entomología patológica de la vid. parte i

8/3/2019 Entomología Patológica de la Vid. Parte I

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Ilhydj Cjlveflh

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phåcfs/=$ Dosfc}js xvf mhøho ~pdjpd}hpdhefo}f h lhs

bjkhs/

6$ Dosfc}js xvf ~pjmvcfo mhøjs h ljs gphojs/9$ Dosfc}js xvf mhøho h ljs shpedfo}js/



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Mhøjs fo phcdejs

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Hphøvflh j ~jldllh mfl phcdej/ Ihe/ ^bhljoddmhf/Cptl}j`lh}fs godmdfllh EdlD/ Ihe/ ^tphldmhf/

^DPHL J SH^J Jpmfo ]btshoó~}fph

S~hpghoj}bds ~dl*fpdhoh/ Scbdii/ Ihe/ ]bpd~dmhf/

]PD^S Jpmfo ]btshoj~}fph

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HCFD]FPJ/ SHPMDØFDPJ Jpmfo Bfeå~}fphLj~vs svlch}vs/ Idf`/ Ihe/ Edpdmhf/

CJCBDODLLHS Jpmfo Bfeå~}fph^sfvmjcjccvs "5 ^lhojcjccvs$ cd}pd "5 yd}ds Odfm/$/ Pdssj/

Hlgjmóo/ Cj}jof(/ Eflh{j/ Cjcbdodllh `lhoch/ Sv~fpihe/ Cjccjdmfh/Cfpj~lhs}fs sdofosds/ M/G/ Sv~fpihe/ Cjccjdmfh/^lhojcjccvs idcvs/ Sdog/ Sv~fpihe/ Cjccjdmfh/

l̂hojcjccvs j`scvpvs/ Avw/ Sv~fpihe/ Cjccjdmfh/^hp}bfojlfchodve "5 Flfchodve$ cjed/ @jvcbf/

Cjcbdodllh hlgjmjojsh/ Sv~fpihe/ Cjccjdmfh/^hp}bfojlfchodve "5 Flfchodve$ ~fpsdchf/ Ih`p/ Sv~fpihe/ Cjccjdmfh/^vlydohpdh yd}ds/ L/

Cjcbdodllh lhojsh/ Cjcbdodllh pjkh/ Sv~fpihe/ Cjccjdmfh/]hpgdjodh yd}ds/ Sdog/ Sv~fpihe/ Cjccjdmfh/Fvlfchodve ~fpsdchf/ Ih`/ Sv~fpihe/ Cjccjdmfh/Ofj~vlydohpdh defpf}doh/ Bhm{/ Sv~fpihe/ Cjccjdmfh/

J}pjs ~h}ógfojs mf docdmfocdh hofcmó}dch/Fomj~d{h yd}fhoh/ L/

l̂h}toj}h s}vl}hoh/ L/ Fopjllhmjp/

Hlgvojs mf fs}js dosfc}js ~vfmf h}hchp }he`däo mf ijpeh bh`d}vhl h ljs `pj}fs t bjkhs mf lhs cf~hs/

MHØJS FO PHCDEJSIhsfs fo}pf lhs xvf sjo eès sfosd`lfs ljsphcdejs h ljs h}h%

xvfs mf lhs mds} do}hs ~lhghs mf lh ydm xvf ljs hifc}ho/"Mfsmf gphoj mfl }hehøj mf gvdsho}f bhs}h ehmvphcdóo$/

Lhpyh mf Fv~jfcdldh he`dgvfllh B`o/"^jldllh mfl phcdej$/



6

Mhøjs fo bjkhs

CDGHPPFPJ Jpmfo Cjlfó~}fph

@tc}dscvs `f}v*hf/ L/ Ihe/ Cvpcvldjodmhf/

CDCHMFLlMJ MF LH ILHYFSCFOCDH MJPHMH Jpmfo Bfeå~}fph

Sch~bjdmfvs }d}hovs/ @hll/ Ihe/ Khssdmhf/

CDCHMFLH @VIHLJ

S}dc}jcf~bh*h `dsjodh "Cfpfsh `v`h*vs$/ Aj~~/ t Tjoa/

EJSXVD]JS YFPMFS Jpmfo Bfeå~}fph

Fe~jhsch "5 ]t~b*jct`h$ ilhyfscfos/ Ih`p/ Ihe/ ]d~bldct`dmhf/

Fe~jhsch "5 yd}ds$ ld`tch/ Mf @fpg/ Ihe/ ]d~bldct`dmhf/

Fe~jhsch ihyhf/ L/

HL]DCH J CVXVDLLJ Jpmfo Cjlfó~}fph

Bh*}dch he~f*j~bhgh/ Gvfp/ Ihe/ Cbtsjefldmhf/

@pjedvs j`scvpvs/ L/Fscpd`hoj/ Ihe/ Cbtsjefldmhf/

Frjsjed *vsd}hodch/ L/ Ihe/ Cbtsjefldmhf/

CHCJFCDH Jpmfo Lf~dmó~}fph

[tgfoh pbheod/ Ifpp/ Ihe/ [tghfodmhf/

GPHOJ MF HPPJ[/ ^JLDLLH MF LHS BJKHS MF YDM Jpmfo Lf~dmó~}fph

B&chsds}h pdydllfd/ S}hdo}jo/ Ihe/ Bfldj{fldmhf/

[DGFOHS J SHL]JOFS Jpmfo Lf~dmó~}fph

Fpt}bpjofvph f*fgho}v*h/ L/ Ihe/ [tghfodmhf/

Fpt}bpjofvph yhpdh`dlds/ L/ Ihe/ [tghfodmhf/

EJSXVD]J Jpmfo Bfeå~}fph

Ef}chlih ~pvdojsh/ Shtj Ihe/ Ilh}dmhf/

CBDOCBF GPDS Jpmfo Bf}fpó~}fph

Otsdvs fpdchf/ Scbdll/ Ihe/ Ltgfdmhf/

JPVGHS CJEFMJPHS/ JPVGHS MFIJllHMJPHS Jpmfo Lf~dmó~}fph

Bt~bho}pdh cvofh "5 }fr}jp¨/ Mpvpt/ Ihe/ Hpc}ddmhf/

^jp}bf}pdh mds~hp/ L/ Ihe/ Lteho}pddmhf/

Hg*hj~f doihvs}h/ L/

^flvmh fs~højlh/ Ihe/ [tghfodmhf/

]jp}pdr ydpdmdhoh/ L/ Ihe/ ]jp}pdcdmhf/

Eh*hcjsjeh ofvs}pdh/ L/ Ihe/ Lhsdjche~dmhf/

EJSCHS @LHOCHS Jpmfo Bjeó~}fpjs

]pdh*fvpjmfs yd}h}vs/

]pdh*fvpjmfs yh~jphpde/ Wfs}/

CFCDMJEDH Jpmfo Må~}fph

Mdcbfldeth "5 Khof}dfllh$ jfoj~bdlh/ Bhdehb/ Ihe/ Cfcdmjetmhf/

CJOCBVMJS Jpmfo Cjlfó~}fph

F~dcjef}ds "5 ]pj~doj}h$ bdp}h/ ^jmh/ Ihe/ Schph`fdmhf/

F~dcjef}ds sxvhldmh/ Scj~/ Ihe/ Schph`fdmhf/

BJPEDGH YJLHMJPH/ @DJODMJ Jpmfo Må~}fph

@d`dj bjp}v*hovs/ L/ Ihe/ @d`djodmhf/

FID^DGFP Jpmfo Jp}ó~}fph

Vpjefovs "5 s}fpj~*fvpvs$ ~fpf{d/ @jl/ Ihe/ F~bd~~dgfpdohf/



9

Cf~h fo fl cjedfo{j mf sv ~fpåjmjyfgf}h}dyj t cpfcdedfo}j do}fosj/

MHØJS FO BJKHS

Mhøjs ~pjmvcdmjs ~jp ejsxvd}js yfpmfs"Fe~jhsfh Ld`tfh/ Mf @fpg/$ sj`pf bjkhs/

MHØJS FO TFEHS T @PJ]HCDJOFS

Fs}hmj ifoóldgj M t F Fs}hmj ifoóldgj dodcdhl I

Ihsfs fo xvf lhs cf~hs sjo eès sfosd l̀fs h gvshojs gpdsfs, j}phs jpvghs t gjpgjkjs/

Lhpyh t mhøjs ~pjmvcdmjs ~jp {dgfoh fo fl mfs`jppf mf lhs tfehs mf lh ydm "]bfpfsdedeh he~flj~bhgh/ @ht/ t @hp/$/



7

Mhøjs fo tfehs t `pj}hcdjdlfs

GVSHOJS GPDSFS Jpmfo Lf~dmó~}fph

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Ojc}vh cjefs/ Bò/ Sv~fpihe/ Ojc}vdmhf/Ojc}vh kho}bdoh/ Mfo/ t Scbdii/ Sv~fpihe/ Ojc}vdmhf/Ojc}vh jp`joh/ Bvio/ Sv~fpihe/ Ojc}vdmhf/Ojc}vh }dppfodch/ L/ Sv~fpihe/ Ojc}vdmhf/Rfs}dh rho}bjgph~h/ Scbdii/ Sv~fpihe/ Ojc}vdmhf/Rfs}dh c%odgpve/ L/ SV~fpihe/ Ojc}vdmhf/^bljgjbjph ef}dcvljsh/ L/ Sv~fpihe/ Ojc}vdmhf/

GVSHOJ OFGPJ/ PJSXVDLLH OFGPHS~jmj~}fph ld}}jphlds/ @jdsm/ Sv~fpihe/ Ojc}vdmhf/

FSIDOGDMJS MF LH YDM Jpmfo Lf~dmó~}fph/Cf*fpdj ldofh}h/ Fs~/ Ihe/ S~bdogdmhf/

Mfd*f~bd*dh f*~fojp/ L/ Ihe/ S~bdogdmhf/CFCDMJEDH Jpmfo Lf~dmó~}fph/

Mdcbf*jetdh jfoj~bdlh/ Ihe/ ]jp}pdcdmhf/Hpgtpj}hfodh ~vlcbfKlhoh/ Bhw/

Fvldh/ Ihe/ ]jp}pdcdmhf/Hpgtpj}hfodh cd}phoh/ Bò/ Ihe/ ]jp}pdcdmhf/

JPVGHS ^FLVMHS/ ]FLHPHØHS Jpmfo Lf~dmó~}fphJcojgtoh `hf}dch/ Phe`/ Ihe/ Hpc}ddmhf/Hpc}dh chkh/ L/ Ihe/ Hpc}ddmhf/Hpc}dh ydKDdch/ l// Ihe/ Hpc}ddmhf/

[DGFOH Jpmfo Lf~dmó~}fph]bfpfsdedeh he~flj~bhgh/ @htlf%@hpfllf/ Ihe/ [tghfodmhf/

GJPGJKJS J FSCHPH@HKVFLJS Jpmfo Cjlfó~}fph/J}djppbtocbvs ~hOdcjKlds/ Gtll/ Ihe/ Cvpcvldjodmhf/J}djppbtocbvs svlch}vs/ I/ Ihe/ Cvpcvldjodmhf //

J}djppbtocbvs cjppv~}jp/ >8/ Ihe/ Cvpcvldjodmhf/J}djppbtocbvs hpeh}vs/ I/ Ihe/ Cvpcvldjodmhf/J}djppbtocbvs sdogv*hpds/ L/ Ihe/ Cvpcvldjodmhf/J}djppbtocbvs *dgvs}dcd, L/ Ihe/ Cvpcvldjodmhf/Cofjppbdovs mds~hp/ Gphflls/

^fmpjlj/ Ihe/ Cvpcvldjodmhf/^fpd}flvs sbhfpjdmfs/ Gfpe/ Ihe/ Cvpcvldjodmhf/

^fpd}f*vs ojrdvs/ @jbpe/ Ihe/ Cvpcvldjodmhf/



2

Mhøjs fo shpedfo}js

@HPPFODLLJS Jpmfo Cjlfó~}fph

Sdojrtljo sfrmfo}h}ve/ Jldyfp/ Ihe/ @js}ptcbdmhf/

Sdojrtljo ~fpijphos/ Scb/ Ihe/ @js}ptcbdmhf/Rtlj~fp}bh ~dcfh/ Jldyfp/ Ihe/ @js}ptcbdmhf/

@V^PFS]DMJ Jpmfo Cjlfó~}fph

Hgpdlvs mfshpjihscdh}vs/ Lhcjpm/ Ihe/ @v~pfs}dmhf/

]FPED]HS Jpmfo Dsó~}fph

Chlj}fpefs ilhydcjlds/ I/ Ihe/ Chlj}äpedmjs/

Pf}dcvld}fpefs ldcåivgvs/ Pjssd/ Ihe/ Chlj}äpedmjs/

CJCBDODLLHS Jpmfo Bjeó~}fph

Hmfeès mfl ef lh{j t j}phs cjcbdodllhs efocdjohmhs cjej hgfo}fs mhødojs ~hph ljs phcdejs}he`däo mf`fejs efocdjohp;

Ehpghpjmfs yd}ds/ L/ Sv~fpihe/ Cjccjdmfh/Ehpghpjmfs efpdmdjohlds/ Gdhpm/ Ihe/ Cjcdmhf/

Ehpghpjmfs ch~fosds/ Gdhpm/ Ihe/ Cjcdmhf/

Ehpghpjmfs gpffod/ @phdo/ Ihe/ Cjcdmhf/

Dcfpth ~vpcbhsd/ Ehsa/ Ihe/ Cjcdmhf/

Cjcbdodllh hchohlhmh/ Ihe/ Cjcdmhf/

CBDOCBFS YFPMFS Jpmfo Bfeå~}fph

Of{hph ydpdmvlh/ L/ Ihe/ ^fo}h}jedmhf/

Ltgvs ~ph}fosds/ L/ Ihe/ Ch~sdmhf/

Ltgvs ~dohs}pd/ Ihl(/ Ihe/ Ch~sdmhf/

Ltgvs pv`dcvomvs/ Ihll/ Ihe/ Ch~sdmhf/

Ltgvs ~h`vldovs/ L/ Ihe/ Ch~sdmhf/

Chljcjpds }pdydhlds/ Cjs}h/ Ihe/ Ch~sdmhf/

Chp~jcjpds efmd}fpphofvs%h}lho}dcvs/ ]he/ Ihe/ ^fo}h}jedmhf/

Cjcbdodllh sj`pf shpedfo}j/ Gjpgjkj fo sv ghlfpåh fo fl do}fpdjp mf vo shpedfo}j/



4

Mhøjs fo phåcfs

IDLJRFPH Jpmfo Bfeå~}fphMhc}tljs~bhfph "5 ^fpd}te`dh$ yd}dijldå/ Sbdefp/

"Yd}fvs yd}dijldhf$/ Id}cb/ "5 ^btlljrfph yhs}h}pdr ^lhocb/$/ Ihe/ ^btlljrfpdmhf/

CHS]HØF]HS Jpmfo Cjlfó~}fphYfs~fpvs rh}hp}d "Sbdefp$/ Jv}%Evls/ Ihe/ Cfphe`tcdmhf/Yfs~fpvs lvpdmvs/ Pjssd/

Gvshojs `lhocjs/ Fl hmvl}j mf lh Chs}høf}h hifc}h }he`däo h ljs shpedfo}js/

GVSHOJS @LHOCJS Jpmfo Cjlfó~}fphEfljljo}bh efljKjo}bh/ L/ Ihe/ Schph`fdmhf/^jlt~btllh ivllj/ L/ Ihe/ Schph`fdmhf/^btlljgoh}vs frchyh }vs/ Ijps}/ Ihe/ Schph`fdmhf/Hojrdh ydlijsh/ I/ Ihe/ Schph`fdmhf/Hojrdh jpdfo}hlds/ Apdo ":$ Ihe/ Schph`fdmhf/Hojrdh ~dljsh/ I`p/ Ihe/ Schph`fdmhf/Hoóehlh yd}ds/ Ih`p/ Ihe/ Schph`fdmhf/^fo}jmjo ~voc}h}vs/ Ydllfps/ Ihe/ Schph`fdmhf/^fo}jmjo dmdj}h/ Bfp`s}/ Ihe/ Schph`fdmhf/J}pjs;Jrt}btpfh ivofs}h/ ^jmh/ Ihe/ Cf}jodmhf/

Fschph`hkj ofgpj ~vo}fhmj/Cf}jodh hvph}h/ L/ Ihe/ Cf}jodmhf/

Fschph`hkj mjphmj gphomf/Hmjrvs j`scvpvs/

GVSHOJS MFL HLHE@PF Jpmfo Cjlfó~}fphHgpdj}fs j`scvpvs/ L/ Ihe/ Flh}fpdmhf/Flh}fp ~phfvs}vs/ Ih`p/ Ihe/ Flh}fpdmhf/Hgpdj}fs ldofh}vs/ L/ Ihe/ Flh}fpdmhf/Hgpdj}fs vs}vlh}vs/ Scbhll/ Ihe/ Flh}fpdmhf/Hgpdj}fs sjpmdmvs/ 888/ Ihe/ Flh}fpdmhf/Hgpdj}fs ef}dcvljsvs/ Chomj Ihe/ Flh}fpdmhf/

Ojpehlefo}f chsd }jmjs ljs hmvl}js mf lhs lhpyhs xvf mf`fo sfp cjosdmfphmhs cjej ljs hgfo}fs~pjmvc}jpfs mf lh ~lhgh sf hldefo}ho }he`däo mf bjkhs t `pj}fs mf lhs cf~hs, ~fpj svs mhøjs mdiåcdlefo%}f sjo de~jp}ho}fs/

MHØJS FO PHlfFS

MHØJS FO SHPEDFO]JS

Cf~h mfs~väs mf lh ~jmh fo doydfpoj/Hghllhs ijldhpfs ~pjmvcdmhs ~jp Idljrfph

"Mhc}tljs~bhfph y*}dijldd/ Sbdefp$/



8>

Mhøjs fo ljs gphojs mf lhs vyhs

EJSCH MF LH IPV]H Jpmfo Må~}fph

Cfph}d}ds ch~d}h}h/ Wdfm/ Ihe/ ]pt~f}dmhf/

EJSCHS MFL YDOHGPF Jpmfo Må~}fph

Mpjsj~bdlh eflhojghs}fp/ Efdgfo/ Ihe/ J~jet{dmhf/

Mpjsj~bdlh ~sfvmj`scvph/ Ihe/ J~jet{dmhf/

EJSCHS HEFPDCHOHS MF LH YDM Jpmfo Må~}fph

Pbhgjlf}ds cje~lf}h/ Cpfssjo/ Ihe/ ]f~bd}dmhf/

Pbhgjlf}ds domdiifpfos/ Cvppèo/ Ihe/ ]f~bd}dmhf/

CFCDMJEDMJ MF LJS GPHOJS Jpmfo Må~}fph

Cjo}hpdodh yd}dcjlh/ Pv`s/ Ihe/ Cfcdmjetdmhf/

HYDS^HS Jpmfo Btefoó~}fph

^j}ds}fs ghlldcvs/ L/ Ihe/ Yfs~dmhf/

Yfs~vlh gfpehodch/ I/ Ihe/ Yfs~dmhf/

Yfs~h yvlghpds/ L/ Ihe/ Yfs~dmhf/

Yfs~h cph`j/ L/ Ihe/ Yfs~dmhf/

Fo lhs ~lhghs mf lh ydm cjej fo lh mfl pfs}j mf

cvl}dyjs sf ~vfmfo ~lhodidchp mds}do}hs fs}ph}fgdhsmf lvcbh t cjo}pjl ~hph fllj mf`fejs }fofp focvfo}h ljs mds}do}js efmdjs mds~jod`lfs/ Fs}js

efmdjs sf clhsdidcho h}fomdfomj h svs dos}pvefo

}js fo;8$ Efmdjs xvåedcjs mf lvcbh/ Dosfc}dcdmhs/

8/8$ Dosfc}dcdmhs dojpgèodcjs/

8/0$ Dosfc}dcdmhs jpgèodcjs mf såo}fsds/8 /3$ Dosfc}dcdmhs mf jpdgfo t fr}phcc dóo

yfgf}hl/0$ Efmdjs xvåedcj%iåsdcjs/ Oj dosfc}dcdmhs/3$ Efmdjs `djlógdcjs/

=$ Eä}jmjs mf mfifosh do}fgphmh/ Efmdjs mfcjo}pjl t sfgvdedfo}j/ Efmdjs mf hc}vhcdóo/

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Ljs såo}jehs xvf ~pjmvcf fs}h ~lhgh ~vfmfocjocpf}hpsf fo fl pjåmj mf bjkhs xvf mf ijpeh mds%cjo}dovh t cjo hs~fc}j mf fochkf ~pjmvcfo }ho}jlhs lhpyhs cjej ljs hmvl}js mf fs}h fs~fcdf/ Fs}fpjåmj fs fs~fcdhlefo}f ydsd l̀f fo fl foyäs mf lhsbjkhs t oj hifc}h h ljs ofpydjs xvf sjo ojpehl·efo}f pfs~f}hmjs/ Lhs lhpyhs xvf ydyfo mf ijpeheès j efojs gpfghpdhs fo fl foyäs mf lhs bjkhssf hldefo}ho mfl ~hpäoxvdeh mf lhs edsehs sdodo}fpfshp h lh f~dmfpeds mfl bh{, edfo}phs xvf ljs

Bvfyjs t lhpyhs mf Bhl}dch he~flj~bhghGväp/



86



89

Mhøjs ~pjmvcdmjs ~jp hl}dch fo bjkhs hmvl}hsmf voh cf~h h}hchmh/

hmvl}js fo sv hldefo}hcdóo ~fpijpho }j}hlefo}f lhsbjkhs ~pjmvcdfomj vo cpd`hmj mf hgvkfpjs gphomfst mf cjo}jpoj dppfgvlhp/

Fo mf}fpedohmhs jchsdjofs ljs hmvl}js ~vf

mfo hifc}hp h lhs doiljpfscfocdhs t h ljs `pj}fs fo

ljs xvf ~pjmvcfo fpjsdjofs ~jp ehs}dchcdóo/

Mhøjs

Ljs mhøjs ~pjmvcdmjs ~jp fs}h ~lhgh oj svflfo sfp gphyfs frcf~}j fo mf}fpedohmhs jchsdj

ofs fo xvf ~vfmfo ~pfsfo}hpsf doifs}hcdjofsehsdyhs/

Ljs mhøjs ûodchefo}f ~vfmfo sfp do}fosjscvhomj lh hl}dch h}hch h lhs cf~hs fo lhs ~pdefphsihsfs mf sv cdclj, fs mfc dp , cvhomj lhs bjkhs

c:edfo{ho h fr~homdpsf t ljs `pj}fs hûo sjo evtKjyfofs/ Fo fs}js chsjs lh gfofphcdóo doyfpoho}fmf hmvl}js j lh ~pdefph gfofphcdóo mf lhpyhs fs lh

xvf ~pjmvcf ljs mhøjs/ Ljs `pj}fs t bjkhs ~vfmfosfp mfyjphmhs cje~lf}hefo}f ~jp lj xvf fl mf}fpdjpj mf fs}js `pj}fs ~vfmf ijp{hp lh `pj}hcdóo mf

ho}dcd~hmjs t tfehs mvpedfo}fs cjo lj xvf, fo

cjomdcdjofs mf fr}pfeh sfxvåh cjej lh xvf fs}hejs svipdfomj fs}js ûl}dejs højs, ~vfmf llfghp h

cje~pjef}fpsf lh ydh d̀ldmhm t sv~fpydyfocdh mf lhscf~hs h}hchmhs eès mä`dlfs/

Sd ljs h}hxvfs sjo evt do}fosjs, t cjej th

bfejs efocdjohmj, lh hl} dch }he`däo ~vfmf

hifc}hp h lhs doiljpfscfocdhs fo mfshppjllj mhøho

mj svs fkfs ~pdocd~h lfs j doclvsj sv ~fmûocvljcjo lj xvf ~pjmvcf voh clhph pfmvccdóo mf lhs~pjmvccdjofs/

^jp j}ph ~hp}f t cvhomj ljs h}hxvfs sf ~pjmvcfo hl idohl mf lh ~pdehyfph j fo yfphoj ljs mhøjssvflfo sfp efojs de~jp}ho}fs, hvoxvf pfhlefo}fhl mdsedovdp lh sv~fpidcdf ij}jsdo}ä}dch fifc}dyh t

sfchpsf ~hp}f mf lhs bjkhs hifc}hmhs ~vfmfo ~pj

mvcdpsf mfidcdfocdhsfo lh

fyjlvcdóo mf ljs phcdejs/

Cdclj `djlógdcj

Fs}f cjlfó~}fpj, hvoxvf sf cje~jp}h cjejve`póådlj "~pfidfpf {johs sje`pfhmhs$ fo lhs{johs eès cèldmhs, `vsch lhs {johs eès dlvedoh

mhs mf lhs cf~hs ~hph pfhld{hp svs hc}dydmhmfs}jlfphomj `dfo do}fosdmhmfs lveåodchs evt hl}hs/

Bd̀ fpoh cjej hmvl}j fo ljs poèpgfofs mf lhs

~lho}hcdjofs j mf`hkj mfl pd}dmjeh mf lhs cf~hs/Sv cdclj sf mfshppjllh efkjp fo cldehs }fe~lh

mjs t cjo voh cdfp}h bvefmhm he`dfo}hl, ~jp flljsv ~pjldifphcdóo fs ehtjp fo ~pdehyfphs llvydjshs/

Lh shldmh mf lh mdh~hvsdh doyfpohl fs fschljohmh, lhs ijpehs ~pfcjcfs mf lhpyhs mf lh ~pdefph

gfofphcdóo t ljs hmvl}js ~djofpjs sjo ljs xvf eès

mhøjs ~pjmvcfo fo lhs cf~hs hl }fofp äsdhs hûo~jchs bjkhs xvf, ~jp lj }ho}j, ~vfmfo sfp evthifc}hmhs/

Fo ovfs}phs cjomdcdjofs he`dfo}hlfs svflf

}fofp }pfs gfofphcdjofs hovhlfs, hvoxvf fo cjomdcdjofs evt ihyjph`lfs ~vfmf }fofp cvh}pj/ Lh

~pdefph gfofphcdóo }dfof vo ~fpåjmj hc}dyj mf 0%3efsfs, hvoxvf lhs j}phs gfofphcdjofs }dfofo ~fpåjmjs yd}hlfs sfosd l̀fefo}f eès cjp}js/ Mf }jmhs

ijpehs hlgvojs hmvl}js mf lh ~pdefph gfofphcdóo~vfmfo sj`pfydyd p eès }dfe~j f doclvsj l lfghp hbd`fpohp t cjefo{hp sv hc} dy dmhm lh ~pdehyfphsdgvdfo}f/

Lhs ~vfs}hs, xvf }he d̀äo sjo fschljohmhs,

~vfmfo sfp evt ovefpjshs hlcho{homj fo}pf 3>>

t 6>> bvfyjs fo }j}hl fo bfe`phs bd̀ fpoho}fs tmf ~pdefph gfofphcdóo/ Lhs ~vfs}hs xvf svflfo

fs}hp cjos}d}vdmhs ~jp gpv~js mf 9 h80

bvfyjssjo pfhld{hmhs fo fl foyäs mf lhs bjkhs t ~pfifpfo}fefo}f fo fl cpvcf mf ofpydjs ~ pdehp djs tsfcvomhpdjs/ Fo }j}hl, t mf~fomdfomj mf h xvä

gfofphcdóo ~fp}fofcf voh bfe p̀h, ~vfmf fifc}vhpfo}pf => t 9> ~vfs}hs h lj lhpgj mf sv ydmh/

]fodfomj fo cvfo}h fl fschljohedfo}j mf lh

ohscfocdh t lh sfcvfocdhldmhm mf lhs ~vfs}hs ojfs mdiåcdl focjo}phpojs fo voh edseh cf~h mds}do}js fs}hmjs mf mfshppjllj mf fs}js dosfc}js/

Fl hmvl}j fs ~fxvføj mf cvfp~j jyhl t h`je`hmj "cjoyfrj$ mf `pdllj ef}èldcj t cjljpfs yfpmf%

Clèsdcj fsxvfeh mf Bhl}dch he~flj~bhgh/



87

Fsxvfehs mf lhpyhs mf ~pdefph t ûl}deh evmh mf hl}dch/

h{vlhmjs/ Sv ljogd}vm fs mf vojs = ee/ t svhocbvph mf 0 ee/ Svs äld}pjs h`hpxvdllhmjs ~jsf%fo yhpdhs sfpdfs mf ~vo}js eès jscvpjs ~jcj ydsd%`lfs t mds~vfs}js fo yhpdhs sfpdfs ldofhlfs mds}pd%`vdmhs h lj lhpgj mf ljs edsejs cjo voh cdfp}hdppfgvlhpdmhm/ Svs ho}fohs sjo mf he~ldh cvpyh}v%ph t fl hp}fkj `hshl clhphefo}f eès gphomf t gpvf%

sj xvf fl pfs}j/ /Fs}f cjlfó~}fpj, xvf fs evt yjph{ t evt hc}D%

yj sfrvhlefo}f, sf mfs~lh{h yjlhomj t shl}homj,th xvf ~jsff ljs iäevpfs mfl }fpcfp mf ~h}hs evtmfshppjllhmjs/

Ljs bvfyjs, xvf sjo clhphefo}f jyhlfs,

pfcvfpmho lh ijpeh mf voh `hlh mf chøóo sjo mfcjljpfs hehpdllfo}js j cpfeh llfghomj fo jchsdj%ofs h }fofp vo cjljp ohphokh evt ydyj/ ^jsffo

voh {joh mf ~jsdcdóo mds}hl eès jscvph/ Sjo mf~fxvføj }hehøj, mf efojs mf 8 ee/ mf ljogd}vm/

Lhs lhpyhs, xvf sjo gpfghpdhs, ehpchmhefo}fhodllhmhs cjo vojs }v`äpcvljs ofgpjs t cjo h`vo%mho}fs xvf}hs evt yds d̀ lfs fo }jmjs ljs hodlljssjo dodcdhlefo}f mf cjljp cpfeh j hehpd llj evt~èldmj, ~fpj hl dp che d̀homj svs svcfsdyhs evmhssf yho jscvpfcdfomj t }jeho cjljpfs hehol lj%

ehppóo/ Sv ch`f{h, evt xvd}dod{hmh, fs jscvph `pd%llho}f t ldsh/ Sv }hehøj pflh}dyhefo}f gphomf, thxvf svflf hlcho{hp ljs 2 ee/ mf ljogd}vm/ Lh ydmhmf fs}hs lhpyhs fs}è clhphefo}f cjomdcdjohmh ~jp

lh }fe~fph}vph he`dfo}f, sv mfshppjllj fs evcbjeès pè~dmj h }fe~fph}vphs flfyhmhs/ Mf }jmhs ijp%

ehs, lhs }fe~fph}vphs frcfsdyhefo}f hl}hs t ljs

Fsxvfeh mf voh odoih mf hl}dch/

ydfo}js cèldmjs sjo ~fpkvmdcdhlfs ~hph lh sv~fpyd%yfocdh mf fs}hs ihsfs mfl mfshppjllj mf fs}f dosfc%

}j t hc}ûho cjej yfpmhmfpjs pfgvlhmjpfs mf lhs

~j`lhcdjofs doifs}ho}fs/ /Lhs odoihs, mf do}fosj cjljp ohphokh, sjo mf

}hehøj efmdj mf = r 3 ee/ Fs}h ihsf mfl mfshppj%llj svflf sfp cjp}h, mf fo}pf 6 t 86 måhs, sdfomjeès lhpgh fo fl chsj mf odoihs mf ~pdefph gfofph%cdóo/ Sv h`mjefo, cjo lhs ~h}hs ~lfghmhs t ~fp%ifc}hefo}f h~ldchmhs hl cvfp~j svflfo llfyhp flmfs~jkj lhpyhpdj hmbfpdmj/ Lhs lhpyhs cvhomj yho

h ~hshp h odoihs sf mfkho chfp hl svflj t ~fof}phfo äl, ~jp fllj lhs odoihs svflfo focjo}phpsf hvojs = ó 6 ce/ mf ~pjivomdmhm yhpdhomj, mfsmflvfgj, cjo fl }d~j mf svflj/

Cjo}pjl

Hvoxvf frds}fo mdyfpsjs m f ~ p f m h m j p f /mffs}f cjljó~}fpj, fl mfshppjllj mf lh lvcbh `ljljglch~hph sv cjo}pjl fs hûo docd~dfo}f t sólj sf bhfe~lfhmj mf ijpeh evt ~vo}vhl }ho}j fo fl fs~h%cdj cjej fo fl }dfe~j/

Fl mf~pfmhmjp eès fe~lfhmj fs fl ~fo}h}óed%mj [dcpjoh cjfpvlfh L/, mfojedohmj yvlghpefo}fcbdocbf h{vl, th xvf sv cjljp fs yfpmf h{vlhmj tmf `pdllj ef}èldcj/ Fs}f chpoåyjpj fs cjosdmfphmjcjej vo mf~pfmhmjp evt fidcdfo}f mf bvfyjs tlhpyhs mf hl}dch/

J}pjs ~hpèsd}js t mf~pfmhmjpfs foshthmjs~hph fl cjo}pjl mf fs}h ~lhgh sjo fl }f}phxvåodmjMffgfpdh lvc}vjsh Efdg, ljs `phcóodmjs ^fpdld}vs

`pfydcjllds t mdyfpshs fs~fcdfs mfl gäofpj @phcjo,fl fsiåogdmj Fo}jejgoh}bvs `pfyds t fl bjogj@fhvyfpdh glv`vldifph/

Voh ~pèc} dch hocfs}phl , ~fpj xvf ~vf/mf ~ ~ cjosdmfphmh bjt cjej hmfcvhmh, fs lh v}lld{hcljomf pfivgdjs j hl`fpgvfs hp}didcdhlfs xvf hl sfp mds}pd%`vdmjs fo fl do}fpdjp mf lhs ~lho}hcdjofs t pf}dphmjs

mf lhs edsehs fo fl ejefo}j j~jp}voj ~fped}fofldedohp vo gpho oûefpj mf hmvl}js/ ^hph xvf fs}hefmdmh sfh fidch{ mf`f ~pjcfmfpsf hl hmfcvhmjmfscjp}f{hmj mf lhs cf~hs, xvf fo chsj mf pfhld%

{hpsf mf`f sdevl}hofhpsf cjo lh ~jmh t xvf bjtfs}è ~lfohefo}f kvs}didchmj, ~fsf h sv cjs}f, sd folh ~lho}hcdóo frds}fo ~pj l̀fehs mf ~dphl, gvshojs

Hmvl}j mf [dcpjoh cjfpvlfh L/, mf~pfmhmjp evt fidch{v}dld{hmj fo fl cjo}pjl `djlógdcj mf hl}dch/



82

`lhocjs, ~jld llh j hl }dch/ Sólj hså hl fldedohp ljs

pfivgdjs oh}vphlfs t pf}dphp ljs hp}didcdhlfs fo if`pfpj ho}fs mf lh `pj}hcdóo mf lhs cf~hs sf cjosdgvfvoh cdfp}h fidcdfocdh/ Mf }jmhs ijpehs fs}hs efmdmhs sólj mf`fo fo}fomfpsf cjej cje~lfefo}h

pdhs t jchsdjohlfs, t hmfeès, cjej fs lógdcj, sjo~pèc}dchefo}f doh~ldch`lfs fo ~lho}hcdjofs gphomfs ~jp fl sj`pf cjs}f xvf sv~jofo/ ^jp fllj, hvo

xvf pfcjefomh l̀fs, oj ~vfmfo sfp cjosdmfphmhsbjt cjej voh }äcodch mf äjo}pjl, frcf~}j fomf}fpedohmhs ~lho}hcdjofs mf vyh mf efsh xvfsf ~pf}fomh f}dxvf}hp cjej mf cvl}dyj `djlógdcj/

Fo pfhldmhm, fo ljs c jo}hmjs chsjs fo xvffs}h ~lhgh ~vfmf }fofp voh docdmfocdh de~jp}ho}f,mf`f pfcvppdpsf hl cjo}pjl xvåedcj mf lh edseh t

xvf ~vfmf pfxvfpdp mjs j }pfs }ph}hedfo}js hovhlfs ~hph fyd}hp pfdoifccdjofs t ~jmfp cjo}pjlhp hsåhmfcvhmhefo}f ljs mds}do}js fs}hmjs fyjlv}dyjs

mf fs}h ~lhgh/Mf ijpeh }phmdcdjohl sf j`sfpyó xvf lhs cf~hs

}ph}hmhs cjo svlih}j mf cj`pf j cjo h{vipf j svsmfpdyhmjs fpho efojs h}hchmhs ~jp fs}h ~lhgh/

Mf }jmhs ijpehs mf`fejs }fofp fo cvfo}h xvfpfhlefo}f fs}js ~pjmvc}js oj sjo }órdcjs ~hph lh

hl}dch t ~jp fllj oj sjo ghpho}åh mf cjo}pjl mf fs}h~lhgh od sjo svidcdfo}fs, fo chsj mf h}hxvfs ~hphfyd}hp svs m hø js / Fo p fh ld mh m fo fs}js chsjsmf`fpåh pfcvppdpsf h dosfc}dcdmhs mf dogfs}dóo cjohc}dydmhm fs~fcåidch cjo}ph fs}h ~lhgh/ Mf }jmhs

ijpehs, ojpehlefo}f fl cjo}pjl mf Bh*ldch he~fj%

lj~bhgh svflf fs}hp ghpho}d{hmj ~jp ljs ofcfshpdjs }ph}hedfo}js xvf sf pfhld{ho ~hph fl cjo}pjl mf

lhs ~jldllhs t mf lh ~dphl/^fsf h fllj mf`fejs fovefphp ljs ~pjmvc}jsxvf sf cjosdmfpho bjt fidcdfo}fs ~hph fl cjo}pjlmf fs}h ~lhgh/ Fs}js ~pjmvc}js sjo;

8$ Jpghojcljphmjs/Cjej ~jp fkfe~lj fl Ldomhoj, cjo vo `vfofifc}j mf cbjxvf t xvf ~jsff voh de~jp}ho}f ~fpsds}focdh, eho}fodfomj lh ~pj}fc

c dóo mvpho}f `hs}ho}f } dfe~j/ ^vfmfo

pfxvfpdpsf mjs }ph}hedfo}js hovhlfs/

0$ Jpghojijsijphmjs1 fo}pf fs}js ~pjmvc}jsmf`fejs efocdjohp;% Fl Ehlh}djo, cjo `vfoh hccdóo ~jp dogfs

}dóo t ~jp cjo}hc}j, cjo `vfo fifc}j mf

cbjxvf t `hkj ~jmfp pfsdmvhl, pfhlefo}fsf mfgphmh evt lfo}hefo}f t fo jchsdj

ofs ~vfmf ~pjmvcdp }jrdcdmhm fo hlgvohsyhpdfmhmfs mf vyh mf efsh ~jp lj xvf oj

sf pfcjedfomh/% Fl ]pdcljpijo/% Fl H{doijs/

% Fl Ifod}pj}djo/

% Fl Cljpifoydoijs/% Fl Xvdohlijs/% Fl ^hph}djo1 äs}f ~vfmf ~pjmvcdp id}j}jrdcd%

mhm sd sf h~ldch cjo }fe~fph}vphs hl}hs/

Ojpehlefo}f sf svflf v}dld{hp ef{clhmjcjo Ldomhoj/

]he`däo ~vfmfo v}dld{hpsf jpghojijsijph

mjs ~fof}pho}fs cjej% fl Hcfih}j1 äs}f ~vfmf h~ldchpsf sjlj j fo

ef{clhs cjo Cd~fpef}pdo/Fs}f ~pjmvc}j oj mf`f vshpsf cjo }hehøjs mf gphoj sv~fpdjp hl mf ljs gvdsho}fs/

3$ Chp`heh}js, fo}pf äs}js sf cjosdmfph fid

cdfo}f% fl Chp`hpdl/

=$ ^dpf}pjdmfs cjej;% Lh Hlihef}pdoh, cjo `vfo fifc}j mf cbj

xvf, mf `hkh ~fpsds}focdh/ Fs}f ~pjmvc}j~vfmf }fofp fifc}js domfsfh l̀fs sj`pf lh~j l̀hcdóo mf èchpjs id}óihgjs/

% Fl Cd~fpef}pdo/

% Fl Cdidv}pdo6$ J}pjs gpv~js xvf }he d̀äo ~vfmfo v}dld{hpsf

sjo;% Fl @foivphchp`, xvf fs}è fs~fcdhlefo}f

pfcjefomhmj ~hph fl }ph}hedfo}j mf lhs~pdefphs gfofphcdjofs mf hl}dch/

% Fl Dodmhclj~pdom, xvf hc}ûh cjej `ljxvf

ho}f mf ljs pfcf~}jpfs hcf}dlcjldoäpgdcjsmf ljs dosfc}js/ Hc}ûh ~jp cjo}hc}j t ~jpdogfs}dóo/

% Mfpdyhmjs ~dppóldcjs/ Fs}f }d~j mf ovfyjsdosfc}dcdmhs }dfofo voh hccdóo ef}h`óldchlfo}h, sv ~fpsds}focdh fs lded}hmh, hc}ûho~jp dogfs}dóo/ Oj ~pfsfo}ho pfsds}focdhs

t ~jp sv efchodsej mf hccdóo oj fs ~pf

ydsd̀ lf xvf lhs gfofpfo od mdpfc}hs od cpv{hmhs cjo j}pjs ~pjmvc}js/

9$ Fo}pf ljs ~pjmvc}js `djlógdcjs xvf sf cjosdm fp ho fi dc df o} fs ~h ph fl c jo }pj l mf hl}dch

mf`fejs efocdjohp;% Ljs cpds}hljdmfs mf @hcdl*vs Dbvpdogdfosds

ss~/ }fof`pdjods, xvf bjt sf cjosdmfphocjej evt fi dcdfo}fs/ Hc}ûho cjej doh

~f}fo}fs t ~hpèsd}js do}fs}dohlfs/ Sv

hccdóo fs lfo}h/% Fr}phc}js eès j efojs ~vpdidchmjs mfl

yfgf}hl Jh~bof godmdve L/

Hc}vhlefo}f frds}fo yhpdjs ovfyjs ~pjmvc}js,fs~fcdhlefo}f mf ljs cjosdmfphmjs dosfc}dcdmhs

`djlógdcjs fo foshtj ~hph fl cjo}pjl mf Bhi}dchhe~flj~bhgh/



84

C d g h p p f p j

CDGHPPFPJ/@tc}dscvs `f}vlhfL

Cdghppfpj mf lh ydm, fopjllhmjp/

Fs}f cjlfó~}fpj mf lh ihedldh mf ljs cvpcvldóod%mjs fs cjojcdmj cjej ~lhgh mf lh ydm mfsmf evtho}dgvj/ Fs}f dosfc}j fs evt ~jlåihgj, th xvf hmf%eès mf h lhs cf~hs ~vfmf hifc}hp }he d̀äo mf ijp%eh do}fosh h ljs ~fphlfs, h ljs eho{hojs t hmdyfpshs ~lho}hs ijpfs}hlfs/ Fo}pf lhs fs~fcdfs hlhs xvf ~vfmf h}hchp, hmfeès mf h lhs efocdjoh%mhs fs~fcåidchefo}f, mf`fejs cjosdmfphp ljscbj~js, ljs shvcfs, lhs bhths, ljs chs}højs, ljsèlhejs, ljs h`fmvlfs, ljs hpcfs, ljs jlejs t hhlgvojs xvfpcvs mf fo}pf lhs ijpfs}hlfs, t hl hyf%

llhoj, hl cfpf{j, h ljs cdpvfljs, hl chxvd, t foefojp efmdmh j mf j}ph ijpeh sólj jchsdjohl hl

efe`pdllj, h ljs sfp`hlfs, h ljs pjshlfs, h lhsfs~fcdfs mfl gäofpj Pv`vs t h ljs hlefompjs/Hmfeès }he d̀äo sf bho cd}hmj h}hxvfs h j}phs~lho}hs cjej h ljs edp}js, cph}hfgvs, f}c/

Fs}h ~lhgh pfcd̀ f fl oje`pf mf cdghppfpj ~jpsv bè`d}j mf fopjllhp lhs bjkhs mf lhs fs~fcdfs h

lhs xvf h}hch fo ijpeh mf cdghppj ~vpj/Fs}f cjlfó~}fpj, `hs}ho}f fr}fomdmj ~jp }jmjsljs ~håsfs fvpj~fjs yd}åcjlhs, fs `hs}ho}f frdgfo%}f fcjlógdchefo}f, ~jp lj xvf mf`f cjosdmfphpsfcjej voh fs~fcdf fvpd}fpeh/ Fo Fs~høh fs eèsipfcvfo}f fo lhs {johs yd}åcjlhs eès sf~}fo}pdjoh%lfs, hvoxvf phphefo}f sv~jof vo ~pj`lfeh de~jp%}ho}f/ Mf }jmhs ijpehs fo jchsdjofs fs}f cjlfó~%}fpj ~vfmf sfp cjosdmfphmj cjej fomäedcj t

~pjmvcdp mhøjs gphyfs fo cjehpchs evt ljchld{h%mhs, fs~fcdhlefo}f cvhomj ~pjmvcf h}hxvfs ~pf%cjcfs t pfd}fphmjs cvhomj lhs cf~hs fs}èo fe~f%{homj h `pj}hp, cjsh xvf ~vfmf jcvppdp sd lhscjomdcdjofs he`dfo}hlfs sjo ihyjph`lfs ~hph lh

~pjldifphcdóo t mfshppjllj mf fs}f dosfc}j/

Såo}jehs

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bvefc}hcdóo mf lhs bjkhs fo fl ejefo}j mf eèrd%



06

Ejsch mf lh ipv}h

EJSCH MF lH IPV]H/ EJSCH MFL EFMD]FPPHOFJ/

Hlid lfph{j/ Ghogpfoh mf ljs gp<lD8js/ Phehlh{j/

Efmd}fpphocho Ipvd} Ilt/ EdvfDeffpillcb}ildfgf/

Cfphld}ds ch~d}h*h WdfDm/

Må~}fpj mf lh ihedldh ]pt~f}dmhf/

Fs}h ~pj`lfeè}dch ~lhgh fs jpdgdohpdh mf èpfhs}pj~dchlfs t sv`}pj~dchlfs mf Hipdch Jccdmfo}hl tivf mf}fc}hmh th bhcf eès mf 8=> højs fo lhcvfoch mfl Efmd}fppèofj/

Lh ~pfsfocdh mf lh ejsch mf lh ipv}h bh sdmjcd}hmh fo chsd }jmhs ovfs}phs {johs mf cvl}dyj sdfrcf~}vhejs hlgvohs cjehpchs mf Chs}dllh%Lfóo,mjomf svs ipdhs }fe~fph}vphs doyfpohlfs oj ~fped}fo ~pj`h l̀fefo}f fl mfshppjllj mf lh ~pdefph tsfgvomh gfofphcdóo hovhl ~jp lj xvf, hvoxvf~vfmho frds}dp ~j`lhcdjofs mf ijpeh }fe~jphl,äs}hs oj ~vfmfo cje~lf}hp sv cdclj/

Fs}f må~}fpj hl sfp evt ~jlåihgj bh ~pjmvcdmjpfd}fphmhs t sds}feè}dchs ch}ès}pjifs fo mds}do}jscvl}dyjs mf fo}pf ljs bh`d}vhlfs mf ovfs}phs {johsmf cldeh efmd}fppèofj, cjomdcdjofs h lhs xvf lh~lhgh sf bh hmh~}hmj evt `dfo `djlógdchefo}f t

fo lhs xvf sf bh }phosijpehmj fo vo yfpmhmfpjfomfedsej/

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Cjocpf}hefo}f fo fl sfc}jp mf lh vyh mf efshfs}h ~lhgh ~vfmf sfp evt ~pj l̀feè}dch, hmfeèsmf ~jp ljs chphc }fp ås} dcjs mhøjs xvf ~pjmvcf,mfojedohmjs hlidlfph{j j phehlh{j ~jp lh sdedld}vmxvf }dfofo fs}js h}hxvfs cjo he`js ifoóefojs,~jp sfp vo ~hpèsd}j j`kf}j mf voh fs}pdc}h cvhpfo}foh, cjo }jlfphocdh cfpj, fo ovefpjsjs ~håsfs mf



09

Clèsdcj fsxvfeh mf Cfih}d}ds ch~d}h}h Wdflm/

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lh V/F/ t fo j}pjs evcbjs ~håsfs mf ovfs}pj èe d̀%}j mf fr~jp}hcdóo, mf ehofph xvf lh frds}focdh mfsåo}jehs mf fs}f ~hpèsd}j fo cvhlxvdfph mf ovfs%}phs fr~jp}hcdjofs, hmfeès mf hovlhp cje~lf}h%efo}f sv yhljp cjefpcdhl, ~vfmf }fofp vo gphyffifc}j fo lhs pfmfs mf cjefpcdhld{hcdóo th fs}h%`lfcdmhs ~hph ovfs}pjs ~pjmvc}js bjp}jipv}åcjlhs,eèrdef }fodfomj fo cvfo}h xvf cvhomj sf cpfhoyfo}hohs }fe~jphlfs mf svedods}pj h ljs efpchmjsfs th evt mdiåcdl pje~fp lh mdoèedch mf cje~phs

xvf sf gfofph bhcdh j}pjs ~håsfs cje~f}dmjpfs txvf ~vfmf sv~jofp voh hv}äo}dch bfch}je`f ~hphovfs}pj sfc}jp fr~jp}hmjp mf ipv}hs/

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Hmvl}j mf ejsch mf lh ipv}h/

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07

///"

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02

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0 4

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~hph ~v~hp/ Sv cjljp fs `lhocj%cpfejsj chphc}fpås}dcj/ Sv ijpeh fs }pjocjcóodch cjo fl fr}pfejcfièldcj eès fs}pfcbj, cjo voh mdedov}h ch`f{h}ph~f{jdmhl xvf yh sfgvdmh mf vojs hodlljs ~pdseè}dcj%cóodcjs xvf fo djs ~js}fpdjpfs ~hsho h ijpeh

sv`cdliompdch t xvf sjo eès lhpgjs t hocbjs xvfljs ho}fpdjpfs/ Ljs hodlljs ~jsffo yhpdhs sfpdfs mffs~åovdhs mfoshs xvf fs}èo mds~vfs}hs yfo}phlefo}f t xvf hc}ûho cjej efchodsejs mf ejydedfo}j/ Mfs~väs mf lh fcljsdóo lhs lhOhs sf do}pjmvcfo fo lh ~vl~h mf ljs ipv}js xvf doifs}ho

frchyhomj ghlfpåhs xvf ~vfmfo hdcho{hp, sd fl}hehøj mf ljs ipv}js lj ~fped}f, cjsh xvf oj jcvppf lógdchefo}f fo ljs gphojs mf vyh, bhs}h 2 ó 8>ee/ Evcbhs mf lhs dhOhs ohcdmhs evfpfo mvpho}f svs ~pdefphs ihsfs mf mfshppjllj t oj llfgho h}fpedohp sv cdclj `djlógdcj/

Cvhomj lhs lhOhs }fpedoho sv mfshppjllj, xvfsvflf mvphp fo}pf 7 t 0> måhs j eès sfgûo fl }d~j mf

ipv}j t lhs cjomdcdjofs he`dfo}hlfs, shlfo mf flljs,sf mfkho chfp hl svflj t sf fo}dfppho hc}dyhefo}f h~jch ~pjivomdmhm/ Fl mfscfosj mf dhs }fe~fph}vphsbhcf xvf fl ~fpåjmj lhOhpdh sf ~pjljogvf/

Lhs ~v~hs, xvf }dfofo lh }phmdcdjohl ijpeh mf`hppdlf}f mf ljs må~}fpjs, sjo ldshs t hodllhmhs cjoljs fr}pfejs hsdeä}pdcjs, hlgj eès cjoyfrhs fosv {joh mjpshl/ Svs mdefosdjofs fs}èo cje~pfomdmhs fo}pf ljs ='6 t 6 ee/ mf ljogd}vm t 0'8 h 0'3mf hocbvph t sv cjljp fs ehppóo eès j efojsdo}fosj/ Fs}h ihsf mfl cdclj mf lh Cfpfh}d}ds ch~d}h%lh }dfof voh mvphcdóo xvf yhpåh fo}pf ljs 2 t 80måhs, hvoxvf fs}h ~v~h ~vfmf eho}fofpsf eèsmf vo efs ho}fs mf fyjlvcdjohp, cjej svflf jcvppdp fo fl chsj mf lh ~pdefph gfofphcdóo hovhl xvf

pfhlefo}f sjo lh ihsf doyfpoho}f mf fs}f må~}fpj/Fo fs}f chsj, lhs ~v~hs sf ljchld{ho fo}pf ljs = t8> ce/ mf ~pjivomdmhm fo fl svflj t hl idohl mfvohs ghlfpåhs docjosds}fo}fs xvf pfhld{ho lhs lhpyhs mf ûl}deh gfofphcdóo }phs mfkhpsf chfp hl svflj mfsmf lhs `hths, j fo sv chsj ~pjcfmfo}fs mfipv}js chåmjs cjej cjosfcvfocdh mf ljs h}hxvfsmf fs}h ~lhgh/

Ojpehlefo}f fo ovfs}phs cjomdcdjofs sf mho2 gfofphcdjofs hovhlfs mf fs}h ~lhgh, hvoxvf fohøjs eès ihyjph`lfs, cjej äs}f, sf bho mhmj 4/Fo fs}f sfo} dmj mf`fejs }fofp fo cvfo}h xvffs}h ~lhgh fo svs {johs mf jpdgfo ~vfmf }fofpbhs}h 80 gfofphcdjofs hovhlfs/



38

Ejsxvfpjs }å~dcjs ~hph lh ch~}vph mf Cfihld}ds/

D{xvdfpmh; fsxvfeh t ij}jgphiåh mf }phe~h hldefo}hpdh1mfpfcbh; fsxvfeh mf }phe~h cjo h}phc}dyj sfrvhl/

=%8$ V}dld{hcdóo mf cf̀ js hldefo}hpdjsfoyfofohmjs, xvf svflf sfp lh eès

ipfcvfo}f, t xvf ~vfmf pfhld{hpsf ~jpefmdjs }fppfs}pfs j häpfjs mf ~vlyfpd{hcdóo/Fo h~ldchcdjofs }fppfs}pfs, xvf mf`fpåho sfp gfofphlfs fo lhs cjehpchs, hchpgj mf cjj~fph}dyhs j hsjcdhcdjofsmf ~pjmvc}jpfs, mf`fo ejkhpsf ûodchefo}f lhs chphs jpdfo}hmhs hl svp mflhs cf~hs t ojpehlefo}f }ph}homj sóljvoh mf chmh }pfs j cvh}pj cf~hs mfchmh idlh, j voh idlh chmh }pfs mf lh~lho}hcdóo ~hph ihcdld}hp hså ljs }ph}hedfo}js efchod{hmjs/

Fo h~ldchcdjofs häpfhs, xvf sjo sdomvmh evcbj eès fidcdfo}fs fo {johsmf ejojcvl}dyj, t xvf oj sdfe~pf~vfmfo h~ldchpsf fo ovfs}ph yd}dcvl}vphmf vyh mf efsh, xvf fs mjomf fl }ph}hedfo}j sfpåh eès mfsfh l̀f mfo}pjmf ovfs}pj sfc}jp, t xvf sd fs mf h~ldchcdóo bh`d}vhl, j mf`dfph sfplj ejmdidchomj ljs ~pjmvc}js hc}vhlefo}ffe~lfhmjs, fo ovfs}phs {johs cd}påcjlhs t fo evcbhs cjehpchs ipv}åcjlhs/Ojpehlefo}f fs}js }ph}hedfo}js sfbhcfo cjo hydjof}h t }ph}homj fo `homhs mfkhomj iphokhs sdo }ph}hp/ Fs}hs}äcodchs mf`fpåho }he d̀äo sfp pfydshmhs bjt, ~vfs}j xvf fl fe~lfj mf ljsbfldcó~}fpjs, xvf evcbhs yfcfs ovfs}ph hmedods}phcdóo sf fe~føh fo

Cjo}pjl

Fs}h ~jlåihgh ~lhgh cvtj cjo}pjl h`sjlv}j fsevt mdiåcdl, ~pfcdshefo}f ~jp hifc}hp hevcbjs cvl}dyjs t ~jp sv cdclj ~pèc}dchefo}f cjos}ho}f t fo~pjgpfsdóo mvpho}f }jmj fl høj fo ovfs}phs cjomdcdjofs cldeè}dchs, pfxvdfpf fl fs}h`lfcdedfo}j mfvoh lvcbh sds}feè}dch t gfofphld{hmh mf `hkjde~hc}j/

Fs}f pdgvpjsj cjo}pjl, xvf fs ofcfshpdj ~jp lhhl}åsdeh }hsh mf evl}d~ldchcdóo mf fs}h ~lhgh, txvf bh sdmj pfilfkhmh ~jp ovefpjsjs sfgvdedfo}jsmf lh edseh, ~vfmf mdsføhpsf, fo ~pdocd~dj, mfsmfmds}do}js èogvljs t ijpehs mf hc}vhcdóo t xvf ~vfmfo pfsvedpsf fo ljs sdgvdfo}fs h~hp}hmjs;

8$ Fs}ph}fgdhs mf cjo}pjl `djlógdcj efmdho}f~hphsd}jdmfs/ Ojpehlefo}f oj fs svidcdfo}f~jp så sjlh ~hph fl cjo}pjl mf lh ~lhgh/

0$ Lvcbh hv}jcdmh `hshmh fo lh ld`fphcdóo sds}feè}dch mf ehcbjs fs}äpdlfs/

3$ Ch~}vph ehsdyh efmdho}f }phe~hs mfojedohmhs "ejsxvfpjs"/Fs}f }d~j mf cjo}pjl sf `hsh fo fl gpho xvdedj}pjidsej mf lh fs~fcdf/ Fs}h }äcodch,hvoxvf hûo ~vfmh sfp yèldmh fo {johs hdslhmhs mf cvl}dyj mf vyh mf efsh, bjt sóljsf v}dld{h cjej ijpeh mf evfs}pfj mflsfgvdedfo}j mf lh fyjlvcdóo mf lhs mds}do}hsgfofphcdjofs mf lh ~lhgh/

=$ Cjo}pjl xvåedcj mf lh ~lhgh/ Fo fs}f h~hp}hmj mf`fejs mdifpfocdhp mjs }d~js mf }ph}hedfo}js;



30

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~jp h~jtj fr~ldcd}j h ljs }ph}hedfo}js xvf pfhldcfolhs jpghod{hcdjofs mf hgpdcvl}jpfs t, mfsmf lvfgj,~vfmf sv~jofp voh gphyf ihl}h mf pfs~josh`dldmhmmf lhs dos}d}vcdjofs fl docve~ldedfo}j mf ljs ~lh{jshmfcvhmjs mf ljs }ph}hedfo}js, th xvf lh mfkhmf{fo fs}f hsvo}j ~vfmf t pfhlefo}f hifc}h h }jmj flsfc}jp ohcdjohl fr~jp}hmjp mf ~pjmvc}js bjp}jipv}åcjlhs hl sfp, cjej th bfejs mdcbj, fs}h ~lhghj`kf}j m/f voh cvhpfo}foh cjo }jlfphocdh cfpj/

Hvoxvf fo hlgvojs cvl}dyjs t cjehpchs, thmfsmf ho}dgvj "8499$ lh Hmedods}phcdóo, cjo

efojs j eès ijp}voh t j~jp}vodmhm, bh do}fo}hmjcjo}pjlhp lh Cfph}d}ds t, mfsmf lvfgj, fs}hs hc}vhcdjofs oj bho sdmj fo }jmjs ljs sd}djs hmfcvhmhs,

od ~hph ljscvl}dyjs

xvf lj pfxvdfpfo od fo flejefo}j mf sv fkfcvcdóo, sd mf`fo eho}fofpsf t~j}focdhpsf eèrdef }fodfomj fo cvfo}h lhs ihyj%

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cjehpchs ipv}åcjlhs t xvf ~vfmf sfp th bjt vohhv}äo}dch ch}ès}pjif }he d̀äo ~hph ovfs}pj sfc}jpmf vyh mf efsh/

Cpffejs xvf ho}f lh ehgod}vm mf lh ~pj`lfeè}dch xvf ~vfmf sv~jofp fs}h ~lhgh mf`fejsdosds} dp eès fo ljs efmdjs mf cjo}pjl frds}fo}fsxvf ~vfmfo cjocpf}hpsf fo ljs sdgvdfo}fs;

8$ Cjo}pjl `djlógdcj cjo ~hphsd}jdmfs;^jp fl ejefo}j fl cjo}pjl `djlógdcj mf lhCfphld}ds, xvf bh sdmj foshthmj fo ovfs}pj~hås cjo ~hphsd}jdmfs lhpyhpdj%~v~hlfs

cjej fl J~dvs bvedlds Sdly/ t fl J~dvs cjo%cjljp S{ä~l/, oj bh sdmj lj fidcdfo}f xvfbv`dfph sdmj mf mfsfhp t oj sf bh ejs}ph

mj cjo svidcdfo}f ch~hcdmhm ~hph cjo}pjlhp,hvoxvf sfh ~hpcdhlefo}f mfo}pj mfl cjo%

@dós}fpfs ljogdchvmh}vs Hsbe/ fidcdfo}f ~hphsd}jdmf

~hph fl cjo}pjl mf lh ejsch mf lh ipv}h/

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mfs sf }folho hv}äo}dcjs ~pj`lfehs ~hphcjosfgvdp sv fidcdfo}f ¡cpåh // fo lh`jph}jpdj/ Fs}f ~pj l̀feh bh sdmj bjt clhphefo}fpfsvfl}j ~jp ovfyhs }äcodchs mf sflfccdóohldefo}hpdh t fe~lfj mf efmdjs mf hldefo}hcdóo sv`oh}vphlfs j oh}vphlfs mf evcbjsmf fs}js ~hphsd}jdmfs t xvf mfsmf lvfgjmf`fpåho sfp foshthmjs th fo ovfs}pj ~håsefmdho}f vo ~pjgpheh sfpdj t sds}feè}dcjmf evl}d~ldchcdóo, svfl}h t sfgvdedfo}j mfsv fidcdfocdh/Fo}pf fs}js dosfc}js û}dlfs ~jmfejs efocdjohp;h$ @djäs}fpfs "5Mdhcbhsedejp~bh$ ljogd%

chvmhlvs Hsbe/, pfcdfo}fefo}f fe

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fo fl che~j/ Sdfomj ljs mh}js hûo ~pjydsdjohlfs, ~fpj fs~fpho{hmjpfs/



33

`$ Bfmt*vs gdiihpmdd Sdly/ @phcóodmj evtfe~hpfo}hmj cjo lhs }pfs fs~fcdfs

ho}fpdjpfs/c$ Jdpbdovs fbpbjpod Sd Dy/ t j/ gdiihpmdd Sdly/Cbhlcdmdmjs hc}vhlefo}f fo foshtj/

m$ Fo}pf ljs fvlj~bdmjs ~j}focdhlefo}f fid

cdfo}fs mf`fejs efocdjohp lhs }pfssdgvdfo}fs fs~fcdfs; Sto}jejs~btpvedomdcve Sdly/, ]f}phs}dcbvs gdiihpmdd Sdly/t ]/ jrtvpvs Sd*y/

f$ Mf }jmhs ijpehs t ho}f lh de~jp}hocdhxvf fs}è hmxvdpdfomj }ho}j fs}h ~lhghcjej lh ofcfsdmhm mf pfmvcdp mpès}dchefo}f fl vsj mf ~pjmvc}js hgpfsdyjs t~pfsfpyhp hmfcvhmhefo}f fl efmdj

he`dfo}f, t fo vo do}fo}j mf pfmvcdp flfe~lfj mf ~pjmvc}js id}jshod}hpdjs mfijpeh ehsdyh/ fo mdyfpsjs ~håsfs }ho}j mf lh V/F/ "D}hldh fs~fcdhlefo}f$

cjej fo Fs}hmjs Vodmjs, Cbdlf t

Hpgfo}doh sf fs}èo fe~lfhomj lhssdgvdfo}fs fs~fcdfs ~hph fl cjo}pjl mflh Cfphld}ds;% Hfpjetph yjphr Sho}cb/% Jjpt*vs hiidods tj/ odgpdchos Sho}cb/% ^bfdmj*f efghcf~bh*h Ih`/% Gh*fsvs sd*yfs}pddAdfii/% ^hcbtcpf~jdmfvs mv d̀vs Hsbe/% S~bh*hogdh hiph Sd Dy/% ]pdcbj~pdh ch~fosds Adfii/% F}c/

Fs}js t hlgvohs mf lhs fs~fcdfs

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0$ Lvcbh hv}jcdmh/Fl cjo}pjl hv}jcdmh mf fs}h ~lhgh fs}è`hshmj fo lh ld`fphcdóo ehsdyh mf ehcbjsfs}fpdld{hmjs j ~jp phmdhcdjofs "fe~lfèomjsf phtjs R j phtjs t$ j ~jp lh h~ldchcdóo mfsvs}hocdhs xvåedchs cjej lh }f}phedoh jh{dpdomfpdyhmjs, hûo fo ihsf mf fr~fpdefo}hcdóo/ t xvf sf h~ldcho sj p̀f domdydmvjscpdhmjs fo dosfc}hpdj/

Fs}hs }äcodchs xvf hûo fs}èo ~jp mfshppjllhp fo }jmh sv he~ld}vm t xvf bho pfsvl}hmj `hs}ho}f fidcdfo}fs oj sfpèo/ sdo mvmh,svidcdfo}fs ~hph fl cjo}pjl mf lh ~lhgh,fs~fcdhlefo}f fo lhs ä~jchs eès cèldmhsmfl høj, ~fpj ~vfmfo cjo}pd̀ vdp, sdo mvmh/ hlh mpès}dch mdsedovcdóo mf lhs ~j`lhcdjofs

mf lhs ~pdefphs gfofphcdjofs hovhlfs

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3$ Ch~}vphs efmdho}f }phe~hs/ Ejsxvfpjs/Fo fs}js chsjs lhs }phe~hs xvf sf v}dld{ho

sjo ojpehlefo}f hldefo}hpdhs t vshomjcjej cf`j ijsih}j `dheóodcj j ~pj}fåohsbdmpjld{hmhs cjefpcdhlfs/ xvf bho svs}d}vdmj bjth lhs ~h~dllhs t {vejs mf ipv}hs/ hljs ydohgpfs/ h lhs eflh{hs, h lhs ef{clhsmf h{ûchpfs t edfl t h ljs kh`jofs t mdlvcdjofs hejodhchlfs xvf bho }fodmj vode~jp}ho}f ~h~fl bds}ópdcj fo fl cjo}pjl mffs}h ~lhgh/ Fs}js cf`js sf de~pfgoho cjodosfc}dcdmhs mf hl}h yh~jpd{hcdóo t ~jcjhgpfsdyjs/Hc}vhlefo}f sf bho gfofphld{hmj lhs }phe~hs cjo}fodfomj h}phtfo}fs sfrvhlfs "~jpfkfe~lj }pdefmlvpf$ cjosdgvdäomjsf hså

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Lfyho}f t fo evcbjs cvl}dyjs/ sf bho cjo

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% cljp~dpdijs,% ohlfm,% }pdcljpijo,%ijrde,

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}js hmfcvhmjs mf `h kj de~hc }j , ~fpjsdfe~pf mf`fo sfp cje~lfefo}hmjs

efmdho}f }ph}hedfo}js }fppfs}pfs fo ljs~vo}js t ejefo}j hmfcvhmjs/Fo}pf ljs ~pjmvc}js h fe~lfhp fo he`js}d~js mf }ph}hedfo}js mf`fejs cjosdmfphpljs sdgvdfo}fs;h$ Ifo}djo, Dosfc}dcdmh jpghojijsijphmj

~fof}pho}f t mf he~ldj fs~fc}pj cjo`vfoh fidcdfocdh t fs}h`dldmhm, th xvfsv yjlh}dldmhm fs `hkh, xvf ~jsff hccdóo~jp dogfs}dóo t ~jp cjo}hc}j, ~fpj xvfpfsvl}h evt }órdcj ~hph lhs h`fkhs tj}ph ihvoh û}dl, hmfeès mf ~hph lhshyfs, lj xvf bhcf ~pj`lfeè}dcj sv

fe~lfj ehsdyj%f domdscpdedohmj/

Fo }ph}hedfo}js }fppfs}pfs ~vfmf h~ldchpsf }he d̀äo

% ~pdmhifo}djo t% chp`jifo}djo/

`$ Ehlh}djo/ Fl fe~lfj mf fs}f clèsdcj ~pjmvc}j jpghojijsijphmj, xvf fs }he d̀äo

vo hchpdcdmh, fs mf he~ldj fs~fc}pj t~jsff fifc}js sj`pf lhs ~jldllhs mfl phcdej, sj p̀f lh hl}dch, ~vlgjofs, cjcbdodllhs, mds}do}js cbdocbfs, sj`pf lhs ~sd lhst ljs }pd~s, lj xvf lf bhcf fo ~pdocd~djhmfcvhmj ~hph fl }ph}hedfo}j mf ~lho}hcdjofs mf vyh mf efsh/ ^jsff vo `hkj~jmfp pfsdmvhl, ~fpj hl dgvhl xvf flho}fpdjp fs ~pj l̀feè}dcj, ~vfs hifc}h hlhs h`fkhs, h lhs hyfs t h gpho ~hp}f mflh ihvoh û}dl mf lhs ~lho}hcdjofs/ Hmfeès fo fl chsj cjocpf}j xvf ojs jcv~hmf`fejs }fofp fo cvfo}h xvf ~vfmf~pjmvcdp id}j}jrdcdmhm fo hlgvohs yhpdfmhmfs cjej fo D}hldh, Jbhofs, Chpmdohl,t fo vo `vfo gpv~j mf h~dpfohs/ ^jp ljxvf oj fs pfcjefomh`lf cjej svs}d}v}jmfl ho}fpdjp ~pjmvc}j, hl efojs foovfs}pj sfcK}jp/

c$ ]f}phcljpydoijs/ Dosfc}dcdmh }he`däo

jpghojijsijphmj mf `hkh ~fpsds}focdh/Pfhlefo}f fs}js } pfs ~pjmvc}js sjo mf

fe~lfj cje~ldchmj t ~pj`h`lfefo}f oj hmfcvhmjhl ~jsffp }jrdcdmhmfs hl}hs xvf ~hph lhs h`fkhsxvf fs}èo fyhlvhmhs fo}pf ML 6> >/>>8 T 8'44 Eg"edcpjgphejs$/

m$ ]pdcljpijo/ Dosfc}dcdmh }he d̀äo jpghojijsijphmj cjo hccdóo ~jp dogfs} dóo tcjo}hc}j t xvf hmfeès ~jsff fifc }j

sj`pf lhs ~jldllhs mfl phcdej, ~dphl, hl}dch,cdghppfpj, cbdocbfs, sj`pf mdyfpsjs lf~dmó~}fpjs t cjo cdfp}j fifc}j hchpdcdmh,hl efojs cjej ipfoho}f, sj`pf lh fpdojsds t lhs hphøhs/

f$ Cljpifoydoijs/ Jpghojijsijphmj }he`däo~jldyhlfo}f t cjo hccdóo sj`pf lhs ~jldllhs mfl phcdej t j}pjs ~h}ógfojs mf lhscf~hs/

i$ Ijsef}/ Dosfc}dcdmh%hchpdcdmh xvf ~vfmf }fofp iv}vpj fo fs}f }d~j mf h~ldchcdjofs hl sfp mf `hkh }jrdcdmhm t mf he~ldjfs~fc}pj cjej ljs ho}fpdjpfs fo lhscf~hs, th xvf ~fped}f fo cjo}pjl mf

~jldllhs, hl}dch, cjcbdodllhs t hlgvojs èidmjs/g$ Mdcljpyjs, xvf sólj fs pfcjefomh`lf fo

{johs cjo ~jch mds~fpsdóo mfl ~pjmvc}j, ~hpphlfs ~pj}fgdmjs cjo ~lès}dcjs,f}c/

b$ Mdef}jh}j/ ^pjmvc}j sds}äedcj cjo

`vfo fifc}j mf cbjxvf t flfyhmh ~fpsds}focdh t cjo evt `vfo fifc}j }he`däo sj`pf cjccdmjs t ~vlgjofsZOhlfm/ Dosfc}dcdmh ~jldyhlfo}f cjo `vfoh hccdóo mf cbjxvf xvf hc}ûh ~jp cjo}hc}j, dogfs}dóo f dobhlhcdóo, ~fpj cjo~jch ~fpsds}focdh t xvf ~vfmf }fofp

id}j}jrdcdmhm ~hph hlgvohs yhpdfmhmfs

mf ydm/ /



36

Fo fl chsj cjocpf}j mf h}hxvfs mf lh ejschmf lh ipv}h fo ljs ~hpphlfs t fs~hlmfphs fs evtde~jp}ho}f flfgdp fl ~pjmvc}j ~hph xvf, hmfeès mfsfp fidcdfo}f ~hph fl cjo}pjl mf fs}h Cfph}d}ds, sfhch~h{ mf cjosfgvdp }he`däo voh hmfcvhmh ~pj}fc

cdóo cjo}ph j}phs ~lhghs xvf ~vfmho fr ds} dp fochmh voj mf ljs ejefo}js fo lhs cf~hs/ Fo fs}fsfo}dmj sf bho foshthmj fo lhs {johs mf vyh mfefsh j}pjs ~pjmvc}js cjej;

% Dedmhclj~pdm, xvf hmfeès mf }fofp sólj vohfidcdfocdh ~hpcdhl fs ~pj`lfeè}dcj ~hph mf}fpedohmjs dosfc}js `fofidcdjsjs v}dld{hmjs fofl cjo}pjl `djlógdcj mf cdfp}hs ~lhghs/ Cjocpf}hefo}f Pjmjldh chpmdohlds fs evt sfosd`lf h fs}h eh}fpdh hc}dyh/

% Ijshljof, cjo he~ldh hccdóo t fifc}j hchpdcdmh t xvf sf bh fe~lfhmj ivomhefo}hlefo}f fo lh ijpevlhcdóo mf cf`js/

% Mdh{dojo, cjo fidcdfocdh evt yhpdh l̀f fo mds

}do}js foshtjs pfhld{hmjs ~hph fl cjo}pjl mfCfph}d}ds/

% Ef}dl~hph}djo t Ijpef}hoh}j, oj pfcjefomh`lfs ~jp sv flfyhmh }jrdcdmhm t j}phs ~pj l̀feè}dchs fs~fcåidchs xvf ~lho}fho/

% Ijsihedmjo, jpghojijsijphmj sds}äedcj xvf~vfmf ~pjmvcdp id}j}jrdcdmhm, xvf fs ev}hgäodcj, xvf oj ~vfmf ef{clhpsf cjo ~pjmvc}js mf cj`pf t xvf, mfsmf lvfgj, oj sf pfcjedfomh fo sv fe~lfj ~hph vyh mf efsh/

Cjej ~vfmf yfpsf lh ehtjp ~hp}f mf eh}fpdhshc}dyhs cjo}ph lh Cfphld}ds sjo jpghojijsijphmjs, ljxvf domdch xvf hûo fs}hejs lfkhojs mf cjo}hp cjoljs hmfcvhmjs t svidcdfo}fefo}f dojcvjs ~pjmvc}js fidcdfo}fs ~hph fl cjo}pjl mf fs}h ~lhgh/ Fo}pfljs ~pjmvcjs mf `hkj de~hc}j fcjlógdcj, svidcdfo}fefo}f fidcdfo}fs t cjo ljs xvf mf`fpåh cjo}hpsffo fl cjo}pjl mf fs}h ~lhgh, xvd{ès mfs~väs mfhlgvojs foshtjs eès cjocpf}js sj`pf sv hmfcvhmh h~ldch d̀ldmhm t cjosdmfphomj sdfe~pf fl cdclj mfmfshppjllj mf lh ejsch mf lh ipv}h, mf lhs cjomdcdjofs he d̀fo}hlfs /t xvf mf`fpåho sfp ~j}focdhmjsfo sv fe~lfj mf`fejs cd}hp, hmfeès mf mdyfpsjs~dpf}pjdmfs;

h$ Lh cdpjehcdoh, fidcdfo}f pfgvlhmjp mflCpfcdedfo}j "PCD$ mfl gpv~j mf ljs dobd`dmjpfs mf ijpehcdóo mf lh xvd}doh, cjoevt `vfoh hccdóo lhpydcdmh ~jp dogfs}dóo, t xvf }he d̀äo hc}ûh ~jp cjo}hc}j

sd sf fe~lfh fo ~pf~hphcdjofs hmfcvhmhs sj`pf ljs hmvl}js/

`$ Fl mdilv`fo{vpjo, `fo{jdlifodlvpfh dobd`dmjph mf lh xvd}doh, ~fpj xvf ~hpfcf mhppfsds}focdhs cpv{hmhs cjo j}pjs ~pjmvc}js mf fs}js gpv~js/

c$ Fl }pfilv`fo{vpjo, pfgvlhmjp mf cpfcdedfo}j mf hl}h ~fpsds}focdh cjo `vfofifc}j jydcdmh t xvf hmfeès }dfof `vfojs flfc}js sj`pf lh ~dphl t j}pjs lf~dmó~}fpjs/

m$ Fl }pdilvejpjo, dobd`dmjp mf lh såo}fsds mflh xvd}doh xvf sf ~vfmf v}dld{hp ~jp sv`vfoh ~fpsds}focdh/

Mf }jmhs ijpehs, }jmjs fs}js ~pjmvc}js }dfofoclhpjs ~pj l̀fehs mf h~ldchcdóo, ~vfs sv efkjpfifc}j fs cjej lhpydcdmh t llfghp h lhs lhpyhs fo fl

do}fp djp mf ljs ipv}js fs cvho}j efojs mdidcdl fofs}h ~lhgh/

^jp j}ph ~hp}f, }fodfomj fo cvfo}h xvf lh lvcbhmdpdgåmh fs ofcfshpdh fo fl cjo}pjl mf lh Cfph}d}dsch~d}h}h, cjej sf bh pfhld{hmj bds}ópdchefo}f fo

hlgvohs mf ovfs}phs {johs ohcdjohlfs ~pjmvc}jphs t xvf èbjph ~hpfcf jlydmhmh, t h lh yds}h mf lh~pjldifphcdóo mf lh ~lhgh fo ljs ûl}dejs mjs højs, txvf hvoxvf äs}h sf pfhld{ó fo fl ~hshmj cjo ~pjmvc}js cdfp}hefo}f ~pj`lfeè}dcjs mfsmf fl ~vo}jmf yds}h efmdjhe`dfo}hl, fs th ejefo}j mf, }phsfoshthp hmfcvhmhefo}f, gfofphld{hp mfidod}dyhefo}f fl fe~lfj mf mf}fpedohmjs ~pjmvc}js fcjlógdchefo}f phcdjohlfs cjej sjo lhs ofvpjbjpejohs "~jp fkfe~lj, ~pj}jphcdj}pj~dohs$, hoèljgjshcåcldcjs t cåcldcjs mf lhs bjpejohs kvyfodlfs, jsvs ho}hgjods}hs, xvf mfsmf lvfgj oj sjo vohojyfmhm t xvf sf bho fe~lfhmj cjo evcbåsdehfidcdfocdh fo VSH ~hph fl cjo}pjl mf fs}h gphyf

~lhgh, t xvf kvo}j cjo j}pjs ~pjmvc}js foshthmjs,~jp fkfe~lj, fo Svmèipdch t Hvs}phldh, cjej sjokvyfojdmfs t kvyfoógfojs, ihc}jpfs ejmdidchmjpfsmf lhs ~v~hs "cjej ljs ^DI, ljs ^FI t ljs ^]I$,fcmds}fpjdmfs t svs ho}hgjods}hs hl}hefo}f fs~fcåidcjs ~hph ljs må~}fpjs, t cdfp}hs bjpejohs pfgvlhmjphs mf lh fcljsdóo mf ljs bvfyjs/ Fs fs}f }d~jmf ~pjmvc}js ljs xvf mf`fo ehpchp fl iv}vpj hsfgvdp fo fl cjo}pjl mf fs}h ~pj`lfeè}dch ~lhgh,eèrdef cvhomj fl cjo}pjl xvf hc}vhlefo}f frds}fmf lh edseh fs fo så edsej ~pj l̀feè}dcj t cjosdmfphomj xvf sv h~ldchcdóo domdydmvhld{hmh ~jp ljsy d} dcvl }j pfs fs ~pèc} dchefo}f dof idch{ sd oj sfhc}ûh }he d̀äo mf ehofph gfofphl t ehsdyh sj`pffs}f må~}fpj xvf frdgf sds}feè}dcjs }ph}hedfo}js,cjo do}fpyhljs mf 8> h 86 måhs sfgûo ljs odyflfs~j`lhcdjohlfs pfhlfs, mhmj xvf sv gphmj mf ~pjldifphcdóo t mds~fpsh`dl dmhm sjo hl}åsdejs, t xvfhmfeès oj hifc}h sólj h lhs cf~hs, sdoj h ovefpjsjs cvl}dyjs xvf th bfejs efocdjohmj t xvf sfpfilfkho fo fl fsxvfeh mfl cdclj `djlógdcj mf fs}h~lhgh/

Idg/ 8/%>djs}fpfs ljogdchlVdMvv "Hsbefhm$/"iJlJS mf K/ ^/ Pjs$;h$ Ehcbj/`$ Bfe`ph/



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