environnementologieعلم البيئة

אאאא

١٥٢١٥٢

א ١٥٢

א א

،،אא،אW

אא א א א אאאאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאא אאאאאאאWא

אאK

אאאאאאא א ،א אא

אאאאאא،אאא א ،א אא א א אא א א א א א א א

אא،אאאא،אK

א א ?א ? ?א ? א אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאא،א ،א א אא

אאאאאK

א א אא؛אK

אאאא

א ١٥٢

א א

אאא(Oikos)אW(Logos)א،

אFאאאאאאאאאאK،אWאא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאW

אאאא אא؟

אאאאאאאאאKאאW

א JאאאK ٢ JאאאאאK

אא،אאאאאא،אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאK

אאאW אאFאWEא،אאא،

אאאאK אאFאאאאWEאאאאW

אאאאאאאK

אאFאWEאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאFאWEאאאא

א ١٥٢

א א

אאאאאאאK אאFאאWEאא

אאאאאאאאאאאK

אא

אא

א

١

א ١٥٢ אא א א א

- ١ -

אאW אאאK

אאW

אאW ١- אאאK ٢- אאאאK ٣- אאK ٤- אאK

אאאW

٦K

אאW אאK


- ٢ -

א

١ J١אW אאאאא?א?،אאא،א

?אא??אא??אאא??אא??אא??אא??א?…Kאאא،אא

אK ،אאאא،

א،א،אK א Jאא JאFאE

אFאאאאEאאא،אאאFאאאEאK

،אאKאאאאאאא،אאאאא

אK אאאEnvironment)EWאאאא

אאFאKE אאאאאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאא

א،אאא،אאא،אא،אK

אאאFאE(Ecology)א(Environment)אאKאא

אא(Ernst Hegel)א١٨٦٦אאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאא،אאא


- ٣ -

אאאא(Self Purification)Kא(Environment)אאאאא(Biosphere)א

אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאW

١ Jאא(Physical Environment)W –אW

- אאאK - אFאKE - אאאאאאK

–אאFאאאאאE،K

–אאFEאאאK –אFאאאאאא…KKEK

٢ JאאW –אאאא

- אFKE - אאאK - אFאEK

JאאאאW

- אאאאאK - אאאאK - אאK - אאFאאאאאאK

א…KEK


- ٤ -

- אאFאאאאאאא……KE

JאאW

- אאאK - אאFאאאKE - אאאK

JאW

- אאאאK - אאאאאK - אאK - אאK

JאW

- אאFאאאE

- אאK

٣ JאאW JאאאW

- אאאאK - אאאאK - אאאאאK

JאאK JאאW

- אK - אK


- ٥ -

- אK

٤ JאאW - אאK - אK - אאK - אK

٥ JאאFאאWE - אאאאאK - אאאK - אאאK

F١ J١Eאא

الغالف

الصخري

الغازيالغالف

Atmosphere

غالف التربــة

Pedosphere

الغالف

المائـي

المحيط الحيوي

Biosphere


- ٦ -

אאאאאאאאאאא،אא(Atmosphere)א

א(Hydrosphere)אא(Lithosphere)F١ J١KE

٢-١אאFThe ecosystemEW אא

אאאאא،אא(Habitat)אא،אאאאאאא،

אאFBiotic factorsEFAbiotic factorsEK

אאאאאא،אאW

– אאאאאאאK – אאאאK – אאK – אאאK – אאאאאK – אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאK

אאאאKאאW

١K(Producers)Wאא(Auto trophic

organisms)אאאאאאK ٢K(Consumers)Wאא(Hetero

trophic organisms)אאאאאאאK


- ٧ -

آائنات حية مستهلكة

كائنات حية محللة

آائنات حية منتجة

الشمسالشمسي ةالطاقة

٣KFאE(Decomposers)Wאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאFAutolysis)

אאK

٣-١אאאא(Ecosystem homeostasis)W אאאאאאאאא

(Biosphere)אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אKאאאאא אאאאאאאא،א

אאאאאאאאאאאאאF١ J٢KE

F١ J٢Eאא


- ٨ -

אאאאאאאאא،

אK،אאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאאK ،אאאאאאאאא

אאאאK،אא אאאא

אאא،אאאאאKאאאאאK

٤-١אאW

אאאאW ١KאאאאאאK ٢Kאאאאאאא

K ٣KאאאאאאאK ٤KאFDecomposersEאאאאאא

אאK

٥-١אאW אאW

١ J ٥ J١אאWW

EאאW،אאאאאאאאאאאאאא٥}١٣

א א ٩٥ J٩٧٪ א א ،٣ J٥ ٪ K


- ٩ -

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

EאאWאא،אאא،א،אאK

EאWאאאאאאאK

١ J٥ J٢אאאW

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאאא

אאאאאK

٦-١אאאאW אאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאK

אא،אאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאK אאאאאא،אאאא

،אא،א،אאאאא،אא،אאאא،אאאאאא

א،אאאאאאא،אא


- ١٠ -

אאאאאא،אאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאא א א א א א א K א

אאאאאאאאא،אאאא אאאאאא

אK אאאאא

אאאאא،אאאאאא

KאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

٧-١אאאW

אאאאאאאאא،אאאא

אאאאאK א א א א א א ،

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאא،

אK אאאאאאא

אא،אאאאאאא،אK

אא W ١KאאWאאא

אאאK


- ١١ -

٢KאWאאא،אאאאאאK

٣KאWאאאאאאאאאK

٨-١אאאW

אאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאKאאאאא،אא،אאKאאK


- ١٢ -

אא

אאאK

١KאאאאאK ٢KאאאK ٣KאאאאאK ٤KאאאK


- ١٣ -

אאא ١K

٢K

٣K

١K אאאאאאאK ٢K אאאאK ٣K אאK ٤K אאאK ٥K אאאאאK ٦K אאאאאאאK


- ١٤ -

٤Kאאאאא

אאאאאאא،אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאא

אא

א

אא

א

٢

א ١٥٢ אא א א אאאא

- ١٥ -

אאW אאאאאאK

אאW

אאW ١- אאK ٢- אK ٣- אK ٤- אK ٥- אאK ٦- אאא

אאאW

٥K

אאW אאK


- ١٦ -

אאאא

אא١٠٥אא،אאKאאא٤٠אאK،אא

אא،،א،אא،א،،אאK

אאאאאא٩٧٪אאKאאאאאאאאא

אאאאKאאא٢٠٠٠אאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

٢–١אא

אאאאאאאאאKFWאEKאאא

אKאאא٨}٧٠٪אאאKאאאאאא

א٣אאאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאאK

א،אאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאW


- ١٧ -

J אאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאאא،אאא،K

J אאא،אאאאאאאK

J א،אאאאאאאאאK

אאאאא،אאאאK

١KאאK

אאאZאאאאאHאאאאאאK

٢KאW

אאאZאאא Jאאאאא

אF٢ J١EאאK ٢ J٢אThe Carbon Cycle

אאאאאאאKא א א א ،א א

אאא،אאאאאKא א א א K אא א א

א א א ،א אא א אא א


- ١٨ -

אא א א אאאPhotosynthesisאאאאW

6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2↑

אF٢

J١E

א

א

אאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאא٢٥٪אאאא


- ١٩ -

אKאאאK אאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאא،אאא

אאאK אאאOrganic Limestoneא

DolomiteאאאאאאאאKאאאא،אא

אאאאאKאאאאאאאא،א

،אאאאאאאKאאא


אאאאאאא،אאאאF

אאE،אאא١٤א،אא،אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאא

אK١٩٥٤אא٤٠٠٠K אאאאא

אInfrared RadiationאאאK אאאFCO2אאא

٠٣}٠٪א٣٠٠אא٢}٠E٪אאאאאאאאאKא


- ٢٠ -


אאאGreenhouse Effect،אאאאאא(400 – 750 nm)אאאא

אאאאאאאאK אאא٢ J٤

אאאאאאאאא،אאא

אאK אאאאאא

א א ،אא א א אאאK

אאאאW

Jא א אא א אK

JאאאאאFאHumusE،אאאאא

אאFPeatE،אאאK Jאאאא،אאא

אאאK Jאאאאאאא

אא،אאאאאF٢ J٢EאK


- ٢١ -

אF٢ J٢EאK

٢ J٣א

אא٢١٪،אאאאאא،אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאא אא א א א א א

אKאאאאאא،אאאאאStratosphereאאא

אאאאאUltra Violet radiationאאאאאאאאאאDNAK

אאW


- ٢٢ -

١KאאאאאאK

٢KאאK

٣KאאK

٤KאאאאK

אאאאאאW

אO2אאO+OאאO3K

אאאW

אאאאאK

א אא א א א אא אאאאאאאאאאאא

א K א א א א א،אאאאFאאKEאאא

אאאאאאאאאאא Kאאאאאא

אאאאאאאא،אאאK


- ٢٣ -

אאאW

אא אאא א א א א ،אא אא א אא אא א

אKאאאאאא א א א א ،א א

אאKאF٢ J٣EאK

אF٢ J٣Eא


- ٢٤ -

٢ J٤אThe Nitrogen Cycle אא٧٨٪،אאאא

א Kא אאאאאאאאאK ،אאאאW

٢ J٤ J١אאBiological Fixation אאאאאאאNitrogen

FixersאאאאאאאאאNO3אאאK

אאW

KאאאSymbiosisW אFאEאאאא

אRhizobiumאאאאאאא،אאאאK

אאאא،אא١٠٠ J٢٠٠אK

KאFree Living

אאאא،אAzotobacter, Chlostridium, Blue Green AlgaeKאאאא

אאאאאאKאאא٥אאKאאאא

אאאאאא،אאאאאאאאFE

אאאאאאK


- ٢٥ -

٢ J٤ J٢אאAtmospheric Fixation אא،אאאא

אא א א א א א א אאאאK

١٥٢٠אאא،אאאאאאKאאאא

אאאא، אא א אאאאאKאאאאאא،אאא٥٠אא

K א א א א א אאאאאא،אאא

١٠٠אKאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאא אאא א אNO3NH4،אNH3

א א א א אא K،א א א א א א

Kאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אK אאpHאאא٨

א٩א،אאאאא١١Kא

אK


- ٢٦ -

אאאאאNitrosomonasNitrobacterאNO2אNO3א،א

אNitrificationW

אאאאאאPseudiomonasאאאא،

אאאאאא،אאאאאDenitrificationW

DenitrificationאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

א א א،אא א אאאאאKאאאא

אPhytoplanctonאאאאאאאאאK

אאאא،אאאWHOאאא٤٥אאאאאא

٢٠٠אאאאאאאאאNitrosaminאאאK


- ٢٧ -

אא א א ،אאא א אאאאאKאא

אאאאאK

אאאאאK א א Haber-Bosch

אאאאאאKאא אא א א ،אא

אאKאא אא،א،אאא

א א א א א אK א F٢ J٤ EאK

אF٢ J٤Eא


- ٢٨ -

٢ J٥אW אאאאאאאאאאאKאאא،א

אא،אאאאאאK

אא א א א Kאאא


אאאאאאאא K،א אא

،אאאאאK

٢ J٦אאW ،אאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאא،אאאKאאא

אא،אאאאאאאאKאאא،אא

א אא אאאאא אא K אא א א א א K

،אאאאאK


- ٢٩ -

٢ J٦ J١אW אאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאK

٢ J٦ J٢אאW

אאאאאאאאKאאאK

،אKאאאא،K

٢ J٦ J٣אW ،אאאאא،אא

אאאאאאאאאאא،אא

אאאאאאK אא،אאאאאאאא

אKאאא،אאאאאאאאK


٢ J٧אאאW

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאKא


- ٣٠ -

אאאאאאאאK

אאאא(The industrial

revolution)٣٠٠F١٧٥٠ J١٧٩٠E،אאאאאאאאא،א،א،א

אאKאאאאאאאFאאאKEא

אאאאאKאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאאאא(Smog)אא

אKא،א٥٠٠٢٠٠٠١٨٧٠١٨٨٠K

،אאאאאאאKאאאאאאא

אאאאKאאאא،א

אאאK אאאאא١٩٤٠١٩٥٠

אאאאאאאאאK

אא،א١٩٥٢א،٤٠٠٠Kאאאא

א(The 1956 Clean Air Act)١٩٥٦אK


- ٣١ -

١٩٥٦אאאאאאאאאאKאאא،

אאאאאאאK

אאאאאFאEאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،א

אאK אאאאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאא،אאא

אאאאK אאאאאW

– אאאאאאאאK – אאאאאאאאK – אאאאK Kאאאאאאאאאא –– אאאאK – אאאאאאאא

אK – אאאאאK

אאאאKאא

אא(Pollution control)،אא،א،؟א


- ٣٢ -

אאאאאאאאKאאאא،אאאא

אאאK אאאW

– אאאאא،אאאאאK

– אאאאאאאאאאK

– אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

– אאאאאאאK – אאאK – אאאא

K – אאאאאK – אאאאאK – אאאאאאא

אK – אאאאאאאK


- ٣٣ -

אא

אאאK

١KאאאאK ٢KאאאK ٣KאאאאK ٤KאאאאאאK


- ٣٤ -

אאא ١K

١K אאאאאאK ٢K אאאאאFא

HumusE،אאאאאאאFPeatE،אאא

K ٣K אאאא،אאא

אאאK ٤K אאאאאאא

אאאאאאK

٢K ١KאאאאאאK

٢KאאK

٣KאאK

٤KאאאאK

٣K אאאאאאW

אO2אאO+OאאO3K


- ٣٥ -

٤K ١K אאאאאאאאK ٢K אאאאאאאאK ٣K אאאאK ٤K אאאאאאאאאאK ٥K אאאאK ٦K אאאאאאאא

אK ٧K אאאאאK

אא

אא

א

٣


- ٣٦ -

אאW אא،אאK

אאW

אאW ١- אK ٢- אאאK ٣- אאאK ٤- אאK

אאאW

٦K

אאW אאK


- ٣٧ -

א Ecological health

אאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאK אאאאאKאא

אאאאאא،אאאאKאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאאא،אאא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאא،אא

אאאאאאK ٣ J١אאConcept of general health

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא،אא

אאאאאאאאאאאא


- ٣٨ -

אא،אאאאאאאאK

٣ J٢א

אאאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאKאאא،אאא

AcuteChronic،אאKאאאאא

אאאאאאK

٣ J٣אאTypes of illness causes אאאW

JאאAgents factors

אאאאאאאא،W

١KאאBiotic factorsWאאאFאאE

אK ٢KאאאNutritive factorsWאאאאאאא

K ٣KאאאFunctional & Bio-mechanical factorsWאא

אאאFאאEאאK


- ٣٩ -

٤KאאאNatural & mechanical factorsWאאאאאFאאאאאאEאFאE

אFאאאאאאאאKE ٥KאאאAutonomic factorsWאאאא

אFא،א،א،אKE JאאDescriptive factors

אאא،W ١KאAge،אאאFאאאא

،אא،אאKE ٢KאSex،אאאK ٣KאRace،אאאאא

אאK ٤KאאGenetics،אאאאאאK ٥KאאMalnutrition،אאאא

אאK ٦KאאאאBio-resistance & immunity،אא

אאא،אFEFE،אאאאאW JאאאAnatomical barriersאPhysical barriersא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאK JאאאBlood/Humoral barrier،אאא

אComplementאאאInterferonK JאאFאEPhgocytosis of inflammatory barriers،אא

אאאאאK


- ٤٠ -

JאאImmunityאאאאא،Lymphocytes-B،אPlasma cellאAntibodiesאאAntigenאאא

Antigen-Antibody complexאאT-cells،אאLymphokinesאאאKא،Natural

FEActiveFאEPassiveFאKE

JאאאEnvironmental factors

אאאאאאאא،אאא

אW

١ JאאאNatural factors אאאאGeographical factors،אאאא

אאאאאאFאאE،אאאGeological factorsאאאאא

אאאKאאClimatic factorsאאאאאאאא

אאאK ٢ JאאאBiotic factors

אאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאFEBulinus truncatesא

אK


- ٤١ -

٣ JאאאאSocio-economic factors אאאאאאאא


٣ J٤אאIllness and plague infection

אאאאאאKאאFאאאאE،

אאאאאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאK

٣ J٥אאאProtection from illness

אאאאאא،אאאאKאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאאאK

٣ J٦אא אאאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאא

אאאאאאK אאאאאא

אאאאאאK


- ٤٢ -

אאאW ١KאאאאK ٢KאאאאאK ٣KאאאאK ٤KאאאאK

אאאאW ١KאאאאK ٢KאאאK ٣KאאK ٤KאK ٥KאאאאK ٦KאאK ٧KאK ٨KאאK ٩KאאK

١٠KאK ١١KאאK ١٢KאאK ١٣KאאאK ١٤KאאאK ١٥KאאאK ١٦KאאK ١٧KאאאאK

אאאKאW

١KK ٢KאK


- ٤٣ -

٣KאאאK ٤KאאאאK ٥KאאאK


- ٤٤ -

אא

אאאK

١KאאאK ٢KאK ٣KאאאK ٤KאאאאאK


- ٤٥ -

אאא ١K אאאאאאאאא

אKאאאא،אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאא،אאאאאאא

אK

٢K אאאאאא

אאאאאK

٣K ١K אאWאאאFאאEאK ٢K אאאWאאאאאאא

Kא ٣K אאאWאאאאאF

אאEאאK ٤K אאאWאאאאאFאאאא

אאEאFאEאFאאאאאאאאKE

٥K אאאWאאאאאFא،אאאKE


- ٤٦ -

٤{ ١KאאאאK ٢KאאאאאK ٣KאאאאK ٤KאאאאK

אאאאW ١KאאאאK ٢KאאאK ٣KאאK ٤KאK ٥KאאאאK ٦KאאK ٧KאK ٨KאאK ٩KאאK

١٠KאK ١١KאאK ١٢KאאK ١٣KאאאK ١٤KאאאK ١٥KאאאK ١٦KאאK ١٧KאאאאK

אא

אא

א

٤

א ١٥٢ אאא א א א

- ٤٧ -

Wאא אאאK

אאW

אאW ١- אאאK ٢- אאאK ٣- אאK ٤- אK ٥- אאK ٦- אאK

אאאW

٢٢K

אאW אאK


- ٤٨ -

א

אאאאאאאאאא،אאאאאאאא

א،א،אא،אאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאKא(Pollution)،אאאKאאא

אאאאאאאKא

אאאKאאאאאאא

אאאאKא(pollutants)אאאאאא

אאאK אאאאאאאאא

אא،אאאאKאאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאא١٠٠٠אK

אאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאW ١KאאאאאאאK ٢K אאאאאאאאאK ٣KאאאאאאאK


- ٤٩ -

אאאאאאאאאא،אאא،

אאאאאKאאא،

W ١Kאאא،אא

אאאאאאא،אאאאKאא

אK ٢Kאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאK ٣KאאאאאאאK


٤ J١א(Classification of pollutants)W

אאאאאאאא،אאאא

אאאאאאאאאK

א(Classification by nature)W

١KאאW JאאאK JאאאK

٢KאאW JK


- ٥٠ -

JK JK

א(Classification by properties)W ١K אאאאK ٢K אאK ٣K אאK ٤K אאאאאאאK ٥K אאK

אאא(Classification by sectors of environment)W

١K אK ٢K אאK ٣K אK ٤K אK

אא(Classification by source)W

١KאאאאW JK JK JאK

٢KאאWא،א،אא…KK ٣KWאאאK ٤KאאאWאאאאא

אאאK ٥KאאאW


- ٥١ -

٦KאאאאW

אאא(Classification by pattern of use)W ١K אאאWאאאאאאאא

אאאKKKאK ٢K אאאאWאאאא

אאאאאK ٣K אאאאWאאאאאאK ٤K אאאWאאאאאאK ٥K אאאK

אא(Classification by effects)W

١K אK ٢K אאK ٣K אK ٤K אאK ٥K אאאאK

אאאW

١KW אאאא،אאאאאא

אאאאא،אאאאאאאא،אאא،אאאFKE

٢KW אאאאא،אאאאא

אאאאאאאאאK


- ٥٢ -

٣KW אאאאאאאאFE


٤KW


٥KW

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא


٤ J٢אאW

٤ J٢ J١אאW אאאא،א،אאאK

אא،אאאKאא،א

א١٥אאאא،אא٥}٢אא،٥}١אאK

אאאא،אאא،אאא،אאאאK

אאאאאא،א،אאאK


- ٥٣ -

אאאאא،אא J،،אאאא

אאאא،א،אאאא٢٥٪

٤٠٪אאK ١٩٦٧אאאאאאW

?אאא،אאא،אK?אאאאאאא

،א،אאא،אאאK

٤ J٢ J١ J١אאאW

אאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאW

WW

אאאאFא،א،אEא،אאאאא

אאKאאאאW ١K אאFא١-٤KE ٢K אאאאK ٣K אאK ٤K FEאK ٥K אאK


- ٥٤ -

F١-٤Eאאאא

אא א ٪ א H2O ٧٥}٧٠

א CO2 ٠٧}١٤ H ٣٣}٠ N ٤٥}٥

Ar ١٨}٠ א SO2 ٤٠}٦ א SO3 ١٠}٠

Cl ٠٥}٠

WW אאאאא؛אא،

אאא،אאאא،אאאאאK

א،אא،אאFא٢-٤E،אאאאא

אKאאאW

١KאאאאK ٢KאאאאאאאK ٣KאאאאאאK ٤Kאאא،א،אאאאאא

אK ٥KאאאאאאK


- ٥٥ -

F٢-٤EאאאאאFאE

א

א

א

א

א

א ١}٨ ٦}١٦ ٨}٠ ٢}١ ٨}٦٣

אא٠}١٠ ٧}٠ ٤}٢٤ ٩}٨ ٩}١ א

٢}٠ ٦}٤ ٣}٧ ٥}٧ ٧}٩

א٦}٠ ٦}١ ١}٠ ١}١ ٨}٧ א

٧}١ ٥}٨ ٦}٠ ٦}٩ ٩}١٦

٦}٢٠ ٠}٣٢ ٢}٣٣ ٣}٢٨ ١}١٠٠ א

٤ J٢ J١ J٢אאW Air pollutants אאאאאאא


אKאאW

WאאW ١ J אCarbon Oxides KאCO W


- ٥٦ -

אאאאKאאKא١}٠אא

אא١٪אW

JW

אאאאא،א،אאאKאאא

א١٨Lא٥٪אאאאKא١١٠Lאא٢K٪

אאאאאאאKאאאאאK

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאK

JאW

אאאאא،אאאKאאאאאא٩

אאK - ٥٠א

אא،אK - ٨٥אא

١٥אK٪


- ٥٧ -

- א١٠٠אאאאאאK

- אא٧٥٠אאK

- א١٠٠٠אאK

אאאא،א٢٥٠אאאKאאא١٢٠א

א٢٠٪،א٦٠٠א،אאK

E אCO2

אאא،،אאאאא٣٠٣א J٣٢٠אKאא

،אאא٣٤٦א١٩٨٨Kאאאאא،אאKאאאא٧}٠א

אאאK JW

אאאאאא،٢١٪אאאאאKאאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאK

אאאאKאאאאאאאאFאאKE

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O


- ٥٨ -

C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O 2C6H6 + 15O2 12CO2 + 6H2O 2C6H18 + 25O2 18CO2 +18H2O

אאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאאPolyethylene Polystyrene א٣٠٠ J٤٥٠אאK

JאW אאאא،٠٠٠}٨٠אאאאKא٣٤٥אאא

אKא٧}٠٪אאאאאאאKאאאאאאא

אאKאאאGreen house phenomenon K אאFאאא٤}٠ J٧٥}٠Eאא

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאאא

אאאא،אאאאKאאאאא

אאאאא،אאאאאאK

אאא٤}٠٪א٣٨١ J٥٥١א٢٠٣٠

אאא٣}١א J٩}٣Kאאאא،K


- ٥٩ -

٢ J אNitrogen Oxides אאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאKאאNO،אNO2K

א٧٠٪אאאאאאאא،אאאאאK

אאאא،אאאאאאאאאאW

N2 + O2 2NO

אאאאאW

N2 + 2O2 2NO2

אאאאא،א(HNO3)א

(HNO2)K JאW

אאאאאא،אאאאאאא،אאK

אאאאאאKאאאאאא،אK

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא


- ٦٠ -

N2Oאאאאאאאאא،אאאאW

אאאאא،אא،אאא

אW

2NO +O2 2NO2 JאאW

אאאאאאאא،אאאאK

אאאאאאאאאK

٣אאאאKא٢٥אאאאKא٥٠אאאK


אאאאK

٣ J אSulphur Oxides SO3אSO2אאאא

Kאאאאא،אאאא٣}٠אא،אא


- ٦١ -

٣אאKאאאאאאSO3MistאH2SO4אאאא

אאW

2SO2 + O2 2SO3 SO3 + H2O H2SO4

אאאאK

אאאאאאאאאK

אאאא٠١}٠ J٢}٠א،אאא١}٠אאאא

אאאאאאKא٨אאא١}٠אאא٥٠K٪

אאאאא٥אאאKאאאא

אא١}٠אא،אאאאאא٠٣}٠אאK

Jא אאאא

KאאאאאאאאאאKאאא١ J٥٪،א

٤}٠ J٥}٠٪אKאאאאאKאא

אאאאK


- ٦٢ -

אאאאאאKאאאאאאאאK

Jאא אאאאא

אאאאאאאאאKאאא٠٩٢}٠אאאאאאאא٥٢}٠אKאאא

אא٣}٠אKא١אאאאא،אאאKאאא

א،אאאאאאא،Kאאאא

אאאאאאאא،אאאKא١٥٠

אאאאאK

٤ J אHydrogen Sulphide אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאKאאאא

אאא٠٠٣}٠א J٠٠٨}٠אKאאאא٠٢}٠אKא

אאאW

H2S + 2O2 H2SO4


- ٦٣ -

אאאאאאאא٣٠٠KאאאK

Jא אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאKאאאFאאE

אאאאK

Jאא אאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאאא،אאאאאא،אאאאאאאא،

אאאK

א١}٠אאא،אאאאאKא٣}٠אא

אאKא١٠٠אאאאאאKא

٥٠٠אאאאK


- ٦٤ -

٥ J אHydrogen Fluoride אHFא،Kא

אKאאאא٠٠١}٠אKאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאK

אאאא،אאא٥}٢אKאאאאא

אאאאKאאאא٤٠٠٠אK

٦ J אOzone אO3אKאאאאא

אאStratosphere אאאאאK٠٢}Troposphere٠אאאאאא

אאKאTroposphereKאאאאאאאK

אאאאאא٩}٠א،אאא١}٠א

אאK

אאא،אאKאאאא

Jא אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאאW


- ٦٥ -

NO2 + NO + O O + O2 O3

Jאא

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאאK

אאאאאK٠٥}٠אאאאא

אאKאאאא،אאאאאאא،א٤٠٪

אאKאאאא،אא،א

אKאא٥ J١٠אאK

JאOzonlayer depletion אאאStratosphereא٢٢א

אאOzone layerאKאאאאאאאאא،

אאאK

אאא،אאאאFEא

אאאאאאאאאאW


- ٦٦ -

אא،אא،אאאKאאאאאאאא

אאא،אאאא،אאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאW

אאאאאW

אא،אאK


CF2Cl2 + hv CF2Cl* + Cl*

CFCl3 + hv CFCl2* + Cl*


- ٦٧ -

אא[Cl*]א،אאW

Cl* + O3 O2 + OCl* OCl* + [O] Cl* + O2


٧ Jא Hydrocarbons

אאאKאאאאאK

א،אאאאא،אאא،אא

אא١٢،אאFאKE

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאK

אאאאא،א(C2OH12)אאאאKאאאאאאאFאEאאK


- ٦٨ -

WאאParticulates air pollutants

אאאאKא

אאKאאאאאאאאאאאא،א،

אאאאאK

אאאא٠٠٢}٠٥٠٠אאאאאאK

אW

١ JאאSettling Particulates

אאאאאא،אאאDust fall،אאK

אאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאK

אאא٢٣L٢L،٣٣L٢Lאא،א١٩٨١،٥٠L٢Lאא

٢٧٠ J٣٠٠L٢LאאאKאא٩L٢LK

٢ JאאאTotal Suspended Particulates

אTSP،אאא١}٠١٠אאא،אא

אKאאאאאא


- ٦٩ -

אKאאאאאאאאאא٢٦٠

אL٣٢٤٧٥אL٣Kאא٩٦٧אL٣אא٦}٢אL٣אאא،א

٥}٠אאL٣K

٣ JאאאFine Suspended Particulates

אא١}٠א،אאאKאא

אאא،אאא١٠٠אאKאאאא،

א،אאK

אאאאאאW

١K אDustאאK

٢K אאSootאאאאאK ٣K אAshאאא،אK ٤K אSmokeא

אK ٥K אFumeאאא

אK ٦K אאMistאא٢K ٧K אAerosolsא

אא،אK

אאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאK


- ٧٠ -

אאאKאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאאK אאאאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאאאאאK


• אאא ١ JאLead


אKאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאאאאא،אאאאאK

٢ JאMercury

אאאאאאMethyl Mercuryאא

אKאא،אאאאKאאאאא

אK


- ٧١ -

٣ JאCadmium אאאאא،א

אאאא،אאאאאאKא

אאאאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאא١}٠אאL٣٢}٠אL٣K

٤ JאArsenic

אאאאאאאאאאא،אKאא

א،אאאאאKאאא،אאאאא

אKאאאאאאאא

אK • אאW

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאא


- ٧٢ -

א،אאאאא،אא

אFאאEאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאK ،אא،

אא،אאא،אאאאאאK

אאאא،אאא،אאאאאא

אאאאK • אאאאW

אאאאKאאא٥٠א

אאאאאאאאKאאאא١٠א

אK אאאא،

אאאאAdsorptionאאאאKאF١٠٠ J١٣٠E

אL٣אאאא،אא٣٠٠אL٣אאאאKא

٧٥٠אL٣אאאKאאאאאאא

אK אאאאאאא،

אאAsbestosesKאא


- ٧٣ -

אאKאאאאא،אאאאאאא

א،אאאאAsbestosisאא،אאא

אאאאאK

WאאאSecondary pollutants אאאאPrimary pollutants

אאKאאאאאאאאאאא

אאKאאאWאFאאEאאK

• אFאאWE

אאאאאSmogSmokeFogKאאא

Los Angeles SmogאאאLondon SmogKאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאK١٠٠٠١٩٥٦Kאא

Photochemical SmogאאאאאאאK


- ٧٤ -

− אאAcid RainW אאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאא

א،אאאאאאאאK

אאאאFאאEpH٦}٥אאא٦}٥א

אKאאאאאא٦}٥K

אאאא،אאאאאאא،א

אאא،א١٩٧٠،١٩٨٣אא٣٤٪אא

٥٣٪١٩٨٥Kאא٣٠٪٥٩٪א٥٢٪א٥٩٪٣٨٪،א١٤٪א

אאאK אא،

אאאאאאאאאאאא،אא

אאK אאאא،אא١٨٨٥

א،אאאאאאאאאK

٤ J٢ J٢אW אאאאאאאKאא٧١٪

אא،אאאא١٣٧٠


- ٧٥ -

F٤ J٣E،אאא،F٢}٩٧E٪אא،אFW١٤}٢E٪٢٩

א،א،אאF٦٦}٠E٪٩אאF٢×

١٠١٢E،אאאאK

אאאאא،אאא،אאאא

،אאFא٧٥E٪אא،א،אאאא

אא،א،אאאאאאK

F٤ J٣WEאאא

אאא א

F٣E אא

אE٪F אאאא٢٥}٩٧ ١٣٧٠ א

א٠٥}٢ ٢٩ א

א٦٨}٠ ٥}٩ א

אא٠١}٠ ١٢٥}٠ א א ٠٠٥}٠ ٠٦٥}٠

אא ٠٠١}٠ ٠١٣}٠ ٠٠٠١}٠ ٠٠١٧}٠ א ١٠٠ ٧}١٤٠٨ א

א،אאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאKאא،


- ٧٦ -

א،אאאK

אW

אאאאאאא،א،א،א،אא


٤ J٢ J٢ J١אW

אאאאאKאW

١KאאW

אאאאא،אאאKאאאא

אאאאאKאאאא،אאאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאK

٢KאאאW

אאאאאאאאאא،א،אאא

אאאא،אאאKאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאא،אאאאא


- ٧٧ -

אאKאאאא،אאאאאאא،אאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאאא،א


٣KאW

אאאאאא،אאאאאאאא،אאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאאא،אאאאKאאאאא،אאא

אאאKאאאW

− אאאK − אאאאK − אאK − אאאאאאK − אאאאK − אאאאאK

אאאאאK ٤KאאW

אאאאא،אאאאאאאK

אאאא٥Kאאאא٨


- ٧٨ -

אאאאאאאאאK

٥KאאW אאאאא،א

אאאאאאאא،אKאאאאאאא،

אאאאאאKאאאאאאא

אאK אW

− אאאאאאאK − אאאאאאא،

אאאאK − אאאאא

אאאאK

٦KאאאW

אאאאא،אאא،אאא،אא

א،אאאאK אאא،אאאא

אא،Kאאאאא،אא،אאא

אK


- ٧٩ -

٧KאאW אאאאאא،אאא

אא،אאKאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אKאא،אאKאאא

א،אאאאא١٨א،אאאא

،אאאאאKאאאאא،אאאK

٨KאאW

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאKאא،אאאאאא،אאאא،א

אאK ٩KאאW

אאאאאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאK

אאKאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאK


- ٨٠ -

١٠KאאאW אאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאKא

א،אא،אאאאKאאאא

אאאאא٤٠٪אאאאאK

٤ J٢ J٣אW


אאאאאאאאK אאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאא

א…אKאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאK אאאאאאאא


אK

٤ J٢ J٣ J١אאW אאK


- ٨١ -

WאאW אאאW

Jא


JאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאK

אאW

١K Surface soilWאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאF٤ J٤KE ٢K אSubsoil layerWאא

אאאK ٣K אאSolid layerWאאאאא


F٤ J٤אאאאאא

א אאא(% W/W)

אאא (% V/V)

٧٧}٩٣ ٦٠}٤٦ א א ٨٦}٠ ٧٢}٢٧


- ٨٢ -

٤٧}٠ ١٣}٨ א ٤٣}٠ ٠٠}٥ א

٠٣}١ ٦٣}٢ א ٣٢}١ ٨٣}٢ א

٨٣}١ ٥٩}٢ א א ٢٩}٠ ٠٩}٢

Wאא אאאא

אאא،אאאאאאאTranspirationK

Wאא אאאאאא،א٣٥٪א

אאאאאK

٤ J٢ J٣ J٢אW

אאא،אK

JאאW

J אאWeathering


- ٨٣ -

אאאאאאKאאKאאאא

אאאאKאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

٢٣٪אאאאK אאאאW

١K אאאאK ٢K אאאאאK ٣K אאאאאאK ٤K אאאאא،אאא

אK

J אDesertification אאאאאאאא

אאKאאFאאEאאאאF

אאאאאKE JאאFאE

JאאאאFertilizers אאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאאFאאEאאאאאא

אאאאKא


- ٨٤ -

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

אאאאאאאKאאFא

אEאאאאאאW ١K אאאאאאK ٢K אאאאאאאK ٣K אאאא

،אאK ٤K אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאK ٥K אאאאא10 ppm،א

אאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאK JאאאאPesticides

אאאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאK


- ٨٥ -

אאאאאאאא،אאאאאאא،אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאK אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאא،אK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

א،אאאאאאאאא

Kאאאא

Jאא אאאאאאאKאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאK

Jאא אאאאאF

EאFאאאEאאFאאאKE

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא

א،אאאKאאאאא،אאאאאאא


- ٨٦ -

אKאאאאFEK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

Kא٢٠٪אאאא٨٠٪אאK

J אאאאא

אאאא،אאאFאאEאא

א…אאאאK אאאאא

אאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאK ٤ J٢ J٤אאW

אאאאאאאאאאאאא،אא

אאKאאאאK אאא

אא،אאאאאאאאאK


- ٨٧ -

אאאUnwanted Sound،אאאאאאאאא

K אאאFאEאא،

אאאאKאאאאאאא

Frequency،אאFאאECycleאאאK،אא

אא٢٠א٢٠٠٠٠Kאאאא٢٠٠٦٠٠٠Kאאאא٢٠LאInfrasonicא

٢٠٠٠٠LאUltrasonicK

٤ J٢ J٤ J١אW אאDecibelאא

،א٣٠אא٣٠ J٥٠Kאא

?א?אF٤ J٥KE

F٤ J٥Eאאא،K א אא

אא٢٠ א

٣٠ א א

٣٥ א

٤٥

א٦٠ א

٧٠


- ٨٨ -

١٨ ٨٠

٨٥

א٨ ٩٠ א

J ٩٥ א

א٣٠٠ ١٠٠ FE

א ١١٠ FE

אא ١٢٠ FE

אא ١٣٠ FE

١٥٠ FE

١٨٠ FE

אאאא٢٠٧٠אא،אאא،א

K

٤ J٢ J٤ J٢אW JW

אאאא،אא،אאאKאאא،א

אאאK


- ٨٩ -

JFWE ١K אאאאאאא،

א،،אאאאאאKאא٦٠ J٨٠٪

אא،אאאאאאאאאאK

٢K אאאא،א،אK ٣K אאאאאKא،אא،

אא،אאאא،אK ٤K אאאK

אאא،אא

א٩٠ J٩٥،אKאאא

א٧٥KאF٤ J٦EאאK


- ٩٠ -

F٤ J٦Eאא

א אFE

٩٥ J١٠٠ ٨٠ א J٩٥

אFאאE ٩٠ אFאE ١٤٣–١٦٣

٧٠ א–٩٢ FE ٦٢–٨٤

אFאE٨٥–٩٢ אאFאE ٨٥–٩٠

FאאאE ٨٥–٩٠ ٧٠ א–٨٥

٤ J٢ J٤ J٣אאאW

אאא،אאאאKאאW

JאאאW אאאאאאא،א،א

אאא،א،א،אאאא،אאאK


- ٩١ -

אW ١K אWאאאK ٢K אWאאK ٣K אWאאאאאאאK ٤K אאWאא

K ٥K אאאאאK

JאאאW

אאאאאאאאאאא،אאאאא

אאאא،א،א،א،אא،אאאאאK

אאאאאאאאK JאאW

א٥٠،אאא،،٩٠אא،

אאאאא،F١٢٠EאK

JאאW

אאאאאא،אא،אא

א،אא،אאאאאאאאK


- ٩٢ -

٤ J٢ J٥אאW אאאא،אאאאKאא

אאאKאאKאאאאאאא

אאאK

٤ J٢ J٥ J١אW אאאא

KKKא

אאאאאאW

E = h × f f = c/λ

WEW،אhW(6.62 × 10-34 J.s) ،fW،אcWא(2.99 × 108 m/s)،λWאאK

אF٤ J٧EאאאK


- ٩٣ -

F٤ J٧Eאאאא

א אא(λ)

אא 3 cm> אאFאE 3 - 0.04 cm

אאא 0.780 µm – 400א380 א nm– 780

א10 א nm – 380

א0.01 א nm –10 < 0.01 nm

אאא،

FEאFE،אFאאKE

٤ J٢ J٥ J٢אאW

אאאK،אאK،אKאאאא،

אאאKאאא–אאא،א،

א،אאאאאא،(92U233 , 92U235 ,

92U238)K

٤ J٢ J٥ J٣אאW אאאאאF

EאFאאאEא


- ٩٤ -

אFאאאKEאאאאאאאאא

٤ J٢ J٥ J٤אאW א،

אאKאאHalf-

lifeאא،?אאאא?،אKאאא

אאאKאא(90T234 = 24 days) (83Bi214

= 19.4min)K

٤ J٢ J٥ J٥אאאאW אאאאW

FEאK

JAlphaW אאF٢H٢E،K

אאא،אא،אא،אאאאאא

אאאK

JBetaW אאFEא

אאKאאאאאK

JGammaW


- ٩٥ -

אאאאאKאאא،

אK JאNeutronsW

،אאKאאאאאא،אאK

٤ J٢ J٥ J٦אאאW

אאאW WאאNatural SourcesW

–אאCosmic RayW אאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאא J١٤

א J١٤אא٥٥٦٨אאW

n + 7N14 6C14 + p א J١٤אאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאW


- ٩٦ -

١K אאאWאאאאאK

٢K אאאאWאאאאאאK

JאאאTerresterial RadiationW אאאאאFאא J٢٣٨א J٢٣٤،

אא J٢٢٣א J٤٠א J٨٧E،אא،אא J٢٣٨،אא J٢٣٥،א

J٢٣٢KאאאאאאאאFE،א

אאאאא،אא J٢٠٦א٢٠٧א J٢٠٨K

אאא J٤٠א J٨٧א J٤٠Kא

אאאאאאK אאאאא

Kאאאא JאאאW

אאאא J١٤א J٤٠א J٣FאKEאאאאאא J٢٢٢א J٢٢٠אאאאFאא J٢٣٨א J٢٣٢

אKEאאאאאא،אאאKאא

(Cosmogenic)(B-7 , C-14)א(Premordial)(K-40 , Rb-87 , Po-114)K

WאאFאWE אW


- ٩٧ -

JאאW אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאאאא،אאא٦٠אאKאאאאא

אאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאא،אאאא

אאאאאאא٢٠Kאאאאאאאאאאא

אאK אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאKא

א٦٠אKאאW ١K אאאאK ٢K אאאאאאK ٣K אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאK ٤K אאאאא

אK


- ٩٨ -

JאאאאW אאאאאאאאא

אאאW ١K אאאK ٢K אאאאאאK ٣K אאאאK ٤K אאאK ٥K אאאאאאK ٦K אאאאאאאאK ٧K אאאאאK ٨K אאאאK

JאאאאאW

אאאאא،אאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאא،אאאאאKאאא

،אאאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאא،אאK

JאאW



- ٩٩ -

א،אאאאאאאאאאK


אאK

JאאאW אאאאאאאאK

אאאאאא??٨L١٠L١٩٥٧،אא١٣١א،

אאאאK אאא٢٨L٣L١٩٧٩،א

א٨٠א١٥،٨٣٠K

אא٢٦L٤L١٩٨٦،אא١٥ J٢٠אא١٣١،١ J٢אא١٣٧K

٤ J٢ J٥ J٧אאW

אאאאאאאא،

אW


- ١٠٠ -

JאאW אאאאK

JאאW אאאאאאא

W

• אאW

(H2O)+ OH + H2 • אאW

H2O + e (H2O)-

• אאW

(H2O)- (OH)- + H

• אאאאW

OH + OH H2O2 JאאW

אאאא،אא،אאאא

אאאאFאEאK JאאW


- ١٠١ -

אאאאאאאאאאא

אאK אאאא

אאאאאאאאK


- ١٠٢ -

אא

אאאK אאאW؟א

אאאWאאאאK אאאWאאאאK אאאאWאא؟

אאאW؟אא אאאWאאאאאK

אאאWאאK אאאWאא؟א אאאW؟אא אאאW؟א

אאאW؟א אאאW؟א אאאWא؟אא אאאאW؟אא

אאאWא؟אא אאאW؟אאאא

אאאW؟אא אאאW؟אא


- ١٠٣ -

אאא אאאW


אאאW

אאאW ١ J אאאאK ٢ J אאאאאאאK ٣ J אאאאאאK ٤ J אאא،א،אאאאאא

Kא٥ J אאאאאאK

אאאW

אאאW ١ J אCarbon Oxides FאCO

אCOEK ٢ J אNitrogen Oxides ٣ J אSulphur Oxides ٤ J אHydrogen Sulphide ٥ J אHydrogen Fluoride

אאאאW

אאאStratosphereא٢٢אאאOzonlayerאKא

אאאאאאאא،אאאK


- ١٠٤ -

אאא،אאאאFEא


אא،אא،א

אאKאאאאאאאאאאא،אא

אא،אאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאW

אאאאאW

אא،אאK



- ١٠٥ -

CF2Cl2 + hv CF2Cl* + Cl*

CFCl3 + hv CFCl2* + Cl*

אא[Cl*]א،אאW

Cl* + O3 O2 + OCl*

OCl* + [O] Cl* + O2


אאאWאW

١ J אאSettling Particulates ٢ J אאאTotal Suspended Particulates ٣ J אאאFine Suspended Particulates

אאאW

אאאW ١ J אאK ٢ J אאאאK ٣ J אאK ٤ J FEאK

אאK


- ١٠٦ -

אאאWאW ١ J אאK ٢ J אאאK ٣ J אK ٤ J אאK ٥ J אאK ٦ J אאאK ٧ J אאK ٨ J אאK ٩ J אאK

١٠ J אאאK

אאאWאאאW • אאאK • אאאאK • אאK • אאאאא

אK • אאאאK • אאאאאK

אאאאאK

אאאW אאאW

J אאאאאא

אאאאאK


- ١٠٧ -

J אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאK אאW

J אאSurface soilWאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאK J אSubsoil layerWאא

אאאK J אאSolid layerWאאאא


אאאW

אW WW

١K אאWeatheringK ٢K אDesertificationK

WאאFאEW

١ J אאאאFertilizersK ٢ J אאאאPesticidesK ٣ J אאK ٤ J אאK ٥ J K


- ١٠٨ -

אאאW אאDecibelאא

،א٣٠אא٣٠ J٥٠Kאא

?אK?

אאאW אW

W

אאאא،אא،אאאKאאא،א

אאאK FWE

١ J אאאאאאא،א،،אא

אאאאKאא٦٠ J٨٠٪אאאאא،אא

אאאאאK ٢ J אאאא،א،אK ٣ J אאאאאKא،אא،

אא،אאאא،אK ٤ J אאאK


- ١٠٩ -

אאאW אאאW

١ J אאאK ٢ J אאאK ٣ J אאK

אאK

אאאאW

אאאK،אאK،אKאאאא،

אאאKאאא–אאא،א،

א،אאאאאא،(92U233 , 92U235 , 92U238)K

אאאW א،

אאKאאHalf-lifeאא،?אאאא

?،אKאאאאאאKאא

(90T234 = 24d) (83Bi214 = 19.4min)K אאאW

אאאאWFE،אK


- ١١٠ -

AlphaW אאF٢H٢E،K

אאא،אא،אא،אאאאאא

אאאK

BetaW אאFEא

אאKאאאאאK

GammaW אאאא

אKאאא،אK

אNeutronsW

،אאKאאאאאא،אאK


- ١١١ -

אאאW אאW

١ J אאCosmic RayK ٢ J אאאTerresterial RadiationK ٣ J אאאK

אאאW אאW

١ J אאK ٢ J אאאאK ٣ J אאאאאK ٤ J אאK ٥ J אאאK

אאאא

אא

א

א

٥

א ١٥٢ אא א א אא

- ١١١ -

אאW אאאאK

אאW

אאW ١- אאK ٢- אאK ٣- אאאK ٤- אאK ٥- אאאK ٦- אאאK ٧- אאK

אאאW

١٢K

אאW אאK


- ١١٢ -

אא

אאאאאאאאKא

אאKאWאאאאאאא،אW

אKאאK

٥ J١אא אאאאא

אאאאא…אאאאאאא

אKאאW

WShort term survey אאאא

אאאK

Wא??Long term (Continuous) survey אאאאאW

١K אאאK ٢K אאאK ٣K אאאK

אאאאאאאאא

W


- ١١٣ -

אWאאאאאא אF(High technology samplers،FW

אא،אאאאאKאאאאא…KאEK

אW ١K אאאK ٢K אK ٣K אK ٤K אK ٥K אאאאאאאK ٦K אאאאאאFE WאאאLow technology monitors) E

אאאאK

אאWאאאThe biological monitors אW

J אאאאThe environmental biological monitor J אאאThe environmental biological indicator

אWאאK אWאאK

אאאK

אאאאWאאאאאאאאאK אאאאאW

١K אאאא?אאK?


- ١١٤ -

٢K אאא?אאK? ٣K אK ٤K אאאאK

٥ J١ J١אאאאW

אאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאW

١K אאThe leaves ٢K אThe trunks ٣K א The tree rings ٤K אThe barks

אאאאW

١K אThe Nerium oleander ٢K אThe Phoenix dactylifera

٥ J١ J٢אאאW

אאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאWאMossesא

LichensK אאאאIndigenous K

אאאאK אאאאאאא

א Moss BagsK


- ١١٥ -

٥ J٢אאW ٥ J٢ J١אאאW

אאאאאאאאאא،אא،אא

אאKאאאא،א،אאאאא،א

،א،אאK אאאאאאW

WאאאW

אאאאאא،W

١ J אאא،אאאאFאאאאא…אE

אKאאאאאK ٢ J אW

E אאאאאK E אאאאאK E אאאאאא E אאאאK

٣ J אאאא،אאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

אאאK ٤ J אאאא

אאK ٥ J אאאאK


- ١١٦ -

٦ J אאאאאאאאKאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאאאאאא،אאK

٧ J אאאאאFאEאאFאE،אא

אאאאאאאאאאאא،אאאאאK

WאאאW

אאאאא،Kאאאא

אאא…א،אאא،א،K

WאאאאW

אאאאאאאאW

J אאאK J אאאאאאא

אK J אאאאאK

JאאFאאEאאאאאK

אאאW ١K אאאאאאאאK ٢K אאאאK


- ١١٧ -

٣K אאאא،אאאאאאK

٤K אאאאא،אאK

٥K אאאאא،אאא Wאאא

E אאאאK E אאאאאK E אאאאK E אאאאאאK E אאאאK

אאאאאא،אאאאW

–אאאElectrostatic precipitator

אאאאK



אKאא٥}٩٩٪אאאK –אאFאEBaghouse Filter

א Jא Jא Jאא…אK


- ١١٨ -

אאאאאאאאאאא،Kאא

אאKאא،אאאאאK

JאWet Scrubbers

אאאאאאאאא

KאאאF٨٠ J٩٥٪אאKE

JאאMechanical Collector (Cyclones)

אאאא،אאK


אאאK

٥ J٢ J٢אאW אאאאא

אאאK JאאW

אאא،W ١K אאאאאאאאאK ٢K אאאאא،אאאאא

אאאא


- ١١٩ -

،אאאאאאK

٣K ،אאאאאאאאאאK

٤K אא،אאאאאאאK

٥K אאאאאאאאאאאאK

א،אאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאK אאאאא


אא،אאאאאאאאאאא،

> JאWaste Water Treatment

אאאאאאאאKאאאא

W • אאאאאאאK • אאאאאאאאK • אאאאK


- ١٢٠ -

• אאאאאאK • אאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאאK


א،אאאאW

WPreliminary treatment

אW ١ J אScreens


٢ J אאGrit chambers

אאאאאאאאאאא،אאאאא

אאאאאאאאK

WאאאPrimary treatment אאאאאאא،

אאאאאאאאאא٥٥٪אאא

،אאא٤٠٪،


- ١٢١ -

אאאאאאא٣٠אא،אFאאאאאאא

אE،אאאאאאK

WאאBiological treatment אאאא،א

אאא،אאאTrickling filtersאאFאאActivated sludgeEאאא

אאK ١ J אאTrickling filters

אאאאאאא،אFאאאEא

،אאאאאאא،אא

אאאאאFאאאאאEאאא،אאא

אאאאאאאאאSecondary settling tanksאאאK

٢ J אאActivated sludgeFאאE

אאאא،אאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאא،אאאאא

אאאאאאאאK


- ١٢٢ -

٣ J אאFinal sedimentation אאאאא،אאא،אאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאF٥ J١WE

אF٥ J١WEאאאאא

א

אE٪F

א

٥ J١٠ ٢ J١٠ ٢٠ J٢٠ אא ٢٥ J٤٠ ٤٠ J٢٥ ٧٠ J٧٥

٨٥ J٨٠ ٩٥ J٩٠ ٩٠ J٩٥ ٧٠ J٧٠ ٨٥ J٨٥ ٨٥ J٩٠

٨٥ J٨٥ ٩٥ J٩٠ ٩٥ J٩٨

٤ J אאW אאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאא٣٠א،אאא

אא٢}٠א٣}٠א،א٩}٩٩٪אאאKאF٥ J٢Eאא

אאאW


- ١٢٣ -

אF٥ J٢WEאאאא

אאFLE

٦ א J٢٤

אא٣ א J١٢

א٣ א J٩

א٢ א J٩

אאאאאאאאאאאF٥ J٣EאאאאאW

אF٥ J٣WEאאאאאאאאא

א אאאFLE אא١٠ א

אאא١٠ א ٥ א ١}٠ א

١}٠ א ٥}٠ א

א ٠١}٠ ٢٨٠ א א ٠٥}٠

٤}٠ א ٠٥}٠ א

٠}٢ א ٠}٥ א


- ١٢٤ -

١}٠ א ٠٧}٠ א

٢}٠ א ٠٠١}٠ א

٠١}٠ א ٠٢}٠ א ٠}١٠ א

א٦ א J٤}٨ ٠٢}٠ א ١}٠ א

٠}٤ א ٠٠١}٠ א

אא אColiform (Fecal) ٠}٥٠L אColiform (Total) ٢}٢L١٠٠

٥ J٢ J٣אא אאאאאא

אאאאאאאW ١K אאאאאאא

אK ٢K אאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאK ٣K אאאאאאא.


- ١٢٥ -

٤K אאאאאFאאאאאאאEאאאאא

אאאK ٥K אאאאאאאאאא

אאK ٦K אאאאאK

٥ J٢ J٤אאW

אא،אאאאאא،אאאאW

J אאאאאאאK

J אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK


J אאאאאאאאאK J אאאאאאאאאאW

١K אאאאאK ٢K אאאאאאF

אאאאאE ٣K אאאאא،אאאאא

אאאאאאאK ٤K אאא

אאאK ٥K אאאאאאאאאא

אאאK


- ١٢٦ -

٥ J٢ J٥אאSolid Waste TreatmentW אא

אאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאאKאאאW

JאאSanitary landfillW

אאאאKאאאאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאא،אאאאK

אאאאאאאאF٥א J١KE

אאאאאW ١ J אאאאא

אאK ٢ J אאאאאK ٣ J אFEאK ٤ J אאאאאאK

אאאאW ١ J אאK ٢ J אאאK ٣ J אאK ٤ J אאאאאK


- ١٢٧ -

אF٥ J١WEאאאא

JאאIncinerationW אאאאא

אW J אאTemperatureK

J אTimeK J אTurbulenceK

אאאאאKאאאאW ١K א،א٨ J١٥٪

אא،אאאאK ٢K אאאאאK ٣K אאאאאאK

אאאאא،אאאאאאאאא،


- ١٢٨ -

אאאאאKאF٣ J٢EאK

אF٥ J٢WEא

JאאאאSea and Ocean DumpingW


- ١٢٩ -


אK

٥–٣אאRecyclingW אאאאא،א

אאאאאאאאKאאW

J אאאאאK J אאא J אאאאK J אאאK

٥ J٤אאא

٥ J٤ J١אאאאא

١Kאאא

אאא א א١٠٠١٩٩٠ א א א ١١٥ ١}٢ ٪

אאאKאF٥ J٣EאאאאאאאK


אאאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאאא١٥٥אא١٩٧١ J١٩٨٤אאאאאא


- ١٣٠ -

א٣٠٠٠٠ א K אאאאאאK

אF٥ J٣WEאאאאאא

٢Kאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאאאKאF٥ J٤Eא

אאאא١٩٧٨K

אאאאאאאאK


- ١٣١ -

אF٥ J٤WEאאא١٩٧٨אFא?אאאא?E

Jאאא

א Barrett Waddell א א א א אF٥ J٤ KEא א א אא

FאאאאEאאאK

אF٥ J٤WEאאאFE

א

א

א

א

א

א

א

א

א

א

א

א

א

Em

phys

ema

א

א

אא٥١٨١٨٦J ٣٢٩ ٦٢ ٥٩ א ٣٥٨٩J٢٠٠ ٧٣ J ١٣٨

א ١١٢٥٢J١٣١ ٧٥ J ٦٠ א ٦٦٥١٥٩٦٣٣١ ٤٧٧ ٦٤ ٢٥٧


- ١٣٢ -

Jאאא

١٩٨٧אW

١ K אozone א אא ١ J٥א א א אאK

٢Kא٠٥}٠אאאאאאאאא١٢אK٪

٣K١٠٪אאאאאK

Jאאאא

אאאא٤}٥א٥}٧١٩٧٨٢}٧K

אא א א א א א אאאF٥ J٥EאאK

אF٥ J٥WEאאא

אאFאאEאא

א ٧٠ אא٨٤

אFאE٥٦ א٧٠

אא١٤٧ אא٢٨٠

א ٧٠٧


- ١٣٣ -

Jאאא

١٩٦٨אאאאא٤}٣٤}٨K١٩٧٠ J١٩٧٨אא٥}٥٥}٧٧

אFאEא٢٠٪אאא١}١٩}٨K

Jאאאא


אאאאאK

٥ J٤ J٢אאאא

١Kאא

אאאאאאאא K א א

א א א Kא אאאא?אאאאאK?

٢Kאא

אאאאאאאאאK١٩٧٨אNemerowאאאא



- ١٣٤ -

א K א F٥ J٥ E א א אאFreeman (1979)K

אF٥ J٥WEאאא

٥ J٤ J٣אא

١Kאא

אאאFאEאאW

JאWאאאאא١}٠٪אא،٣}٠K٪

JאWאאא،אא٥٠אK


- ١٣٥ -

JאWאאאאK

JאWאא،אאא،אאאאאא

אאאא،אאאא،א،אאא

אK

אאאFא Eאא ،אאאאאאא

א א א אא א ،א אא א א אאאא،אאאFאאE،

א א א Fא א א א אE ، F אאאא E ،א א

א אאא אאאFאא E،אאאFאEאאא

אאאאFאאאאאאאאאאאKE

אאאאאאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאא،אאאFאאEא

אKאאאאאאאאאאא،אא،א،

אא א אא אFאאאאאEK

אאאאאאאW


- ١٣٦ -

١ JאאאאאאאK

٢ JאאאאאאאאאאK

٣ J،אאאאאאא٣W١

٤ JאאאאאאאK

٥ J א ،אא א אKאאאאאאאא

Wאאאאא

Jאאא

אא Fא Eא א ، אאא א ،אא،

אא ،א א אא، אא ،א א א ،אא א

אאK

אאאאאאא ،אא א א א א ،

אאאאאאא،אאאא ،אאא א אא א אא ٨}٠ אא א ،אא

א א٢٥٠ J٣٥٠ ،אא א א אא ١٣٥٠ ،אאאא،

אא אאא אאאא אא אא،אאאאFאאאאEא

א אא ،א א א ٣٠


- ١٣٧ -

א،١٠א،٢٢א،א א א א א٤א

אK

א א אא ، Fא א א א Eא

אאאאאאא،אאאאF

א E א א א ?א ? אK

א א אא٧٠٪אאא אאא א א א א ،

א א אאאאאאאK

אFא١٩٩٦EWאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאא،אא אאאאאאא א א

،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אא،א،،אא،אאאאK

Jאאאאא

אא،אאאאאאFאאאאאאאEא،א

،אאאאא


- ١٣٨ -

،א א א א א א אאא١٦אK

אא אא אאאאאאאאאFאאא

،אאאאEאאאאאאאFאאאאאE، אא

אאF א Eא ،Fאא،אא،

אא א א E אא ، א Fא אE ،Fא א E ،

א Fא א אE א ،Fא אאאאKE

אאאW

Jאאאאאאאאא،א،א

אאאאאא،אאK

J א א א א Fא א אא Eא،אK

JאאאאאאאאK

Jאא

אאאאאאKא?אאא?

אאאאאא


- ١٣٩ -

אאאאאאאאאאאאאK

Jאאאא

אאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאFאאEpneumonia

אאאאK

אאW JאאW

١ JאאאFEאK

٢ J،אאאא،אאאאאאאאאאFEאK

٣ JאאאאאאK ٤ JאאאאאK ٥ JאאאK ٦ Jאא،אK ٧ JאאאאאאK

JW ١ Jא،אאאאאא

אאאאK


- ١٤٠ -

٢ Jאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאK

٣ JאאאאFאאEאאאאאאK

אאא،،אאאFאאE،

אאאאאK

٤ JאאאאאאאFאאאE،אא

אאאאאאאK

٢Kא

אאאאא،אאאא٦٥٠F١٩٩٥E٦٪،


אW

١ Jאא،אאאFאאאאאאEK

٢ JאאאFאאאאאאEא،FאEK

٣ Jאאאא،אאאאאK


- ١٤١ -

٤ JאאWאאאא،אאאא،א

،אאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאW

١ J،אאFאE،א،אאא،

א،אאאאאאאאאאאאF

אאאאאאאEא،אאאאאאא

אאאFאאאEK

٢ JאאאאאאFאאE،אK

٣ JFEאאאאאאK

٣Kאאא

אאא١٥،אא١٥٠٠ J٢٠٠٠א،אאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאא، ،א א א א א א ،א א

אאK


- ١٤٢ -

אאFאEא،אFאאאאאא א א א א אE אא، א א

FאאאEא،אאאKאא،אאFאאא

אEא،אFא،אאאאEאא،

،אא،אא،אאאK

אאאאאאאאFאE،אאאאא

א א א א ،א א אאאא،א

א א א א א א٧٠٪אאא،אאאא

אא ،אא א א ،א אאK

אאאא،אאאאאאFאEא

אא אא ، K א א אא אאאאFאאאאE،

Fאאא،אאאEאאא،אאאאאאאK

אאאאאW

١ JאW،אאאאא،אאא،אF

אE،Fאאאא


- ١٤٣ -

אאאאאאE،אאFאאאEאא،

א،אאFאE،אא،F

אEאאא،אאא،،א،אאאא

אא،אFאאאאאKE

٢ JאאאאאאאWאאאאאאFאאאאאEא

אאFאEא،אאאאאא،

אאFאאאאאא،אא،אאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאE،אאאאא،אFא

אE،אאאאאאאאאDDT

אאEאאא،،،אאא،אא

א،אאאאא،אאאאאא،אא

אאאאאאאאאא،אא،אאא

אאאאK

אאW


- ١٤٤ -

١. אאאאאK

٢. אאK

٣. אFאEאאאאאK

٤. ?א?א אאא،א אאא،אאא

אא،אאK

٥. אFאאE،אאאאאאאא א

K

٦. אאאאאאFאאEאאאאאאK

٧. אאאאאK

٨. אאאאאאK

٩. א א אא א א ،אא אK

١٠. אK

١١. אא א אא אא אאאK

٤Kא

١ Jאא،،אK

٢ JאאאאK


- ١٤٥ -

٣ JאאאאK

٤ Jאא،אא،אא،אאK

KK

٥ JאאאאאאאK

٦ J٩٠٪ אא א،א K

٧ Jאאאאא٥٠٠K٪

٨ J،אאא،אאאאאאאאא،אא

אK

٩ JאאאאאאאאF E ،، א א א

א א א א א אא ، אאK

١٠ JאאK

١١ J٢٠٠א א אאאK٦٠٠אאK

١٢ Jאאאא٦،٤٢،אאאאאאF

אאאאאKE

١٣ JאאאאאK


- ١٤٦ -

١٤ Jאאאאאאא אאא

אK

١٥ Jאאאאאאאא٧٠٪אאאK

١٦ J א ، א א ،،،אK

٥ J٤ J٤?אLאא?אאאא

א F٥ J٦ E א א אF W١ E א א F٢EאאF٣EאאאF٤EאאאKאא

slopeאאאאאאאאאאKאF٥ J٦E

א א א exponential א א אK

אF٥ J٦WEאאאאK


- ١٤٧ -

٥ J٥אא אאאא،אא،א

،אאאאאאאאאאאאK

Wא،אאאא،אK

אאאאאאאאKאאא٣١אKא

אאא،אאW

FאאאאE FאL٢٢٢E

Fא،E FאL٤ J٥E

FאאאE FאL٢٢٢E

FאE אL٦

FאאאE אL١٠٨

אאאא J J?Wאא?א،אאאאאK

J JW

?אאא Jאאאא JאK

?،אא? JאאKאאאא،אאK

א J JאKאאאKאאא J JW

?אא?אא JאK


- ١٤٨ -

،א،אאאאאאאא،אאאKWFאא

אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאE אL٤١

FE אאL٥٣

FאE אL٥٦

FאE אL١٠٣

אWא،א،א،אK

KאW

،אא J JW

?אא،אא? JאאאK

J JW

?אא? JאאאאאKאאאKאK،אא

אאאא،אאK

אאאאאWאאאK

אWKאאאK

WFאאאאאאE אL٤٣

Fאאאא


- ١٤٩ -

E אL٢٢٢

Jא Jא J J،א JאאK

Jא Jאא J Jא،،?WF١EF٢E،K?W؟?W

K?W؟?W،אK?F١E،WאF٢E JאאFzK١EאW،F٢EWx

אאאאאאK

א Jא JWא J J?WאאK?

אאאאK،אאאK

אאאאאK

،אאא،אאאאאאאKFKEJ. HillאPathology

אאאאאאא،Kאאאא،א

،אאFEJ. Thomsonאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאKאFEא

אאאא،אא?،אK

אאא،אאאFאאאWEFאאאאאא


- ١٥٠ -

אKאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאא،אKאאאאאאKאא

אאאK?א J J?Wא،א،

? JאK

אאאאאאKWFאאאאאאאאאאEFאL٦KE

،אאאא Jא J Jא J،א

،אא،אא،،Wא J J،א

W?،،א?K

א،אאKאאאא،אKאא

אאK

Jא Jא J Jא J J،אאא،،،א

א، JאאK

אאאאאאK

א Jא JWא J JW

?،אאא،،،אא،،א

אא? JאאK


- ١٥١ -

אאאאאאאK،אא،אאא،א

אאאאאאK

Jא Jא J JW?،? JאאאאK

אאאאאאא،אאאאאKאאאאא

אאאאאא،אאKאא،אאאK

،א،אאאאאאאא JFEVindoffFSkin

and Veneral DiseasesEאKאאאאאאK،אאא

אאKאא J JW

?? JאאK

אאאK

J J?Wא? JאאK

אאאאאא،אאאאאFאאא J

JEFEFאאאE،W

?אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאא،אאא،אא،אK?


- ١٥٢ -

אאאאאאאאאKא،אאאאאא

אK،אאאאאאאKאאא،אא J JW

?،אאא? JאאאK

Jא JWא J JW

?אאא،א،אאא?אאK

א J JW

?אWאאאאא? JאאאK

א J J Jאאאא،אK

אאא J JW

?אא? JK

אאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאSalvadora Persica،אאאW

١K FEאאK

٢K אאאאK

٣K אאאאK

٤K FEאאאK

٥K אאאאאאK

٦K אאאאאאK


- ١٥٣ -

٧K אK

אאאאאא،אאאאאאאKא،

א J JאK

א Jא JWא J JW

?אא? JאאאK

אאאKאאKאאאאאא،אא

אK

אאW

،אאא J JFאEא،K

Jא Jא J JW

?،אאW،א،א،אא،אאE JK

אאאאאKאאW،אאאKאאא

אאא،אא،אאK

אאKאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאK

אאא Jא،אאאא،אK


- ١٥٤ -

א،אאאא،،،אאאאK

אא،אא،אא،K

KאW

אאאאאKאאאאאאW

FאE FאאL٣١E

א J Jא،אKא J J،W?א

? JאאK

J Jא،אאאאאK

אאאאאKאאאאאא?K

WFE FאL٤E

אא J JW??א J JאאאאאאK

אאאאאאK KאW

،אאא J J


- ١٥٥ -

?א،א،א،אא،אאא? JאאK


א،אאא،אאאאאא،אאאאאאאא

،אאK

א Jא JאאאאאאאאKא–א

אKאאאKאאאאאK

אWאאאאא،KאאאאW

١K אאאאK

٢K אאאK

٣K אאFאאאאKE

٤K אא،אK

٥K אK

٦K אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאKא J J

،אא،אא J JW?אWאא،אאא،אא،אא? JאאK

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאKא


- ١٥٦ -

אאKאאאאאאאאאאK

אאFאאEאאאאאKאאFאE،

אאאא Jא JאאK

אFאE،א،אWFאEאא،،אאאאאK

אWאאאאאאK

אאאאא، J JW

?אא? JאאK

אאאאאא،אאאאאאא

K

א Jאאאא JאאאאKאאW،א

א،K

א،אאא،אאאאאKאFEGeoffrey Lapage

FאאאאEFאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאKE

،אאאאאא،K


- ١٥٧ -

א J JW?אאאא?K

אאאאFאאאHumusK

אאאא،אFאאEKאאאאK

אאאKא J JאאאKא J J

W

?אא? JאאK

א Jא Jא J JW

?،אא،אאא،אא،אאא،،،אא،א

אא? JאאK

Wאאא،א

?،אאא،אאא،אא،אאאWאא،אאאאא?K

אאאאא،אKFאEאאאאא

אאאK

אאאאאאאאאאKא Jאאא J

אא،אאאאאאאאאאאא،אאאאאאK


- ١٥٨ -

KאW

אאKW

FאאEFאL٩٩E

אאאא،،אאאאא

אאאאא،אאאאאאK

אאאאאK

אאאKא،אאKאאאאאK

א،אאאאאאFאאEאאאאא،

FאEאאאא،K

א J J Jאאאאא Jאאא J،אאאאאK

אאאאWאK

אאאאאK،אאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאKאאאאאF

אEK

א J JW

?אאאאWאא،א،אא? JאאK


- ١٥٩ -

אאאאאאא J JאאאKאאאאאאא

אאאאאK،אאאאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאKאFEאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאFאאEאאאK

אאאאאאא،אאאאאא JFאאאKE

אKאאFWאאKE

٥ J٥ J١אאאW

אאFWאאKE

אאאאאאאK

אאאא،אאאאאא،אאאאא

אK

א J١٤ Jאא،אאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאKאאא،W


- ١٦٠ -

א Jאאאא،א،אא،אאK

٢ JאאאאאK

٣ Jא

٤ JאאאKאK

٥ J٥ J٢אאאW

א J JאאאאאאאKאאאא

אK

אאאאאאא،אא

אאא،אאא،אאאאאKא

WאKאא

FאאE FאL١٠٣E

אאאאW

א Jא،אאאאK

٢ JאאאK

٣ Jאאאאאאאאא،אאK

٤ Jאאאא،אאK


- ١٦١ -

٥ JאאאאאאאאאאאKKK،אאאאא،

אאאאאאKאא

אאאFאאאEFאL٦٠E،א J JאFאא?K

٥ J٥ J٣אאאאאW

FWאאאאאאאאאאE FאL٣EK

אאאאא Jאאא،אאאאא

אאאא،אא،אא

אאKאאאאאאKאאאא،א

،אאאאאאא،אאאאאאאKאא

Wא

١K ،אאאK

٢K אאK

٣K אא،אאK

٤K אאK

٥K אWאאאK


- ١٦٢ -

٦K אאאאא،אאאא،אאאא

אאא،אאK

،אW

١K אאאאא،אאאK

٢K ،KאאK

٣K א،א،אאאאK

٤K א،אא،אאאאאא،אא،א،אאאK

אאאWאK

אאאKW

FEFאL١٤٥E

אאW

١K אאא،א،،אאאאK

٢K אא،אאאאFאאEUraemiaאאא

א?ComaK


- ١٦٣ -

٣K אאאאאאאאא،،אאאKאאא،א

K

٤K א،א،אאKאאFאFibrinKE

٥K אאאאא،אאאא،אK

אאאאאאאא،אאKאאאאאא،אWאFאEא،א

FEWeilsא،אאKאאאאTaenia Soliumאאא،Trichonella SpiralisK

אאא،אאאאאאK

WFאאEFאL٤KE

W

FאאאאאאאEFאאL٣٢E

אאאאWאאאWFאEFאL٥E

אKWFאאאEFאL١٤E

אKW

F،אEFאL٦٦E

WאאאאK


- ١٦٤ -

אאאאWאKW

FאאאאאאאEFאL٩٠E

אאFEא،אא،K،א،אא،אאאאאא

אאKאאאאאאKאא،אא،אאFאאE،

אאאאא،אאא،אאאאK

٥ J٥ J٤אW

אאאKאאאאאא،אK

אFאאET-CellsאאאKא،אאאאאא

אK

אאFE Jאאאא JאFWאWאאאE،אW

١K ?אאאאאK

٢K אאK

٣K אK

٤K אאאK،אאאK

٥K אאאK


- ١٦٥ -

٦K אK

٧K א،אא،אאK

٨K אאאFWאאEא،K?

אFאEFאEאאאא،אאW

?،א،אאK

א Jא JאאאK?


- ١٦٦ -

אא

אאאK

אאאW؟אאאא אאאW؟אאא אאאWאאאאא؟א אאאאW؟אאאאא

אאאWא؟אאאאאא אאאWאאאאאא؟אא

אאאWאאא؟אאאאא אאאW؟אא אאאWאאאא؟אא אאאWאאאאא؟

אאאW؟אא אאאWאאאא

אאאאאאK


- ١٦٧ -

אאא אאאW

אאאאאאא،א،אא…

אאאאאאאאK

אאאW

אאאW ١ J אאאK ٢ J אאא ٣ J אאאK

אאאW

אאאאאאW ١ J אאאK ٢ J אK ٣ J אK ٤ J אK ٥ J אאאאאאאK ٦ J אאאאאאFKE

אאאאW

אאאאאW ١K אאאא?אאK? ٢K אאא?אאK? ٣K אK ٤K אאאאK


- ١٦٨ -

אאאWאאאאאאW ١K אאאK ٢K אאאK ٣K אאאאK ٤K אאאאאאאאK

אאאWאאאאאאאW

١ J אאא،אאאאFאא،אא

א…EאKאאאאאK ٢ J אW

E אאאאאK E אאאאאK E אאאאאא E אאאאK

٣ J אאאא،אאאאאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאK ٤ J אאאא

אאK אאאWאאאאאאאW

١ J אאאElectrostatic precipitatorK ٢ J אאFאEBaghouse FilterK ٣ J אWet ScrubbersK ٤ J אאMechanical Collector (Cyclones)

אאאWאאW

١K אאPreliminary treatment؛FאאאKE


- ١٦٩ -

٢K אאאPrimary treatmentאאאא؛K ٣K אאBiological treatment؛Fאא

אא?אא?אאאאKE

אאאW אאאאאא

אאאאאאאW ١K אאאאאאא

אK ٢K אאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאK ٣K אאאאאאאK ٤K אאאאאFא

אאאאאאEאאאאאאאאK

٥K אאאאאאאאאאאאK

٦K אאאאאK

אאאW אאאאאW

J אאאאאאאK




- ١٧٠ -

J אאאאאאאאאK

J אאאאאאאאאאW

١K אאאאאK ٢K אאאאאאF

אאאאאE ٣K אאאאא،אאאאא

אאאאאאאK

אאאW אאW

١K אאSanitary landfillK ٢K אאIncinerationK ٣K אאאאSea and Ocean DumpingK ٤K אאRecycling

א ١٥٢ אא

א א

אא ١K،،F١٩٨٥E،אאאאאא،

،אאא١אא، JאאK

٢KK،אF١٩٩٢Eאא،אאא،Wאאאא،א JאK

٣KאאאKאא،אאא،–אK١٩٨٧K

٤KאאKאאאKא،א،א،١٤١٣K

٥KאאKאאKאאא،١٤١١אK

٦KאאKKאאא،–אא،–K١٤١٠K

٧KאאK J JK،אאא،١٤٠٥K

٨KאאKאאKאאא،K١٤١٢K

٩KאKאאKאא،١٤١٦K

١٠KאKאאאאאKאאא–א،١٤٢٢K

١١KאKאא،אאא،١٩٩٧K

١٢KאאאKאאאאKאאאא،١٩٩٦K

١٣KאאKאאאKא،א،א،١٤١٣K

א ١٥٢ אא

א א

١٤KאאKאKא،١٤٠٩K

١٥KאאאKאKאא،١٤١٤K

١٦KאWאFKאאKא،١٩٩٣K

١٧KאKאאאKאK٢٠٠٢

١٨KKupchella C.E. and Hyland M.C., Environmental Science, Prentice Hall International Editions, 3rd Edition,1993.

א ١٥٢ א

א א

א אא

אאWא ١ J١א ٢ ٢-١אא ٦ ٣-١אאאא ٧ ٤-١אא ٨ ٥-١אא ٨ ١ J٥ J١אא ٨ ١ J٥ J٢אאא ٩ ٦-١אאאא ٩ ٧-١אאא ١٠ ٨-١אאא ١١

אא ١٢ אאא ١٣

אאWאאאא ٢ J١אא ١٦ ٢ J٢א ١٧ ٢ J٣א ٢١ ٢ J٤א ٢٤ ٢ J٥א ٢٨ ٢ J٦אא ٢٨ ٢ J٦ J١א ٢٩ ٢ J٦ J٢אא ٢٩ ٢ J٦ J٣א ٢٩ ٢ J٧אאא ٢٩

אא ٣٣

א ١٥٢ א

א א

אאא ٣٤

אאWא ٣ J١אא ٣٧ ٣ J٢א ٣٧ ٣ J٣אא ٣٨ ٣ J٤אא ٤١ ٣ J٥אאא ٤١ ٣ J٥אא ٤١

אא ٤٤ אאא ٤٥

אאאWא ٤ J١א ٤٩ ٤ J٢אא ٥٢ ٤ J٢ J١אא ٦٨ ٤ J٢ J٢א ٧٤ ٤ J٢ J٣א ٨٠ ٤ J٢ J٤אא ٨٦ ٤ J٢ J٥אא ٩١

אא ١٠٠ אאא ١٠١

אאWאא ٥ J١אא ١١١ ٥ J١ J١אאאא ١١٣ ٥ J١ J٢אאא ١١٣ ٥ J٢אא ١١٤ ٥ J٢ J١אאא ١١٤

א ١٥٢ א

א א

٥ J٢ J٢אא ١١٧ ٥ J٢ J٣אא ١٢٣ ٥ J٢ J٤אא ١٢٤ ٥ J٢ J٥אא ١٢٥ ٥ J٣אא ١٢٨ ٥ J٤אאא ٥ J٤ J١אאאאא ١٢٨ ١Kאאא ١٢٨ ٢Kאאא ١٢٩ ٥ J٤ J٢אאא ١٣٢ ١Kאא ١٣٢ ٢Kאא ١٣٢ ٥ J٤ J٣אא ١٣٣ ١Kאא ١٣٣ ٢Kא ١٣٩ ٣Kאאא ١٤٠ ٤Kא ١٤٣ ٥ J٤ J٤?אLאא?אאאא ١٤٥ ٥ J٥אא ١٤٦

אא ١٦٥ אאא ١٦٦

אא ١٧٠

environnementologieعلم البيئة

Documents