enrique pe%c3%b1alosa bogot%c3%a1

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Global Utmaning är en fristående tankesmedja. Vi är ett kvalificerat nätverk från samhälle, näringsliv och forskning som verkar för lösningar på de globala utmaningar som rör ekonomi, miljö och demokrati. Birger Jarlsgatan 27 111 45 Stockholm 08787 2150 [email protected] www.globalutmaning.se Interview with Enrique Peñalosa, former Mayor of Bogotá By: Inger Jägerhorn Q: What was it that caused you to embark on a program for sustainability in the first place? A: As a child I was obsessed with the economic development of my country and with equality issues. My father was leader of a land reform institute where big owners had to give some of their lands to smaller peasants. I was affected by that. I was put in a private school, where I was often beaten up. It gave me an early political consciousness. My family lived in US for a while and I went to college there. I learnt how to implement socialism. Communism was for me a failure, not useful at all. Another experience was when my father participated in a Habitat World Conference in Vancouver. I became more and more fascinated by cities, their structure, their economic growth and their social problems. I learnt that socialism did not produce equality. More important was how the cities were built, that was how we could get more inclusion. How are cities linked to equality and happiness? Q: What kind of plan did you make for Bogotá’s development? A: Plan? I believe in views, not in plans. Plans are good for buildings. Q: So how did you act to achieve a change towards sustainability? A: Sustainability was not my concern! My dream of a city is that cities can make people happy. And my main vision was that all citizens are equal. That is said in almost every constitution. But what does it mean in practice? Parking is not a constitutional right! It is completely mad that more space is allocated to cars that stand still than to people who walk. Attitudes can be changed. Less than a hundred years ago women had not the right to vote. Once it was normal to have slaves, too. You can change people’s attitudes. Q: Did you start by focusing on a specific sector? A: For me the bike was a powerful symbol. A bicycle costs 30 dollars, a car 30 000 dollars. And now the share of bikes used every day in the traffic has grown from practically zero to 7 per cent. It does not seem much. But Bogotá is a big city. Seven per cent is 400 000 people per day!

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Page 1: Enrique pe%c3%b1alosa bogot%c3%a1

Global  Utmaning  är  en  fristående  tankesmedja.  Vi  är  ett  kvalificerat  nätverk  från  samhälle,  näringsliv  och  forskning  som  verkar  för  lösningar  på  de  globala  utmaningar  som  rör  ekonomi,  miljö  och  demokrati.    

Birger  Jarlsgatan  27  ·∙  111  45  Stockholm  ·∙  08-­‐787  2150  ·∙  [email protected]    ·∙  www.globalutmaning.se

   

Interview  with  Enrique  Peñalosa,  former  Mayor  of  Bogotá  By:  Inger  Jägerhorn  

   Q:  What  was  it  that  caused  you  to  embark  on  a  program  for  sustainability  in  the  first  place?    A:  As  a  child  I  was  obsessed  with  the  economic  development  of  my  country  and  with  equality  issues.    My  father  was  leader  of  a  land  reform  institute  where  big  owners  had  to  give  some  of  their  lands  to  smaller  peasants.  I  was  affected  by  that.  I  was  put  in  a  private  school,  where  I  was  often  beaten  up.  It  gave  me  an  early  political  consciousness.  My  family  lived  in  US  for  a  while  and  I  went  to  college  there.  I  learnt  how  to  implement  socialism.  Communism  was  for  me  a  failure,  not  useful  at  all.    Another  experience  was  when  my  father  participated  in  a  Habitat  World  Conference  in  Vancouver.  I  became  more  and  more  fascinated  by  cities,  their  structure,  their  economic  growth  and  their  social  problems.  I  learnt  that  socialism  did  not  produce  equality.  More  important  was  how  the  cities  were  built,  that  was  how  we  could  get  more  inclusion.  How  are  cities  linked  to  equality  and  happiness?    Q:  What  kind  of  plan  did  you  make  for  Bogotá’s  development?    A:  Plan?  I  believe  in  views,  not  in  plans.  Plans  are  good  for  buildings.    Q:  So  how  did  you  act  to  achieve  a  change  towards  sustainability?        A:  Sustainability  was  not  my  concern!  My  dream  of  a  city  is  that  cities  can  make  people  happy.  And  my  main  vision  was  that  all  citizens  are  equal.  That  is  said  in  almost  every  constitution.  But  what  does  it  mean  in  practice?  Parking  is  not  a  constitutional  right!  It  is  completely  mad  that  more  space  is  allocated  to  cars  that  stand  still  than  to  people  who  walk.  Attitudes  can  be  changed.  Less  than  a  hundred  years  ago  women  had  not  the  right  to  vote.  Once  it  was  normal  to  have  slaves,  too.  You  can  change  people’s  attitudes.    Q:  Did  you  start  by  focusing  on  a  specific  sector?    A:  For  me  the  bike  was  a  powerful  symbol.  A  bicycle  costs  30  dollars,  a  car  30  000  dollars.  And  now  the  share  of  bikes  used  every  day  in  the  traffic  has  grown  from  practically  zero  to  7  per  cent.  It  does  not  seem  much.  But  Bogotá  is  a  big  city.  Seven  per  cent  is  400  000  people  per  day!      

Page 2: Enrique pe%c3%b1alosa bogot%c3%a1

Global  Utmaning  är  en  fristående  tankesmedja.  Vi  är  ett  kvalificerat  nätverk  från  samhälle,  näringsliv  och  forskning  som  verkar  för  lösningar  på  de  globala  utmaningar  som  rör  ekonomi,  miljö  och  demokrati.    

Birger  Jarlsgatan  27  ·∙  111  45  Stockholm  ·∙  08-­‐787  2150  ·∙  [email protected]    ·∙  www.globalutmaning.se

 Today  you  would  say  that  a  city  where  you  find  many  bicycles  is  a  good  city.  But  in  those  days  there  was  not  one  single  bike  street  in  London,  nor  in  Paris,  nor  in  New  York  or  Madrid.  Look  at  Champs  Elysées  in  Paris.  It  is  a  very  broad  and  central  street.  The  car  traffic  is  enormous.  But  –  the  sidewalks  are  very  broad,  and  there  are  lots  of  shops  and  restaurants  along  the  street.  It  is  nice  to  walk  there.    There  was  not  one  decent  sidewalk  in  Bogotá.  A  wheelchair  could  not  go  from  one  quarter  to  another.  Bicycles  were  almost  non-­‐existent.  Now  there  are  350  kilometres  of  protected  bikeways  and  70  kilometre  highways  only  for  bikes.  On  the  other  hand,  the  poorest  of  the  poor  did  not  even  have  a  bicycle.  The  city  of  Curitiba  was  an  example  for  me.    It  took  many  measures  to  restrict  the  cars.  40  per  cent  –  ten  thousands  of  cars  -­‐  were  taken  out  of  traffic  on  certain  weekdays,  according  to  a  tag  number  system.  For  violations  there  were  big  fines.    Q:  In  a  project  like  this  many  parties  are  affected  –  commercial  interests,  lobby  groups,  political  parties  etc.  Who  were  the  hardest  opponents?      A:  Initially,  companies  were  totally  opposed.  The  most  powerful  people  in  Bogotá  had  cars.  I  was  Public  Enemy  Number  One.  My  daughter  could  not  go  to  school  in  Bogotá  anymore,  I  had  to  send  her  to  Canada.  Those  were  difficult  times.    Q:  Where  did  you  find  the  best  supporters  for  your  plan?    A:  I  was  acting  on  my  own,  without  any  support  anywhere.  All  the  time,  I  have  been  taking  three  steps  forward  and  two  steps  backward.  When  I  started  85  per  cent  had  a  negative  image  of  me,  only  15  per  cent  were  positive.  Now  more  and  more  people  believe  in  my  vision.  At  the  end  I  had  a  higher  image  than  any  mayor  ever.      Q:  So  how  did  you  succeed?    A:  The  Mayor  of  Bogotá  has  a  lot  of  power.  He  rules  by  decree.      I  arranged  a  referendum.  If  you  get  33.3  per  cent  support  of  all  votes  in  a  referendum,  the  decision  is  legally  mandatory.  Nobody  can  change  such  a  decision,  not  even  the  President  or  the  Congress.      But  referenda  are  a  risky  business.  People  tend  to  agree  to  oppose  –  it  is  much  more  difficult  to  change  the  existing  state  of  affairs.      

Page 3: Enrique pe%c3%b1alosa bogot%c3%a1

Global  Utmaning  är  en  fristående  tankesmedja.  Vi  är  ett  kvalificerat  nätverk  från  samhälle,  näringsliv  och  forskning  som  verkar  för  lösningar  på  de  globala  utmaningar  som  rör  ekonomi,  miljö  och  demokrati.    

Birger  Jarlsgatan  27  ·∙  111  45  Stockholm  ·∙  08-­‐787  2150  ·∙  [email protected]    ·∙  www.globalutmaning.se

 This  referendum  was  about  car-­‐free  days  in  Bogotá.  I  gave  two  options:  1)  no  cars  during  peak  hours  after  2015  –  every  day.  2)  no  cars  at  all  during  one  day  in  February  each  year.  First  business  said  that  economy  was  going  to  collapse.  But  now  they  are  on  the  track.  My  own  choice,  of  course,  was  the  first  alternative.  I  almost  succeeded.  We  were  only  a  thousand  votes  short  in  the  support  for  this  alternative.    But  now  we  have  one  day  without  any  cars  in  the  city  of  Bogotá  each  year.  And  that  day  has  become  something  of  a  festival  day.  People  just  walk  around  and  enjoy  themselves  in  the  city.    7.  What  role  has  the  civic  society  played?    A:  I  believe  in  communication  of  souls.  When  I  campaigned  to  be  mayor,  I  walked  all  over  the  city.  There  was  no  organisation,  only  leaflets.  I  talked  in  all  neighbourhoods.  I  had  150  000  followers  on  Twitter.  More  and  more  people  believed  in  my  vision.    Q:  So  what  has  happened  after  you  left  your  position  as  the  Mayor  of  Bogotá?    A:  After  us  the  development  exploded,  the  ”TransMilenio  system”  was  introduced.  Buses  got  exclusive  lanes.  The  buses  were  designed  so  that  50  persons  could  get  out  and  50  persons  in  to  a  bus  in  seconds.  No  tickets  were  sold  in  the  bus.      I  am  a  bit  worried,  though.  Now  people  start  to  dream  about  subways,  even  those  who  will  never  be  able  to  afford  to  use  it.  I  hate  subways!  The  cost  is  250  million  dollars  per  kilometre.  About  27  kilometres  of  subway  cost  as  much  as  400  kilometre  wide  road  space.    Q:  How  would  you  describe  yourself  as  a  leader?    A:  In  three  ways.  I  dream.  I  tell  a  story.  I  work  very  hard.    Q:  Your  advice  to  other  Mayors?    A:  Be  honest.  Be  a  good  manager,  one  who  makes  things  happen.  Produce  results.  Go  for  a  model  that  is  sustainable  and  improves  the  quality  of  life.    The  most  important  asset  a  city  has  is  the  land.  It  is  a  one-­‐time  opportunity.  If  that  is  lost,  it  is  lost  forever.  The  political  battle  in  a  city  is  all  about  space.