'+I"' S13 N'+, ?4Y+ 5; G]"'5; .

^P <XY)4$,"D w97%0 (%Y :q,30 . I f he does not succeed, he will not join the university.

= Unless he succeeds, he will not join the university. 1.

^P <XYq,30 (%Y :E/,D ?$40 . I f he did not work hard, he would not succeed.

= Unless he worked hard, he would not succeed. 2.

^P *P \i`D"' L%7M' /V (& $" :X'/+I3 \Y/ /V (&0 .

I f he had not paid money, he would not have received the goods. = Unless he had paid money, he would not have

received the goods.

3.

^P <XY(TM970 (%Y :c'+T/"' 'B. B^H0 . I f he did not take this medicine, he would not be better.

= Unless he took this medicine, he would not be better .4.


1(.+;+8P< .C"3i< :6L< :I) Choose the correct answer:

I f she (had-has-have) time, she will visit us.1.

What (will-would-do) you do i f you (has-had- have) a lot of money?2.

I f he (came-come-comes), I (should-shall-would) forgive him.3.

(Was-Were-Am) I a car, I (will-would-shall) be Ford. 4.

I f she (stayed-stays-had stayed) at home, she would have received the telegram.5.

II) Correct the verbs between brackets: 2(9b< 7;C J6P< "&(b< w+8 2<* :

I f she (win) some money, she would have (buy) presents to her friends.1.

Unless they (obey) me, the work would (stop).2.

I f you (ate) too much, you will be sick.3.

Unless he (tell) us the truth, we would not punish him.4.

I f he played well, he (win) the match.5.

Kill two birds with one stone.

@b&' ; 7o T IC!;8yD 9Yp-=1

"#$%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&'()*+, %-./)0%&*/*12

"#$%&' (%)*+

91

#9>2QR:#S/>#TUC+,If

)*+]J=Examples

Time ' p'< '@|&

[&@ % Yxc&Usage

IC; $? +Y%&Form )O%",Yb& )#P<< '@|&

Probability

percentage

7? 6 %& )*,- .& :;<)? O E

If water freezes, it turns into ice.

"8oRY P.g{+A./ 'OP#RY -O 4p)|}~• 9.; ) (Y<Y'.(

any time

qr! sF I) tv/w#.Z *? bX=(R7.

x/8vZ 5R>/`.Z.

if + Present Simple present simple

yX^> z</{% yX^> z</{% 100%

The Ze ro Cond i t i ona l

!"#$If&'( )$*

7W/RX2#Y9>/Z#

8 If you clean my bike, I'll give you

a dollar.

|e3Q S P./1!&K " < $ kC& zO gx,D/1K .

Should he studies hard, he ill

succeed.}<"Y P.|JU* ~o3X^) E.

future I)&=wR^8.Z

U • I• #$% @ * '()* ? b ,-./ X=(R7. 0!"Q #.Z &8R#Q %

)+F * 23456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGH K8%tw#RY(.

if + Present Simple Future Simple

&(G.Z <"d% will, shall + yX^> z</{% 50%

The F i r s t Cond i t i ona l

!"#$If +,-./79:1';<=>?@ A*BCD=@ A*8

If he won the prize, he would buy

a car.

I ^0 ZKWg'(*+U./ x;</X_ sbR L X^).

If I were a bird, I would fly.

Qq3Q 0 P.g/1%C >ZC k bX NP ^).

Were I a bird, I would fly.

Qq3Q 0 P.g/1%>ZC k bX NP ^).

future&=wR^8.Z I)

UI@ *? bX=(R7. zPQ rP.Z &8R#Q % bX Q.

if + Past Simple should, would &(G.Z <"d%+ yX > Ic/% 10%

The Second condi t ional

!"#$If 012#34/7DA[N12#\]:2#Y9>/Z#8

If he had studied hard, he would

have succeeded.

P.}< "r +/0g|JU4 * ~o4 "r +/K..

If I had listened to his advice,

I would not have lost my money.

P.Qq(8R_Z "r Qq3Q 0g4 h,t<ZI 9.; r Qq3Q 0 /8."

Q["w)+K%YC I ^[@V%&' kx0& ID 7? #$_ T`1

past

Ic/8.Z I)

* UI@ *? bX=(R7. zPrP.Z &X#R^Q %.

*k" STU 3.Z * WX ? b Z[ X=(R7. / ]^_ % 2 abc 7? | efg _hZ !F

0"$.

if + Past Perfect should (would) have + P.P Ic/% k/S 0%

The Thi rd Condi t i ona l

!"#$If 034#34/FB[A^N12#Y9>/Z8

!"#$%&'()$*'+ ,#-./$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$*01( $2!"#$ &'!( )*+

92

How to change Adverbial Clause of Condition into Phrase

U 0 )? Ou7 # )$5"T !"#D 9C;~ )? O8OS ))? O E 7U 0 ))? Ou7 # ))*,_ M 3/#0 qr )? O E 7

ü2<%* 8+797 )%$C,"' #3& 'B_if …. not

*-should (not)

*-had (not)

*-were (not)

*-unless

<!G3uY : O/GI4$ )%$C, (+&7 )clause/complex(2"_ )%$C,"' f%7 ?0+97"+ :phrase/simple:[X+I6 NC<*Z:P< h/6 Z7e( +

'"MP<+P<y:L- ]H"!/#C )C6O6* D"d)&C ?XP< &M -%0 $& :

Clause Phrase

if , shoul d, had, were …. <XY)*P ( in case of …. .P"+ J( ....

suppose …. jE:6(< in the event of ... J( .P"+ ...

supposing that …. s7- jE:6(< with …. }C

provided (that ) …. j:MC )s7-(

on conditi on that …. N:GC )s7-(

by ….. }C

but for A*P if …. not / un less /

should …. not /

were …. not / had …. not

<XY)*P (^P without )C 7*

+ poss. adj .

+ noun or

gerund

Examples ./001!-

PhraseClause I n case of working hard, he will succeed.

.P"+ J( q,30M E/,D ?$4"' .

I f he works hard, he will succeed.

*P q,30M E/,D ?$40 . 1.

Without (But for ) working hard, he will

not succeed.

7*)C q,30 (" E/,D ?$4"' .

I f he does not work hard (Unless he works

hard), he will not succeed.

^P <XYq,30 (%Y E/,D ?$40 . 2.

(By) Worki ng hard, he would succeed.

q,30M (& :E/,D ?$4"D .

Or: I n case of working hard, he would

succeed. .P"+ J( q,30M (& :E/,D ?$4"' .

I f he worked hard, he would succeed.

*P q,3" :E/,D ?J$R* .

Or: Were he to work hard, he would succeed.

3.

(By) Coming early, she would have met Ali.

-%* #%DV /V #3&" :X';&D$ ;+`9"D .

I f she had come early, she would have met Ali.

*P V /V #3&" :XO;&DC$ #c, /V #3& -%* #%D . 4.

Without work (working) hard, he would

not succeed.

7*)C q,30 (" J/,D ?$4"' .

EE(')%*,.!/# work J6l6 X309>D&( y:L- ="%";+-* ^O<

./!43P< J( "B&9*! 5O+ $/'.

He would not succeed un lesshe worked hard.

Or: He would not succeed if he didn't work hard.

q,30 (" ^P <XY/,D ?$40 . 5.

Having paid money, he would havereceived the goods.

\Y/D )\Y/ L$7D (\i`D"' L%7M' /V (+&0 :/+I3"'.

I f he had paid money, he would have received the goods.

*P \i`D"' L%7M' /V (&" :X'/+I3 \Y/ /V (& . 6.

!"#$%&'()$*'+ ,#-./$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$*01( $2!"#$ &'!( )*+

93

Without (But for) paying all the money, he

would not have received the goods.

7*)C )A *P (\i`D"' L%7M' /V (& $" :/+I3"' ?& R\gYR/ .

Unless he had paid money (I f he hadn't paid

money), he would not have received the goods.

^P *P /V (& $" :G'/+I3 \Y/ /V (&0 \i`D"' L%7M'.7.

I n case of buying that car, it will cost him

much.

.P"+ J( X';0=& CA1%&7MY :O;0M"' f%7 c';] .

I f he buys that car, it will cost him much.

*P X';0=& CA1%&7MY :O;0M"' f%7 8;7]0 . 8.

Without following the orders, he would

have been punished.

C 7*) NV+* /V (&" :;$'+W' {D7_ .

Had he not followed the orders, he would

have been punished.

*P ^P NV+* /V (&" :;$'+W' \DG7' /V (&0 . 9.

I n case of sending a telegraph, they could

come and help him.

.P"+ J( P+/*MC0 (>+ '+7H0 (> (+4057M0 '+3& :)0V; ?M;_ .

I f he sent a telegraph, they could come and

help him.

*P P+/*MC0 (>+ '+7H0 (> '+*57MZ :X)0V;D ?M;> . 10.

I n case of your needing anything, ask your

father.

.P"+ J( f,079' )f7,9 (fR/J"'+ ?MY :c-] 8>.

I f you needs anything, ask your father.

*P 8> r797 fR/J"'+ ?MHY :c-] . 11.

I n case of your not returning early, I'll

have to tell the boss.

.P"+ J( ;0/C$"' ;D^a ;5`HMY :X';&DC$ f7/+* L/* .

Unless you return early, I'll have to tell the boss.

^P <XY;0/C$"' ;D^a ;5`HMY :X';&DC$ /C47 . 12.


**) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:

2#&P"C 2#&P<* ]!43 EF"CG- $PY ].&C"6 ]H<:"C' 7! ]g!"` ]NLC J6P< !43P< Z*+ :

|)%*,?9"' >/D7 ./4D+ O/GI4C$ L> )50MD )%C$,"' ?. F;47 (> XZ+> f0%*)#';D* /,+7 ?'bM"' 'B. -Y 8>?$C, JPD]>+ )4D7 .(

Had he not shown me the way, I should have missed the way.1.

They would have done it if they had known how.2.

In case of being very rich, he would buy a new car.3.

With his confidence in himself, he can overcome his problems.4.

Had he the strong determination, he would stop smoking.5.

Unless he had been cautious, he would have lost his money. 6.

But for his intelligence, he would suffer much.7.

With your permission ((B_), I shall go.8.

With his helped, I should have lost my life.9.

If the servant stole the money, the police would arrest him.10.

Should he be wise, he would overcome his difficulties.11.

Without money, we shouldn't buy our needs.12.

If he had come yesterday, he would have enjoyed the party.13.

If she practiced harder, she would become a good musician.14.

In case of taking away these toys, the children will cry.15.

If you take my advice, you will not go.16.

If you touch the wire, you will get a nasty shock )=<)3 .;X@! .;C:B# .!)8 ( .17.

Unless you go to the doctor, you will not get better.18.

By looking out of the window, you will see a wonderful scene.19.

But for the terrible weather, they would have climbed the top of the mountain.20.

!"#$%&'()$*'+ ,#-./$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$*01( $2!"#$ &'!( )*+

94

10. Adverbial Clauses of Degree )M!?@*% )? Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&^ *% )V? O#- Q&)M!?@`

•(00+<j%"' (<$ ;<0=&Y f"B<"+ :)3;I$%" )T0Y;Gp"' #';D4"'+ ),;T/%" )T0Y;Gp"' )4DG7"' #';D4"' (0D w0;17"' N4TU"' ($

X'/9'+

X*+3

$!3+;D740 .

• )0"G7"' F54"' F+;9D #';D4"' PB. >/D7+ .'*!3! )as …..as (-.+ ::

0# .....0# as (so) + .M8 + as 1.

2;P ...0# not so (as) + .M8 + as 2.

7;6:!C )H<:! v>1C (0# two (three) times as 3.

Examples ./001!-

N,0 $& E/,D S;/7 Z g#3>. You don't study as hard as you should.1.

6#/I7*' $& X0D[ g#M" g#3>. You are not as foolish as I thought. 2.

How to change Adverbial Clause of Degree into Phrase

3)M!@*% ))V? O#_ J ))? Ou7 # ))*,_ M 3/#0 qr )M!?@*% )V? O#_ J )? Ou7 # )$5"T !"#D 9C;~ )? O8OS

•-7d& 5D'+T;"' ?0+97 L70 :

Clause Phrase

as (so) + .M8 + as <& .....<& of the same degree as <& ),;/"' S13D ...

not so (as) + .M8 + as S0" ...<& not of the same degree as <& ),;/"' S13D S0"

two (three) times as (07;<<$D )nK=<<D

#';$ (<& …

two (three) times + comparative

adj. + than

(07;$D )#';$ nK=D (<<& +

.%:"S! .M8

Examples )%<<=$>

His studies were of the same degree as those for the finals.

)0i!G3"' #397$K" (+M;/0 (0B"' ),;/ S13D #3& CA67M';/ .

He studies as hard as one does for the finals.

)0i!G3"' #397$K" z^G]"' S;/0 $& E/,D SC;/0 CAG3_. 1.

He worked three times harder than

an ordinary man.

8/4"' (M3a' ($ E#';$ J)=K=D ;=&> E/,D ?J$R*.

He worked thr ee times as hard as an ordinary

man does.

8/4"' (M3a' ($ #';$ nK=D )0/, ;=&> ?J$R*. 2.

They are not of the same cleverness.

Jc&GB"' JS13D M0" $.. Or: They are diff erent in cleverness.

Jc&GB"' -Y (1%7^$ $..

Mazen is not as clever as Ahmed.

/$9> ?=$ X0&B S0" (@$ . 3.

!"#$%&'()$*'+ ,#-./$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$*01( $2!"#$ &'!( )*+

95

11. Adverbial Clauses of Exception 7"V]YxL% )? Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&^7"V]YxL% )V? O#- Q&`

ü)0"G7"' F54"' F+;9D #';D4"' PB. >/D7+ .'*!3! )except that (?=$ ::

except that1. (> '/* $0Y

but that2.

Examples ./001!-

He succeeded in all subjects except that he failed in Algebra.

/'+$"' ?& -Y q,3 UQ%- <)' "!;( ;DT,"' O/$ -Y NM; .1.

He welcomes his friend to the party except that he gave them nothing to eat.)%19"' 2"_ AiV/UHD NT9; UQ%- <)' "!;( P+%&H0" c-] 8> L!" L/IC0 L" .2.

How to change Adverbial Clause of Exception into Phrase

37"V]YxL% ))V? O#_ J ))? Ou7 # ))*,_ M 3/#0 qr 7"V]YxL% )V? O#_ J )Ou7 # )$5"T !"#D 9C;~ )O8OS

ü%0 $& 5D'+T;"' ?0+97 L70 - :

PhraseClause

A *P except (f or)

+ poss. adj. + noun or

gerund A *P but (for)s7- <)' "!;( except that, but that

Examples ./001!-

PhraseClause We have a happy time except for the freezing

weather.

X'/04M X7V+ 30`V A*P /T$,7C$"' SIG5"' .

We have a happy time except that the weather

was freezing.

X'/04M X7V+ 30`V Z7- <)' "!;( /T$,70 (& SIG5"' .

1.

He would have enjoyed his company but for

his talking too much.

A7IY;D \7$7 /V (& Z7- A*P & A$K& X'/, ;0= .

He would have enjoyed his company but that

he talked too much.

A7IY;D \7$7 /V (& UQ%- <)' "!;( X'/, ;0=& LG%&7 l.

2.

Content is better than riches.

aV B %& IJ - Z )D"VU%&1

!"#$%&'()$*'+ ,#-./$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$*01( $2!"#$ &'!( )*+

96

12. Adverbial Clauses of Preference R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&9OX8? Y*% )? Ou7^9OX8? Y*% )V? O#- Q&`

üF54"' F+;9D >/D7+ )5D'+T;"'()*+$,$ -.+ )0"G7"')rather than (?=$ ::

rather than1. ($ ?`Y> sooner than (that)2.

Examples ./001!-

A4$ 2IDHM 7! _(-X'/09+ (+&> (> . I would stay with him rather than that I be alone. 1.

;G3"' 2%* -]$> s(>7! _(-A4$ 2ID> (> . I would walk on fire rather than I stay with him.2.

X)M3* qDU67 (>7! _(-CA7,+@ (+&7 (> . She would become a spinster sooner than be his wife.3.

How To Change Adverbial Clause Of Preference Into Phrase

19OX8Y*% ))? Ou7 # ))*,_ M /#0 qr 9OX8Y*% )V? O#_ J )? Ou7 # )$5"T !"#D 9C;~ )O8OS ^19OX8Y*% ))V? O#_ J`

ü-7d& 5D'+T;"' ?0+97 L70 :

PhraseClause prefer + (noun or gerund) + to (noun or gerund)

Z_Mq4; ) +'"( Ô< *- Ô<+ (7') +'"( Ô< *- Ô<(

l ike + noun + more than + noun 5+4; +Ô<+7! :1#-+Ô<

rather than, sooner than (that)

($ ?`Y>

Examples ./001!-

PhraseClause I prefer walking on fire to staying with her.

Z_(q-;3"' 2%* -]$"' 7! !4$ cID"' .

Or: I l ike walking on fire more than staying

with her.

*-:5+q-;3"' 2%* -]$"' 7! :1#-!4$ cID"' .

I would walk on fire rather than I stay with her.

;3"' 2%* -]$> s(>7! _(-!4$ 2ID> (> .

1.

She prefers becoming a spinster to marriage him.

_MI6 )M+34"' 7'A3$ r'+T@"' .

Or: She likes becoming a spinster more than

marriage him.

5+I6 )M+34"' 7! :1#-A3$ r'+T@"' .

She would sooner become a spinster than that

she marries him.

)M3* (+&7 s(>7! _(-A,T+@77 (> . 2.

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97

13. Adverbial Clauses of Proportion

nx"V? Y*% )? Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&^&nx"V? Y*% )V? O#- Q`

üF54"' F+;9D >/D7+ )5D'+T;"'()*+$,$ )0"G7"')the … the (?=$ ::

1. the + comparative adj. + the + comparative adj. .%:"S! .M8 + "!Q/I# + .%:"S! .M8 + "!Q/I# 2. as + adj. + as + ……… + so "! :)SC ........ "! :)SC

Examples ./001!-

The harder (The more) you study, the better marks you will get.

"!Q/I# :;=&> E/,D S;/7 "!Q/I# ?`Y> E#,;/ 2%* ?U97M . 1.

The older you get, the more responsibility you'll have to carry. "!Q/I# :;CD&7 "!Q/I# "+iM$ ?$977M ;=&> )0 . 2.

As hard as you work so you will get paid. :)SC "! E/,D ?$47 :)SC "! f" \Y/C0M . 3.

The less mistakes you make, the more marks you get.

"!Q/I# :?V> c5^> #%4Y "!Q/I# E#,;/ 2%* #%U9 ;=&>. 4.

The more quickly we go, the earlier we shall get. "!Q/I# 5dX% ;=&> )*;MD : "!Q/I# f3. (0;&D$ ?U3M . 5.

How to change Adverbial Clause of Proportion into Phrase

nx"VY*% )? Ou7 # )*,_ M /#0 qr nx"VY*% )Ou7 # )$5"T !"#D 9C;~ )O8OS ü-7d& 5D'+;"' ?0+97 L70 :

PhraseClause

"!Q/I# ..."!Q/I# ...as …..as ….. so in proportion to + poss. adj. + noun or gerund

="CO"%6 )5O"%Q6P"C (c! +.Z;#/! .M8 +^O<*-'"( ^O< "! :)SC ......"! :)SC the …… the

Examples ./001!-

Phrase Clause

You will have to carry responsibility in

proporti on to your age.

NM3G7"D )0"+iM$"' ?$977 (> N,0 )XDM37 (f;$C* \$ .

The older you get, the more responsibility

you'll have to carry.

"!Q/I# :;CD&7 "!Q/I# ;=&> )0"+iM$ ?$977M .1.

You will get paid in proportion to your

work . /C0M f%j6] NM9 2%* f" \Y .

As hard as you work so you will get paid.

:)SC "! E/,D ?$47 :)SC "! f" \Y/C0M . 2.

You get marks in proportion to making

mistakes.

M3G7"D E#,;/ 2%* ?CU97 #3>N c5^W' ?4Y \$ .

The less mistakes you make, the more marks

you get.

"!Q/I# :?V> c5^> #%4Y "!Q/I# ;=&> E#,;/ 2%* #%U9 .3.

!"#$%&'()$*'+ ,#-./$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$*01( $2!"#$ &'!( )*+

98


General Exercises on Adverbial Clauses and Phrases

)? Ou7R z%& 9,- .& 3•"#0=' )? Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%& a*D )J"D IC!" V

I) Change the following Clauses into Phrases:

1(Z*+ !43 EF"CG- $PY .;6K< .&C"Q6P< H<:"C&P< :

Although they are partners, they are not on good terms. ).C;N H"9>'( 1.

She refuses his proposal )j:'( even if he were a king. 2.

Although he was very clever, the police arrested him.3.

Roshdy is such a clever doctor that many people go to his clinic. 4.

The teacher spoke so quickly that I could not write. 5.

The box was so wide that two babies slept inside it. 6.

The box was so narrow that the woman could not sleep inside it. 7.

So silly was that fellow );!T ( that I left the room.8.

If he comes, I shall forgive him.9.

If she had stayed at home, she would have received the telegram.10.

If the Nile did not run in Egypt, it would be a desert.11.

Unless he obeyed me, the work would stop.12.

If you had forgotten your identity card ).;8LG .9"NC ( , you could have shown them your driving license. 13.

II) Do as shown in brackets: 2(2<*9b< 7;C 5*/N! *d "!# &(< :

{Correct the verbs} The work (begin) before they (come). 1.

{Begin with: Having ….}All lights went out while they were having supper.2.

{Join}The cups are very precious. My sister Huda brought them.3.

{Begin with: In spite of ……}Although he committed many crimes, they set him free.4.

{Join}He was very afraid. He could not move.5.

{Begin with: Such……}Salem is such a good fellow that he will be easily elected.6.

{Join}The driver had stopped the car. Another car ran into it.7.

{Complete}Without the Nile, Egypt ………………8.

{Complete}I shall buy a car whatever …………….9.

{Complete}He was so kind that ……………………10.

III) Express the meaning of each of the following sentences in other words

changing Clauses into Phrases:

3(0P< =AZ*+! .;6K< !43P< 7! ]./!43 # J( $%&!P< 7' :ZC'Clauses$PY Phrases$%&!P< 7' :;C&6/P F:;;f6 ^T/; "! :Z;`* D:

0D47"' (&$0 3%6V +" 234$"' (* ; ) :Remember our friendship(Remember that we are friends.1.

I know why she fainted ( q-"B;/' J!` ).

(Use: I know the reason …….. )^)L6O<:NDTM"' F;*> 3> ............2.

I am sure that he is innocent.3.

!"#$%&'()$*'+ ,#-./$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$*01( $2!"#$ &'!( )*+

99

How old she is is her secret.4.

None knows who owns it.5.

I can guess how he got money.6.

Birds which migrate have strong wings.7.

A cup which is broken is useless.8.

A house which is divided cannot stand. 4!P< H;CP<EOS% W% $/' ^ VM EO EU Z8P< c;N6O; A )*! . 9.

Illustrations which are valuable are kept in museums.10.

New buildings stand where old cottages once stood.11.

He made friends wherever he went.12.

I know where she lives.13.

I know why she is absent.14.

When he was working with them, he made much money.15.

When she arrived, she bought flowers.16.

She returned home after she had bought that car.17.

Hardly had she opened the door when he shot her.18.

No sooner had it appeared than they fired.19.

While he was traveling in France, he met Nabil.20.

They dismissed him because he was careless. =>!B4! 7"# U%b !&P< 7! F*/8( . 21.

Remember these facts for they are important.22.

They killed him because he refused to obey.23.

He has stopped smoking since he suffered from cancer.24.

He had removed his fingerprints so that he might mislead the police. .N:QGP< /_4; J#P U6"!8C <T-. 25.

He went to the market so that he might buy a camel.26.

He pays him two pounds everyday in order that he may let her sell her goods.27.

She is so clever that she can guess the truth.28.

She refuses to stay with him although he loves her.29.

Though he has much money, he cannot buy health.30.

I shall find a way although there are many difficulties.31.

She refuses his proposals even if he were a king.32.

Ahmed is such a clever doctor that many people go to his clinic.33.

The teacher spoke so quickly that I could not write.34.

The box is so wide that she can put her baby inside it.35.

The box was so small that the woman could not get inside it.36.

If he went to the lawyer, he would find a way.37.

If he had obeyed me, he would have gained much money.38.

Unless he obeys her, she will not give him money.39.

IV) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:

4(< !43P< Z*+ 2#&P"C 2#&P<* ]!43 EF"CG- $PY ].&C"6 ]H<:"C' 7! ]g!"` ]NLC J6P :

@)%*,1(?9"' >/D7 ./4D+ O/GI4C$ L> )50MD )%C$,"' ?. F;47 (> XZ+> f0%*)?$C, JPD]>+ )4D7 #';D* /,+7 ?'bM"' 'B. -Y 8>.(

2(27? 'Zi ^.Z Zklnoun clause.

Tell me why you were absent.1.

I do not know the time of the flood. )(`01"'( 2.

It is essential to think before acting.3.

Most of the members repeated what he said.4.

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100

He seems that he is glad.5.

The policeman knew the place of the crime.6.

Do you know the cost of this house.7.

His arrival tomorrow is certain.8.

Bring what you need with you.9.

We know the designer of the house.10.

We must hope for his recovery.11.

Dont forget where you will examine.12.

He spoke a long time of his sufferings.13.

We agreed to his suggestion.14.

Tell me how tall you are.15.

I am sure of the usefulness of this book .16.

The patient hoped that he recovers quickly.17.

His young age was evident w_<* to all.18.

That he was intelligent was clear to everyone.19.

Tell me the number of boys in this class.20.

Easy come, easy go.

)%; & P5 M OXC )%; & P5 nP $_ C "J^M 5&'? B%& •gZdTW"C7%& /#* X \"J1`

!"#$%&'()$*'+ ,#-./$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$*01( $2!"#$ &'!( )*+

101


General Exercises on Clauses and Phrases

? Y%&&!"#$%& a*D )J"D IC!" V3•"#0=' )$5"9,- .&

I) Choose the right answer between brackets:

1(2<*9b< 7;C 7! .+;+Z8P< .C"3i< :6L<:

If you knocked at the door, they (will D would D would have) let you in.1.

If you tell the truth, I (will give D would give D would have given) you a prize.2.

Were he to listen more carefully, he (wouldnAt make D wonAt make D wouldnAt have made) mistakes.3.

I shant play tennis today if it (rains D rained D will rain).4.

We shall eat (whichever D whatever D wherever) is left over from lunch.5.

Give it to (whichever D whoever D whatever) asks for it.6.

Put it (whichever D whatever D wherever) you like.7.

Choose (whichever D whatever D wherever) of the colors suits you.8.

Without the Nile, Egypt (will be D would be D would have been) a desert.9.

He would not have behaved like that if he (had D have had D had had) a good education.10.

They would have done it if they (knew D have known D had known).11.

Unless the window (had been D was D is) opened, the thief wouldnt have entered the house.12.

Had they more money they (will build D would build D would have built) a bigger house.13.

They could never understand quickly unless they (listen D listened D had listened) carefully.14.

We shall never arrive in time unless we (hurry D hurried D had hurried).15.

Were he to write in ink, it (will be D would be D would have been) easier to read.16.

Take care or else you (fall D will fall D fell).17.

Put on your coat or lese you (catch D will catch D caught) cold.18.

Should the train be late, I (shall take D take D should taken) the bus.19.

The pupils were (so D enough D too) eager [/6! /g<Z*6 that they asked to extra work. 20.

So clever (is he D he was D was he) that he could speak six foreign languages.21.

(Whatever D However - As) tires he was, he went on working.22.

The harder you work, the (most D more D less) knowledge you gain.23.

The weather was (hot enough D enough hot D too hot) for us to swim in the sea.24.

Our neighbor walks as if he (is D was D were) a turkey. )J!*: h;) ( 25.

Blind (however D as D whatever) he was, he could know his way.26.

The room is (very large D enough large D large enough) for you.27.

Such (determined D determination D determine) had our soldiers that they destroyed the enemy camps.28.

(Owing to D Because D As) his bravery, he could storm the enemy camp.29.

(In spite of D Without D With) his stupidity, he behaved sensibly 2"O+ .30.

He was humble \`'+7$ (for all D although D however), wealthy he was.31.

(Regardless of D Whatever D Though) money he has, he feels miserable.32.

Those two boys are (equal D equally D equal in) in tallness.33. This is all (what D which D that) I wish.34.

(According to D Owing to - As) his words, Mazen is the best.35.

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102

(On account of D For all D In accordance with) his wishes, we must return tomorrow.36.

(According to D Owing to D Because) his illness, he could not be present.37.

(By D Without D As a result) working harder, he would earn more.38.

He was (too D very D so) fat to get through the door.39.

They are (such D so D too) big cars that they use a lot of petrol.40.

(No sooner D As soon as D While) he returned home, rain began.41.

Scarcely had he touched the wire (than D when D till) he got a shock.42.

He ran (very D so D too) quickly for me to catch him.43.

I waited for a long time (when D then D till) he appeared.44.

No sooner (did he win D he won D had he won) the prize (when D till D than) he bought a car.45.

So skilful (was the doctor D the doctor was D had the doctor) that he could save the patient.46.

He didnt dare@:3; A to leave his hiding place (so that D lest D in case of) he should be caught.47.

We camped there (because D although D lest) it was too dark to go on.48.

They have moved house three times (when D till D since) they got married.49.

(However D Even if D in spite of ) you dont like him, you still be polite.50.

II) Change the following complex sentences into simple ones:

2(43P< Z*+ ].N;OC ]!43 $PY .;6K< R)QS&4!P< ! :

The man who is driving the car is my brother.1.

A man whose coat is black will meet you at the bus stop.2.

Do you know where our hotel is?3.

We asked him why he sold his car.4.

Im sorry I couldnt come in time.5.

He flew to London so that he might visit his uncle.6. The questions were so difficult that he couldnt answer them.7.

When the astronauts reached the moon, they raised the flag.8.

He kept money in the bank in order that he might not spend it.9.

The ground was wet because it was raining.10.

He has taken his punishment, as a man should.11.

If he walked faster, he wouldnt miss his train.12.

He admitted that he had stolen the money.13.

That was the reason why he got angry with me.14.

Speak slowly to him so that he may understand you.15.

He sat down after he had taken off his hat and overcoat.16.

They lost the game because they played badly.17.

He acted as though he were a judge.18.

Nothing will please me more than that I should see you again.19.

He jumped from the second floor window lest he should be caught by the police.20.

The end doesn't justify the mean. !

)*Ox;%& !E_ T c )C" B %&1

!"#$%&'()$*'+ ,#-./$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$*01( $2!"#$ &'!( )*+

103


General exercise on Kind of Sentences

9,- .& 1:&;<= a*D ["D IC7 V

I) What kind of sentence is each of the following (Simple, Compound or Complex):

1(.;6K< !43P< 7! # \*% "! )R)S&! ^- .C#:! D.N;OC :(

Open the door.1.

Go or stay.2.

George doesnt play football.3.

The windows were dirty and I told the maid )$/^ to clean them4.

Hes an honest man whom I can trust.5.

He worked hard, but he was fired.6.

Going home, I met an extraordinary man wearing the clothes of a clown )rT;!C$ ( .7.

Where have you been all the time?8.

He was guilty )5%X! ( , nevertheless he was acquitted )a?:C ( . 9.

The man I saw was Mr. Ahmed.10.

II) Extract the subordinate clauses from the following complex sentences and tell

its kind:2("B'*% :I#X-* .;6K< R)QS&4!P< !43P< 7! .&C"Q6P< H<:"C&P< u:L6O<:

The boy admitted that he broke the window.1.

He read a book which was of great interest.2.

He arrived after I had left.3.

As he was ill, he couldnt come.4.

He extricated E:Z:+ himself with great difficulty from his burning car which was about to explode.5.

The news that the king was ailing hZ'*6! soon spread all over the country.6.

Although he was poor, he was honest.7.

She is taller than I am.8.

The boys helped the man who had gone blind.9.

He took a sleeping pill lest he should be awake all night.10.

He took a sleeping pill, however he lay awake all night11.

So long as you dont exceed your income, youll never be in debt )(0R/ ( .12.

Provided you revise your lessons, you dont have to worry about the exam.13.

Hardly he had arrived when he excused E:Z:C /$M' himself.14.

Live and learn. sR *$T'Y3 D1

!"#$%&'()$*'+ ,#-./$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$*01( $2!"#$ &'!( )*+

104

UC+,E2#`2Q6a#TD Kinds of Sentences#

Complex Sentence @R U$- Q& )*,- .& Compound Sentence )#R S7- Q& )*,- .& Simple Sentence )NOP#%& )*,- .&

×(0750MD (07%$C, ($ (+&77 *-5D; O'/HD )5+D;$ :;=&> :)DM3C$ $/' ?*6+6* :

1((0/+/9$ (0%4Y . 2(5IY /9'+ 234$ -5467 .

After I had breakfast, I went to work.

6#"+37 (> /4D J;5Ya' L45 ?$4%" 6#D.B :.

Complex Sentence

Main Clause Subordinate Clause

-

It is connected to the joining word.

-

It has a verb. - It gives no complete meaning.

Simple sentence )50MD )%$,

× (075+<D;$ (0750M<D (0<7%$C, ($ (+&77 :ENM3C$ EF5* JF;9D $/' ?*6+6* :

1((0/+/9$ (0%4Y .2((0$7 (0%$& (0034$ .

1) Yesterday, I went to the cinema and

watched a film.

1(JS$WD D.B 6# TM"' 2"_ /.]+ $30 6# X$%0Y .

2) He went to the cinema yesterday, but

he didn't watch any film.

2(L%0Y 8> /.]C0 L" AG3&"+ :JS$WD $30TM"' 2"_ N.B .

×(* O;D*:#<$%&"' (<$ )<*+$,$ $/' ?*6+6* :

1(/+/9$ /9'+ ?4Y )($@ A" ?4Y (5IY . 2(?$& L7 /9'+ 234$ .

×($ (+&77+ :

UC *&M! +&( +'"(

)3 ()2) (1(

1) He is writing a letter.

1(X)"M; N7&0 +..

2) They have met Ahmed.

2(/$9> '+%DV /I" .

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&'()*+, %-./)0%&*/*1 "#$%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%2 "#$%&' (%)*+

105

T''''''''U''''''C'''''+,

IJ " & *C;~ )O8OS' )? Ou7?R z%&&!"#$%&. )J@ % YP- Q&: 5&'? 7%&ClauseqrPhrase

1. Adverbial Clauses of Place )? O<" $ Q& )? Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&ê" $ ,*% )V? O#,R %&`

ü($ ?0+97"' /3* )T03&$"' )T0Y;Gp"' )4DG7"' #';D4"' 5D; -Y )$/^7MC$"' 5D'+T;"' ?T+967 Clause2"_ Phrase-%0 $& ::

PhraseClause

6n09 where

$6=09 wherever in, at, on, .. etc, every where (&$ ?& -Y

6n09 ($ /(0> ($ whence

(&$ 8> -Y S0" /(&$ Z 2"_ no where(&$ 8> -Y /(&$ 8> 2"_ any where

2. Adverbial Clauses of Time e"JB*% )V? O#- Q& )? Ou7R z%& )$5"Y%&&!"#$%&

ü"' ?T+967 ($ ?0+97"' /3* )03$@"' )0Y;Gp"' )4D7"' #';D4"' 5D; -Y )$/^7M$"' 5D'+; Clause2"_ Phrase-%0 $& ::

PhraseClausein / at / onwhen

after / beforeafter, before

during / whileas, whi le

till / untilt i l l, until

since + poss. adj. .Z;#/! .M8 since

just onthe moment

noun Ô< or

'"( Ô<gerund

immediately on / after / just on /

on / as soon as + poss. adj. .Z;#/! .M8

as soon as,

no sooner … than …,

scarcely … when …,

hardly … when …

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&'()*+, %-./)0%&*/*1 "#$%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%2 "#$%&' (%)*+

106

3. Adverbial Clauses of Cause (Reason) )? O##? P%& )Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&^n#P*% )V? O#- Q&`

ü($ ?0+9G7"' /3* )T0DDTM"' )0Y;Gp"' )4DG7"' )%$C,"' 5D; -Y )$/^7MC$"' 5D'+T;"' ?T+967 clause2"_ phrase-%0 $& :

Clause Phrasebecause T(W/NDMD because of NDMD

for T(W/NDMD for NDMD /0 "

since T(> 6n09 /NDMD owing to 0 " X';p3

as T$" /$"5 /NDMD due to 0 " X';p3 /NDMD

on account to 'B& NDMD so long as L'/ $ as a result of J <" X),073

now that /V+ $> thanks to ?`1D

so long as L'/$ Being + 5GH R(s+g& /(s+g&"

+ poss. adj. +

noun or gerund

4. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose = 7 B *% )V? O#- Q& )? Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&^{@ & *%`

ü" & 5 )*,_ M 9C; * Y%'thatso IJ " & TLO]J'clause^complex`qrphrase^simple`GT 8& :"#? Tr tO*D f2

•#'+/W' FB9'))IDTM"' 5DT;"' #'+/>(f"B&+ ./4D 8B"' ?*1"'+ may*-might-7d' #'+/W' f%7 ($ XZ/D \`+ ::

Clause Phrase

so that, in order that,

that, in the hope that-&"

to J#P , in order to J#P ,so as to J#P , not to QA- ,

in order not to J# A

J#P

aiming that -&" /F/!D aiming to [)BC

+ infinitive

&MP< :)8!

Or:

for I n K. , with the intention of L" p N> ,with the aim of L"N>

+ noun or gerund

ü" & 5 w%& )*,- .& "? J=lest '=for fear that fIJ \? ; *_ Yuclause^complex`qrphrase^simple`GT 8"S 2

•#'+/W' FB9'))IDTM"' 5DT;"' #'+/>(f"B&+ ./4D 8B"' ?*1"'+ should-7d' #'+/W' f%7 ($ XZ/D \`+ ::

+ infinitive &MP< :)8! ( ) A J# /A $Q6+ so as not to

+ noun or gerund (Ô< *- &( Ô<)s7- W.;GEL /7! ="(*L Or: for fear of

PhraseClause

so as not to + infinitive (&MP< :)8! ) Or: for fear of + noun or gerund (&( Ô< *- Ô< )

lest / for fear that

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&'()*+, %-./)0%&*/*1 "#$%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%2 "#$%&' (%)*+

107

5. Adverbial Clauses of Result (Consequence) )oOYV*% )V? O#- Q& )? Ou7R z%& )$5"Y%&&!"#$%&

ü!D )%$C, ?0+97"+ so ….. that *-such …. that ($ complex (clause)2"_(phrase)simpleDPB<. T(uY FB967 #'+/W'+-%0 $& !3$ XZ/D \`3+ :?*1"':

Clause Phrase

so + .M8 *- "+ + that + '"( + &( 7- E.3:)P .M8 *- "+ + enough to + &MP< :)8!

such + [*8*! ^O< *- ^O< + that + &?/) + &( 7- E.3:)P too + .M8 *- "+ + to + &MP< :)8!

|/)%*+,

:

1.)&C '"MP< 7"# <XYthat *d UOM% C9 ?XP< .;6K< .f;8P< ^)L6O"( D"B/ :

.M8 *- "+ + enough to + &MP< :)8!

2.)&C '"MP< 7"# <XYthat [/6L; .;6K< .f;8P< ^)L6O"( D"B/C9 ?XP< '"MP< 7' :

.M8 *- "+ + enough for + I4/`.Z &?/G.Z !F bX8c + to + &MP< :)8!

3.?97 enough to (for) ?9$ so ….. that *-such …. that -Y H"C1i<)?-2%* )D7;7$"' ),073"' #3& 'B_ F+U+$"' -Y )1TU"' w0I97 .C3*! (

4.?97+ too …. to ?9$ so ….. that -Y JMQ%P<)?-F+U+$"' -Y )1TU"' w0I97 2%* )D7;7$"' ),073"' #3& 'B_ .CP"O ) (?-/4D )%$C,"' #3& 'B_ that .Z;M%! .(

> ( *1"' (& 'B_? /4D that +. 2M% )07d' )j0U"' L/^7MY :!%DV 8B"' ?*1"' :

too + .M8 *- "+ + to + &MP< :)8!

N (

?*1"' (& 'B_/4D that [/6L; )07d' )j0U"' L/^7MY :!%DV 8B"' ?*1"' (* :

too + .M8 *- "+ + for + I4/`.Z &?/G.Z !F bX8c + to &MP< :)8! +

5.3*/ ?0+97 /!43 .Z;M%! . !D so …. that ($ complex2"_ simpleT(uY :-1G3"'L'/^7M' /3* FB9C0 too … to .

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108

6. Adverbial Clauses of Contrast (Concession :<:9i< )= !"$Y*% )? Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&^4 p"VY*%^ ` !&7pG %^ ` !&7pG % '=4 p"VY*% '== !"$Y*% )V? O#- Q&`

•?<0+97 /3*C, <!D )<%$ although *-though *-even i f *-even though*-however *-whatever *- )as.M8 )&C (T(uY :FB967 #'+/W' PB.+?*1"'+)07d' #$%&"' k/9_ !3$ XZ/D \`3+ :./4D 8B"' ?41"':

Clause Phrase

although / though ($ L[T;"D

however / whatever (6&0 $!$

even though / even if +" 279 /($ L[T;"D

in spite of ! ^`Z:P"C 7 / despite 7! ^`Z:P"C / for all 7! ^`Z:P"C / with all /7! ^`Z:P"C regardless of 70! ^`Z:P"0C /not with

standing Lbd> /*? beO 3.Z Tgi>

whether …. or not … c'+M ...L" +>... with or without + j_Z (noun)

+ poss. adj .

+

noun orgerund

7. Adverbial Clauses of Manner

)? O8O $ *% )? Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&^ N*% '= )? O8O $ *% )V? O#- Q&)UC7`

üT;"' ?0+97 L70 5D'+ as ! as if ! as though -%0 $& :

Clause Phrase

as $& according to ="SCN }P / as / in accordance with ="SCN }P

in the manner (way) of . ] .S;:NC ...

in a (.M8 ) way (manner) … ] .S;:NC ...

with …. }C as if / as though s+" $&

like …. Z7l#

+noun or

gerund

8. Adverbial Clauses of Comparison )<!"U,*% )V? O#- Q& )? Ou7R z%& )$5"Y%&&!"#$%&

üT/"' 'B. JL!Y 2%* Rf/*M67" :!7Z$47M'+ )3;IC$"' #1U XZ+> S;/0 (> f0%* N"G5"' -^>S; .

ü<"' )j0U -Y )3;IC$%" )3T0DC$"' )4DG7"' )T0Y;Gp"' #';D4"' (+&7 (' ;/G3"' ($ phrase )j0<U -Y (+&7 XD"[ !G3&"+ : <"'clause.

ü.!)L6O4!P< NC<*Z:P<)3;IC$%" )3T0DC$"' )T0Y;Gp"' )4DG7"' O;D4"' 5D;" .'*!3! Jd )than .(

ü-7d& 5D'+T;"' ?0+97 L70 :

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109

Clause Phrase

equal in + Ô< *- of the same + Ô< + as as + .M8 + as 0# .....0#

equally + .M8 not so (as) + .M8 + as 2;P ...0# not equal in + Ô< *- not of the same + Ô<

comparative adj. + than ...

(e.g. more than )7! + .%:"S! .M8

not equal in + Ô< *- not of the same + Ô< or: not equally + .M8 *- different + Ô<

9. Adverbial Clauses of Condition 5 7 6 *% )V? O#- Q& )? Ou7R z%& )$5"Y%&&!"#$%&

ü2<%* 8+797 )%$C,"' #3& 'B_if …. not *-should (not) *-had (not) *-were (not) *-unless <!G3uY : O/GI4$ )%$C, (+&7 )clause/complex(2"_ )%$C,"' f%7 ?0+97"+ :phrase/simple:[X+I6 NC<*Z:P< h/6 Z7e( +

'"MP<+y:L- ]H"!/#C )C6O6* D"d)&C ?XP< &MP<-%0 $& :

Clause Phrase

if , shoul d, had, were …. <XY)*P ( in case of …. .P"+ J( ....

suppose …. jE:6(< in the event of ... .P"+ J( ...

supposing that …. s7- jE:6(< with …. }C provided (that ) …. j:MC )s7-(

on conditi on that …. N:GC )-s7 (

by ….. }C

but for A*P if …. not / un less /

should …. not /

were …. not / had …. not

<XY)*P (^P without 7*)C

+ poss. adj .

+ noun or

gerund

10. Adverbial Clauses of Degree )M!?@*% )? Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&^)M!?@*% )V? O#- Q&`

•5D'+T;"' ?0+97 L70 -7d& :

Clause Phrase

as (so) + .M8 + as <& .....<& of the same degree as <& ),;/"' S13D ...

not so (as) + .M8 + as S0" ...<& not of the same degree as <& ),;/"' S13D S0"

two (three) times as (07;<<$D )nK=<<D

#';$ (<& …

two (three) times + comparative

adj. + than

(07;$D )#';$ nK=D (<<& +

.%:"S! .M8

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110

11. Adverbial Clauses of Exception 7"V]YxL% )? Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&^7"V]YxL% )V? O#- Q&`

ü-%0 $& 5D'+T;"' ?0+97 L70 :

PhraseClause

A *P except (f or)

+ poss. adj. + noun or

gerund A *P but (for)s7- <)' "!;( except that, but that

12. Adverbial Clauses of Preference 9OX8? Y*% )? Ou7R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&^9OX8? Y*% )V? O#- Q&`

ü-7d& 5D'+T;"' ?0+97 L70 :

PhraseClause prefer + (noun or gerund) + to (noun or gerund)

Z_Mq4; ) +'"( Ô< *- Ô<+ (7') +'"( Ô< *- Ô<(

l ike + noun + more than + noun 5+4; +Ô<+7! :1#-+Ô<

rather than, sooner than (that)

($ ?`Y>

13. Adverbial Clauses of Proportion

R z%& )$5"? Y%&&!"#$%&nx"V? Y*% )? Ou7^nx"V? Y*% )V? O#- Q&`

ü-7d& 5D'+;"' ?0+97 L70 :

PhraseClause

"!Q/I# ..."!Q/I# ...as …..as ….. so in proportion to + poss. adj. + noun or gerund

="CO"%6 )5O"%Q6P"C (c! +.Z;#/! .M8 +Ô<*-'"( Ô< "! :)SC ......"! :)SC the …… the

Cleanliness is next to godliness.

J ;UY%& qr 7G0 h7p& )u"z? V%&ê" ZA& IJ )u"z? V%&1`



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111

Answers

b=8/DA:2#?/c/de


phrase13. phrase9.clause5.sentence 1.

clause14.sentence10. phrase6.clause2.

clause15.sentence11.sentence7. phrase3.

sentence16.sentence12.clause8. phrase 4.


Both Hoda and her mother were blamed.1.

Neither Hoda nor her mother was blamed.2.

He is a government employee as well as a farmer..3.

Not only does he work hard but he finds time to play also.4.

He came to see me, so , he stayed for a month.5.

He has both time and money to play tennis.6.

I told him that she does not fit, nevertheless , he insisted on marrying her.7.

This is a very heavy loss, yet , you should not stop at all.8.

I did not cause any harms, then , why do you blame me?.9.

She may send a telegram, or else , she may come tomorrow.10.

Neither can I believe that such a child can buy a gun nor can I believe that he can use it. 11.

When the murder was committed, I was having an operation at a hospital, so , it is

impossible to be accused. 12.

He bought neither a car nor a flat. Or: Neither did he buy a car nor a flat. 13.

of forty feddans.n0;+ Her father died last month, and therefore , she is the heiress 14.


The wind was cold, but , I felt warm.1.

It was raining, so , we decided to stay indoors.2.

Hurry up, or , you'll be late for school.3.

The weather was windy, rainy and cold.4.

He told the truth, but , no one believed him.5.



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112

Can you fix the lamp? or is it too high?6.

She studied hard, but , she failed.7.

She studied hard, so , she succeeded 8.

She neither studied hard nor succeeded. Or: Neither did she study hard nor she succeed9.

He's not only intelligent, but he's also hard-working. Or: Not only is he intelligent; he is hard-working as well .10.


Neither did he cheat nor did he lie.1.

Not only was he kind, but he was also brave.2.

Either he went home or to the club.3.

Neither did he sell his car, nor did use it.4.

Not only does she clean the house, but she also cooks dinner. 5.


either, or 5. Either, or 1.

nor 6. not only, but also 2.

but 7. or, so 3. neither, nor 8. nor (neither) 4.


1. Remember our friendship.

2. We do not know his reasons for breaking it.

3. I know the causes of her failure.

4. I expect their arrival here.

5. She didnAt tell us her age.

6. None knows its owner .

7. They can guess our ways of getting money.

8. We discovered her cleverness.

9. You should know the height of the hill.

10. I do not know the depth of this canal.

11. Tell me the reason of your absence.

12. I donAt know the time of the flood.

13. It is essential to think before acting.

14.

Most of the members repeated his speech.15. He seems to be glad.

16. The policeman knew the place of the crime.



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113

17. Do you know the cost of this house?

18. His arrival tomorrow is certain.

19. Bring the necessary things with you.

20. We know the designer of the house.

21. We must hope for his recovery.

22.

DonAt forget the place of the examination (exam).23. He spoke along time of his sufferings.

24. We agreed to his suggestion.

25. Tell me your length.

26. I am sure of the usefulness of this book .

27. The patient hoped to recover quickly.

28. His young was evident to all.

29. His intelligence was clear to every one.

30. Tell me the number of the boys in this class.


I)

The minerals which are found in Egypt are in great quantities.1.

The boat which is on the river has no sails ).':G-( .2.

The policeman warned ):QX+ ( the boy who was driving quickly.3.

Those boys whom you made work hard must have good food..4.

The man helped the girl whom he had met in Gaza.5.

Samy whose book I had found was weeping.6.

The boy whose answers were correct answers was very clever.7.

I took all these things that I need.8.

This is the man whom (that) I met in London.9.

The man who (that) was driving a car was killed.10.

I bought this stereo which (that) doesnt work properly, last week.11.

Hes the person who (that) is going to be fired )):N; ( . 12.

That is the journalist whose article made quite a stir ):;#&6 /h;:+6 ( yesterday.13.

Im the man whose wallet you stole.14.

They sent a new teacher who (that) looks nice.15.

We didnt like the housemaid whom the agency sent.Or: We didnt like the housemaid who was sent by the agency.16.

Nadia, who has been listening to our conversation, looked angry.17.

I climbed up the stairs which were newly-painted.18.

II)

whose , which 11.that (which)6.which (who, that)1.

what, which12.which7.which (that)2.

which 13.who 8.who 3.

whose 14.whom 9.whose4.

whose 10.who5.



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114

III)

why6.what1.

when7.where2.

what 8.how 3.

who 9.whom4. when 10.where5.

IV)

The captain was the last man to leave the sinking ship.1.

Tourists traveling abroad a lot should make prior reservations )wDMC$ @,9 ( at hotels. 2.

The man being sick was brought to the doctor.3.

Students punished yesterday are to report the headmaster s office.4.

He was the only student to understand the lesson.5.

Guns fired recently are easy to detect.6.

Mona was the first person to see the flying saucer );i5 (9U ( . 7.

The car stolen from the garage was returned to its rightful owner.8.

Plants watered by salty water seldom survive.9.

People wanting to survive a nuclear was should build proper shelters )" ,K$ ( 10.

V)

Romeo and Juliet, whose families hated each other, were deeply in love. 1.

The friend for whom I was waiting didnt come. Or : The friend that I was waiting for didnt come. 2.

!Swiss Family Robison", is a story about family whose ship sank near a desert island.3.

I saw several apartments .Z;%#O gSIG ( ) of which few were suitable.4.

I was given this address by my friend whom (that) I met at the airport.5.

The man who (that) answered the phone said that it was the wrong number.6.

The bed on which I slept on had no springs. Or: The bed which (that) I slept on had no springs.7.

Before the Gulf War, the roads were crowded with refuges of whom many were hungry.8.

Rashid whose leg is still in a plaster cast, will have to watch the match on T.V.9.

He wanted to visit me at 11 p.m. which didnt suit me at all.10.

VI)

that my aunt gave me 1.

which I bought2.

who robbed the old lady3.

that wont start4.

who has been robbed5.

VII)

The house they built fell down after two months. 1.

The bus, arrived late was full. 2.

The money he borrowed from his friend was lost. 3.

She was the most beautiful girl to attend the party. 4.

The street leading to the university is very wide. 5.

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115

Buildings built fifty years ago are more robust 8+V than those are built these days.6.

The man I saw at the party yesterday turned out to be my new boss. 7.

Books boring him were usually thrown into the waste basket.8.

Being the last person to arrive that night, he was obliged to sit near the kitchen door.9.

He said that bonds #$'@7"'/#Z1& , purchased a<:G last month, made a large profit )m"'/.!L_ R)m"( .10.

VIII)

1. (whom, that) 6. whom

2. (which, that) 7. which

3. (which, that) 8. (which, that)

4. who 9. whose

5. (which, that) 10. which

ü !?@A= 51';1"' FB9D 5IY ?9"' (+&0 8> :!YB9 (&$0 S'+VW' (0D -7"' ?U+"' ;i$` ){+;1"' -Y 1:2:3:5:8?'bM"' 'B. ($ .(

IX)non-defining: Many people were injured in the capital Zaire, where 10.000 students took

part in a demonstration )O;.p$ ( .1.

defining: The river that flows through Cairo is the Nile. 2.

non-defining: The Nile, which flows through Cairo, is the longest river in the world. 3.

non-defining: I went to see their home, which I liked very much. 4.

non-defining: Professor Ali, who teaches chemistry, is a good teacher.5.

X)

The reason why he is angry is not known.1.

This is a book on astronomy which is the best. 2.

We are living in times that are profoundly disturbing. 3.

I ended up by making a speech, which and I hadn't wanted to.4.


The destroyed road joined two cities. (0730/$ 5D;0 (& ;T$/t$"' w0;G5"' . 1.

The writer of these papers died many years ago. EO/0/* E#'+3M B3$ #$ w';+W' PB. N7& . 2.

The inventor of this rocket made more advanced rockets.

X$C/I7 ;=&> •0;'+U R\g3RU ,+;TU"' 'B. {;7^C$ . 3.

Their employees are very clever. X'/, (+;.$ LC!61p+$ . 4.

The stories written by him are tragedies. )0+MH$ JA75M'+D )D+7&$"' zUJI"' . 5.

The owner of the damaged car is still alive. O09"' /0V 2%* ?'@0 Z O;T$/C$"' O;T0TM"' f"$ . 6.

The manuscripts found in the desert clear many things. XO;0=& tc0]> qT +7 c';9TU"' -Y O/+,+$"' #5+5^$"'. 7.

The very old papers are written in a strange language. E)D0;[ E)j6%D X)D+&7$ X'/, )$0/I"' w';+W')E)Y+;4$ ;0[.( 8.



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II)

1. I was in the university or since 1995.

2. than we missed the jewels.

3. after he had made a mistake.

4. when the teacher entered the class.

5. when he lost his visa (passport) (money).

6. when they met their friend.

7. he came.

8. he entered the exams.

III)1. I didnt know him until his speaking (speech).

2. No one could believe him after lying )5X# ( .

3. The sick pupil forgot every thing on sitting for the exam.

4.

He had not prepared himself before he entered the exam.

5. After they had prepared every thing, they set out for the picnic.

6. Immediately on meeting him than he informed him of his success.

7. When you do your duty, you should not be shamed.

8. Immediately after attack kPo l, they escaped.

9. No sooner had he reached school than the bell rang.

10. On speaking to him, he was angry.

11. Dont write t i l l giving you order. Or: till giving an order to you.

12. The world has changed since the discovery of the atomic power.


I)

1. He could not see because he was blind.

2. He was angry as he lost his watch.

3. He could not play well since he was not trained well.

4. He could not walk because his leg was broken.

5. He suffers from cough as he smokes much.

II)

1. as he was tried.

2. because he failed in the exams.

3. since her parents were died.

4. for he has not got any money. Or: for he is poor)

5. the police arrested him (I called the police).

III)

1.

He failed because he was lazy.2. As (Because) he is brave, he defeated his rival )CARMJY3C$ L@.(.



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3. Because he was tired, he went to bed.

4. We couldnt study owing to being (presence of) much noise.

5. Due to the hotness (of the day), they decided to spend it on the beach.

6. The boy was punished because of his carelessness.

Or: Being careless, the boy was punished.

7.

He was put in prison as he behaved badly.8. As he is intelligent, he could overcome his difficulties.

9. The travelers suffered a great deal as a resul t of not having enough water.

10. As Egypt is full of monuments, tourists visit it all the year round.


I)

1. He went home that he might take a rest.

2.

They spent the day on the mountain in the hope that they might enjoy the fresh air.3. The students worked hard in order that they might be afraid to fail.

4. She went to the doctor in order that the doctor might examine her.

5. They kept the child in a warm room for fear that he might (should) take cold.

6. They travelled to Egypt aiming that (in order that) they might spend the holiday.

7. The doctor cleaned the instruments for fear that he might be afraid the wound would fester vZ*/6; (. )

Or: The doctor cleaned the instruments lest the wound should be festered.

8. My uncle left for Europe in the hope that he might find a new job.

9. He told me a funny story in order that I might forget my sadness.

Or: He told me a funny story in order that he might forget me my sadness.

10.

She answered perfectly aiming that (in the hope that) she might get the top prize.

II)

1. they may find good books.

2. they may be happy.

3. they find good jobs (Or: may learn).

4. they should not attend the first lesson.

5. he should escape.

6. the students might understand.

7.

they might fish.8. they may get a lot of knowledge.

III)

1. He went home in order that he might study his lessons.

2. They got up early in order to enjoy the fresh air.

3. He disguised ;&37 himself lest he should be recognized.

Or: He disguised ;&37 himself for fear that he might be recognized.

4. The policeman hurried in order to catch the thief .

5.

The army marched quickly that they might surprise the enemy.

6. He saved his money so as not to fall in trouble.

Or: He saved his money for f earing of falling in trouble.



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119

7. The pupils listened carefully so that they might understand the lesson.

8. He hurried to the station for fear that he might miss the train.

Or: He hurried to the station for fear that (l est) he should miss the train.

9. My uncle traveled to Europe in order to (aiming to) take a degree.

10. I study aiming to (to) succeed.

11.

Many of our soldiers sacrificed their lives so that they might free our land.

12. We waged T(] the war so as to ( to / i n order to) restore our land.

13. We decided to conquer ;!I0 Israel in order that we might break the myth R:*NO- of her army.

14. The boys escaped for fear that they might be punished.

15. They met in order that they might discuss the new plan.

General Exercise No. 13 ^"' 7;:!6

1. Do you know her address.

2. I shall find him anywhere.

3. In the sunshine, ice will melt.

4. Just on hearing their steps, he ran away.

5. Working for them, he earned much money.

6. Having finished her lectures, she went home. 7. Having supper, all lights went out.

8. We cannot do anything till his arrival. 9. Just on smelling it, she fainted.

10.

Immediately on leaving their house, they cried for help. 11. Just on opening the door, two men rushed. 12. On his way to school, she met him.

13. Frightening her, she will not return home. 14. She is quite unconscious during the operation. 15. Being abroad, she ran all his shops. 16. They dismissed him because of his carelessness.

17. Remember these facts for their importance. 18. He was very angry because of her insults. 19. They killed him for refusing to obey them.

20.

Becoming seriously ill, he has not been allowed to smoke

21. Cover our food for fear of flies. 22. We arranged everything well in order to make his wedding party a lovely one . 23. He went to the market to buy a camel. 24. She pays him regularly so as to let her sell her goods.

25. I shall do everything to help you.



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I)

1. The aero-plane flew so fast that no one could see it.

2.

The mountain is so high that no one could climb it.

3.

The journey was so tiring that I fell asleep.

Or: It was such a tiring journey that I fell asleep.

Or: Such a tiring journey was it that I fell asleep.

Or: So tiring was the journey that I fell asleep.

4. The flowers are so beautiful that it is a shame to pick them.

5. It was such a boring book that I couldn't finish it.

Or: The book was so boring that I couldn't finish it.

6. It was such a long flight that we had three meals on board.

Or: The flight was so long that we had three meals on board.

7.

It was such pretty dress that I couldn't resist it.

8.

Su ch large boxes were they that we couldn't send them by air.

Or: They were such large boxes that we couldn't send them by air.

Or: The boxes were so large that we couldn't send them by air.

9. He was so fat that he couldn't get through the door.

Or: So fat was he that he couldn't get through the door.

10.

I was so busy that I couldn't answer the telephone.

Or: Such a busy man was I that I couldn't answer the telephone.

Or: I was such a busy man that I couldn't answer the telephone.

II)1. The child became too ill to leave his bed.

2. He was so honest that every one trust him.

3. He was too frightened to move.

Or: He was frightened enough to move. Or: He was frightened enough f or moving.

4. The enemy soldiers were too cowardly to resist.

5. Our soldiers were brave enough to destroy the enemy.

6. They walked so slowly that they couldn't catch the train.

7. He was too annoyed to speak .

8.

The building is so high that we can't reach it.

Or: So high is the building that we can't reach it.

9. He spoke too foolishly to leave.

10. Some people are too short-slighted to appreciate matters.

11. The pyramids are strong enough to remain for centuries.

12. The moon is so bright that you can read a book

13. We were too impatient to wait.

14. The fruit is so ripe that we can pick .

15.

The flat is so wide that they can live in.

Or: It is such a wide flat that they can live in.

Or: Such a wide flat is it that they can live in.

Or: So wide is the flat that they can live in.



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III)

1. It is too cold (for us) to go out.

Or: It is not hot enough (for us) to go out.

2. You are clever enough to understand perfectly.

3. It is too dark to see. Or: It is not light enough (for me) to see.

4. I am too old to wear this kind of hat.

Or: I am not young enough to wear this kind of hat.

5. I am rich enough to buy your whole hotel.

6. He is too ill to eat.

7. You are thin enough to slip between the bars.

8. He was too furious ="o;` T;!6! /5_"` to speak.

9. Our car is not too narrow to get through those gates.

10. The ice is thick enough (for us) to walk on.

11. He was too drunk to answer.

12.

It is too cold to have breakfast in the garden.Or: It is not hot enough to have breakfast in the garden.


I)

Although the battle was fierce, we could win it.

Or: However fierce the battle was, we could win it.1.

Though the distance was too far, we could cover it in a short t ime.2.

Even though (Al though, Though) the road was bad, they crossed easily.3.

Even i f he was very hungry, he refused to eat.

Or: However very hungry he was, he refused to eat.4.

Although it is late, we shall stay a little longer.

Or: However late it is, we shall stay a little longer.5.

Though he was highly educated, he behaved unwisely.6.

Although (Though, Even though) I warned him much, he made the same mistakes. 7.

II)

I n spite of having a car, he often uses a bus.1.

Despite being strong, he cannot bend this bar.

Or: Despite his strength, he cannot bend this bar.2.

I n spite of being intelligent, he behaved wrongly.

Or: I n spite of his intelligence, he behaved wrongly.3.

I n spite of reading books, his knowledge is limited.4.

I shall buy a car regardless of cost.5.

Although he was strong, he could not fight two men.6.

Though (Although) he is wealthy, he does not help the poor people.7.



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However courage he was, he escaped.

Or: Although he was courage, he escaped8.

Regardless of (Not with standing) the violent resistance, we could conquer them.9.

Regardl ess of mistakes, I forgave him.10.

Although he was serious ill, he went on working.11.

I n spite of caution, he fell into troubles.

Or: I n spite of being cautious, he fell into troubles.12.

Whatever great efforts he did, he failed to attain his ends.13.

Despite of his good name, he faced troubles

Or: Despite of having a good name, he faced troubles.14.

I n spite of being clever, he failed to answer well.

Or: I n spite of (his) cleverness, he failed to answer well.15.


I)

1. The house will be built as I want.

2. Everything happened as it was planed.

3. He jumped as if he had been a champion.

4. The car ran very quickly as though it were a plane.

5. She walked proudly as if she were a queen.

II)1. He lives according to his salary.

2. He fought bravely.

3. They carried out the project according to his planning (in accordance with (his) planning).

4. The child was behaving as if he had been his grandfather.

5. Salah Eddin was a good warrior ( 5:"+! /6"S4! ) as this book says (tells).

6. Smoking is forbidden as the police ordered.

Or: As the police ordered, smoking is forbidden.

7. The student worked in the way (manner) of scientist.

Or: The student worked in a scientific way (manner) .

8.

Use the plain brush as I told (taught) you.

9. The student of medicine was skilful (skillful) as if he were a doctor in an operation.

10. He spoke foolishly as if (as though) he was mad.


I)

1. He received less money than I did (he wanted).

2. I am not so old as my father.

3.

He does not work so well as Adel. 4. The more attention a pupil pays, the more marks they may (wil l ) get.

5. The more quickly we run, the earl ier we may (shall ) get there.



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6. The thinner the man is the smal ler cloths he wil l wear.

7. The easier the question is the faster I can answer (solve). 8. He can write as clearly as I do (as Ahmed does) (as I told h im) (as I taught h im).

II)

1.

Ali and his brother are not equal in in tell igence .Or: Ali and his brother are not equally intelli gent .

2. He and his brother are equally good at wri ting .

Or: He and his brother are equal in good writi ng .

3. He and his father are equal i n tall ness .

4. He is as generous as his brother (is).

5. He is as short as his brother (is).

6.

He and his brother were not equal in stupidi ty .

Or: He and his brother were not equal ly stupid .

Or: He and his brother were dif ferent in stupidi ty .

Or: He and his brother were not of the same stupidity .7. The first film was not so interest as the second one was.

8. The son is as clean as his daughter.


had won / bought1.has1.

obeyed / would not stop2.would / had2.

eat3.comes / shall3.

told4.were / would4.

would win5.

II

had stayed5.

I


Without showing me the way, I should have missed the way.

Or: Without showing the way to me, I should have missed the way. 1.

They would have done it in case of knowing how.2.

I f he was very rich, he would buy a new car. 3.

I f he confides )0C g61; ( in himself, he can overcome his problems. 4.

By (With ) (I n case of having) strong determination, he would stop smoking. 5.

Without being cautious ):EXr+ ( , he would have lost his money.

Or: Without caution ):WXr+ ( , he would have lost his money. 6.

I f he was not intelligent, he would suffer much.

Or: Unless he was intelligent, he would suffer much. 7.

I f you permit )7Xl; ( to me, I shall go. 8.

Unless he had helped me, I should have lost my life.

Or: If he had not helped me, I should have lost my life.9.

I n case of stealing (stealth) the money by the servant, the police would arrest him.10.



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I n case of being wise, he would overcome his difficulties.11.

I f we hadn't money, we shouldn't buy our needs.

Or: Providing that we had no money, we shouldn't buy our needs.12.

Having come yesterday, he would have enjoyed the party.13.

With (By) (I ncase of) participating (participation) harder, she would become a good musician. 14.

I f you take these toys away, the children will cry. 15.

With taking my advice, you will not go.16.

I n case of (By) touching the wire, you will get a nasty shock )X'/, )0Bb$ )0D;!& )$/U ( .17.

Without going to the doctor, you will not get better.18.

I f you look out of the window, you will see a wonderful scene. 19.

I f they had not had a terrible weather, they would have climbed the top of the mountain.

Or: Unless they had had a terrible weather, they would have climbed the top of the mountain. 20.

Health is better than wealth.

aV B %& IJ - Z ) *? y%&1



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125


General exercises on Adverbial Clauses and Phrases

? Y%&&!"#$%& a*D )J"D IC!" VR z%& )$5"? Ou73•"#0=' )R z%& 9,- .&? Ou7) I)

I n spite of being partners, they are not on good terms. ).C;N H"9>'( 1.

She refuses his proposal )'j: ( despi te of being a king. 2.

I n spite of his cleverness, the police arrested him.3.

Roshdy is a clever doctor enough to make many people go to his clinic. 4.

The teacher spoke too quickly to write. 5.

The box was wide enough for the two babies to sleep inside it. 6.

The box was too narrow for the woman to sleep inside it. 7.

That fellow was silly enough to make me leave the room.8.

Coming to me, I shall forgive him.9.

Having stayed at home, she would have received the telegram.10.

Without (But for) the Nile, Egypt would be a desert.11.

Without obeying me, the work would stop.12.

Having forgotten identity card ).;8LG .9"NC ( , you could have shown them your driving license. 13.

II)The work had begun before they came. 1.

Having supper, the lights went out.2.

The cups which (that) my sister Huda brought are very precious.3.

I n spite of all his crimes, they set him free.4.

He was so afraid that he could not move.5.

Such a good fellow is Salem that he will be easily elected.6.

No sooner had the driver stopped the car than another car ran into it.7.

Without the Nile, Egypt would be a desert. 8.

I shall buy a car whatever it costs me.9.

He was so kind that he gave her enough money.10.

III)

Remember our friendship 1.

I know the reason for her faint. 2.

His innocence is surely.3.

Her age is her secret.4.

None knows the owner (of it)5.

His money source can be guessed (by me). Or: I can guess his money source.

Or: I can guess the way by which he got money.6.

Migrating birds have strong wings.7.

Broken cup is useless.8. Divided house cannot stand.9.

Valuable illustrations are kept in museums.10.



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New buildings stand in the place of the old cottages.11.

He made friends everywhere.12.

I know her address.13.

I know the reason of her absence.14.

On working with them, he made much money.15.

On arriving (arrival), she bought flowers.16.

Before return (returning) home, she had bought that car.17.

Opening the door, he shot her.18.

Immediately after appearance (appearing), they fired.19.

During traveling (travel) in France, he met Nabil.20.

Because of his carelessness, they dismissed him. Or: Being careless, they dismissed him. 21.

Remember these facts for their importance.22.

Because of his disobedience )7";8'( , they killed him23.

Owing to suffer (suffering) from cancer, he has stopped smoking24.

He had removed his fingerprints to (so as to / in order to) mislead the police. 25.

He went to the market to (in order to) buy a camel.26.

He pays him two pounds everyday to let her sell her goods.27.

She is clever enough to guess (the truth).28.

She refuses to stay with him in spite of his love.29.

Despite having much money, he cannot buy health. Or : Despite his money, he cannot buy health.30.

I shall find a way despite all difficulties.31.

She refuses his proposals in spite of being a king.32.

Ahmed is a clever doctor enough to many people to go to his clinic.33.

The teacher spoke too quick to write.34.

The box is wide enough to put her baby inside it.35. The box was too small for the woman to get inside it.

Or: The box was not wide enough for the women to get inside it.36.

I n case of (By) going to the lawyer, he would find a way.37.

I n case of (By With) obeying me, he would have gained much money.

Or: Obeying me, he would have gained much money.38.

With obeying her, she will not give him money.39.

IV)

Tell me the reason of your absence. 1.

I do not know when the flood )(`01"'( occurs (happens). 2.

It is essential that man thinks (should think) before he acts.3.

Most of the members repeated his speech (words)..4.

He seems glad.5.

The policeman knew where the crime had happened. 6.

Do you know how much this book costs.7.

That he will arrive tomorrow is certain.8.

Bring the necessary things with you.9.

We know who designed the house.10.

We must hope that he recovers quickly. 11. Dont forget the place of the examination. 12.

He spoke a long time what he suffers. 13.

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127

We agreed to what he suggested.14.

Tell me your length.15.

I am sure of that the book is not useful (is useless). 16.

The patient hoped to recover quickly.17.

That he is young was evident w_<* to all.18.

That he was intelligent was clear to everyone.19.

Tell me how many boys are there in this class.20.

A bad workman always blames his tools.

_9J"$%&? P%&&'W= [;*C (",j&W 7G^/T&@$_ J1`



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128


General exercises on Clauses and Phrases

? Y%&&!"#$%& a*D )J"D IC!" V3•"#0=' )$5"9,- .&I)

whatever 26.would 1.

large enough 27.will give 2.

determination 28.wouldnAt make 3.

Owing to 29.rains 4.

In spite of 30.whatever 5.

however 31.whoever 6.

Whatever 32.wherever 7.

equal 33.whichever 8.

what 34.would be 9.

According to 35.had had 10.

In accordance with36.had known 11.

Owing to37.had been 12.

By38.would build 13.

too39.listened 14.

such40.hurry 15.

As soon as41.would be

16. when42.will fall 17.

too43.will catch 18.

till44.shall take 19.

had he won45.so 20.

was the doctor46.was he 21.

lest47.However 22.

because48.more 23.

since49.hot enough 24.

Even if50.were 25.

II)The man driving the car is my brother. Or: My brother is driving the car.1.

A man in a black coat will meet you at the bus stop.2.

Do you know the address (whereabouts) of our hotel?3.

We asked him the reason for selling his car.4.

Im sorry for not coming in time.5.

He flew to London to visit his uncle.6.

The questions were too difficult to answer.7.

On reaching the moon, the astronauts raised the flag.8.

He kept his money in the bank in order not to spend it.9.

Because of the rain, the ground was wet.10.

He has taken his punishment in a manly way. (as a man, with manliness …..etc).11.



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129

By walking faster, he wouldnt miss his train.12.

He admitted having stolen the money.13.

That was the reason for his angry (getting angry) with me.14.

Speak slowly to him in order to make him understand you.15.

Having taken off his hat and overcoat, he sat down.16.

They lost the game because of (due to) playing badly.17.

He acted like a judge. Or: He acted in a judicial manner (way).18.

Nothing will please me more than seeing you again.19.

He jumped from the second floor window to escape (avoid being caught by) the police.20.

Necessity is the mother of invention.

-= )M"|&:& [ Zc& [1



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130


General exercise on Kind of Sentences

#MDNE2#f 2Q6"#OC>#S/>#b=Kg

#

I)

compound 6.simple 1.

simple 7.compound 2.

simple8.simple3.

compound9.compound 4. complex10.complex 5.

II)

Its kindThe subordinate clauseNo.

noun clause that he broke the window1.

adjective (relative) clause which was of great interest2.

adverb clause of time after I had left3.

adverb clause of reason As he was ill4.

adjective clause which was about to explode 5.

noun in apposition to subject BnewsC that the king was ailing h'*6! 6.

adverb clause of contrast or concession Although he was poor7.

adverb clause of comparison than I am8.

adjective clause who had gone blind9.

adverb clause of purpose lest he should be awake all night10.

adverb clause of contrast however he lay awake all night11.

adverb clause of condition So long as you dont exceed your income12.

adverb clause of condition Provided you revise your lessons13.

adverb clause of time Hardly he had arrived when14.

No bees, no honey, no work, no money.

&DrR@M;C\"J @M;C c' f9,D @M;C c' f9PD @M;C Lu f9 \ 1

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131

References hd2K12

1..;T;/3%A< .f/P< )'<*9 J( ^m<Z)P< rh4&E3:! )English Grammar(:*6#)/P 0 .&C"OP< .&CNP< 0 /7;)0P< T' 0 5;3% )!+! 2000^ .

2..;T;/3%A< .f/P< )'<*9 24Oq-)Basic Grammar(:*6#)/P 0 /J/'?:d*3P<.

3.7;m)6C!/P .;T;/3%A< .f/P< )'<*9 )Beginner's Grammar(:*6#)/P 0 /?:d*3P< J/'.

4.[P@!/P 0 .;T;/3%A< ^;/&6 /!3P< 7;O"; .

5..;T;/3%A< .f/P< w;6"M! )Keys to English Language([P@!/P 0 /JP<T` R)*3 ^"8'.

6. The Top series Grammer for secondary students D by / Edwar Nagi Sedra.



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