environment & devlopment

8/2/2019 Environment & Devlopment

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ENVIRONMENT &

DEVELOPMENT

-Surender-Shivkesh

-Amit


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INTRODUCTION

Development and environment are interrelatedto each other. Improper or uncontrolled development is likely to

cause adverse impacts on the environment, and environmental degradation may become a major

obstacle for social and economic development.

The interrelationship between development and

environment has been observed throughout theworld, especially in fast-developing countriessuch as Japan, India, South Korea, China, andThailand .


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EFFECT OF DEVELOPMENT ON

ENVIRONMENT-

DEFORESTATION WATER POLLUTION

CHEMICAL POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION

SOLID WASTES


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GLOBAL WARMING- GREENHOUSE

EFFECT

The thin layer of atmosphere is being thickened by global warmingpollution(greenhouse gasses) As a result, more of the outgoing infrared is being trapped and hence heats up the

atmosphere


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GLOBAL WARMING


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Mt. KILIMANJARO


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Melting of poles


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As the ocean temp. increases, moisture as well as wind velocityalso increases.

Thereby leading to stronger storms ,hurricanes, typhoon andother natural calamities


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EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL

POLLUTION ON DEVELOPMENT

Water pollution has reduced availability of fresh water,killed fishes and damaged crops.

Chemical pollution has threatened public health andaffected the quality of a variety of agricultural products,

meats, seafoods, fruits, and vegetables. The tourist industry is also affected because of

environmental pollution at tourist attractions.

The annual economic cost of environmental degradation

is quite stunning which can be illustrated in terms ofincome loss as a result of environmental pollution . (foreg.) In the case of china, this quantity is 19 % of chinastotal income.


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ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE

The EKC hypothesis contends thatpollution increases initially as a countrydevelops its industry and thereafterdeclines after reaching a certain levelof economic progress.

REASONSThe turning point for pollution is the result of more progressive communities

placing greater value on the cleaner environment . Mature companies invest in pollution abatement equipment and technology,which reduces pollution.


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CRITICS OF [EKC]

Critics of the Kuznets Curve theory argue that itsU-shape comes not from progression in thedevelopment, but rather from historical

differences between countries.(for eg.) latinamerica (high levels of inequality).

East asian miracle- also violated Kuznets theorywhich stated that rapid capital accumulation

would lead to an initial increase in inequality. Buthere in this case the income distribution wasequal Because of good political and economicpolicies.


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What do we mean by sustainability?

Its a method of harvesting or using aresource so that the resource is not

depleted or permanently damaged meets the needs of the present

without compromising the ability of

future generations to meet their ownneeds.


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In todays world, development is exploiting the

worlds natural resource reserves at alarmingrates.

By many accounts, this exploitation is

unsustainable.

For Eg.- the use of fresh water outstrips naturalreplenishment , a quarter of worlds mammalsare in danger of extinction ,cultural languagesare also disappearing & at rates faster thandisappearance of living species.

In other words, we are to understand therelational consequence of our actions.


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What do we mean by sustainable

development?

Sustainable development is a socio-ecologicalprocess characterized by the fulfillment ofhuman needs while maintaining the quality ofthe natural environment indefinitely.

The ideas of sustainable development offerdirection for societys progress, in a context thatis less destructive socially and environmentally.


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The vagueness of SD is often

deplored

There are different ideas of what sustainabledevelopment amounts to for actors in various sectors(e.g., energy, transport, agriculture, food systems, wastemanagement);

Gree rev point

new developments bring new risks that cannot beanticipated;

it involves trade-off decisions on highly contested issues

that cause dilemmas the term sustainable development , while

institutionalized in usage , is not receiving themainstream attention that was envisioned.


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Move from a view that it is the state alonewhich is responsible for developmenttowards one that sees responsibility withsociety as a whole.

Move from a dependence on externalassistance towards domestically-driven andfinanced development.


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Energy

a projected 57% increase in world energy consumptionover the next 20 years risks impacting heavily on theenvironment.

The challenge for energy policy is that of reducing theenvironmental costs of energy production and use, whileextending access to basic energy services (such asrefrigeration, heating and lighting)

A coherent strategy to meet these goals will includemeasures to reduce energy demand (through economicand other instruments), to develop renewable energy, toincrease the efficiency of existing energy sources, and to

transfer cleaner technologies to developing countries.


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Transport

Transport contributes to economicgrowth and tomeeting social needs for access and mobility. But italso contributes to environmental degradation,

Measures to be taken are :

shifts of demand for new vehicles towards more fuelefficient ones (e.g. through fiscal incentives);

greater competition in transport operations, so as toincrease productivity and reduce energyconsumption and emissions.


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Agriculture

Past growth in agricultural production countries has beenachieved with fewer workers and less land, but using morewater, chemicals and machinery. This has led to increasedpollution and natural resource use, greater homogenizationof the landscape, and destruction of wildlife habitat.

Enhancing the contribution of agriculture to sustainability and meeting a projected 80% increase in global nutritionalrequirements, with food of ever-increasing safety, by 2050 will require greater trade liberalization and shiftingtowards programmes which are conditional on meetingstandards for environmental performance.


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Reform also requires:

(i) increased use of pollution charges, to correctenvironmental damage caused by agriculture;

(ii) the creation of markets to compensate farmers for theextra costs incurred when providing essential public goods(such as conservation of biodiversity and habitats);

(iii) the strengthening of the agricultural knowledgesystem, to encourage farmers to adopt sustainablemethods.


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Reforms are needed at the

international level Many of the most pressing challenges facing todays societies are

global.

The importance of more effective international co-operation in

addressing these challenges is especially important asglobalization is often perceived as a major threat tosustainability.

The immediate environmental and social consequence ofglobalization may at times be negative, such as when export

opportunities or foreign enterprises are responsible for theunsustainable exploitation of open-access resources such asforests. But, in these cases the best option is in general tostrengthen environmental and social safeguards rather than tolimit globalization per se.


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Many types of policies such as theelimination of subsidies that are both trade-distorting and environmentally damaging

can lead to win-win outcomes. In China, forexample, a reduction in subsidy rates for coalfrom 64% in 1984 to 11% in 1995 contributedto a 30% decline in the energy intensity of the

economy, better economic performance ofcoal mines, lower government spending andreductions in CO2 emissions.


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A large number of poorer countries have failed to benefit fromglobalization. OECD countries can help developing countriesavail themselves of the opportunities of globalization and to

achieve sustainable development domestically in a variety ofways:

(i) by increased access to needed investment flows and markets,for example reducing tariff peaks and escalation that especially

limit access of processed products from developing countries

(i) by increased access to needed investment flows and markets,for example reducing tariff peaks and escalation that especiallylimit access of processed products from developing countries.


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Kyoto protocol


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ENVIRONMENT AND

DEVLOPMENT ININDIA


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Environmentissuesin india- air pollution, waterpollution, garbage pollution and wildlife naturalhabitat pollution.

The situation was worse between 1947- 1995.Butin 1995-2010 india has fastened progress in theworld in addressing its environmental issues and

improving its environmental quality. Hindus sacred river (ganga)contains 60,000

faecal coliform bacteria per 100 millilitres whenit enters in varanasi .


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The rapid growing population and economicdevelopment is leading to a numberof environmental issues in India because of theuncontrolled growth of urbanization andindustrialization, expansion and massiveintensification of agriculture, and the destruction offorests.

India having 18% of the world's population on 2.4%

of world's total area has greatly increased thepressure on its natural resources. Water shortages,soil exhaustion and erosion, deforestation, air andwater pollution afflicts many areas.


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National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

was formed in USA during 1970. This was thebasis for the development of a mechanismwhich came to be known as EnvironmentalImpact Assessment (EIA) in india.


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ENERGY POLICIES IN INDIA

Wind Power - Some village (like muppandal)has attracted wind energy producingcompanies creating thousands of new jobs,dramatically raising the incomes of villagers.

Nuclear Power India has 9th place in theworld in terms of nuclear capacity and boasts

a quickly advancing and active nuclear powerprogram.


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SOLAR ENERGY

Solar energy used in agriculture, ruralelectrification, solar water heaters etc.

Government has announced an allocation of10 billion towards the Jawahar Lal Nehrunational solar mission and the establishment

of a clean energy fund.


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Biomass Power We use fuelwood,agricultural residues, animal waste forproduction of this power. Some villages of

india like Pfutseromi village, Nagaland it isused.


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Government of India established a Commissionfor Additional Sources of Energy (CASE) in theDepartment of Science and Technology, in 1981.

The mandate of CASE is to promote researchand development activities in the field ofrenewable energy. CASE was formallyincorporated in 1982, in the newly createdDepartment of Non-conventional Energy

Sources (DNES). In 1992 DNES became the Ministry for Non-

conventional Energy Sources, commonly knownas MNES.


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ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IN INDIA

The Water (Prevention And Controle OfPollution) Act,1974

The Water (Prevention And Controle OfPollution) Cess Act 1977

The Air (Prevention And Controle OfPollution)Act,1981

The Indian Forest Act,1972

The Wild Life (Protection) Act,1972


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The Forest (Conservation) Act,1980

The Environment (protection) Act,1986

Hazardous (Managemant and Handling )Rules,1989

In 1985, India created the Ministry ofEnvironment and Forests. This was followedby a National Forest Policy.


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Some industries involve in certaintechnological processes which could beharmful to the environment and public health

(ex. Dyeing industry in tamilnadu)

Need for rule and regulations that can bringceiling on over consumption of energy.


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CHIPKO MOVEMENT

The first Chipko action took place spontaneouslyin 1973 and over the next five years spread tomany districts of the Himalaya in Uttar Pradesh.

The villagers hugged the trees and saved themby putting there bodies on the way ofcontractors axes.

After some time in Uttaranchal and HimachalPradesh it had been lifted again in 2004.

The movement spread to Himachal Pradesh inthe north, Karnataka in the south, Rajasthan inthe west, Bihar in the east and to the Vindhyansin central India.


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Narmada bachao Andolan

Government's plan is to build 30 large, 135medium and 3000 small dams to harness thewaters of the Narmada and its tributaries

.This plan would provide large amounts ofwater and electricity which are desperatelyrequired for the purposes of development .

The dam will affect many people who areliving there and will force them to migrate.


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http://www.jstor.org

http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/29/9/18905pf

http://www.environmentabout.com/474/what-is-kyoto-protocol-and-what-is-it significance

http://www.cedindia.org/

http://india_resource.tripod.com/environ.htm

http://www.ecoeco.org/pdf/stern.pdf(TheEnvironmental Kuznets Curve)

http://www.unece.org/ (economic growth andenvironment)

http://en.wikipedia.org/

Al Gores inconvenient truth documentary

http://economics.dstcentre.com/(TheEnvironmentalKuznets Curve)

http://www.carboncreditcapital.com
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