English Proverbs 1. Better be envied than pitied 宁被人妒，不受人怜

2. Do not teach fish to swim 不要班门弄爷

3. Keeping is harder than winning 创业不易，守业更难

4. Custom makes all things easy 习惯成自然

5. Unpleasant advice is a good medicine 忠言逆耳利于行

6. To turn over a new leaf 改过自新

Industrial relations climate in the manufacturing sector in Jiangsu province, China

Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the state of workplace industrial relations climate in the manufacturing sector in Jiangsu province, the People's Republic of China. Based on a survey of 73 manufacturing companies in Jiangsu province and a subsequent intensive study of eight of them, it was found that the overall labour-management relations in the industry were good and had improved over the past few years. Union membership was reported to have increased and this was accompanied by a perceived increase in union role and influence onlabour-management relations. The findings suggest that there is a need to further strengthen the communication processes among the three parties — workers, unionists and management.

IntServ与 DiffServ在 VoIP QoS中的应用分析 （重庆邮电大学通信工程学院， 重庆 400065 ）

摘要：介绍了 VoIP QoS 技术，针对当前两大主流 QoS 模型 IntServ 和 DiffServ ，论述了各自的工作原理及其在 VoIP 应用中的特点，并通过分析两种模型各自的优缺点，对一种结合两者优势的 VoIP 的 QoS 模型方案作了探讨。

关键词： VoIP QoS IntServ DiffServ

QoS on VoIP Based on InteServ & DiffServ: A Survey (Telecommunication Engineering College, Chongqing Universit

y of Posts & Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065)   Abstract: This article introduced the technology of VoIP QoS, a

nd the two main QoS-solving models----IntServ and DiffServ, and discussed their working principles ， characters and their applications in VoIP; then the advantages and disadvantages of the two QoS models were analyzed and compared, and a new model which combined the two models together was discussed and studied.

Keyword: VoIP QoS IntServ DiffServ

摘　要　在比较蜂窝制系统和大区制系统功率控制技术的区别的基础上，讨论了大区制码分多址 (CDMA) 移动通信中的功率控制算法，提出了采用开环控制与闭环控制配合的实现方案，并进行了相应控制算法的仿真。结合大区制系统的特点，分析了算法中相应参数的设置。该文对于大区制 CDMA 移动通信系统的设计具有参考价值。关键词　码分多址　功率控制仿真Abstract 　 A power control algorithm of reverse link of the private single cell CDMA mobile communication system is described based on comparing with that of cellular schemes.One control scheme based on open loop control and close loop control is presented.Algorithms and computer simulation of power control of reverse link are described in detail.Finally,the choice of relevant parameters in algorithm is analyzed.The results are of value to the design of the private single-cell CDMA mobile communication system.Key words 　 CDMA,simulation of power control

摘要 : 为介绍体表胃电图在航天医学尤其是在运动病研究中的应用 , 综述了胃电产生的生理基础、体表胃电的记录、胃电分析和在航天医学中的应用 , 重点介绍在运动病研究中的应用。体表胃电图的多个指标与运动病恶心综合症有关。胃电图用来研究运动病恶心综合症是可行的。

　 关键词 : 胃电图 ; 记录 ; 分析 ; 应用 ; 航天医学 Abstract : To demonstrate the use of EGG in space med

icine ,especially in motion sickness ,biological basis , recording , analysis of EGG used in space medicine , especially in motion sickness studies , were introduced. Several parameters of EGG were related to nausea in motion sickness. It is suggested that EGG can be used in studying nausea symptoms of motion sickness.

Key words :electrogastrogram ;recording ;analysis ;application ;space medicine

Introduction

Content (1) 所涉及研究问题的研究概况 (setting) (2) 已有研究的的文献综述 (literature review) (3) 需进一步研究的问题及必要性 (investigation

needed) (4) 研究目的 (research purpose) (5) 研究的价值、意义或论文的结构 (value/findin

gs/article structure)

引言的主要功能 为读者提供阅读、理解论文所报告的研究

成果的有关背景知识

“ 自我推销”

Setting - Every quantum leap in our civilization is associated with a

material: stone age, bronze age, and steel age. Even though the current era is referred to as the information age, it would be more apt to call it the materials age. This is so because the materials played a crucial role without which information age may not have been feasible.

- The field of robotics is changing at an unprecedented pace. At present, most robots operate in industrial settings where they perform tasks such as assembly and transportation. Equipped with minimal sensing and computing, robots are slaved to perform the same repetitive task over and over again. In the future, robots will provide services directly to people, at our workplaces, and in our homes.

Literature review - The vocabulary of foreign learners who are high scho

ol graduates and even university students does not amount to a quarter of the vocabulary known by their native speaking peers. In Indonesia, EFL university learners are reported to know 1,220 word families after 900 hours of instruction (Nurweni and Read, 1999), in Japan, 2,000 — 2,300 after 800—1,200 hours of instruction (Shillaw, 1995; Barrow et al., 1999), in Oman 2,000 after more than 1,350 hours of instruction (Horst et al., 1998). The best high school graduates in Israel were found to know 3,500 word families after 1,500 hours of instruction (Laufer, 1998). The above figures represent passive vocabulary knowledge as the Vocabulary Level Test (Nation, 1983) used in the studies required the learners to recognize the meaning of tested items.

Investigation needed - However, at least two important questions remain un

answered.

- While most of the literature on risk and risk response treats only production and price risk (i.e. business risk), we intend to introduce the notion of financial risk explicitly into the decision-making process.

- Although there has been increasing awareness and concern at the post-secondary level about the language proficiency and academic preparedness of foreign students (Bosher, 1992; Stuart & Flinspach, 1990; Terdal, 1985; Vets, 1984), there has beenlittle research to document their needs at the post-secondary level, and even fewer studies that have focused on their acquisition of academic writing skills.

Research purpose - The present study, motivated by the above observations, expl

ored the effects of the use of science text on the learning of one particular science concept, that of energy, and the overcoming of particular preconceptions related to it.

- In this paper we present a conceptual framework for linking production and investment decisions to the financing decision via a risk constraint.

- Recognizing the critical role of text organization in discourse comprehension, the current study examined the role of cues in L2 oral text processing. Specifically, it investigated the effects of cues on Chinese EFL learners' comprehension of high-and low-level information in academic lectures.

Value/findings/article structure - It is hoped that information from this study m

ay be useful in identifying areas of weaknesses or lack of knowledge to those who are responsible for planning coursesand programs in consumer education.

- This paper describes some demographic factors that might be important for a betterunderstanding of rural-to-urban migration in developing countries.

INTRODUCTION

In the past 30 years, there has been a steady increase in the use of student evaluation of instruction. With accountability and a consumer-oriented culturein vogue, quality assurance practices are also greatly advocated in the education sector in Hong Kong. Ratings gained from student evaluation of faculty (referred to as SEF hereafter) have been used to appraise teachers' performance, and they also provide the source of information for department heads to make decisions on allocation of duties, contract renewal, promotions and staff development.

A number of research studies have been conducted to investigate this evaluation practice. Researchers such as Smith (1997) and Seldin (1999) have developed guidelines to help conduct teaching evaluations more successfully. Aleamoni and Hexner (1980) noted that opinions about student evaluations vary, from reliable and useful to unreliable and useless. Some claim that many of the attempts to assess programme content and teacher effectiveness have been "ungainly and ill-defined" (Norris, 1990: 22). Although student evaluation has been carried out in tertiary education in Hong Kong for nearly 10 years now, there is little agreement about what constitutes excellent, good, or unacceptable performance. Additionally, many questions have been raised about the reliability and validity of student evaluation as a mode of teacher appraisal.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how robust SEF is as a measure of teaching quality in tertiary education. Three research questions are listed as follows: (1) What, according to students and teachers, constitutes good teaching in tertiary education? (2) How good a measure, according to teachers, is student evaluation of faculty, in tertiary education? (3) Is studentevaluation of faculty a viable means to gain feedback on teaching performance? A second goal was to devise some guiding principles for appraising teachers in the tertiary sector in Hong Kong. This study was identified as being of importance to the healthy development of quality assurance practice in tertiary education in Hong Kong.

引文中文献综述的两种表达方式 1. 信息突显 (information prominent) （一般现在时） -Publication in a scientific journal is one of the major

goals of any scientific study (Smith, 1999). No matter how spectacular the results are, the research is not completed until it is written and disseminated by publishing (Taylor & Coleman, 2001).

- “Coherence” is an important quality of effective writing (Richards, 1990). However, it is often considered an abstract and fuzzy concept (Conner, 1990; Roberts & Kreua, 1993) which is difficult to teach and difficult to learn.

2. 作者突显 (author prominent) ( 一般过去时） -Taylor (2003) examined the visual design of a Japa

nese company’s annual report and found very distinctive design features.

-Schmidt (1982) identified three types of microcomputer use in classrooms: the object of a course, a support tool, and a means of providing instruction.

（一般现在时）：过去的成果非常重要，或与作者正在从事的研究工作直接相关

-Laufer (1986) argues that if fluency is understood as “the ability to convey a message with ease and comprehensibility”, then vocabulary adequacy and accuracy matter more than grammatical correctness.

“ 研究目的”及“研究价值”部分的时态

研究目的： Research orientation: 一般过去时 Report orientation: 一般现在时或将来时

研究价值：常用情态动词-Results of this study could have considerable imp

act on estimates of land values.

-The application of the strategies described here may increase the proportion of drug abusers who can be identified.

Vocabulary and structure support Setting: In recent years, applied researchers have become increasingl

y interested in technologies for waste-water treatment.

Recently, there has been a spate of Interest in the study of the composing processes of Chinese EFL writers.

The study o/the reading processes of second language learners has become an important aspect of applied linguistics.

The relationships between vocabulary size and reading comprehension proficiency in EFL learners have been studied by many researchers.

The effect of air-conditioning systems on human health has been studied extensively in recent years.

Literature review Without attempting to be exhaustive, we have selected a small s

ample of studies for inclusion in this review.

According to Hall (1997), cultures can be grouped along a continuum from low context to high-context.

For example, Maitra and Goswami (1995) examined the visual design of a Japanese company's annual report and found very distinctive design features.

Cummins (1979) distinguishes between language acquired for basic interpersonal communication and language acquired for academic purposes.

In [7] the authors examine the performance of voice over a network which supports premium and assured services.

Indicating for more research However, as yet, there is little empirical evidence about

whether teachers‘ gestures actually affect students' learning.

Although much work has been done to date, more studies need to be conducted to ascertain the effects of microcomputer-assisted instruction in language.

As computer technology ushers in a new communication model that promotes a convergence of verbal and visual language, it makes sense to ask whether these stylistic differences are also reflected in visual communication.

But very little is known about the effects of air flow rates on the equipment.

Research purpose The present study investigated the extent to which tasks invol

ving processing differences in EFL reading result in differences in performance on comprehension.

The main focus of this paper is to discuss the official role and the status ascribed to English, most notably in China's education system.

The purpose of the research reported here was to determine whether or not genetic differences in germination exist at low temperatures in pepper species.

In this paper, therefore, we present profiles of our current thinking in these two contexts, and then pick out some similarities and differences between them.

Giving value This study may lead to a better understanding of h

ow Chinese English learners go about the task of composing in test conditions.

The model described here could serve as the basis for a study of automatic measurement systems in an instrumentation course.

As a move in this direction, I hope the present small-scale study could serve as a starting point to later, possibly more sophisticated, research of a comparative nature.

Method/Methodology/Materials and Method 内容（ 1 ）对研究 / 实验的概述 (overview of t

he research/experiment) (2) 研究对象总体与样本，或研究的样本 (pop

ulation/sample) (3) 开展研究 / 实验的地点 (location) (4) 抽样方法 (sampling technique) (5) 研究 / 实验步骤 (procedures) (6) 每一步骤采用的材料 (materials) (7) 数据处理 (statistical treatment)

Examples Method Participants Materials Procedure Data analysis

Research Methodology Subjects Procedure Data collection Data processing

Vocabulary and Structure Support Procedures: The study employed a pre- and post-test design.

Twenty lexical items in text context were chosen for investigation.

The survey questionnaires were sent to 120 engineering departments in 28 universities in the country.

Every student participated in two sessions separated by two weeks.

The investigation was carried out in the computing centers of the two

universities.

Tests were conducted with five different types of reactors.

The data were collected and correlations calculated in the third phase of the study.

Describing materials The test instrument employed in this study was a revised version of the

ABC Test for Reading Comprehension.

The subjects were selected from six college English classes on the basis of performance in the Placement Test.

Each group consisted of IS students from three different science universities.

The participants interviewed were primarily from Leeds area, England.

In each model, the typical workload that an e-commerce server supports consists of shopping sessions.

Control gauges monitored air pressure inside the chamber.

The two texts used for the study were a 900-word article entitled "Animal Thinking" and an 800-word article entitled "Saving Nature, But Only for man".