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l. Ouenrgno. uro Eepona [ousrr4e He croJrbKo reorpaQuuecKoe, cKoJ'rbKo Kynbryp-Ho-flcropuqecKoe lr uleonor[qecroe. Malo KTo 3Haer, HaIIpIrMep, qro c reorpa$n'tec-rofi ro.{r[ 3peHufl rleHTpoM Enponsr rBrsercs Bulrsxrc, cronIIIIa II[rerr: c KynbrypHo-ucropr{qecKorii roqru 3peHus sro cKopee uepu$epna Eeponu. Korga ur,r roRoputrl o En-porre, Mbr enBa nr4 r{MeeM B Brr1y Typquro rl Kagaxcrari: BMecre c reM, crporo roBopr, oHI{

rvloryr crrr{Tarbcl eBpoleficxnuu crpaHaMr{, nocKoJ'IbKy onpeAeneHHaq rlacrb LIx reppl{To-prrtl rrpr.rHaIIn extrr Enpone.

2. O6paruucq r Poccr{n.IlpuHag,re>rnr nn Poccna Enpoue? C reorpaSu'Iecrofi TorrKIr 3peHlllr sTor Bonpoc

npeglonaraer, HecoN{HeHHo, rroro)Kr.me:rsnsrri orBer. flpanga, 66:ruuar{ .Iacrr, PocctlltorHoc[Tc.rl r A:ntr, oAHaKo IIeHTpanlHaq - Ha[6orec pelpe3eHTar[tsHas - ee (tacrl Haxo-

Ar{Tcfl B Enpone (r.r n erou pa3Hlllla Mex[y Poccr,reii u Typuueii, He roBopfl y><c o Ka:ax-crane); r4crop[qecKlr Poccnr [pe[craBnrer co6ofi enponeiicryrc crpaHy, Koropaq pac-fipocrpaHuaa cBorr rpaHlrqbr, nuftgx 3a npeAenbr Enponsr. Asuarcxa.s qacrr Poccttu ot-HOCUTCT x ee nepr,rsepnu I,I, co6craeHHo, He Ha3brBaerc{ Poccuer?. XuTenn Cu6upr.rMoryr cKa3am "noexars s Poccurc" ToqHo raK )Ke, KaK xIITeJIL oKpaunbl Mocrelr roso-paT "rroexaTb B fopo!".

PaeHsrN,r o6pasol,r c Kynr,TypHo-trcropr{rrecKori ro.xu 3peHrrg IIpIIHannexHocrr, Pocctrnr Enpone Hc BbI3bIBaer HI4KaKoro coMHeHur: pyccKaq Kyr'Ib'rypa HecoMHeHHo, Kynbrypaenponer?crax, pyccKaq nureparypa, My3bIKa u u:o6pa:l.r'reJlbHoe LlcKyccrBo [peAcraBJrlq-ror co6oft Bbr[arcLquecrl Aocrlr)KeHua erponerlcroii xy,'rsrypnoli rpaguqnu. Mlt eqna nuMo)r(cM rrpeAcraBurr, cc6e enponertcryro Kynbrypy 6e: pyccrofi KraccuqecKori lrrepary-pbr x pyccKori noe:nu, 6e: pyccroro aBaHrapAa, pyccxoii cuu$onrr.tecroii uy:r,tru, pyc-croro 6a:rera r{, HaKoHer-1 pyccKoro rearpa Ir KIrHo.

trt[, reu He ]\,reHee, rtocro.flHHo B HaIrIeM co3HaH[1r.1 npl{cyrcrByer Boflpoc: np[HaAne)KI'IT.nr.r Poccuq Eepone'l 3ror aonpoc noAHuMaer Yaagaen B To BpeMrI, Kor[a! xaaanocr, 6u,oH MeHee Bccfo aKTyaneH.

@ Ycnescxruii E.A., 2004 r

ps

,IX

13

floueuy xe rar? Otryga gTu coMHeHrrf, rrprr Ka>Kyrrlerica ouenragHocrl{ orBera Ha erornonpoc?

3. PacnpocrpaHeHr{e HarrMeHoBaHr{fl, orHocruleroctr K HeKoropoMy KyJrbrypHo-Ircro-puqecKoMy rleHrpy (:r.e. npegcraBJrflIolqero HeKoropyrc KyJlbrypHo-I,IcropuilecKyro rpa-graquro), Moxer ocHoBbrBarbc{ Boo6ule KaK Ha npr,rHrlr{le M e r o H rr M r4 v,TaKvt Ha npI,IH-qlrneMeraSopr,r.CoornercrBeHHo,KaKMbryBr{Ar,rM,r.rlra"Enpoua"rraoxetIroHLIMarb-cfl r4 KaK MeTOHrrMr4rtr, r'r KaK MeraQopa.

B nepnou ctryqae peqr, uAer o KyJrbrypnoll e KcIrar.cktkr, B pe3yJlbrare Koro-poft, uux orHocrqeecr K rIeHTpy, pacnpocrpaufl.ercfi.Ha nepu$epnro.3ro ecrecr-BeHHuft upoqecc.

B gpyrou cJryqae pearb r,I[er o KyJlrtypuoli opI4eHraIIuu.3ro I{cKyccr-BeHHuri upoqecc.

Bor gna npr{Mepa, r,rrrrlroc:rpupyrcrll.Ie o6a c;ryvax.flprauep uepnrrr?. B X s. Ile de France, Seogam,Hrrri Aonren lyro Kanera, craHoBl{Tcq

rIeHTpoM crpaHbr, Koropyrc Mbr Ha3brBaerra @panqrefi; TaK rrorBJlflercfl. t4Mfl. "Opanqua"KaK Ha3BaHI,Ie CTpaHbr.

flpuuep ntopor?. flpra ocroenura Hosoro n Honefiruero Csera (Arraepuru, Anctpanrara,Honofi 3elanguu) ropoAa u o6r.acrllz orreHr, rracro Ha3brBarorcq raK xe, KaK eBpoflel;I-cKI{e: MbI BuAr{M orrrerJrl4Boe crpeMJIeHIre nepeHecrr{ Ha HoBbIe o6racru enpoueficroeKyJrbrypHoe rpocrpaHcrBo. Tar, MbI IrMeeM sgecr Honrrit l4opr (New York; [epBoHa-rrarbHo oH Ha3brBaJrcq HosrrM Aucrepgalrorvr), Honyro Anrnrato, Hoayro 3erangraro ra

T.rr., a B gamnertrueu Mbr Bcrpealaeu n AuepuKe raKI,Ie Ha3BaHI,Is, rax llrara, Cnparysu,Caurr-flerep6ypr u r.u. Tou Coftep, suaN,reur,rrlrfi repofi roBecr:u Mapra TseHa, XI{JI B

ropo[Ke, roropurl Hocr{Jr Ha3BaHue croJrr{rlbr Poccuricrori r{Mflepul{ (Caurr-fletep6ypr);ropoA c raKlrM Ha3BaHr4eM ecrb Bo (Dnopuge, Ho ropo[ Torraa Coriepa Haxo[I{Tcfl ua 6epe-rax Muccucranl{ - rIo-BIrAI,IMoMy, aBTop caIIrraJI, qro oro rI4IrIarIHoe Ha3BaHrre aMepIrKaH-cKoro ropoga. Korga { florran n Auepnry, fl [o3HaKoMuJtcfl * Ha Kpbrrue nrro-rfoprcroroMetropolitan Museum - c uranofi noxurolTt gauofi, Koropa{ cflpoclrJla MeH{, orKyga fl,, tt,y3HaB, rrro fl r,r3 Mocrnrr, ocBeAoMI4JIacb, B KaKoM oro rrrrare: oHa 6bura yBepeHa, aITo

Mocrna - onr4H r43 aMeprrKaHcKl{x ropogoB.Ouenugua pa3Hr4rla Mex[y orrrMr,r AByMtr cJryrraqMr{: B oAHoM cryqae lru ua6rrcgaeu

ecrecrB eHuuli upoqecc KyJr,Typuofi ercnancnu, B ApyroM -vIcKyccrB ennulflpouecc xynr,rypuoft oprreHTar${r4. B nepeou cryqae I4Meer Mecro MeroHrtMvtfl, B ApyroM -uera$opa. B ognou cnyqae geficrnyror cr{Jrbr rleHTpo6exnrre (npunql4fl MeroHIa-urarE), no BTopoM- rI e Hrp o crp e Mur eJI bHbI e (upnnqlru rueraQopu).

3auerrau, arro B cJryarae uera$opu (r,,re:ra$opuuecKor? TorIoHr4MvIKvI, cBlrAereJlr,crBy-pqe;r o KyJrbrypHofr opueuraquu) urr qacro BcrpelraeM elrr,ITer "Houuft", cp.: Honrrfi,rTopr (New York), Hosrrfi Arucrepgau (Nieuw Amsterdam KaK crapoe Ha3BaHr{e Hbro-I,Iopra; Nouvelle Amsterdam KaK Ha3BaHrre ocrpoBa n ?Iuguftcrou oreaue), HonuIi Op-reau (New Orleans), Hosrrfi Jlongon (New London; s Coe[[uerrHbrx Illrarax ecrb He-cKoJrr,Ko ropoAoB c raKr{M raueneu), Hosas @pauqua (Nouvelle France; TaK Ha3EIBaJII{cb

Qpauqyscrrae 3eMJrrr n Kanage ao l'763 r.), Honar Anrnr,rq (New England), Honar IIIoT -r,alo1ufl (Nova Scotia; rpoBrrHrlrltr n Kauage) c ropogoM HosrIft hagro (New Glasgow),Honur? trOxur,rfi Yer.nc (New South Wales), Hosas 3enangna (New Zealand), Honax Ka-rreAoHrrfl (Nouvelle Cal6donie), Honaq [xoppxux (New Georgia; ocrpoB B rpynre Colo-MoHoBbrx ocrponon), Hosas lsuHeq (New Guinea urra Nieuw Guinea), Hosaq l4p:raugvrt uHosaq EpuT anrax (New Ireland, New Britain; ocrpoBa B apxrrneJrare Buclnrapra; paHee oHLr

Ha3r,rBaJrr{cb, coorBercrBeuno, Horuu Merneu6yproM r,r Honofr flouepauuefi: Neumeck-lenburg, Neupommern), Houaa Vlcnaunfl. (Nueva Espaia; ,rcrralacKafl. KoJIoHIaf, ororo Me-xrrKo, ocHoBaHHafl B 1522 r.), Honas laruqna (Nueva Galicia; o6nacrr K BocroKy Ir ceBe-py or Mexuro), Honaa fpauaga (Nueva Granada; r{craHcKaq KoJIoHIr.s B IOxuoIi Arvrepu-re, o6pasonaHHafl B 1538 r.), Honaq Cu6ups (ocrpoa B apxl{reJlare Hosocu6upcKneocrpona), Honufi Bpayumnerir (New Brunswick), Honufi fixepcn (New Jersey), Honufi

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lelruurup (New Hampshire), Honaa Mercrra (New Mexico), Honrre le6prgn (New He-brides) r,r r.g. Taroro poAa Ha3BaHr{tr Moryr [oBTopqrbcr: tar, "]Ionofi Auuuer?" Ha3bIBa-

ercfl c 1614 r. r{cropuqecKu cJroxr4Brur{ircr, pafioy B ceBepo-Bocro.rHoft vactu Coeglaueu-nux Illraron, Ho rorrHo raK xe Ha3bIBaJIacb reppuropuq Ha ceBepHoM 6epery r{epuoro

Mopr, orAauuas,Bn3alrrTutftcxuu r{Mleparopolr Arercueu cBoI{M aurnuficrrau reJloxpaHl4-TeJrflM no nroport rroJroBr4He XI n.; ropoga na erori Teppr{ropl4l{ (Nova Anglia) uontoparuHa3BaHus. anuulircrr,rx ropo[oB: IIongoH, Zopr u r.u.

Mex4y reM B cryqae MeroHrrMr{ra (uerouraura.recrofi TorIoHI,IMI4KI4, cBl4gereJlbcrByro-qefi o ryru,rypuofi srcnancuu) vrsr o6rr.rHo BcrpeqaeM g[I{Ter "BonrruoIl" ("Benurrafi"),Haupravrep, rarnlq Eocrou, [pe[craBJrflroulee co6ori Ha3BaHI4e ropo[a, Moxer pacflpocrpa-Hfl"rbcfl Ha rpuropoAbr, u Mbr roBoprrM o Eomruou Bocrone (Greater Boston). Taroro po-

[a [prrMepbr rxr{poKo [peAcraBJreHbr B TorroHrlMrar.r. Tax Ha3BaHIre Bperanu B pe3ynbrareKoJroHr43arlrru pacflpocrpaHr{Jrocb na Anrrturo, ra orclo[a o6uscufl.ercfl. Ha3BaHI{e Benraro-lpurauux,.r.e. Benurax Eperanr (nnocregcru4r{ gro Ha3BaHIlIe 6sIno nepeocMblcJleHo B

cBfl3kt c o6tegranenueu Anrnur,r ra Illouauguue 1707 r.). Touno raK xe roxHatr l4ratufl. cr43HarraJrbHo rpeqecKr,rM HaceJreHr4eM TpaE[qrroHHo Ha3brBaercfl "Belurofi fpequefi" (Ma-gna Grecia). B 1819-1830 rr. s xoge 6opr6rr uc[aHcKr{x xononnfi 3a He3aBl{clrMocrb B

trOxnofi Avrepure 6ura o6pasoBaHa pec[y6rura Benuras Konyu6lrx, IIeHrpaJIbHyrolracrE, Koropotr cocraBrrra co6creeHno Konyu6rax.

To >xe I{MeJIo Mecro rr B Ircroplatl Poccura: nouflTlre Pycz nepnouarraJlbuo orHoctlJrocbr Kraeny r4 3eMJrflM BoKpyr Kraesa. CerepuopyccKrre 3eMJru r{3HarraJrbHo Pycr,ro He Ha3bI-

BaJrrrcb; n ga;mneftrueM oHrl MorJrrr orHocr{Tbcq r Berraroft Pycu, nogo6Ho roMy, Haflplr-Mep, KaK npr,rropo[br Mocrnu, He npuHaAJre)Ka[II{e co6crBeHHo r Mocrne, Moryr Ha3bI-

Barbcq ceroAH.a "Eoluuoft Mocrnoli". Tar, e susaHrullcroM cIIr{cKe etapxnir. (Notitiaepiscopatuum) n'ropofi rroJroBlrHbr XII n. uepeuvcrtflwrcfl errapxr{I{, orHoc.fltllllecfl K MI4Tpo-

rroJrr,rr{ Tn psTd},T 'Prrlofg, r.e. "nenuroitPycw,", r{ B r4x rrI4cJIe Ha3r,IBalorcr Honropog,Crrroreucr, Cysgam.

O,ruoqa Ha3Baurre "BeruKorl Pycu" (trsTd)"n 'Prrloru) crauoBr4rcr paBHo3HaqHbIM Ha-

3BaHlrro "ncefi Pycra" (ndocx 'Prooiu), Koropoe Bxo4r,rJro B Tr4TyJr KlreBcKoro Mrrrpo[oJll{-Ta, ynpaBJrflroulero BceMr{ pyccKr{Mr{ Teppr4ropr,rfluu (uo rpariuefi Mepe co BTopofi noJlo-szHtr XII B. oH rlMeHyercr "K[encKr4M r4 ncex Pycu"). flporranonocraBJreHl4e "Pycu" ra

"Belnror? Pycu" upu groM He flBrrs,ercfl, B3arrMor{cKJrroirarcquM, o[HaKo "Pycr" BbI[eJrr-ercfl Lrs "Benurofi Pycu" xar MapKrrpoBauHar r{acrb ee repplrropuu. Ha gToM gralle rro-narue "Pycra" lrueer gnorlnoe 3HarreHI,Ie: Ha3BaHIre "Pycs", c oAHofi cropoHbl, coorHoclrr-c, c KueBcKori seurer?, c gpyrorl xe cropoHbl, Bblcrylraer KaK o6rqee [oHflTue. Cerrlanrra-uecru (no o6'relnry nonxrua) "Pycs" BK;Iroqaer s ce6q "BenuryIo Pycr", [pI4 ToM qro

Sra:uvecru (no oxnary repplrropuu) coornorueulre oKa3blBaerca o6parutru.B garrnefirueM - rrocJre [epeHeceHr4fl Mr{Tpo[oJruptuzKv,esa Bo BraAIlM[p n 1299 r. -

rroHflT[Ie "Beluraq Pycr" nauunaer o3Harrars ne "sclo Pyct", Ho ro, rrro He orHocl{Tcfl K

"Pycra" rax raronofi, T.e. rrpexge Bcero ceBepHopyccKrie reppr,rroplara. flocronbKy [oHrI-Tue "Berurax Pycr" HarrraHaer accorlr{r{poBarbcfl c ceBepHbrMI,I TeppuropuqMll I4 rocKonb-Ky reppr.rroprtt4 o"tut upno6peraror sce 6oJnrxee 3Har{eHI4e, To, aITo paHee Ha3r,IBaJIocb

"Pycrro", Harrl{Haer l{MeHoBarbcq "Maroli Pycrro". Tar no.gnrsercfl Ha3BaHue "MaraqPycs" ("Manopoccrax") - oHo flBHo o6pasyetca rro KoHrpacry c "Benraroft Pycrro", urocBr{AeTeJrbcTByeT o ToM, qro npr4Hr{MaeTcfl rrMeHHo [epcneKTr{Ba "Benraroll Pycr'r". B rro-re o[[o3r4urrfl "Pycu" ra "Berrarofi Pycu" npernopf,erc.fl B [porlrBo[ocraBJleHl4e "Ma.noftPycu" u "Belrarori Pycw". Yrpauuqrr Boclpr,rHr{Maror Ha3BaHr4e "Maropoccrax" rax o6rzg-

noe (ynuurorr.rremnoe) I{ rlpeArroquralor Ha3Bauue "Yrpar.rua", xota oHo, B cyuluocrl{,o3Halraer ro xe caMoe: "Yrpar.tra" o3Haaraer oKparrHy, nepu$epuro, rrporrlBorrocraBJleH-Hyro qeHTpy. Kax n Ha3BaHrrr{ "Maras Pycr,", TaK rr B Ha3BaHI4rr "Yrpauua", npocJlexlaBa-ercq oAHa r,r ra xe fi[\efli lr1es. nepuSepuu; s o6o[x cryilaflx oro o3Haqaer MeHy IIeHTpa I{nepraQepun: rleHrp (ro, uro Ha3bIBaJIocb HeKorAa "Pycr,ro") ctan nepuQeptefi ("MaloIiPycrrc" r,rJrrr oKpar{Hofi - "Yxpauuofi"), a uepu$epux - qeHTpoM.

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B pe:ylsrare noHqrue "Pycs" crauoBr,rrcs o6rqnu [oHqr[eM He roJIbKo rlo orHolrIe-

HuK) K Be:rurorl Pycu, uo 1,1 no orHolrreHrlto K Manoii Pycu. B 3TrIx yc,'IoBI'Itx, HanplrMep,

o Cy:gale MoxHo cKa3arb u 'ro, qro 3To "Pycb", II To, rrro e'ro "Be;rrlrax Pycs" (uo ue'lr-3, cKa3arb, rrro gro "Maraq Pycr"); paBHbrM o6pasou o r{epntlrone Mo>KHo cKa3arb I4 To,

r{.ro oTo "Pycl", I{ TO, rITO ero "Manas PyCs" (nO HeJIL,3rI cKa3aTb' rITO sTo "BeInraqPycs"). Tarulr o6pa:lon, rroHrrTrr, "Pycl" r.r "Benr.maq Pycs", c ognorl cToponbl, "PyCl" u

"Muro, Pycr,", c gpyroIl, He I{cKJIloqarcT Apyr gpyra (onu [poTl'IBonocraBlqloTcq rar o6-

qee u qac.rgoe noux'r'r.re), nplr ToM rITO noHflTl.Ifl "BeIlxaq Pycl" u "Manaq PyCn," ora:u-BaK)Tcf B3aIIMoucKJrrcrrarculflMu. l4ga.re roBoprl: Bce, rrro MoxHo Ha3Barb "Be.nurori Py-

Csro", llo>rsq Ha3BaTL II upocTo "PyclrO", oAHaKo O6parHoe HeBepHO; Bce, qTo Mo)KHO sa-

searb "Ma"uofi Pycsxt", MoxHo Ha3BaTb rr npocTo "Pyctro", HO o6plTHoe HeBepHo.

3ane.rnu, rrro, B To BpeMs KaK B Kr{eBCKoIl nepcleKTI'IBe Pycb, BKnroqarculafl B ce6fl

ceBepHbre 3eMJrrr, ,*."uuurual "Beluroii Pycrrc", B cKaHAI{HaBcKoIi nepcneKTl{Be Pycb

(KaK B co6creeHgoN{ cMbrcre, TaK u c flpr.rnerarcu]uMl{ 3eMr.rMu) uor:ra Hasrrnarrcq "Be-

,ruxori lllnerl,reii" (Svipjod hinn r-nikla). B o6oux cnyqatx crloBo. o6osHa'Iarcu1ee "nelu-

ruri", nneer oAHo II TO )Ke 3HarIeHLIe: 3HarIeHue nepuQepuu, OTHocqUIeIic.fl K I{eHTpy.

f'onOsnur.rqecKa, MoAenb c Ha3BaHueM "Bellmnri", KaK [paBIIno, oTHOcuTC, eoo6ule

x o6;racrr.r KoJrourr3arlr.rrr, a He K Murpoflonl4r.r. Haflpl{Mep, Ben[Ko6pIITaHltfl Ha3blBaercq

TaK orHocr.rrenbgo MarepnKoBorl Eperanu, Be:rurar{ fpeqnx - oruocl{TeJrbuo Ircropxqec-

rofi fpeqrr.r, Bennrax Konyrr,l6ul - orHoo{Telr},Ho Llcroplrqecrorl Ko,ryru6utl, Belr'rro-poccr4rr orHocure,.lrrHo Pycr [3uaqaJrr,Hoit (roropaa J'IIIIub [oI1 eo:geticrnneM cBoero

Koppenqra crilHoBLITcs Ma.nopoccneii).

4. L4r ax, pacnpocrpaHeHl{e Ha3BaHux (ronour'tua)Ha, orHocrtqerocrl K neroropoti nepnoua'ransuori

- ycBoeHI{e rpalnql{oHHOrO TepMIt-(ucxoqHorl) reppxropuu, - Mox(erKorAa AHr,ruq Ha3blBaercq Belt'xo-r.rMerL, xapaKTep lu6o rr,reronuuuu nr'r6o Mera$opbl.

6pr.r'rannerl, [epeg IraMIr MeroHIrMI4fl. Kor[a ropoA B Auepure Ha3blBaercfl Honrru OPre-

aHoM r4nr,1 HoestN{ I4oprou, Hanl{qo lreraSopa.Korqa urlr ynorpe6JrreM 3rrr{Ter "Berurntl" (uanpunrep, Korna MsI roBopllM Bert{xaq

poccus unr.r Benuro6puranux), aoApa3yN{eBaercr, t{To ttMeJIo Mecro - rlo KpaliHefr Mepe

r{3HaqaJrr,Ho) or.oxAecrBJr eHrre HeKoropori nepr.r$epufiuoit reppuropl{I{ c I{cropl{-qecKr.rM ueHTpoM.

Kor[a >Ke MbI ynorpe6lxeM 3[I{TST "Honstrl" (Haupruep, Hoea., 3elanglra tl r.u.)pcrrb rrger ne o6 oio>rg"cr"r.rrr, a o6 ynog o 6n e Hr.r r.r (roropoe Boo6qe, no Apuc-

ToreJr11.;, Jrexr.rr B ocgoBe uera$opur). Ho ynogo6.neHl'Ie npen[oJralaer I{3HaqaJlbHoe

11poTr.rBorrocratsJreHr{e co[oc'faBJrfleMblx tlsreuflii: MLI Mo)KeM ynogo6nxG gpyr

[pyfy JIIIlub ro, tITo [pl43Haercq pa3HbIM.

lloerOuy, KOrAa Mbt o[pe,qenqeM r{TO-To (n uac'rnOCur, KaKoe-To MeCTo) rar "HOnoe",

oKii3brBaercs ecrecrBeHHbrM oxapaKTepn3otsarb coorHeceHHoe (nporusoroctannreltoe)noHflTue rar "c.rapoe". Tar nocle orKpbrrflq "Hosoro Csera" (Alrepr.rru), Enpona naulr-

Haer Ha3brBarrcn "CrapsrM Ceerol\,r". Conepureuuo aHaJIou'Iqno rocre norlBreHns "Ho-

Boro 3aBeTa" eapericxax E1r6,ruq IIoHIIMaeTcf, rar "Berxtlt? 3aner"; rrocne OpauUy:croripeBonloqu11 [peAlxecTByroulr.rii ilopqloK nonyqaeT Ha3BaHI4e "craporo pe>xllua" (ancien

iegime); ,ro.re """q.HI{fl

rperopt4aucKoro KaneHlapa, roroprrrl olpeAenqeTcs KaK "Ho-

uorri arrr"", lo,'IflaHcxL{Il KaneHAapL [MeHyercq "crapblM crulelt", u r.n'Hanporun, Kor[a MbI OnpeAeJ]fleM HeqTo KaK "se,l[roe", l.lst o6r,tqso He oflpeAenfleM

rrporr{BolonoxHoe rroHflTue rax "r,raloe". (tr4crnrouerule rrpe[craBrqer Ha3Banrle "Mairo-

pocct11l", Ho oTo oco6blli cnyqali, roropurl o6'brcH{eTcs MeHoll rleHlpa u nepr'rSepnu ua

pyccrofi TeppLIropl{lr, cu. erture.)B cnyvae MeToHI{MtIqeCKOro HaIIMeHOBaHLIfl BcTaeT [po6neMa IIeHTpa II IIepI4-

s"prtr! B cnyqae Ha[MeHoBaHr.rx uerasopr4qecKoro - npo6leua HoBof o I4 cTa-p o r o: soo6ule MeroHr.rMuq ocHoBbrBaerc, Ha orHoIUeHI4flx B flpocTpaHcrBe, TorAa KaK

I,rera$opa [peglonaraer oruorxeHru Bo BpeMeHn. B or,'I['rue or orHoIUeHIIq IIeHTpa I'I

nepu$epuu oTHotIeHr{fl HoBoro tr cTaporo B IIpI{HIIIIIe cTpoflTcq Ha oTpI{L{aHIrIr l{ I{MetoT

l6

I

TOJII,KO IIO OTHOIIE.ycroBr,Iqx, HanprrMep,

Ka, Pycb" (uo uelr-MO)KHO CKA3ATI, I.I TO.

YTo 9To "BealtrarcropoHbr, "Pycr" u

BJrtrorc, xax o6-Maaas Pycr" oxasu-

r "Benr.rrori Py-BCe, rITO MO)KHO Ha-

HeBepHo.

pgzquonuoro repMr.r-pprrroprrrr, * MoxeT[a3r,rBaerc, B e.rrlrxo -aerca Honuu Ople-

roBoplrM Berlrxaq- lo rpafiueft rr,repe

c r4cTopr4-

, 3enaH[rlfl lr r.n.)noo6u1e, no Apuc-

I,I3HAqAJIbIIOC

u ynogo6lrrr gpyr

) rax "uonoe",nouocrauraeuoe)

ru), Enpona uaulr-e uoqsreHuq "Ho-

@panqyscxofipexlrlra" (ancien

qetcq xax "Ho-.II.

HO He orrpeAeJrreMHa3BaHr,re "Malo-u nepu$epllr.r Ha

HrpaoBoro

Be, Torla KaK

Hr4rr rleHrpa rr

HI,IU II I,IMEIOT

r4 IIeprr-u cTA-

xapaKTep B3al,IMol{cKJlro.raroulefi ofluoosl4llun: 3[ecb BcerAa rrpeAloJraraercfl [porr{Bo-crotrHl,Ie. Korga Koncranrnn Berrarrafi s 330 r. ocHoBbrBaer HoByro - xpprcrr,raHcKyro -croJll{qy Punrcrofi I{MrIepI{I{, Koropafl floryqaer Ha3BaHrle "Hosoro Pnua" (oguonpevreu-Ho oHa Ha3blBaercfl Koucranrr,rnorloJleM), Honrui PzN{ orasrrraercfl nporr{BorrocraBJreH-nuu Crapouy Puuy KaK xpI{crI{aHcKI,Ift ropog * fl3brqecKoMy (a ruocnegcrBr{r{ KaK npa-socranHrrl? ropoA - KaroJll{rrecKorr,ry). To xe caMoe [por{cxoAr,rr nocle @nopeHTr,rrlcKofiyntn 1438 r. u flocJlegyroqero naAeHlrfl KoucranuaHo[oJrfl B 1453 r. (roropoe BocrrpuHx-MaJIOCb npaBOCJIaBHbIMI{ KaK CJIeACTBLTe yHtut C KaTOJrr{KaMr{ - KaK HaKa3aHr{e rpeKoB 3a r43-MeHy npaBocJIaBI,IIo), Korla Ha Pycll Soprrrl,rpyercfl flpe[craBJreHr,re o MocKBe rar TpeTbeNaPraue r,rnr,r HosoM Konctarur,ruonoJre. Mocrna rar Hosrrfi Prala ra Hosrrri KoncraurraHorroJrrlpoTI{Bo[ocTaBJIfleTc, KaK nepBoMy (rerxouy) Pr,ruy, rar r4 [epBoMy KoncrauruuorroJrro(ntopouy Purrry) rar ropog, coxpaHvnurrafi npanocnaBHyro rpagurluro, - ropoAaM, ee yrparrrB-uruu. B o6orx cJlyrraflx flepep HaMII rr,reraSopa, r.r sro orarerJu4Bo qpotrBJrflercfl B grrr,rrere"HoBbIIi". I4 r o6onx curyl,aflx rrerKo o6ogHa.raercfl B3al{MolacKrroqarcutree [porl{Boloc-TaBJIeHT{e, xapaKTepHoe uMeHHo glx ruera$opr,rvecrofi HoMrrHarlr{[.

5. Octaercs 3aMerI{Tb, rrro caMo HaIdMeHoBaHr,re Enponu [pe[craBJrfler co6ofi He rrroI{Hoe, KaK MeToHI{MI{ro: negr Enpouofi nepnoHauaJrbHo Ha3brBanact fpequ{, [pr{rreM KoH-TuHeHTaJIbHal lpequa (n orrtu.rrae or "A3ur,r", T.e. ocrpoBos Sreficroro Mop, r4 ?Ionraqe-croro uo6epexrx Manor? Asuu). florou [ocrefleHHo oro Ha3BaHr{e paclpocrpa:rrfl.ercfl.Ha Apyrue 3eMJrI,I - cHaqaJra coce4Hr{e, [oroM coce4nufi c cocegHr{Mr4 r4 T.rr. - rro [praHrlr.r[yMeToHTIM[Mecroro o6osHarreH[fl. flepnrre uouuitcxue reorpaQu, TaKr{e KaK Anaxcu-MaHAp, Ha3brBaJrH "Erpouofi" Teppr,rropr,uo K ceBepy or CpeAuseuHoro Mopfl, rorAa KaKo6lacrt K Iory or Hero HasblBanacr "A3raer?". TaKuM o6pa:ou nporr{BolocrasreHue Es-pollbl I{ Asrzrn uepnoHaqaJlbHo ruJro He rro J[4Hr{r{ 3auaga - Bocrora, a rro J[4Hrrrr Cenepa -trOra.

6. Bornpaqascr r Poccflu, MoxHo cKa3arb: Poccus Moxer crrr,rrarbcfl Enponofi He KaKMeToHI,IMI{', a rax ueraQopa. Pevt rlAer He o6 ercnancnra Enpoutr KaK r{cropr{qecKoroKyJlbrypHoro (qranr,ur,rsaqraouuoro) qeHTpa Ha flpr{Jrerarculr{e repprarop[rr4, a o co3Ha-tenlnofi opueHTaIII4I,I na Enpouy, T.e. o [poqecce, r{MeroqeM racKyccrBenuuri xapaKTep.r4ua\e roBopr, peqb uAer, He o rleHTpo6e>ruou, a o r{enTpocrpeMr{TeJrbHoM npouecce.

Eclu 6u pealb IuJIa o [ocJregoBatenrnofi gKcflaHcr{rl, Poccus MorJra 6tr 6rrrr orrpeAe-JreHa KaK B e n ra r a r Enpoua, r.e. o6nacrt Ha nepusepuu Enponbr, Ha Koropyro [ocre-IreHHo pacupocrpaHrercr eBpoleft.cras KyJrbrypHa{ MoAeJrb. 3ro 6un 6u upoqecc rocre-ueuHoft I{ uocJleAoBatelrnoft eBoJlroquu, r,r on 6rrn BrroJrHe Bo3MoxeH (nanouuro, qro eB-po[eLISaIIu, Poccnra HarruHaercfl npla Eoplrce logynone rr 3areM rrpoAoJrxaercfl, rtpuJlxeguurpul{; gTor flpouecc rogo6nosr.f,erctr rrocJre Cuyrnoro BpeMeHlr, oco6euno norropofi uoJroBI{He XVII n.). Srouy uoMelrrarrr,r pe$oprvrlr flerpa I, roroprre r{MeJru HesBoJTIoIII{oHHuri, a penonroqr,Ionnrrri - He ecrecrBeuuufi, a rrcKyccrBeuutrfi - xapaKTep.B pe:ylrrare Enpoua craHoBr,rrcfl gnx Poccran He M e r o H r{ u u e fi, a M e r a $ o p o ft:BMecro roro, .tto6u crarb opraHl{qecKorl .racrrro "Berurorir Enpouu", Poccus, craHoBr{T-cfl"Honofi Enponoli".

Ho cosHarerrHafl opueHTallrls [pegnoJraraer rrporr{BocroflHr,re MexAy Poccuefi u Es-pouofi: caMa opI{eHTar\fifl.Ha Enpony fipeAnoJraraer, uro Poccr,rf, r{3HarraJrbHo Enpouofi ueflBJIf,CTCfl.

I4uesno era r{[efl 3aJroxeHa B ocHoBe rrerpoBcKr{x pe$opu.To, vro fl roBoplo, Mo)Ker rloKa3arbcfl [apaAoKcoM. Ilerp I sourer B r,rcropr{ro KaK

KyJlbryprperep, eBpo[e[:arop Poccrara, flpranxro cqr{Tarb, qro B pe3yJrbrare nerpoBcKr{xpe$opu Poccras ycBal{Baer enponertcrrae KyJrbrypHbre rleHHocrr{ u cra:noBvtrcfl enponeri-crofi crpanofi. .fl xe yrBepxAaro, qro oAHoBpeMeHHo flerp co:4aer KyJrbrypHoe nporra-BOCTOqHr,re MexAy Poccuefi r,r Enpouori, Koroporo - no xpafineri uepe n erofi soprr,re - ne6rrno panuue. flo o6pasHoMy Bblpaxenuro flyrurrana (nocxo4flrrleMy K BbrcKasbrBaHr{roAnrraporrra), flerp "n Enpony npopy6un oKHo". flpogolxaa eror o6pa:, r 6rr crasan,

17

BKrroqarcqas s ce6gnepcnerrzne Pycr

ua Ha3r,IBaTLCq "Be-uavatorqee "ne.rrz-

, K rleHrpy., oruocl,ITcs noo6rqe

HT[fl HA3bTBAETCfr

TeJrr,Ho I{cTopr4qec-Kotyxtluu, Beazro-

qro Arfl Toro, rrro6br upopy6r.rrb oKHo B Enpony, flerpy Heo6xo4uuo 6ruo rosgnr,rrnyrscreHy, or[eJrf,rorqyro Poccuro or Erpour,r.

7.?ra [cKyccrBeHHocrb rrerpoBcrux peSopM [porBJrflercfl c caMoro rax na.rana. flpu-Merrarerbuo, vro pe$opMbr grr{ r{Meror orrrerJrrrBo BbrpaxeHHbrfi ceNaraoT ra.recrufi xapar-rep: flerp Harrl,IHaer c ycBoeulrfl 3 H a K o B, npe[noJrarafl, oqeBVAHo, rrro coAepxaHr,reAoJI)KHo rIpuErI,I BcJIeA 3a Soprrrofi (ero ruuuvno roo6rqe B ToM cJryrrae, KorAa qrlBrlJrr{3a-qaouurrri [poqecc rrMeer xapaKrep MeraSopuqe cKoro ynoAo6teyux). TaroropoAa I,IcKyccrBeHHocrb o[peAeJrrer Bce rrocJrelyroulee pa3Brrrlre Poccrau: 3HaKr{ onepe)Ka-Ior coAep)Kaure, kr r{MeHHo [osroMy Jleurnny Moura n ganrnerfuueM [prrATrr n ronony 6e-3yMHar MbrcJrb ycrpor,rrb aHTr4Ka[r,rraJrr{crr,rqecKyro peBoJrroqurc (pearra:onarb r{[euMaprca) B [poMbrrxJreHHo orcraJror?, arpapnor? crpaue. Kar ua.ruHanux flerpa, TaK rr Ha-rruHaHl,Ifl Jlerutra r{MeJrr{ flBHo Bbrpaxennuri yronr{qecKrrfi xaparrep: oHr,r ocHoBbrBaJrr{cbHe Ha TOM, rITO eCTb, a Ha TOM, UrO 4OIXHO 6rrrr.

25 anrycra 1698 r. uorogoli qapr flerp Bo3Bparqaercflr4z-sa rpaHr,rrtrbr; oH noJrropa ro-[a [yrerrrecrBoBarr lro Enpoue (flpyccua, Illnequa, Kyplxngul, fouau4ux, Aurrnq, As-crput) Iro[ rrMeHeM yprAHr.rKa flerpa Muxafinona, u ero 6ru nepnrrfi clyvali, Kor[a Uapb[oKI{HyJI cBoto crpaxy. Yx<e na cregyroqult AeHb [ocJre cBoero [pue3Aa flerp navr,rnaerco6ctnenuopyalHo pe3arb 6opo4sr pyccKr,rM 6oxpalr, 3acraBJr{fl Bcex flepeogerr,ctr B r{Ho-crpaHHoe IrJrarbe. 3ro gonxno 6ruo clrlrnoJrrr3r{poBarb HarraJro HoBoro - enponer?croro -orala pyccKorf ucropura. B gamnefimeM Horueur,re 6opo4u r,r pyccKoro rrJrarb, o3HarraJroBbIKJIroaIeHI,Ie us o6IqecrBa: ABop{Hr{H, orKa3brBanttuftcs. c6pum 6opogy rrJrrr rrpe[rrorrr4-rasurlri Hocr{Tb rpa[uq[oHHyro oAexAy, TepflJr ABopflHcrBo.

flo cyulecrny, TpyAHo uarirra.rro-ru6o erponeficroe B oroM aKTe: 3To [o3rrrlrrr ry3eM-qa, <oropurir pflAytrcfl B rrJrarbe 6enoro rreJroBeKa.

Taroro po4a 4er?urnur oqeBugHbru o6paaou cr{MBoJrr{3r{pyror crpeMJreHrre K Enpoue;Ho oAHoBpeMeHHo oHrr co3[aror He MeHee oqeBuAHoe flporr{BocroflHue MexAy Poccueir yr

Eepouori, Koropyrc orrrrlrraer KaK pa3 rrprrBepxeHHocrb K TpaAr,rUnr,r. flepeogenanue nHeMerIKoe [Jrarbe He AeJraer pyccKoro HeMrIeM, Ho, Ha[porr{n, ycyry6laer pa3rr,rarueMexgy nnrrau. B caMoM AeJIe, ecr6 orreBr{AHaf, pa3Hr4rla MexAy HeMrIeM, roroprrfi HocrarHeMeIIKoe [JrarLe, r{ pyccKr,rM, xoroprrft BApyr rro npr,rKa3y MoHapxa HarrrrHaer raKoe [Jra-Tbe Hoclrrb. 3ro upnrlrepHo raKafl xe pa3Hrrqa KaK Mex[y HeMrIeM, roroptrfi roBopr4T rro-HeMerIKI4 (ua cooerra xssrxe), r{ r{HocrpaHrleM, Koropbrfi ronopur no-HeMerlKrr KaK Ha qy-xoM,3bIKe. Znocrpaneq, ronoparqr.rri Ha qyxoM f,3brKe, ne cno6ogen, oH uoHeBoJre AoJr-xeH opueHTrrpoBarbc, Ha HocHTeJrfl fl3brKa, roroprrri rro olpegeJreHrrro BcerAa [paB, Ko-ropr,Ift I,IMeeT ecrecrBeHHble HaBbIKH pealH rr - ecrecrBeHuulvr o6pa:oM - 3HaeT, KaK HaAocKa3aTb. B ueroropoM cMbrcJre pa3Hrrrla MexAy HeMr{eM, roBopsulrrM Ha HeMerIKoM f3br-Ke, I{ pyccKI,IM, roBopqquM Ha HeMeIIKoM f3blKe, - He MeHbrrre, a 6olrrue, rreM pa3HIlIIaMe)K[y HeMrIeM, roBopflrru,rM Ha HeMer{KoM ,3brKe, r,r pyccKuM, foBopsrqr,rM Ha pyccKoMfl3blKe, - BeAb ra>r[rtri Ir3 HrIx B eroM [ocJreAHeM clyarae roBopLIT Ha cBoeM poAHoM r3br-re!

8. flepeogeraHl{e B r,rHocrpaHHoe rrJrarbe co3Aaer cnoeo6paautrri e$Serr MacKapaga.Cne4yer IrMerb B BI,IAy, u:ro enpoueficKoe [Jrarbe Boclpr,rHrdMaJrocb B [orrerpoBcKofi rylt-Type KaK MacKapaAHoe (ra, n qacrHocrlr, 6ecu na r{KoHax u3o6paxarr,rct n neueqroriogex<ge). Pyccrufi [BopflHI,IH, oKa3aBrrrrrcb no6purrru ]r nepeoAerbrM, Ha rrepBbrx [opaxaIyBcTBoBaJr ce6a prxeuuu. Buecre c TeM TpaAr,rqr{oHHoe pyccKoe rrJraTbe B [erpoBcKnxKapHaBaJrax BbrcTylaJro KaK [JraTbe ruyToBcKoe.

Tar s Poccuu IroflBJlflrorcq ABe KyJrbrypbr: TpagurlrroHHar, Koropaq o6'rqsrsercs o6-serlnaslxer? v HeBexecrBeuuoft, y! HoBafl, [poBo3urauaeMaf, [pocBerrleHHofi u nporpec-crnuoft. Kaxgaa r{3 Hr,rx Boclpr{Hr,rMaer Apyryrc KaK ruyroBcKyro, KapHaBanruyro. C og-Hofi cropoHbl, B [erpoBcKr{x ruyroBcKlrx qepeMoHr4rx rroflBJrtrrorc.fl rrryrbr B pyccKoM Ha-poAHoM rrJrarbe, c 4pyrofi cropoHbr, B pyccKtrx HapoAHbrx o6pagax MoxHo Hapagrrrbcfl

18

I

Mo 6buro Bo3ABrrrHyTb

ux Harrara. flpu-MUOTUqecKr4ri xapaK-

HO, r{TO COAepXaHr{e

ae, KorAa qr{BrrJrrr3a-

eHUs). TaKoro: 3HaKrr onepexa-

lprrArr.r B roJroBy 6e-(pea;ur:oraru ugeu

a flerpa, raK r{ Ha-

: OHI{ OCHOBI,IBAJII{Cb

Hr.rrlbr; oH nonropa ro-a, Aurrr.ra, An-

cryvar?, KorAa rlapbflerp naul.traer

x nepeoAeTr,c.{ B rrHo-

- erponer?croro -nIIaTbq o3Haqar'Io

unil npeilnoltil-

: 3TO rro3r.rqru Ty3eM-

:TpeMneHr.re r Enpone;IHHe MexAy Pocorefi lrquu. IepeogeBaur4e B

ycyry6naer pa3ruqrlerIIIeM, KOTOpbril HOCur

I HarruHaeT TaKOe nJra-

iKoropb[4 roBopur no-

p-HeMeqKr{ KaK Ha qv-

!er. o, nor.ron. gor-

|ur.no ocerla rpaB, Ko-

l3OM - 3Haer. KaK Ha[O

FIM Ha HeMeTIKOM '3br-poarure. qeM pa3Hrrua

[noprulrar,a Ha pycc(oM

[ra cnoeu poAHoM s3br-

II

S eSQexr MacKapaAa.

! aonerpoucxorl rynr-laxanracs n ueueqxoripn'a. Ha nepBbrx flopax

Inrarre B nerpoBcKlx

Ippar o6rrn,rsercq o6-peuqenuori u nporpec-

fiapHanansnyro. C og-

I ruyru B pyccKoM Ha-

fx uoxuo HaprrAnrbc,rI

i

aleproM, HaAeB HeMeIIKoe [JIaTbe (cp. o6pas qepra B HeMerIKoM rrJraTbe y forona s "Ho.rluepeg PoxgecrsoNr").

Pyccrax (caercraa) xu3Hb oKa3bIBaJracs ueo6uqar?Ho KapHaBaJrr{3r{poBaHHofi. Kapna-BaJI cTaHoBI{Tc, qacTbto npugnopuofi KyJlbrypbl: yqacrr,re B HeM 6rlro o6qsareJrbHbrM.I{apr cuuraJl Heo6xoluMblM [pI{HI4Marb yqacrr,re e nogo6utrx qepeMoHr{flx: oro 6brJrarlacrb KyJrLTypuorZ [porpaMMbl, o6x:arenruori grx ero oKpyxeHraq. Macru MorJrrd Hocr{TbAaxe B o$uqraalruux yupex[eHwx (a [pr4cyrcrBeHHr,rx Mecrax), vro nopaxaJro r4Hocr-paHIIeB: I{3BecrHbI cJlyrrau, Kor[a no pacflopflxeHr.to flerpa Bce ceHaropbr r{ rrJreHr,r KoJr-lerrafi gonxlru 6u;rra fiBlflTr,cfl na cnpr6y B MacKax; Mbr MoxeM [pegcraerub ce6e, KaKBbIrJIfAeJIo 3aceAaHLIe Cenara - qro-To, Iloxoxee Ha coH TatrsHrr B "EsteHI,II4 Oneru-He"... BHa.raJIe [orexl{ llpuypoqllBaJll{cb K pyccKuM [pa3[HI{KaM cBflToK r4 MacJreHrrrlbr -TpaAI,IqIroHHoMy BpeMeHI{ KapHaBaJrbHbrx yBeceJresvir, - Ho rrocreleHHo oHr,r BbrxoArr 3aorr,r [peAeJrbr, paclpocrpauflflcb noo6ule Ha Bce BpeMfl.

9. Xaparrepnrrrra o6pasorra peSopuu flerpa I, upnsnannbre eBponer{srnpona:rr Poc-culo, o6blrrHo HaaII,IHaIorcq I,IMeHHo c KapHaBaJIbHoIl I4rpbl. TaK "rorerrHbre" nolicKa, co-3AaHHbIe B HarraJre 1680-x rr. AJIfl "eoeHurIx [orex" qapeBr,rqa flerpa, [ono)Kr{Jrr{ Haqaroo6pasonanrarc peryJrflpHoft aplrrra: Mo)KHo cKa3arb, rrro BoeHHar peQoprr.ra Haqr,rHaercfl ctrrpbr B coJrAarr4Kr{. To.{Ho raK xe qepronuofi pe$opue fletpa, B pe3yJrbrare KoropoftoTHoIrreHI{fl IIepKBLI I,I rocyAapcTBa 6buII4 oplleHTr4poBaHbr Ha enpoueftcryro MoAeJrb, [plr-Hf,TyIo B rlporecraHTcKlrx crpaHax, - [pegrrrecrBoBaJrr{ rxyroBcKr{e qepeMoHr4r,r Bcenss-nellurero co6opa; MoxHo cKa3arb, qro rlepKoBHaa pe$opua Haqr{Haercfl c nenpucroftuorlI,I KOUIYHCTBCHHOI? IIAPOIIII4 HA IIEPKOBb. TO'IHO TAK x(C, HAKOHEII, NAPOAI,IPOBAHI,IE TPA[I,I.UIaoHHoro o6nflra pyccKoro qapfl Ha IxyroBcKr4x cnagr,6ax npeABocxI,IIIIaro upranxrue fle-TpoM LlMlrepaTopcKoro Turyila - KorAa flerp upono3rJra[raer ce6x "NrraleparopoM", Ia

"orqoM oteqecrsa" (pater patriae) - tar, KaK Ha3brBaJrr{cb pr{McKr4e r{Mleparopu (ra eronpl{ ToM, rrro cJroBo \apb co6crBeHHo I{ o3Hairaro I'r.rMleparop"!). Oguonpeuenno flerpHa3blBaer ce6q "Be.nrarIaM", Hauogo6ue Kapla Berraroro ra Kouctanruna Beturoro, rE

"flepnsIu": oH I{MeHyer ce6s "Benuruu" r "flepnuu" norouy, rrro B r{croprrr{ rro[ TaKrrMI,IMeHeM Slaryprapyror 3aEaAHbIe MoHapxr{ (ra n garuuelirreM r4M[epa,roprr flanel, A;rer-caHAp Ir Huronafi Ha3bIBaIor ce6x "flepnsIuu" npu roM, rrro flarel II orcyrcrnyer B pyc-crori racroprau, a Alercangp II u Hraro;rarl II noqsrqrorcr 3HaarvreJrsno nos>re).

Bce gro pa3r{TeJrbHo HanoMr4Haer pe6enra, roropuli raso6pa>xaer B3pocJroro.flepeogenaurle, [epeI{MeHoBaHI{e - Bce gro 6uno npoaureHr{eM o6u1efi rynrrypnofi

IroJrI{TI{KI,I, cBl{AereJlbcrnyrcqefi o6 ucryccrneHHoM xapaKTepe eBpoler43arlura Poccrapr.Ilossrgrcrcs HoBLIe I{MeHa fopoAoB, cocraBJreHHr,Ie I,I3 r4HocrpaHHbrx cJroB, - TaKI{e, KaKCanrr-flerep6ypr, Illnzccerr6ypr r4 Apyule. Pauee nogo6ur,re Ha3BaHr{q BocnprrHrrMa-JII{cb KaK "[oreurHbre", r.rrponue (cp. "uoreulrrri ropogor" flpec6ypr, roropurir crpot4Tuonogort flerp n flpeo6pareucrou); rerepb xe raK Ha3brBaercq HoBaq crorrr.rqa Poccnft-cKoro rocyAapcTBa.

Hosofi olexge, HoBbIM HaI,IMeHoBaH[flM orBeiraer rr HoBafl as6yra: co6c:reenuopyuuoco3AaBafl pyccKylo rpax<AaHcKyrc as6yry, fletp oT rarrvBaercfl, oT TpaAr,rqrroHHbrx Haarep-ta;auit cJIaBflHcKI4x 6yrn, npra6rn:xaflvx K Jrarr4HcKrrM HaqepraH[flM. B Esl4eHenuu $op-usI 6yrr no cyqecrBy ne 6ruo nura<ori ueo6xogwuocrr: 6yrnrr [epeogeBarorcs B eBpo-ueftcroe rrJrarbe, nogo6no roMy, KaK [epeoAeBarorcq B Hero r4 JrroAr{.

10. flerp HarrlrHaer crpol{TeJrbcrso Hosorl - erponertcrofi - Poccwu co crpor,rreJrbcrBaCaurr-fletep6ypra. Hosas crorII4IIa HoBoro rocy[apcrBa crpor{rcfl rar enponer?crr,ui ropogc IluocrpaHHbrM r{MeHeM, KaK rpa[ cB{Toro fletpa, rrro He Moxer He Ha[oMr,rHam o Puue; xa-paKTepHo, vro rep6 lleTep6ypra coAep)Kr4T rpaucQoprrarpoBaHHbre eleuenru rep6auaucrofi croJItIIIbI ("Claves Ecclesiae Romanae"), roropsrrl orpa3rrurcq B coBpeMeHHou rep6eBarr.rralra (tar, ueperpeqeHHllM KJrrorraM n rep6e Barurana coorBercrByror nepeKpeqeH-HbIe xe {Kopfl B rep6e flerep6ypra; pacroJloxeHr,re xroperi rra[aMr{ BBepx orrrerJrrrBo Bbr[a-eT IID( flporlcxoxAeHl{e - KJIroqu n rep6e pl{McKoro [arrbr rarcKe noBepnyrbr 6opograuu

19

BBepx). Tarnrrl o6pa:ou, rep6 flerep6ypra ceMaHTilrIecKII CooTBeTcTByeT I{MeHII ropofla: I',IMq

u rep6 [peAcTaroT KaK CJTOBeCHOe t{ Bu3yanLHOe BblpaxeHIle oguofi o6ueft u[et',t.

SunnerureroHo nplr 3ToM, rrro HoBaq croruqa 6ygyrqeii IlMnepllu crpollTcfl He B IIeHT-

pe cTpaHr,r, a Ha ee lepusepura - Ha ee :anaquoti rpaHIIIIe. B srolvl cMblcrle llerep6ypr'npo"ruoaroaraBJ,reH Mocrne, Koropaq Haxo[I{Tcfl I{MeHHo B ueHTpe Poccrn. 3ro egna :ru

He yr{rrKanbHrrri c.ny.rarl, HO r{H.reHl\rru llerpa IIoHTITHbI: ua 3anage cBoero rocy[apcTBa

oH co3AaeT cBoefo poAa eBpolefrcxl4ti anKnan, roropllii npII3BaH 3aTeM pacllpocTpaHl'ITb-

cfl Ha BcK) cTpaHy. IlporunonocTaBrreHI4e 3anaga u BoCToxa, Enponr,r t't AsuI [epeHocl{T-

cfl, TaKIIM o6pa3oM, Ha caMY Poccurc.IIpu erornl. HapsAy co cTporrTenL,cTBoM KaMeHHofo lleTep6ypra, [pI43BaHHOro onl{qe-

,noprr" co6ori HOBylo Poccurc, flerp narlaAllBaer IIO Bcell cTpaHe 3alpeT Ha crpou-.reJrbcTBo KaMeHHbtx sgarurr? (171a r.). Teu calrsru tpaKruuecru co3AaeTc, ue ronsro o6-

pas ller.ep6ypra, Ho I{ o6pa3 gepenxunotl, HeIII{BunI43osaHHOIi Poccllu KaK ee aHTI{[o[a:

llerep$ypr MbrcJrr.lTcfl *U" 6ygyq"" Poccnr.l, Ho [pr,t 3'I'oN'l co3gaeTcfl He ToJILKO o6pa: 6y-

[yilI".o, Ho li o6pa3 fipolxnoro ee cocroqH[Ix - o6pa:, BOO6rqe roBopq' He BloJlHe coor-

ulrar"yarqrii gericrenreJrbgocrrr (Mocrna Ha3EIBaJIilcb paHee "C)enoKaMeHHoIi", Telepb

xe oHa AonxHa BocnprrHuMaTbcfl KaK gepesnHHaa). coaganue Hosofi KynbTypbl IIpe[IIo-

rar-aJro Co3HaTeJIbHyto [IIcKpeAuTaqI4]O crapoi: HoBOe cO3AaeTC'I 3a cqeT cTapoIO' KaK

ero aHTI{[oA.3anper Ha cTpor{TenbcTBo KaMeHUStX rgaurfi aHaJIOTI{qeH 3a[peTy MoHaxaM 3aHI{-

MaTbc, irrrTeparypuofi ,qeflTenbHocTbro: yKa3oM flerpa or 3l xneapq 1701 f . MoHaxaM 3a-

flpeulanocb Ilepr(a],b Ilepbfl rr 6yuary, I{ TaKofo poAa 3allpeqeHl{e BOUIJIO 3aTeM B IIpII-

6ae.,reHr{q * "fly*ouroMy pernaMe ,."y" (1122 r.). B gonerponcrori Poccl'rr MoHacrblpll

6trtu ryltrypgbrN{r{ rleHTpaMtr, MOHaXI 3aHL{N,la]l1acb nllTepaTypHI]IM TpyAoM' I{ 3TO Aa)Ke

MorJro BxoAr{Tr, "

,u*ra-"i*oe flpaBlrno (r.e. e uuouecrrar:r o6er). Tenepl MoHacrblpu Mo-

ryT BOcnplIHuMaTbc, KaK rIeHTpbI TpaAxIILrOHHclii, uenexecTBeHHoii KynbTypbl, ]I MOHa-

xaM (ecnu oHr{ He Blr4cbrBarorcs e Hoerui rocyAapcrBeHnstfi nopaqox) noo6qe 3alpeqa-

eTcq [IIcaTL,. Bce Ero Majlo HarIoMLIHaeT eBponeu3all[rc: Hanxuo Bcelo J'I[lxb qBHOe

crpeMneHLIe flogpaxa'rb E,npone'..'l'ar, napagy ao arporr"rr,cTBoM Hoeoli Poccrn co3AaeTcq "anru-Pocctls", cI4N'ISOIU3I{-

pyloruar{ crapy}o, TpaArrr{rroHHyro Kynr,Typy. C To.trn 3peHfl.fl uosoli Poccnu, cTapar{ Poc-

,io "aHTlr-p;ccr4"", a a rorrKr{ 3peHI,Itl crapoii, - "antr.t-Poccueil" qsrqercq I'IMeHHo Ho-

BaJ{ KynbTypa. B pe:y,'rsTaTe rrofBJrrroTcq l1Be KynbTypbI-aHTuIIOAa, aHTaloHIIcTI'IqecKI',l

nporllBOIIocraBJreHHbIe Apyr fipyry'B "BoriHe rr Mr4pe" Toncroro ecTb cueHa (ncuxonoruuecKu oqeHb sepnan), rge Hara-

rua Poc.rosa [o[aAaeT B KpecTE{HCKyrc AepeBH}O I{ KpecTbqHe paccN{aTpI{BaIOT ee KaK

KyKnyJ KaK pqxeHyro: ogr.r ee TporaloT, ulynaloT IIJIaTbe, o6cy;rqam, He cTecHqscb ee

nprayrarur"lr. c ro.ryg 3peHr{fl HOSOii Poccnu, pflxeHbIMl',I cTaHoBlfc, KpecTbfHe' c Tori-

Kr.r xe 3penllfl crap.ii Poicru, pq)KeHLIe - ABoprHe' I4 ero - pe3ynlrar cognarenlnoli

xylsTypHorl floJrxTrrKr{: pe3ynbTaT npoTIlBocToqHIrq, Ko'I'opoe co3AaeTcfl peSopuauu IIe-

Tpa n olpenerqercn ITMeHHO ITCKyCcTBeHHLIM XapaKTepoN',l 3TI4X peQopu'

Hu.{ero [oxo)Kero ue 6srno nu so (Dpauqr4r{, HI{ n fepr'tauuu: eto cnequQura Poccutt -PoccLttt, co:ganuori -fle'rPou.

B ga,rsnerirueM, KOrAa 11oA Bnr.rqHr.reu r.rAei lepAepa l',r leretlrl o "HapoAHoM Ayxe

(volksgeist) roqB,,rreTcfl KoHL(enqr6 HapoAa KaK ABLlxylqeti cu,rr,l [cTopl4]I, e Poccnr',l uog

'lrupog'onr" [oflr.rMaercrr Herrro orJ.rr{(rgoe or roto. qro uMeer Mecro B 3anagHor? E'npone:

IIOHf'l'11e HapOAa OKa3bIBaeTCf 1pO'IUBOIOCTaBJ]eHHbIN'l tIOHflTl'{IO qI{BI'Inl{3aIII{U' 3rO On-

peAenqer oio6yro ponb rI cneqrlSuuecryro cpyHrqllro pyccroli I4HTeJrJrIrreHIII'{II KaK cBq3}/-

Io ulero 3Be Ha Me)K[y HapoAoM tr ul'IBI'IJlIr3oB aH HLI N{ o6rqecTRolr'

ll.KarBI{[I,IM)cTpeMneHl{eKeBponell3aqrrrrpyccrol?KynETypbIHaAenecoBceMJIeBCerAa IIpI'IBOAUT K ynoAo6neHulo 3aflaAy: B IIenoN'l pqAe cnyqaeB ornllql{q Poccuu or 3a-

nuqo *oayr 6urs o6ycnoBJreHbt r{MeHHO TeM, qTO 3[ecb I4MeeT MecTo I4MIIOpT :anagnoti

Kynbrypbl, .,ogpu*urr" 3ailaAHoI1 Kynll'ype' Pyccraa Kynbrypa nocle flerpa orJll{qaer-

20

r

r4MeHr4 ropoAa: IlMq

u(eu.14 CTpOr4TCq He B rIeHT-

,M cMr,rc,rre flerep6yprPoccuu. 3ro egna rucBoero focylapcrBa

pacfipocrpaHrrrb-tt u Asuta nepeHocr4T-

IIpr,r3 BaHHoro oJrr.rqe-

He 3alper Ha crpor{-ne ro.nrxo o6-

KaK ee aHTrrnoAa:

He roJrr,Ko o6pa: 6y-HC BIIOIHE COOT-

roralrennorl", TerrepbKynErypbr rrpeAro-

3a cqeT cTapolo, KaK

peTy MoHaxaM 3aHr.1-

1101 r. MoHaxaM 3a-BOIIIJ'IO 3aTeM B IIpr4-

Dr)i Poccr.ru MoHacrbrprr

[u rpygor,r, r{ oro Aaxeenepb MoHacT[,rprr Mo-

KyJrbrypr,r, r.r MoHa-

) noo6qe 3arrpeqa-BCC|O JII4[Ib qBHOC

Poccua", cI{MBonlr3rr-Poccuu, c'rapaa Poc-

flBIgETCq I4MEHHO HO-

, aHTa[oHIICTIIqeCKI{

nepnaa), rge Hara-aTpr.rBaroT ee KaK

IOT, He CTeCHqqCb ee

,I KpecTbsHe, c Tor{-

JII,TAT CO3HATCJIbHOI,{

a pe$opruauu Ie-

cnequ$lxa Pocoru -

o HapoAHoM Ayxeu, n Poccnlr nog

n 3auagnoft Enpone:r,r3arlr4r{. 3ro on-

JIJI HreHrlr.rrr KaK CBq3y-

br Ha Aene coBceM He

'rl,rquq Pocour or 3a-LrMnopT sana4uori

flerpa orJrrrrraer-

cfl tloBbllueHnofi celr.uaotl{qHocrbro, oHa opI{eHTIrpoBaHa Ha 3HaKI{: ycBal,IBalorcr HoBbreSopr'ru BblpaxeHlr{ c reM, qro6bl Bocco3Aarb coorBercrByroqee r{M cogepxaurae. Bo6rrquou cryqae coAepxaHr,re [opoxAaer BbrpaxeHr{e; B AaHHoM xe cJryrrae, Ha[porr,rB,BbrpaxeHr,re npr{3BaHo rropoArrTb coAepxaHne.

Taroro po[a oprleHTarlrtfl. Ha 3anaguylo Erpouy Moxer rrpt4Bogrrrb K rapaAoKcarrb-HbIM pe3yJrbraraM. Tax n XVIII B. B Poccul{ HapflAy c u$eflMru flpocnerqeur.rfl yrBepxAaer-cf, KpelocrHoe [paBo, ocHoBaHHoe na nr,r.rHori upr,rKpelJreHHocrr4 KpecrbflHr{Ha K IIoMe-rqury (a He K 3eMJre, Koropafl HaxoflI{Tc.f, B pacloprxeHun [oMerrlura). B pesynr,Tare cra-HOBt4TCf, O6Ulenpr.rnaroli npogaxa KpecrbflH 6es serranu, upaKTr{Kyerc, pa3ryqeHueceMel?, noo6qe 3aKpenoqeHr{e KpecrbrH B caMbrx 6ec.renose.rHux Sopuax. flpogaxaKpecrbflH 6eg seN{rI,I Qartuvecrra Harr[Haerc.f, ro eropori noJroBr{He XVII s., olHaKouMeHHo s XVIII B. oHa craHoBLITcff MaccoBori nparTnroli.3ro onpegerfl.ercr 6ropoxpa-rur{ecKI'IMI,I pe$opuarrau flerpa I (nepenucrro HaceJreHr{fl r,r no4yruHbrM rrogarHbrM o6Jro-xeHrireM), [pr,r Koropbrx KpecrbfHe r.r xoJrolbr 6surz nnracaHbr B oAHy o6ulyro py6pury; npe3yJrbrare Kpecrbf,He oKa3aJII,IcE Ha rroJroxeHrau pa6on. Henrss He BrrAerb specr o6qrarilpoqecc 6rcporparuvecroli qenrpailv3a\ktu r,r MoAepHr{3aqura, o6ycnonlennrrfi B KoHerr-HoM cqere crpeMJIeHI{eM K eBpofleu3arl[u pyccKofi 6roporparuqecrofr cr{creMbr (uepe-rll{cb HaceJreHI{{ Bblcrylaer KaK eJreMeHT 6roporparusarlrrr4 cr{creMbr, coKparqeruut py6-pI'IK - ee Mo[epHI,I3aUIau). He nocrre[Hloro poJlb B orHorrreHr{r{ flerpa K Kpe[ocrHoMy rrpa-By MorJIo I{rpaTb To o6croxtenrctao, rrTo KperrocTHoe rrpaBo cyutrecTBoBaJro yHenocpeAcrBeHHbrx 3 arr aEHbrx coce4eri Poccrara-r flpyccuu ra flolrrue.

Cne4yer raK)Ke IrMerb B BIIAy, rrro rrocJre rrerpoBcKr{x peQoprra pe3Ko cur{xaerc{ rpa-MorHocrb HaceJreHI{'. B gouerpoacroli Pycu HaceJreHr{e 6trno n ocHoBHoM rpaMorHbrM(raueercx B BI,IIy rrpex4e ncero o6yveHr{e arreHr,rro: eJreMeHTapHaf, rpaMorHocrb BxoAr{JraB Irpoqecc peJII,Ir?Io3Horo o6pasonanux). B pe3yJrr,Tare peQoprra flerpa r4 ero [ocJreAoBa-teneft, HalpaBJreHHbIx Ha eBpo[erl3aqr{rc o6pa:onanras n Poccur{, rrogaBJrf,roulee 6onr-IuLIHcrBo KpecrE{HcKoro HaceJIeHIrf, oKa3blBaercx 6esrpauorullM.

I'I:rar, flerp co3[aer enponeficxyro Poccr,rrc, Ho oAHoBpeMeHHo oH co3[aer rr flporr{Bo-nonoxnrrri o6paa Poccl.tu-Poccuu asuarcrori, HeBexecrBenuofi, nenpocnerqennoli. Ta-ruu o6pasou, oH co3Aaer nporl{BocrotHl,Ie Mex4y cBor{M r{ qyxr{M, o[peAeJrtrrorqee AaJrb-neriuree pa3Br{rr{e pyccrofi KyJrb"ypbr u pyccrofi vc,ropuw.