environmental-assisted degradation of carbon and low alloy steels

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Authors

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Copyright © Advanced Nuclear Technology International Europe AB, ANT International, 2008.

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Disclaimer

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Acronyms and expressions

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Unit conversion

TEMPERATURE MASS

°C + 273.15 = K °C*1.8 +32 = °F kg lbs

T(K) T(°C) T(°F) 0.454 1 273 0 32 1 2.20

289 16 61

298 25 77 DISTANCE

373 100 212 x (µm) x (mils)

473 200 392 0.6 0.02

573 300 572 1 0.04

633 360 680 5 0.20

673 400 752 10 0.39

773 500 932 20 0.79

783 510 950 25 0.98

793 520 968 25.4 1.00 823 550 1022 100 3.94

833 560 1040

873 600 1112 PRESSURE

878 605 1121 bar MPa psi

893 620 1148 1 0.1 14

923 650 1202 10 1 142

973 700 1292 70 7 995

1023 750 1382 70.4 7.04 1000 1053 780 1436 100 10 1421

1073 800 1472 130 13 1847

1136 863 1585 155 15.5 2203

1143 870 1598 704 70.4 10000 1173 900 1652 1000 100 14211

1273 1000 1832

1343 1070 1958 STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR

1478 1204 2200 MPa√m ksi√inch

0.91 1

Radioactivity 1 1.10

1 Sv 1 Ci

1 Bq

= 100 Rem = 3.7 x 1010 Bq = 37 GBq = 1 s-1

=




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Summary

`~êÄçå=~åÇ=äçï=~ääçó=ëíÉÉäë=~êÉ=ïáÇÉäó=ìëÉÇ=~ë=ëíêìÅíìê~ä=ã~íÉêá~äë=áå=ï~íÉêJÅççäÉÇ=êÉ~Åíçêë=

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b~êäó=ÅçåÅÉêåë=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=íç=íÜÉ=åìÅäÉ~ê=éçïÉê=áåÇìëíêó=ïÉêÉ=~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=ÖÉåÉê~ä=Åçêêçëáçå=

E~åÇ=áíë=áãé~Åí=çå=ÅêìÇ=Ñçêã~íáçåFI=Ñ~íáÖìÉ=~åÇ=áêê~Çá~íáçå=ÉãÄêáííäÉãÉåíX=íÜÉëÉ=ïÉêÉ=~ÇÇêÉëëÉÇ=~í=

íÜÉ=ÇÉëáÖå=ëí~ÖÉK=eçïÉîÉê=áå=íÜÉ=áåíÉêîÉåáåÖ=óÉ~êë=íÜÉêÉ=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=åìãÉêçìë=áåëí~åÅÉë=çÑ=

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Åçêêçëáçå=áå=íÜÉ=ëÉêîáÅÉ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉãI=íç=áåíÉêÖê~åìä~ê=ëíêÉëë=Åçêêçëáçå=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=áå=PWR=~åÇ=BWR=ëíÉ~ã=íìêÄáåÉ=ÇáëÅë=~åÇ=íç=íê~åëÖê~åìä~ê=ëíêÉëë=Åçêêçëáçå=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=áå=íÜÉ=BWR=RPV=ÑÉÉÇï~íÉê=éáéáåÖK=

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sfEsffF=

Contents

Acronyms and expressions II Unit conversion IV Summary V 1 Introduction 1-1 2 Physical metallurgy of carbon and low-alloy steels 2-1 OKN qÜÉ=ãÉí~ääìêÖáÅ~ä=éÜ~ëÉëX=íÜÉáê=ãáÅêçëíêìÅíìêÉë=~åÇ=íÜÉáê=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çå=

ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=éêçéÉêíáÉë= OJP 3 Uniform corrosion 3-1 PKN dÉåÉê~ä=Åçêêçëáçå= PJN PKO cäçïJ~ÅÅÉäÉê~íÉÇ=Åçêêçëáçå= PJNT PKOKN fåíêçÇìÅíáçå= PJNT PKOKO jÉÅÜ~åáëã=~åÇ=éÜÉåçãÉåçäçÖó=çÑ=FAC= PJNV PKOKOKN bÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= PJNV PKOKOKO bÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=çñóÖÉå=EÅçêêçëáçå=éçíÉåíá~äF= PJON PKOKOKP bÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=~åÇ=ée= PJOO PKOKOKQ bÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä=Åçãéçëáíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëìÄëíê~íÉ=ãÉí~ä= PJOO PKOKOKR bÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=ëáåÖäÉ=çê=íïç=éÜ~ëÉ=Ñäçï=~åÇ=íìêÄìäÉåÅÉ= PJOP PKOKP j~å~ÖáåÖ=FAC= PJOQ PKP _çêáÅ=~ÅáÇ=Åçêêçëáçå= PJOS PKPKN fåíêçÇìÅíáçå= PJOS PKPKO qóéáÅ~ä=ÑáÉäÇ=çÄëÉêî~íáçåë=çÑ=ÄçêáÅ=~ÅáÇ=Åçêêçëáçå= PJOU PKPKOKN rééÉê=ÜÉ~Ç=Åçêêçëáçå=Äó=éêáã~êó=ï~íÉê=äÉ~âë=Ñêçã=~ÄçîÉ= PJOU PKPKOKO C&LAS=éáéÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=Äó=éêáã~êó=ï~íÉê=äÉ~âë=Ñêçã=~ÄçîÉ= PJOV PKPKOKP C&LAS=Åçêêçëáçå=Äó=éêáã~êó=ï~íÉê=äÉ~âë=íÜêçìÖÜ=Åê~Åâë=áå=~Çà~ÅÉåí=

ÅçãéçåÉåíë=çê=íÜêçìÖÜ=Ö~ëâÉí=ëÉ~äë= PJPN PKPKOKQ bñíÉêå~ä=éêáã~êó=ÅáêÅìáí=ÄçäíáåÖ= PJPP PKPKP `ÜÉãáëíêó=çÑ=PWR=éêáã~êó=ï~íÉê=äÉ~âë= PJPQ PKPKQ i~Äçê~íçêó=ëíìÇáÉë=çÑ=Åçêêçëáçå=çÑ=C&LAS=áå=ÄçêáÅ=~ÅáÇ=ëçäìíáçåë=~åÇ=

ãçäíÉå=ë~äíë= PJPT PKPKR `çêêÉÅíáîÉ=~Åíáçåë= PJPV 4 Localized corrosion 4-1 QKN `êÉîáÅÉ=Åçêêçëáçå= QJN QKO máííáåÖ=Åçêêçëáçå= QJS QKP jáÅêçÄáçäçÖáÅ~ääóJáåÇìÅÉÇ=Åçêêçëáçå= QJNO QKQ d~äî~åáÅ=Åçêêçëáçå= QJNQ 5 Environmentally-assisted cracking 5-1 RKN _~ÅâÖêçìåÇ= RJO RKO `ÜêçåçäçÖó=çÑ=ÉîÉåíëI=éçíÉåíá~ä=ãÉÅÜ~åáëãë=~åÇ=äáÑÉ=éêÉÇáÅíáçå= RJR RKOKN `ÜêçåçäçÖó=çÑ=ÉîÉåíë=áå=íÜÉ=EAC=éêçÅÉëë= RJS RKOKO mêÉÇáÅíáçå=Å~é~Äáäáíó= RJNN RKOKOKN `ê~Åâ=áåáíá~íáçå= RJNN RKOKOKO `ê~Åâ=éêçé~Ö~íáçå= RJNN RKOKOKOKN qÜÉ=ÄäìåíáåÖ=ÅêáíÉêáçå= RJNN RKOKOKOKO mçíÉåíá~ä=Åê~Åâ=éêçé~Ö~íáçå=ãçÇÉäë= RJNP




sffEsffF=

RKP píêÉëë=Åçêêçëáçå=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=çÑ=Å~êÄçå=~åÇ=äçï=~ääçó=ëíÉÉäë=~í=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=YNRMø`= RJOP RKPKN píêÉëë=Åçêêçëáçå=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=çÑ=Å~êÄçå=ëíÉÉäë=áå=“ÅçåÅÉåíê~íÉÇÒ=ÉåîáêçåãÉåíë=~í=

íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=YNRMø`= RJOP RKPKNKN qÉåëáäÉ=ëíêÉëë= RJOS RKPKNKO j~íÉêá~ä=Åçãéçëáíáçå=~åÇ=ëíêÉåÖíÜ= RJOU RKPKNKP mçíÉåíá~äI=ée=~åÇ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ= RJPN RKPKNKQ pìãã~êó= RJPU RKPKO SCC=çÑ=Å~êÄçå=~åÇ=äçï=~ääçó=ëíÉÉäë=áå=ï~íÉê=~í=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=YNRMø`= RJPU RKPKP pÉêîáÅÉ=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ=Ñçê=SCC=áå=Å~êÄçå=~åÇ=äçï=~ääçó=ëíÉÉäë=~í=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=

YNRMø`= RJQU RKPKPKN SCC=çÑ=ëíÉ~ã=íìêÄáåÉ=ÇáëÅë= RJQU RKPKPKO SCC=çÑ=Å~êÄçå=ëíÉÉä=éáéáåÖ=áå=ÅäçëÉÇ=Åççä~åí=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉãë= RJRM RKPKQ `çåÅäìëáçåë=êÉä~íáåÖ=íç=SCC=~í=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=YNRMø`= RJRN RKQ EAC=çÑ=Å~êÄçå=~åÇ=äçï=~ääçó=ëíÉÉäë=áå=ÜáÖÜJéìêáíó=ï~íÉê=~í=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=

[NRMø`= RJRP RKQKN SCC=çÑ=Å~êÄçå=~åÇ=äçï=~ääçó=ëíÉÉäë=~í=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=[NRMø`= RJRP RKQKNKN jÉÅÜ~åáëíáÅ=ìåÇÉêëí~åÇáåÖ=~åÇ=Åçêêçëáçå=ëóëíÉã=é~ê~ãÉíÉê=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåÅáÉë= RJRP RKQKNKO aáëéçëáíáçå=êÉä~íáçåëÜáéë= RJTN RKQKO pÉêîáÅÉ=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ=~í=çéÉê~íáåÖ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=[NRMø`= RJTQ RKQKOKN píê~áåJáåÇìÅÉÇ=Åçêêçëáçå=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=çÑ=BWR=ëíÉ~ãI=ÑÉÉÇï~íÉê=~åÇ=ÅçåÇÉåë~íÉ=

éáéáåÖ= RJTQ RKQKOKO píêÉëë=Åçêêçëáçå=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=çÑ=PWR=ëíÉ~ã=ÖÉåÉê~íçê=ÖáêíÜ=ïÉäÇë= RJTS RKQKOKP fåíÉêÖê~åìä~ê=ëíêÉëë=Åçêêçëáçå=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=áå=`^kar=Å~êÄçå=ëíÉÉä=ÑÉÉÇÉê=

éáéáåÖ= RJTS RKQKP pìãã~êó=çÑ=pÉêîáÅÉ=~åÇ=ä~Äçê~íçêó=çÄëÉêî~íáçåë=çÑ=SCCLSICC=çÑ=ÑÉêêáíáÅ=

ëíÉÉäë=áå=ÜáÖÜ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ï~íÉê=[NRMø`= RJTU RKQKQ `çêêçëáçå=Ñ~íáÖìÉ=çÑ=Å~êÄçå=~åÇ=äçï=~ääçó=ëíÉÉäë=áå=ï~íÉê=~í=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=

[NRMø`X=ÅçÇáÑáÅ~íáçå=áëëìÉë= RJTU RKQKQKN `ê~Åâ=áåáíá~íáçå= RJTV RKQKQKO `çêêçëáçå=Ñ~íáÖìÉ=Åê~Åâ=éêçé~Ö~íáçå= RJUS 6 References 6-1

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1 Introduction

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2 Physical metallurgy of carbon and low-alloy steels

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Table 2-1: American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) compositional specifications for ferritic and bainitic carbon and low alloy steels concentrations given in units of wt % (numbers in parentheses refer to the note number at the bottom of the table).

ASME/ASTM or AISI Spec

C max

Mn

P max

S max

Si

Cu max

Ni

Cr

Mo

V max

Typical use

Ferritic steels

A105 0.035 0.6-1.05 0.035 0.04 0.1-0.35 0.4 0.4 max 0.3 max 0.12max 0.05 Forging

(1) (1) (1) (1)

A106 Grade B 0.3 0.29-1.06 0.035 0.035 0.10 min. 0.4 0.4 max 0.4 max 0.15 max 0.08 Seamless Piping

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

A216 Grade WCB 0.3 1.00max 0.04 0.045 0.6 max 0.3 0.5 max 0.50 max 0.2 max 0.03 Casting

(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)

A302 Grade B 0.25 1.15-1.50 0.035 0.035 0.15-0.40 0.45-0.6 PV Plates

A333 Grade 6 0.3 0.29-1.06 0.035 0.035 0.1max Feedwater piping

A508 Grade 3 0.25 1.2-1.5 0.025 0.025 0.15-0.4 0.4-1.0 0.25 max 0.45-0.6 0.05 Forgings

A516 Grade 70 (4) 0.85-1.2 0.035 0.035 0.15-0.4 Plates

A533 Type A 0.25 1.15-1.5 0.035 0.035 0.15-0.4 0.45-0.6 PV Plates

(5) (5) (5) (5) PV Plates

A533 Type B 0.25 1.15-1.5 0.035 0.035 0.15-0.4 0.40-0.7 0.45-0.6

(5) (5) (5) (5) PV Plates

Bainitic steels

1Cr1Mo0.25V 0.33 0.85 0.25 1 1.25 0.25 Feedwater piping

2Cr1Mo (Grade 22) 0.026 0.49 0.012 0.009 0.28 0.05 2.42 0.98 Cross around piping

NiCrMoV (A469 Cl.8) 0.28 0.6 0.015 0.018 0.15-0.3 3.25-4.0 1.25-2.0 0.3-0.6 0.15 Steam turbine

NiCrMoV (A470 Cl.8) 0.35 1.0 0.015 0.018 0.15-0.35 0.75 0.9-1.5 1.0-1.5 0.3 wheels and

NiCrMoV (A471 Cl.8) 0.28 0.7 0.015 0.015 0.15-0.35 2.0-4.0 0.7-2.0 0.2-0.7 0.05 rotors

Notes

1 Sum of Cu,Ni,Cr,and Mo shall be <1.00 wt.%; and sum of Cr and Mo shall not exceed 0.32 wt.%

2 Limits for V and Nb may be increased to 0.1 wt.% and 0.05 wt.% respectively

3 Sum of Cr and Ni shall not exceed 0.32wt.%

4 Carbon max. varies with thickness of plate; 0.5"-2":0.28 wt.%max.; 2"-4": 0.30 wt.% max.; 4"-8": 0.31 wt.%max.

5 For reactor beltline; Cu <0.1 wt.%max., P< 0.012 wt.%max.;S<0.015 wt.%max. and V <0.05 wt.%max.

=

Table 2-2: Composition of high strength low alloy steels.

ASTM Spec

C Mn P max

S max

Si max

Cumax

Ni Cr Mo V max

Typical use

4340 0.38-0.43 0.6-0.8 0.035 0.04 0.15-0.35 1.65-2.0 0.7-0.9 0.2-0.3 Bolting

4140 0.38-0.43 0.75-1.0 0.035 0.04 0.15-0.35 0.8-1.1 0.15-0.25 =




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Table 2-3: Room temperature mechanical properties of carbon and low alloy steels (Cl 1 and Cl 2 refer to “Class 1” and “Class 2”).

Grade Yield strength Ksi

Tensile strength Ksi

Elongation %

A105 30 70 22

A106 Gr.B 35 60 30 (Long.):16.5 (Trans.)

A216 Gr.WCB 36 70(min.)- 95 (max.) 22

A302 Gr.B 50 80 (min.)- 100 (max.) 18

A508 Gr.2 50 (Cl.1): 65 (Cl.2) 80-105 (Cl.1) : 90-115 (Cl.2) 38 (Cl.1) : 35 (Cl.2)

A508 Gr.3 50 80 (min.)-105 (max.) 18

A516 Gr70 38 70(min)- 90 (max.) 21

A533 Gr A 50 (Cl1):70 (Cl.2) 80-100 (Cl.1) :90-115 (Cl.2) 18 (Cl.1): 16 (Cl 2)

A533 Gr.B 50 80 (min.)-100(max.) 18 =

2.1 The metallurgical phases; their microstructures and their effect on mechanical properties

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Figure 2-1: Iron-carbon equilibrium phase diagram. Note that the red line denotes the maximum carbon content in structural steels used in water-cooled reactors.

Figure 2-2: Three stages in the formation of ferrite and pearlite during slow cooling of the austenite phase of a hypoeutectoid steel, Reed-Hill, 1964.




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Austenite

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qÜÉêÉ=áë=Åçåíáåìáíó=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=ëí~Äáäáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑÉêêáíÉ=~åÇ=~ìëíÉåáíÉ=éÜ~ëÉë=~ë=~=ÑìåÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=

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ÅÜêçãáìãJåáÅâÉä=ÉèìáäáÄêáìã=éÜ~ëÉ=Çá~Öê~ãK=qÜáë=ÄÉÜ~îáçê=ëÉêîÉë=~ë=~=Ä~ëáë=Ñçê=~=ïáÇÉ=ê~åÖÉ=çÑ=

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ëí~áåäÉëë=ëíÉÉäëI=ëìÅÜ=~ë=qóéÉ=PMQI=Åçåí~áåáåÖ=ÅÜêçãáìã=~åÇ=åáÅâÉä=ÅçåíÉåíë=EçÑ=íÜÉ=çêÇÉê=çÑ=

NU=ïLç=~åÇ=UïLç=êÉëéÉÅíáîÉäóF=ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=~ìëíÉåáíÉ=éÜ~ëÉ=áë=ãÉí~ëí~ÄäÉ=~í=êççã=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÇìÉ=íç=

íÜÉ=ÜáÖÜ=åáÅâÉä=ÅçåíÉåíI=~åÇ=EÄF=íÜÉ=ÑÉêêáíáÅ=ëí~áåäÉëë=ëíÉÉäëI=ëìÅÜ=~ë=qóéÉë=QNM=~åÇ=NTJQmeIïÜÉêÉ=

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Figure 2-3: Simplified ternary equilibrium diagram for iron, chromium and nickel at 400°C.




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Ferrite

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ëáäáÅçåI=ÅÜêçãáìãI=ã~åÖ~åÉëÉ=~åÇ=åáÅâÉäK=qÜÉ=ëã~ääÉê=ÉäÉãÉåíë=ëìÅÜ=~ë=Å~êÄçå=çÅÅìéó=áåíÉêëíáíá~ä=

ëáíÉë=áå=íÜÉ=ÄçÇó=ÅÉåíÉêÉÇ=ÅìÄáÅ=ÑÉêêáíÉ=EαF=éÜ~ëÉ=~åÇ=Å~å=ÇáÑÑìëÉ=êÉä~íáîÉäó=ê~éáÇäó=Åçãé~êÉÇ=ïáíÜ=

çíÜÉê=ä~êÖÉê=~ääçóáåÖ=ÉäÉãÉåí=~íçãëK=^ë=ïáää=ÄÉ=ÇáëÅìëëÉÇ=ä~íÉêI=íÜáë=ÇáÑÑìëáçå=~ëéÉÅí=Ü~ë=~å=áãé~Åí=

çå=íÜÉ=Ñçêã~íáçå=âáåÉíáÅë=~åÇ=ãçêéÜçäçÖáÉë=ÇìêáåÖ=éÜ~ëÉ=íê~åëÑçêã~íáçåëK=qÜÉ=ëçäìÄáäáíó=çÑ=

Å~êÄçå=áå=íÜÉ=ÑÉêêáíÉ=éÜ~ëÉ=áë=äçïX=Ñçê=Éñ~ãéäÉ=áí=Ü~ë=~=ã~ñáãìã=ëçäìÄáäáíó=çÑ=MKMOOïLç=~í=íÜÉ=

ÉìíÉÅíçáÇ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉI=TOTø`I=~åÇ=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉë=íç=ÄÉäçï=MKMMRïLç=~í=êççã=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=áå=~=Äáå~êó=

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~ë=ëÜçïå=áå=cáÖìêÉ=OJRK=qÜáë=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåÅó=áë=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=e~ääJmÉíÅÜ=êÉä~íáçåëÜáé=

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çÑ=~=Ççãáå~åí=éÜóëáÅ~ä=ÑÉ~íìêÉ=áë=çÄëÉêîÉÇ=áå=çíÜÉê=éÜ~ëÉë=~åÇ=éÜ~ëÉ=ãáñíìêÉëK=

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−+= dkyy σσ =

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Figure 2-4: Influence of solid solution elements on the changes in yield strength of low-carbon ferritic steels, Pickering, 1978




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Figure 2-5: Hall-Petch relationship in low-carbon ferritic steels, Microalloying, 1977.

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íÜÉ=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=éêçéÉêíáÉëI=ïáää=ÄÉ=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=ä~íÉêK=

Pearlite

^ë=áåÇáÅ~íÉÇ=áå=cáÖìêÉ=OJNI=~åÇ=ëÅÜÉã~íáÅ~ääó=áå=cáÖìêÉ=OJOI=íÜÉ=ÑÉêêáíÉ=éÜ~ëÉ=åìÅäÉ~íÉë=~åÇ=ÄÉÖáåë=

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~ééêçñáã~íÉäó=UMMø`K=aìêáåÖ=íÜáë=éêçÅÉëë=íÜÉ=ÑÉêêáíÉ=êÉàÉÅíë=Å~êÄçåI=~åÇ=íÜÉ=Å~êÄçå=ÅçåíÉåí=áå=íÜÉ=

êÉã~áåáåÖ=~ìëíÉåáíÉ=éÜ~ëÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉë=ìåíáäI=ìåÇÉê=ÉèìáäáÄêáìã=ÅçåÇáíáçåëI=áí=êÉ~ÅÜÉë=MKUïLç=~í=íÜÉ=

ÉìíÉÅíçáÇ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉI=TOTø`=áå=~=cÉJ`=~ääçóK=_Éäçï=íÜ~í=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=íÜÉ=êÉã~áåáåÖ=~ìëíÉåáíÉ=

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cÉP`=EÅÉãÉåíáíÉFX=íÜáë=ãáñíìêÉ=çÑ=éÜ~ëÉë=áë=âåçïå=~ë=éÉ~êäáíÉK=qÜìëI=~=íóéáÅ~ä=ëäçïäó=ÅççäÉÇ=ëíÉÉä=

ïáíÜ=äçï=íç=ãÉÇáìã=Å~êÄçå=ÅçåíÉåí=EÑçê=Éñ~ãéäÉ=YMKRïLç=`F=ïáää=Ü~îÉ=~=ëíêìÅíìêÉ=íÜ~í=áë=~=

ãáñíìêÉ=çÑ=ÑÉêêáíÉ=íÜ~í=ÑçêãÉÇ=~ÄçîÉ=íÜÉ=ÉìíÉÅíçáÇ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=~åÇ=éÉ~êäáíÉK=fåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=Å~êÄçå=

ÅçåíÉåí=áåÅêÉ~ëÉë=íÜÉ=Ñê~Åíáçå=çÑ=éÉ~êäáíÉK=

Figure 2-6: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) micrograph of pearlite showing cementite and ferrite lamellae (10000X), Vander Voort & Roosz, 1984.




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éÉ~êäáíÉ=Åçäçåó=ÉñÜáÄáíë=~=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉÓíáãÉ=ÇÉéÉåÇÉåÅó=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ã~ñáãìã=ê~íÉë=çÑ=

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Figure 2-7: Flow of carbon atoms into a cementite plate during growth of pearlite, Reed-Hill, 1964.




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Figure 2-8: Variation of the pearlite nucleation and growth rates for a eutectoid steel, Mehl & Dube, 1951.

Figure 2-9: TTT curves for the percent transformation in a eutectoid steel of austenite to pearlite, Reed-Hill, 1964.




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Figure 2-10: Microstructure of typical ferrite-pearlite structural steels at two different carbon contents (Pearlite is the darker component; ferrite is the lighter component) (a) 0.10w/o C and (b) 0.25w/o C. Magnification X200.

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Figure 2-11: Room temperature mechanical properties of ferrite—pearlite steels as a function of carbon content, Krauss, 1980.

Figure 2-12: Effect of carbon content in ferrite-pearlitic steels on charpy V-notch transition temperature and shelf energy, Roe & Bramfitt, 1990.




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Figure 2-13: Isothermal transformation diagram for a 0.35w/o C, 0.37w/o Mn hypoeutectoid steel, United States Steel Corporation, 1951.

Figure 2-14: Bainite microstructure (a) “Upper Bainite” (b) “Lower Bainite” X500.

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Figure 2-15: Continuous cooling diagram for 4340 steel, United States Steel Corporation, 1948. The colored circles refer to transformations that are discussed in the text.

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Martensite

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Figure 2-16: Variation of Ms and Mf with carbon content in steel, Troiano & Greninger, 1946.

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Figure 2-17: Relationship between carbon content and the yield strength of martensite, Leslie, 1981.




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Figure 2-18: Relationship between lath martensite packet size (d) and yield stress of martensite in a 0.2w/o Carbon (upper line) and a Fe-Mn (lower line) steel, Krauss, 1980.

Tempered martensite

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Figure 2-19: Effect of tempering temperature on the mechanical properties of a quenched and tempered (for 1 hour) type 4340 steel, Krauss, 1980.




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Figure 2-20: Schematic crack propagation rate vs stress intensity curves, illustrating potential effects of decreasing KIC values on crack propagation rate.




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3 Uniform corrosion

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3.1 General corrosion

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4 Localized corrosion

qÜáë=ëÉÅíáçå=~ÇÇêÉëëÉë=ã~íÉêá~äë=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=ãçÇÉë=ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=Ç~ã~ÖÉ=çÅÅìêë=çîÉê=

êÉä~íáîÉäó=ëã~ää=~êÉ~ë=ÄìíI=éçíÉåíá~ääóI=ã~ó=çÅÅìê=~í=ÜáÖÜ=éÉåÉíê~íáçå=ê~íÉëK=qÜÉ=êÉëìäí=áå=ëìÅÜ=Å~ëÉë=

ã~ó=ÄÉ=äçÅ~äáòÉÇ=äÉ~â~ÖÉ=çê=~=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉ=áå=ëíêìÅíìê~ä=áåíÉÖêáíóK=pìÅÜ=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=ãçÇÉë=áåÅäìÇÉ=

ÅêÉîáÅÉI=éáííáåÖI=Ö~äî~åáÅ=~åÇ=ãáÅêçÄáçäçÖáÅ~ääóJáåÇìÅÉÇ=ÅçêêçëáçåI=~åÇ=ÉåîáêçåãÉåí~ääóJ~ëëáëíÉÇ=

Åê~ÅâáåÖK=

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Åçêêçëáçå=Ñ~íáÖìÉI=~åÇ=áë=ÅçîÉêÉÇ=ëÉé~ê~íÉäó=áå=pÉÅíáçå=RK=qÜÉëÉ=é~êíáÅìä~ê=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=ëìÄãçÇÉë=

êÉÅÉáîÉ=íÜÉ=ãçëí=~ííÉåíáçå=áå=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÇáëÅìëëáçåë=ëáåÅÉ=~êÖì~Ääó=EjìëÅ~ê~I=OMMT=~åÇ=EPRII=OMMUF=íÜÉó=éêÉëÉåí=íÜÉ=ÖêÉ~íÉëí=ÅÜ~ääÉåÖÉ=íç=ã~áåí~áåáåÖ=ÅçãéçåÉåí=áåíÉÖêáíó=~åÇ=ÇÉîÉäçéáåÖ=

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4.1 Crevice corrosion

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áë=éêÉëÉåíI=~åÇ=ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉêÉ=áë=~=ãÉÅÜ~åáëã=íç=ã~âÉ=íÜ~í=ëçäìíáçå=ãçêÉ=~ÖÖêÉëëáîÉ=EÉKÖK=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=

~ÅáÇáíó=çê=~äâ~äáåáíóI=ïáíÜ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=áãéìêáíó=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåFK=qÜÉ=ÅêÉîáÅÉë=ã~ó=ÄÉ=áåÜÉêÉåí=íç=íÜÉ=

ÅçãéçåÉåí=ÇÉëáÖå=EëìÅÜ=~ë=~í=Ö~ëâÉíëI=ä~é=àçáåíëI=Äçäí=ÜÉ~Çë=~åÇ=íÜêÉ~ÇëFI=çê=ã~ó=ÄÉ=ÇìÉ=íç=

Åçêêçëáçå=ÇÉéçëáíë=~åÇ=ëäìÇÖÉ=éáäÉëK=qÜÉ=ÅêáíáÅ~ä=Ñ~Åíçêë=áå=ÅçåíêçääáåÖ=íÜáë=Ñçêã=çÑ=~íí~Åâ=~êÉX=E~F=

íÜÉ=ÖÉçãÉíêó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅêÉîáÅÉ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=íÜ~í=~ÑÑÉÅí=íÜÉ=íÜÉêã~äÜóÇê~ìäáÅëI=~åÇ=íÜÉêÉÄó=

ëçäìíáçå=êÉåÉï~ä=ïáíÜáå=áí=~åÇI=EÄF=íÜÉ=ãÉÅÜ~åáëãë=íÜ~í=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=íÜÉ=Å~íáçåáÅ=~åÇ=~åáçåáÅ=

ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=ïáíÜáå=íÜÉ=ÅêÉîáÅÉK=

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Åçåí~áåáåÖ=ÇáëëçäîÉÇ=çñóÖÉåI=ëìÅÜ=~ë=áå=íÜÉ=BWR=RCS=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ìåÇÉê=“åçêã~ä=ï~íÉê=ÅÜÉãáëíêóÒ=

ÅçåÇáíáçåëI=íÜÉ=ëáíÉ=Ñçê=çñóÖÉå=êÉÇìÅíáçå=áë=éêáã~êáäó=çå=íÜÉ=ÉñéçëÉÇ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~í=íÜÉ=ãçìíÜ=çÑ=íÜÉ=

ÅêÉîáÅÉI=ïáíÜ=îÉêó=äáííäÉ=çÅÅìêêáåÖ=~í=íÜÉ=ÅêÉîáÅÉ=íáéK=^=êÉ~ëçå=Ñçê=íÜáë=ä~ííÉê=ëáíì~íáçå=áë=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=

ÅçåîÉÅíáçåJÅçåíêçääÉÇ=íê~åëéçêí=ê~íÉ=çÑ=ÇáëëçäîÉÇ=çñóÖÉå=áåíç=íÜÉ=ÅêÉîáÅÉ=Å~ååçí=Ä~ä~åÅÉ=íÜÉ=

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ëÉé~ê~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=çñóÖÉå=êÉÇìÅíáçå=ëáíÉ=~í=íÜÉ=ÅêÉîáÅÉ=ãçìíÜ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ãÉí~ä=çñáÇ~íáçå=ëáíÉ=~í=íÜÉ=

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ÉäÉÅíêçåÉìíê~äáíó=áí=áë=åÉÅÉëë~êó=íÜ~í=íÜÉêÉ=ÄÉ=~å=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=áå=~ÅáÇáíó=ïáíÜáå=íÜÉ=ÅêÉîáÅÉ=Äó=ÜóÇêçäóëáë=

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ÉñíÉåëáîÉäó=êÉëÉ~êÅÜÉÇ=E_êçïåI=NVTQ=~åÇ=ASTMI=NVTOF=çîÉê=íÜÉ=ä~ëí=PM=óÉ~êë=~åÇI=~ë=~=êÉëìäíI=

Åçåíêçä=íÉÅÜåáèìÉë=~êÉ=~î~áä~ÄäÉK==

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ÅêÉîáÅÉë=~í=ë~ÑÉJÉåÇëI=~ÅÅÉëë=ÜçäÉ=ÅçîÉêëI=ëÜêçìÇ=ÜÉ~Ç=Äçäíë=~åÇ=IRMLSRM=Çêó=íìÄÉ=~ëëÉãÄäáÉëI=

dçêÇçå=C=o~ãéI=NVUVI=_êçïå=C=dçêÇçåI=NVUTK=få=íÜÉëÉ=Å~ëÉë=íÜÉ=éçíÉåíá~ä=Çêçé=áå=íÜÉ=ÅêÉîáÅÉ=

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ÅêÉîáÅÉ=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=~êÉ=åçí=ÉåçìÖÜ=íç=Å~ìëÉ=ÉñÅÉëëáîÉ=äçÅ~äáòÉÇ=Åçêêçëáçå=çÑ=~ìëíÉåáíáÅ=ëí~áåäÉëë=ëíÉÉä=

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Åê~ÅâáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=~ääçóë=~í=íÜÉ=íáé=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅêÉîáÅÉK=qÜÉ=çÄîáçìë=êÉãÉÇó=Ñçê=êÉëçäîáåÖ=íÜáë=éêÉÅìêëçê=

ÉîÉåí=íç=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=áë=íç=áãéêçîÉ=íÜÉ=ï~íÉê=éìêáíó=~åÇLçê=êÉãçîÉ=íÜÉ=éçíÉåíá~ä=Öê~ÇáÉåí=íÜ~í=áë=

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Figure 4-1: Schematic of crevice in aerated solution, indicating the separation of the metal oxidation and oxygen reduction sites, and the consequent changes in pH and anionic concentrations.

fí=Ñçääçïë=íÜ~í=ÅêÉîáÅÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=Äó=íÜáë=éçíÉåíá~ä=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÇêáîÉå=ãÉÅÜ~åáëã=áë=åçí=ÉñéÉÅíÉÇ=áå=

PWR=RCS=ëóëíÉãë=åçê=áå=BWR=RCS=ëóëíÉãë=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ìåÇÉê=HWC=ÅçåÇáíáçåëK=eçïÉîÉê=Éñ~ãéäÉë=çÑ=íÜáë=éçíÉåíá~äJÇêáîÉå=ãÉÅÜ~åáëã=çÑ=ÅêÉîáÅÉ=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=Ñçêã~íáçå=~êÉ=

ÑçìåÇ=áå=ëÉêîáÅÉ=ï~íÉê=ëóëíÉãë=ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=äáèìáÇ=ã~ó=ÄÉ=å~íìê~ääó=~Éê~íÉÇ=E_É~îÉêë=Éí=~äKI=NVUMI=

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íÜÉëÉ=Éñ~ãéäÉë=êÉÑÉê=íç=ÅêÉîáÅÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=çÑ=ÅçåÇÉåëÉê=íìÄÉë=áå=ëÉ~ï~íÉê=ëÉêîáÅÉK=få=ãçëí=Å~ëÉë=íÜÉ=

éêçÄäÉã=Ü~ë=~êáëÉå=ÇìÉ=íç=Ä~Ç=ÖÉçãÉíêáÅ~ä=ÇÉëáÖåK=få=íÜçëÉ=Å~ëÉë=ïÜÉêÉ=íÜáë=Å~ååçí=ÄÉ=ÅÜ~åÖÉÇI=

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çÑ=íÜÉ=^ääçó=SMM=íìÄÉ=~åÇ=ëìÄëÉèìÉåí=ëíêÉëë=Åçêêçëáçå=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=çå=ÄçíÜ=íÜÉ=éêáã~êó=~åÇ=

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Figure 4-2: Schematic of crevice formed at PWR steam generator tube/ carbon steel tube- support, together with the phenomena that give rise to the localized corrosion, Staehle, 2001.

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Ü~îáåÖ=íÜÉáê=çêáÖáå=áå=Åçêêçëáçå=çÑ=ÜÉ~í=íê~åëÑÉê=ëìêÑ~ÅÉë=áå=ÑçëëáäJÑáêÉÇ=éä~åíK=qÜÉ=äáèìáÇ=~Çà~ÅÉåí=

íç=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~í=íê~åëÑÉê=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=ãìëí=Ü~îÉ=~=ÄçáäáåÖ=éçáåí=Éèì~ä=íç=íÜÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=çÑ=íÜ~í=ëìêÑ~ÅÉI=Äìí=

íÜÉ=î~éçê=éêÉëëìêÉ=~ÄçîÉ=íÜ~í=äáèìáÇ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=Éèìáî~äÉåí=íç=íÜ~í=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉ=éêÉëëìêÉK=qÜÉ=

íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=éêáã~êó=~åÇ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉë=çÑ=~=EêÉÅáêÅìä~íáåÖF=ëíÉ~ã=

ÖÉåÉê~íçê=íìÄÉ=ïáää=î~êó=Ñêçã=QRø`=~í=íÜÉ=Üçí=äÉÖ=~åÇ=OOø`=åÉ~ê=íÜÉ=íçé=çÑ=íÜÉ=rJÄÉåÇëK=

`çåëáÇÉê~ÄäÉ=ëçäìíÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=~êÉ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=áå=çêÇÉê=íç=~ÅÅçããçÇ~íÉ=íÜÉëÉ=~ãçìåíë=çÑ=

ëìéÉêÜÉ~í=~åÇ=íç=ã~áåí~áå=~=äáèìáÇ=éÜ~ëÉ=çå=íÜÉ=çìíëáÇÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=íìÄÉ=~í=íÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ëáÇÉ=éêÉëëìêÉK=

aáÑÑÉêÉåí=ëçäìíÉë=Å~å=ëìééçêí=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=~ãçìåíë=çÑ=ëìéÉêÜÉ~íI=vçì=Éí=~äKI=OMMOI=pÅçííI=OMMNI=_~ìãI=

OMMNK=cçê=áåëí~åÅÉ=EpÅçíí=C=`çãÄê~ÇÉI=OMMSFI=k~le=ïáää=ëìééçêí=[ORø`=ëìéÉêÜÉ~íI=ïÜÉêÉ~ë=

ëçÇáìã=ÅÜäçêáÇÉ=ïáää=ëìééçêí=YORø`=ëìéÉêÜÉ~í=ÄÉÑçêÉ=íÜÉ=ëçäìÄáäáíó=äáãáí=áë=êÉ~ÅÜÉÇ=~åÇ=

éêÉÅáéáí~íáçå=çÅÅìêëK=qÜìëI=~ë=íÜÉ=ÉñíÉåí=çÑ=ëìéÉêÜÉ~í=ÅÜ~åÖÉë=~äçåÖ=íÜÉ=íìÄÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=Éåíê~åÅÉ=

~åÇ=Éñáí=çÑ=íÜÉ=RSGI=íÜÉ=Åçãéçëáíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=éêÉÅáéáí~íÉë=íê~ééÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=íìÄÉ=ëìééçêí=éä~íÉ=ÅêÉîáÅÉI=

~åÇ=íÜÉ=ée=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëäìêêó=áå=íÜ~í=êÉÖáçå=ïáää=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åíäóK=qÜÉ=ÅÜ~åÖÉë=áå=Åçãéçëáíáçå=Å~å=

ÄÉ=êÉã~êâ~ÄäÉ=EcáÖìêÉ=QJPFX=Ñçê=áåëí~åÅÉ=ÅÜäçêáÇÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=çêÇÉê=çÑ=QMMM=ééã=~êÉ=

éçëëáÄäÉ=Ei~óã~å=Éí=~äKI=NVTVF=áå=íÜÉ=íìÄÉ=ëìééçêí=éä~íÉ=ÅêÉîáÅÉI=áå=Åçãé~êáëçå=íç=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=

çÑ=YMKMP=ééã=áå=íÜÉ=Äìäâ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ÉåîáêçåãÉåíI=ëÉÉ=q~ÄäÉ=PJOK=




RJNERJUUF=

5 Environmentally-assisted cracking

^ë=ãÉåíáçåÉÇ=áå=pÉÅíáçå=NI=EAC=áë=~=íÉêã=ìëÉÇ=íç=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉ=î~êáçìë=ëìÄãçÇÉë=çÑ=Åê~ÅâáåÖI=

áåÅäìÇáåÖ=ëíêÉëë=Åçêêçëáçå=Åê~ÅâáåÖI=ëíê~áåJáåÇìÅÉÇ=Åçêêçëáçå=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=~åÇ=Åçêêçëáçå=Ñ~íáÖìÉK=

qÜÉëÉ=Åä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçåë=~êÉ=ÖìáÇÉÇ=éêáã~êáäó=Äó=íÜÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ëíêÉëë=çê=ëíê~áå=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=íÜ~í=ÇêáîÉ=íÜÉ=

Åê~ÅâáåÖ=éêçÅÉëë=~åÇ=íÜÉáê=êÉä~íáçåëÜáé=íç=î~êáçìë=êÉ~Åíçê=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ãçÇÉëI=q~ÄäÉ=RJNK=cçê=

áåëí~åÅÉW=

• SCC=áë=~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=Åçåëí~åí=ëíêÉëë=çê=ëíê~áå=ÇìÉ=íç=éêÉëëìêÉ=çê=Çáëéä~ÅÉãÉåí=äç~ÇáåÖ=EÉKÖK=

ÄçäíëI=êÉëáÇì~ä=ëíêÉëëF=ìåÇÉê=íê~åëáÉåí=ÑêÉÉI=ëíÉ~ÇóJëí~íÉ=éçïÉê=çéÉê~íáçåK=

• píê~áå=áåÇìÅÉÇ=Åçêêçëáçå=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=ESICCF=áë=~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=ëäçï=ãçåçíçåáÅ~ääó=êáëáåÖ=Eçê=

îÉêó=ëäçï=ÅóÅäÉF=äç~ÇáåÖ=íÜ~í=áë=êÉäÉî~åí=íç=êÉ~Åíçê=ëí~êí=ìéL=ëÜìí=Ççïå=çê=ïáíÜ=íÜÉêã~ä=

ëíê~íáÑáÅ~íáçåK=

• c~íáÖìÉ=êÉÑÉêë=íç=ÅóÅäáÅ=äç~ÇáåÖ=ëáíì~íáçåë=ïÜáÅÜI=áå=íìêåI=~êÉ=Åä~ëëáÑáÉÇ=~ë=ÉáíÜÉê=“ÜáÖÜ=ÅóÅäÉÒ=

Ñ~íáÖìÉI=HCF=EáKÉK=ÜáÖÜ=ÑêÉèìÉåÅóI=äçï=ëíê~áå=~ãéäáíìÇÉFI=çê=Úäçï=ÅóÅäÉÒ=Ñ~íáÖìÉI=LCFI=EáKÉK=äçï=ÑêÉèìÉåÅóI=ÜáÖÜ=ëíê~áå=~ãéäáíìÇÉF=äç~ÇáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåëK=`ê~ÅâáåÖ=Äó=Ñ~íáÖìÉ=Å~å=çÅÅìê=áå=

ÄçíÜ=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=äç~ÇáåÖ=ëìÄÅä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçåë=áå=~å=“=áåÉêíÒ=ÉåîáêçåãÉåíI=Äìí=Åçêêçëáçå=Ñ~íáÖìÉ=

ECFF=~ÇÇêÉëëÉë=íÜÉ=ëáíì~íáçå=ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=~èìÉçìë=ÉåîáêçåãÉåí=~ÇÇë=~=ÑìêíÜÉê=ÅçãéçåÉåí=íç=íÜÉ=

Åê~Åâ=áåáíá~íáçå=~åÇ=éêçé~Ö~íáçå=éêçÅÉëëK=qÜáë=áë=ÉëéÉÅá~ääó=íÜÉ=Å~ëÉ=Ñçê=LCF=Ñ~íáÖìÉ=äç~ÇáåÖ=ëáíì~íáçåë=~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ïáíÜI=Ñçê=Éñ~ãéäÉI=íÜÉêã~ä=ãáñáåÖ=çÑ=ÅççäÉê=ï~íÉê=ïáíÜ=Üçí=êÉ~Åíçê=

Åççä~åíK==

qÜÉêÉ=áë=ëãççíÜ=íê~åëáíáçå=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=ëìëÅÉéíáÄáäáíó=çÑ=~ää=ÅçããÉêÅá~ääó=áãéçêí~åí=

~ääçóLÉåîáêçåãÉåí=ëóëíÉãë=Eåçí=àìëí=Å~êÄçå=~åÇ=äçï=~ääçó=ëíÉÉäë=áå=ï~íÉê=ÅççäÉÇ=êÉ~ÅíçêëF=~åÇ=íÜÉ=

ëíêÉëëLëíê~áå=ãçÇÉë=ãÉåíáçåÉÇ=~ÄçîÉK=cçê=íÜáë=êÉ~ëçå=íÜÉ=çîÉê~ää=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=éêçÅÉëë=áë=âåçïå=~ë=

“ÉåîáêçåãÉåí~ääóJ~ëëáëíÉÇ=Åê~ÅâáåÖÒ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÇáëÅìëëáçå=ÉãéÜ~ëáòÉë=íÜáë=ÅçåíáåìáíóK==

Table 5-1: Correlation between different submodes of EAC, type of loading and reactor operating conditions, Seifert, 2002.

Mechanism

Environmentally-Assisted Cracking (EAC)

Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)

Strain-Induced Corrosion Cracking

(SICC) Corrosion Fatigue

(CF)

Type of loading Static Slow monotonically rising or very low-cycle

Cyclic: low-cycle, high cycle

LWR operation condition Transient-free, steady-state power operation

Start-up/shut-down, thermal stratification

Thermal fatigue, thermal stratification,

…

Characterisation of crack growth BWRVIP-60 disposition lines

? ASME XI, code case N-643

(PWR)

Characterisation of crack initiation ? (σ > YS)

Susceptibility conditions: ECPcrit, dε/dtcrit, εcrit

ASME III, Fenv-approach

=




RJOERJUUF=

5.1 Background

píêÉëë=Åçêêçëáçå=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=çÑ=Å~êÄçå=ëíÉÉäë=áå=~èìÉçìë=ÉåîáêçåãÉåíë=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=êÉÅçÖåáòÉÇ=Ñçê=ã~åó=

ÇÉÅ~ÇÉëI=ëí~êíáåÖ=ïáíÜ=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=áå=ÄçáäÉêë=áå=íÜÉ=råáíÉÇ=háåÖÇçã=ÅáêÅ~=íÜÉ=NUTMë=ÇìÉ=íç=íÜÉ=

éêÉëÉåÅÉ=çÑ=ÉñÅÉëë=ÜóÇêçñáÇÉ=EpíêçãÉóÉê=NVMVFI=áå=Éî~éçê~íçêë=Åçåí~áåáåÖ=~ããçåáìã=åáíê~íÉ=

EgçåÉëI=NVONFI=áå=Åç~ä=Ö~ëáÑáÅ~íáçå=éä~åí=EtÉäÇáåÖ=pçÅKI=NVRNF=~åÇ=ëçìê=Ö~ë=ïÉääë=Ecê~ëÉê=Éí=~äKI=

NVRUF=~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=ëìäéÜìêJêáÅÜ=ÉåîáêçåãÉåíëI=áå=ëíçê~ÖÉ=îÉëëÉäë=Åçåí~áåáåÖ=~åÜóÇêçìë=

~ããçåáìã=EmÜÉäéë=C=içÖáåçïI=NVSOF=~åÇ=áå=ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä=éêçÅÉëë=éä~åí=~åÇ=Å~íÜçÇáÅ~ääó=éêçíÉÅíÉÇ=

Ö~ë=íê~åëãáëëáçå=éáéáåÖ=~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=Å~êÄçå~íÉJÄáÅ~êÄçå~íÉ=ÉåîáêçåãÉåíëI=m~êâáåë=Éí=~äKI=NVUSI=

m~êâáåë=C=cçêçìäáëI=NVUUI=m~êâáåë=C=cÉëëäÉêI=NVTUK=få=~ää=çÑ=íÜÉëÉ=Å~ëÉë=íÜÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=Ü~îÉ=

ÄÉÉå=êÉä~íáîÉäó=äçï=EYNRMø`FI=Äìí=íÜÉ=äçÅ~ä=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=“~ÖÖêÉëëáîÉÒ=~åáçåë=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=

ÜáÖÜK=qÜÉëÉ=ÜáÖÜ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=ÅêÉîáÅÉ=ÅÜÉãáëíêáÉë=~åÇLçê=ï~íÉêJíçJ

ëíÉ~ã=éÜ~ëÉ=ÅÜ~åÖÉë=~í=äÉ~âë=çê=áå=êÉÖáçåë=ïÜÉêÉ=ÄçáäáåÖ=áë=äçÅ~äáòÉÇK=cçê=áåëí~åÅÉI=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=

çÑ=Vk=k~le=çê=Qk=keQkl

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íÜÉ=äçïÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ê~åÖÉëI=~äíÜçìÖÜ=íê~åëÖê~åìä~ê=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=áë=çÄëÉêîÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ãçáëí=`lJ`lO=

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få=~ää=Å~ëÉëI=~ë=ïáää=ÄÉ=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=áå=ëçãÉ=ÇÉí~áä=ãçãÉåí~êáäóI=íÜÉ=ÅÜêçåçäçÖó=çÑ=ÉîÉåíë=áåîçäîÉë=

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=çê=

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Figure 5-1: Conjoint material, stress and environment requirements for environmentally-assisted cracking, Speidel, 1984.

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ON

=aÉÑáåÉÇ=áå=íÉêãë=çÑ=íÜÉ=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=ïÉäÇëI=Ñçê=áåëí~åÅÉI=íÜ~í=ÉñÜáÄáí=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=~ë=~=éêçéçêíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=íçí~ä=

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6 References

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^åÇêÉëÉå=mKiKI=“Modeling of Water and Material Chemistry Effects on Crack Tip Chemistry and Resulting Crack Growth KineticsÒ=áå=“mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=qÜáêÇ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=póãéçëáìã=çå=

båîáêçåãÉåí~ä=aÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=mçïÉê=póëíÉãëÓt~íÉê=oÉ~ÅíçêëÒI=qê~îÉêëÉ=`áíóI=bÇëK=

dKgK=qÜÉìëI=tK=_ÉêêóI=qÜÉ=jÉí~ääìêÖáÅ~ä=pçÅáÉíóI=ééK=PMNJPNQI=^ìÖìëí=PMJpÉéí=PI=NVUTK=

^åÇêÉëÉå=mKiKI=`çêêçëáçåI=QQI=éK=PTSI=NVUUK=

^åÇêÉëÉå=mKiI=s~ë~íáë=fKm=~åÇ=cçêÇ=cKmI=“Behaviour of Short Cracks in Stainless Steel at 288øCÒI=m~éÉê=QVRI=k^`b=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉI=i~ë=sÉÖ~ëI=^éêáä=NVVMK==

^åÇêÉëÉå=mKi=~åÇ=cçêÇ=cKmI=“Modeling and Prediction of Irradiation Assisted CrackingÒI=áå=mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=pÉîÉåíÜ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=póãéçëáìã=çå=båîáêçåãÉåí~ä=aÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=

mçïÉê=póëíÉãëÓt~íÉê=oÉ~ÅíçêëI=_êÉÅâÉåêáÇÖÉI=bÇëK=oK=dçäÇI=^K=jÅfäêÉÉI=ééKUVPJVMUI=NVVRK=

^åÇêÉëÉå=mKiKI=“SCC Testing and Data Quality ConsiderationÒI=mêçÅK=káåíÜ=fåíK=póãéK=çå=

båîáêçåãÉåí~ä=aÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=çÑ=j~íÉêá~äë=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=mçïÉê=póëíÉãë=Ó=t~íÉê=oÉ~ÅíçêëI=^fjbI=

ééK=QNNJQONI=NVVVK=

^åÇêÉëÉå=mKiKI=“Irradiation Assisted Styress Corrosion CrackingÒ=áå=“mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=“jÉÅÜ~åáëãë=çÑ=j~íÉêá~äë=aÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=~åÇ=kçåJÇÉëíêìÅíáîÉ=bî~äì~íáçå=Ñçê=iáÖÜí=t~íÉê=

oÉ~ÅíçêëÒI=ééKORRJPMMI=bÇë=fëÜáåçI=bóêÉI=háãìê~K=mìÄK=fkppI=g~é~åI=j~ó=OTJOV=OMMOK=

^êá~=qK=Éí=~äKI=m~éÉê=NQM=k^`b=`çêêçëáçå=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉI=NVVUK=

^pqjI=“Localized Corrosion-Cause of Metal FailureÒI=^pqj=pqm=RNSI=NVTOK=

^íâáåëçå=gKaK=~åÇ=vá=gKI=“The Role of Dynamic Strain Aging in the Environment Assisted Cracking Observed in Pressure Vessel SteelsÒI=c~íáÖìÉI=cê~ÅíìêÉ=båÖKj~íÉêK=píêìÅíKI=sçä=OMI=

ééKNJNOI=NVVTK=

_~ä~âêáëÜå~å=mKs=~åÇ=m~íÜ~åá~=oKpKI=“Correlation of tube support structure corrosion studiesÒ=áå=mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=qÜáêÇ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=póãéçëáìã=çå=båîáêçåãÉåí~ä=aÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=

mçïÉê=póëíÉãëÓt~íÉê=oÉ~ÅíçêëI=qê~îÉêëÉ=`áíóI=bÇëK=dKgK=qÜÉìëI=tK=_ÉêêóI=qÜÉ=jÉí~ääìêÖáÅ~ä=

pçÅáÉíóI=ééK=QUVJQVVI=^ìÖìëí=PMJpÉéí=PI=NVUTK=

_~ãÑçêÇ=tKgKI=o~ç=dKsKI=eçìíã~å=gKiI=“Investigation of Service –Induced Degradation of Steam Generator Shell MaterialsÒ=áå=“mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=cáÑíÜ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=póãéçëáìã=çå=

båîáêçåãÉåí~ä=aÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=mçïÉê=póëíÉãëÓt~íÉê=oÉ~ÅíçêëI=jçåíÉêÉóI=bÇëK=aK=

`ìÄáÅÅáçííáI=bK=páãçåÉåI=^ãÉêáÅ~å=kìÅäÉ~ê=pçÅáÉíóI=^ìÖìëí=ORJOVI=NVVNK=

_~åÇóçé~ÇÜó~ó=kK=~åÇ=_êá~åí=`K=iKI=`çêêçëáçåI=QNI=OTQI=NVURK=

_~êí=^KI=`êçÅâÉíí=eK=jKI=dçóÉííÉ=iK=cKI=eçêçïáíò=gK=pK=~åÇ=jçåíÖçãÉêó=oKI=“Flow accelerated corrosion – the entrance effect”I=msmOMMUJSNNURI=mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=msmOMMUI=OMMU=^pjb=

mêÉëëìêÉ=sÉëëÉäë=~åÇ=máéáåÖ=aáîáëáçå=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉI=`ÜáÅ~ÖçI=fääáåçáëI=rp^I=gìäó=OTJPNI=OMMUK=

_~ìã=^KI=“Experimental Evaluation of Tube Support Plate Crevice ChemistryÒI=áå=“mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=NM

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J=t~íÉê=oÉ~ÅíçêëÒI=i~âÉ=q~ÜçÉI=k^`b=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=OMMNK=

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_É~îÉêë=gK=^KI=^Öê~ï~ä=^KhK=~åÇ=_Éêêó=tKbKI=“Corrosion Related Failures in Power Plant CondensersÒI=bmofI=m~äç=^äíçI=oÉéçêí=@=kmJNQSUI=^ìÖìëí=NVUMK==

_ÉÅâ=qKoI=`çêêçëáçå=PMI=éKQMUI=NVTQK=

_ÉêÖÉ=mÜKI=oáÄçå=`KI=m=~åÇ=pí=m~ìä=mKI=“Effect of Hydrogen on the Corrosion of Steels in High Temperature WaterÒI=`çêêçëáçåI=PO=EkçKSI=gìåÉFI=ééKOOPJOOUI=NVTSK=

_áêåÄ~ìã=eKhKI=“Hydrogen EmbrittlementÒ=áå=“mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=cáêëí=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=båîáêçåãÉåí~ääó=^ëëáëíÉÇ=`ê~ÅâáåÖ=çÑ=jÉí~äëÒI=hçÜäÉê=táëÅçåëáåI=bÇëK=oK=d~åÖäçÑÑ=C=_K=fîÉëI=

mìÄK=k^`bI=ééK=ONJOVI=lÅíçÄÉê=OJTI=NVUUK=

_Éêêó=tKbK=~åÇ=aáÉÖäÉ=oK_KI=“Survey of Corrosion Product Generation, Transport and Deposition in Light Water ReactorsÒI=bmof=kmJROO=j~êÅÜI=NVTVK=

_É~ÅÜÉã=`KaI=jÉíK=qê~åëK=PI=éK=QPTI=NVTOK=

_áÖåçäÇ=dKgKI=d~êÄÉíí=hK=~åÇ=tççäëÉó=fKpI=“Mechanistic Aspects of the Temperature Dependence of Erosion–CorrosionÒI=mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=“`çêêçëáçå=bêçëáçå=çÑ=píÉÉäë=áå=eáÖÜ=

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_çÖ~Éêíë=tKcKI=s~å=e~ìíÉ=^K^K=~åÇ=_ê~ÄÉêë=jKgKI=“Relative Critical Potentials for Pitting Corrosion of 304 Stainless Steel, Incoloy 800 and Inconel 600 in Alkaline High Temperature Aqueous SolutionsÒI=gK=kìÅäÉ~ê=j~íKI=NNRI=ééK=PPVJPQOI=NVUPK=

_êá~åí=`KiKI=jÉíK=qê~åëK=NM^I=éKNUNI=NVTVK=

_êçïå=_KcKI `çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çåI=“Localized CorrosionÒI=aÉÅ=SJNMI=NVTN=táääá~ãëÄìêÖI=bÇK=_KcK=

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_êçïå=hKpK=~åÇ=dçêÇçå=dKjKI=“Effects of BWR Coolant Chemistry on Propensity for IGSCC Initiation and Growth in Creviced Reactor Internals ComponentsÒI=áå=mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=qÜáêÇ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=póãéçëáìã=çå=båîáêçåãÉåí~ä=aÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=mçïÉê=póëíÉãë=Ó=t~íÉê=

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_êìÉããÉê=dK=Éí=~äKI=“Beschreibung einer einhüllenden Risswachstumskurve zum Spannungsrisskorrosions-verhalten von ferritischen Reaktordurckbehälter (RDB)-Stählen unter Siedewasser (SWR)-BedingungenÒI=mêçÅK=çÑ=OUíÜ=jm^=pÉãáå~êI=p~ÑÉíó=~åÇ=oÉäá~Äáäáíó=áå=

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bêÄÉå=lKI=bêåÉëíçî~=jKI=hóëÉä~=gKI=mçëíäÉê=jK=~åÇ=sëçä~â=oKI=“Investigation on Environmentally Assisted Cracking Behaviour of a Ferritic Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel under the Simultaneous Influence of Simulated BWR Coolant and IrradiationÒ=áå=“mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=bäÉîÉåíÜ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=båîáêçåãÉåí~ä=aÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=mçïÉê=póëíÉãëÓ

t~íÉê=oÉ~ÅíçêëÒI=pâ~ã~åá~=içÇÖÉI=bÇëK=dK=t~ëI=iK=kÉäëçåI=^ãÉêáÅ~å=kìÅäÉ~ê=pçÅáÉíóI=

ééKNNSJNORI=^ìÖìëí=RJVI=OMMP=píÉîÉåëçåI=^ìÖìëíI=OMMPK=

_êìëÜ=bKdK=~åÇ=mÉ~êä=tKiKI=“Corrosion and Corrosion Product Release in Neutral FeedwaterÒI=`çêêçëáçåI=OUI=ééKNOVJNPSI=EåçK=QI=^éêáäFI=NVTOK==

_ìääçÅÜ=gKjKI=“Environmental Assisted Cracking Phenomena in Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel – the Role of Manganese Sulphide SegregationÒI=mêçÅK=PêÇ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=póãéçëáìã=

çå=båîáêçåãÉåí~ä=aÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=çÑ=j~íÉêá~äë=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=mçïÉê=póëíÉãë=Ó=t~íÉê=oÉ~ÅíçêëI=

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_ìëëÉêí=_KtKI=`ìêê~å=oKjK=~åÇ=dçìäÇ=dK`KI=“The Effect of Water Chemistry on the Reliability of Modern Large Steam TurbinesÒI=gK=båÖK=mçïÉê=NJSI=NVTUK=

`~ãéÄÉää=`K=^KI=cóÑáíÅÜ=pKI=j~êíáå=aK=qKI=“Boric acid corrosion of carbon and low alloy steelsÒI=`çêêçëáçåÛVQI=m~éÉê=NSSI=k^`b=fåíÉêå~íáçå~äI=NVVQK=

`Éäçîëâó=^K=Éí=~äKI=“S-08; Investigation and Repair of a Cracked Feeder at Point Lepreau GSÒI=`^kar=j~áåíÉå~åÅÉ=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉI=OMMMK=

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`áÉëä~â=tK=~åÇ=aìèìÉííÉ=aKI=“The Pit Initiation Resistance of Ferritic Stainless Steel in Chloride Environments from 80 to 260°CÒ áå “mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=cáêëí=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=póãéçëáìã=çå=

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• Proceedings of First International Symposium on Environmental Degradation in Nuclear Power Systems – Water ReactorsI=jóêíäÉ=_É~ÅÜI=^ìÖìëí=OOJORI=NVUPK=

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environmental-assisted degradation of carbon and low alloy steels

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