課後評量position statement of ada & easd: antiglycemic therapy for t2dm published online before...

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課後評量 (醫師領域)

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  • 課後評量

    (醫師領域)

  • 問題一(醫)

    What are the indications for the use of

    DPP-4 inhibitors in the treatment of type

    2 diabetes?

    此患者已使用gliclazide,但因血糖未達目標 、故加上 DPP-4抑制劑(二肽基酶-4 抑制劑) 。

    DPP-4抑制劑的適應症為何?

  • 個案討論 – (醫師): 解答 1

    Indications for use of DPP-4 inhibitors in T2 DM

    Not considered as initial therapy for the majority of patients

    Can be considered as monotherapy in patients who

    are intolerant of or have contraindications to metformin,

    sulfonylurea (SU), or thiazolidinediones (TZD)

    Add-on combination therapy in patients with inadequate

    glycaemic control on metformin, a TZD, a SU &

    insulin

  • Position Statement of ADA & EASD:

    Antiglycemic therapy for T2DM

    Published online before print April 19, 2012, doi: 10.2337/dc12-0413 Diabetes Care April 19, 2012

  • 9

  • 糖化血色素 < 9.0 % 的病人 糖化血色素 ≧9.0 % 的病人

    使用一種或二種口服抗糖尿病藥 •雙胍類 •促胰島素分泌劑 •胰島素增敏劑 •阿爾發葡萄糖苷酶抑制劑 •二肽基酶-4 抑制劑

    使用二種或多種口服抗糖尿病藥 •雙胍類 •促胰島素分泌劑 •胰島素增敏劑 •阿爾發葡萄糖苷酶抑制劑 •二肽基酶-4 抑制劑

    使用基礎 (及/或) 餐前胰島素

    未達到控制目標時

    增加不同種類的口服抗糖尿病藥 或單獨使用胰島素 (或合併使用) •雙胍類 •促胰島素分泌劑 •胰島素增敏劑 •阿爾發葡萄糖苷酶抑制劑 •二肽基酶-4 抑制劑

    增加不同種類的口服抗糖尿病藥 或使用胰島素

    增加不同種類的口服抗糖尿病藥 或強化胰島素 (或合併使用) •雙胍類 •促胰島素分泌劑 •胰島素增敏劑 •阿爾發葡萄糖苷酶抑制劑 •二肽基酶-4 抑制劑

    註 1:糖化血色素控制目標為 6.5%,但有些病人需要較寬鬆的目標 [請参閱第八章血糖治療目標]。 註 2:選擇降血糖藥物,需依照病人個別情況而定,並避免發生低血糖 [請参閱第十一章第 1 節口服抗糖尿病藥] 。 註 3:使用強化胰島素治療時,通常不需同時使用促胰島素分泌劑 [請参閱第十一章第 2,3 節胰島素治療] 。 註 4:同時使用胰島素和胰島素增敏劑,可能會增加水腫的機會,並應隨時注意病人心臟功能的變化。 註 5:適時調整口服抗糖尿病藥和胰島素,希望能使糖化血色素在 3-12 個月內達到治療目標,若未達到治療目標,宜轉診至專科醫師。 註6:減重手術對第2型糖尿病病友病態性肥胖(身體質量指數≥35kg/m2)的病人,是一個適當的治療方式[請參閱第十一張糖尿病的治療]。

    使用基礎 (及/或) 餐前胰島素

    增加不同種類的口服抗糖尿病藥 或強化胰島素治療 (或合併使用) •雙胍類 •促胰島素分泌劑 •胰島素增敏劑 •阿爾發葡萄糖苷酶抑制劑 •二肽基酶-4 抑制劑

    未達到控制目標時 未達到控制目標時 未達到控制目標時

    台灣糖尿病臨床照護指引

    台灣第2型糖尿病高血糖處理流程圖

  • DPP-4 inhibitors available for the

    treatment of type 2 diabetes

    Sitagliptin (Januvia)

    Saxagliptin (Onglyza)

    Linagliptin (Tradjenta)

    Alogliptin

    Vildagliptin (Galvus)

  • Indications for use of DPP-4 inhibitors in Taiwan

    Sitagliptin Vildagliptin Saxagliptin Linagliptin

    Monotherapy: Yes Yes Yes Yes

    Add-on to Met Yes Yes Yes Yes

    Add-on to SU Yes Yes Yes Yes

    Add-on to

    TZD Yes Yes Yes Yes

    Triple Therapy

    w/ Met+SU Yes No No Yes

    Triple Therapy

    with Met+TZD Yes No No No

    Add-on to

    insulin Yes No Yes No

    References: Taiwan DOH website accessed 2012/12. Taiwan Package Inserts of Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin, Saxagliptin and Linagliptin

  • DPP-4 inhibitors

    Adult: Diabetes mellitus: PO, 1 tab bid

    Diabetes mellitus: PO, 2.5mg or 5mg

    once daily. With strong CYP3A4/5 inhibitors:

    2.5mg qd

    Diabetes mellitus: PO, 50mg qd-bid

  • DPP-4 inhibitors

    Sitagliptin: Diabetes mellitus: PO, 100mg qd as monotherapy or in

    combination with metformin, a sulfonylurea or a PPARγ agonist (e.g.

    thiazolidinedione)

  • 問題二(醫)

    Describe the mechanism of action of DPP-4

    inhibitors?

    DPP-4抑制劑(二肽基酶-4 抑制劑)的機轉為何?

  • 個案討論 – (醫師):解答 2

    DPP-4 inhibitors retard degradation of

    endogenous GLP-1 & GIP by DPP-4

    action of native incretin hormones (內生荷爾蒙)

    insulin secretion

    glucagon secretion

  • Pancreatic Islet Hormones Are Critical for

    Normal Glucose Tolerance

    Adapted from

    Ohneda A et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1978; 46: 504–10

    Gomis R et al. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1989; 6: 191–8

    Glucose

    Insulin Glucagon – +

    Glucose

    uptake Hepatic Glucose

    Output (HGO)

    +

    -Cells -Cells

    HGO= hepatic

    glucose output

  • Incretins

    Incretin effect:

    Oral glucose administratiion stimulates a greater increase in

    plasma insulin levels compared with an identical amount of

    glucose administered intravenously

    Major incretin hormones:

    Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide or gastric

    inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)

    Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1)

  • IV=intravenous

    Adapted from Nauck MA, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986; 63: 492–498.

    Oral Glucose Tolerance Test and Matched IV Infusion

    Pla

    sma

    Glu

    cose

    (m

    g/d

    L)

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    –30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210

    Time (min)

    Pla

    sma

    In

    suli

    n (

    pm

    ol/

    L)

    0

    100

    200

    300

    400

    –30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210

    Time (min)

    Proof of a Gastrointestinal ‘Incretin Effect’: Different

    Responses to Oral vs IV Glucose

    Oral IV

    50 g Glucose

    N=6

    20

  • Multihormonal regulation of glucose

    • In healthy individuals, (1) ingestion of food results in (2) release of gastrointestinal

    peptides (GLP-1 & GIP) as well as (3) pancreatic cell hormones (insulin &

    amylin). GLP-1 & amylin, in particular, have inhibitory effects on (4) gastric

    emptying, (5) glucagon release, & (6) appetite. (7) Following absorption of food,

    GLP-1 & GIP promote insulin secretion, otherwise known as the incretin effect. In

    diabetes, these steps are disrupted.

  • 24 GIP=glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide; GLP-1=glucagon-like peptide-1. aEffects occur only with pharmacologic levels of GLP-1.

    1. Drucker DJ. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2929–2940. 2. Meier JJ et al. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;18:587–606.

    Incretin Hormones Have Key Roles in

    Glucose Homeostasis

    GLP-1

    Inhibits gastric emptyinga,1,2

    Reduces food intake and

    body weighta,2

    Inhibits glucagon secretion from

    alpha cells in a glucose-dependent

    manner1

    Stimulates insulin response from

    beta cells in a glucose-dependent manner1

    Is released from L cells in ileum and

    colon1,2

    GIP

    Has no significant effects on satiety or

    body weight2

    Does not affect gastric emptying2

    Stimulates insulin response from

    beta cells in a glucose-dependent

    manner1

    Is released from K cells in duodenum1,2

  • 25

    GLP-1 Is Rapidly Degraded by DPP-4

    (DPP-4=dipeptidyl peptidase-4)

    (二肽基酶-4)

    CL=clearance rate; DPP-4=dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1=glucagon-like peptide-1; IV=intravenously.

    1. Vilsbøll T et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(1):220–224.

    Plasma t½ = 1–2 min (IV)

    CL = 5–10 L/min

    His Ala Glu Gly Thr Phe Thr Ser Asp

    Val

    Ser

    Ser Tyr Leu Glu Gly Gln Ala Ala Lys

    Glu

    Phe

    Ile Ala Trp Leu Val Lys Gly Ala NH2

    36

    7 9

    DPP-4

  • Type 2 DM: GLP-1 after a meal

    -cell mass

    proportion of - to -cells

    -cell demise mass & function: critical element in the

    progression of type 2 DM

    Incretin based therapies may have the potential to reverse

    the natural history of type 2 DM:

  • DPP-4 inhibitors

    DPP-4 inhibitors retard degradation of

    endogenous GLP-1 & GIP by DPP-4

    action of native incretin hormones

    insulin secretion

    glucagon secretion

    These inhibitors, unlike other GLP-1-based

    therapies, can be administered orally

  • Glucose

    DPP-4=dipeptidyl peptidase-4; T2DM=type 2 diabetes mellitus

    Adapted from Unger RH. Metabolism. 1974; 23: 581–593; Ahrén B. Curr Enzyme Inhib. 2005; 1: 65–73.

    Incretin

    activity

    prolonged

    DPP-4 inhibitor Insulin

    Glucagon

    Improved

    glycemic control Improved islet

    function

    Incretin

    response

    diminished

    T2DM Insulin

    Glucagon

    Hyperglycemia Further impaired

    islet function

    Blocking DPP-4 Can Improve Incretin Activity &

    Correct the Insulin:Glucagon Ratio in T2DM

    Glucose

    29

  • 問題三(醫)

    What are the benefits & side effects of DPP-4

    inhibitors?

    使用DPP-4抑制劑(二肽基酶-4 抑制劑)治療血糖控制不良的

    第2 型糖尿病、其優、缺點為何?

  • Metformin1

    TZDs1-3

    α-glucosidase

    inhibitors1

    CHF=congestive heart failure; GI=gastrointestinal; SU=sulfonylurea; T2DM=type 2 diabetes mellitus; TZD=thiazolidinedione aRole uncertain 1Inzucchi SE. JAMA. 2002; 287: 360–372; 2Avandia US Prescribing Information; 3Dormandy JA, et al. Lancet. 2005; 366: 1279–1289; 4Buse JB, et al. Diabetes Care.

    2004; 27: 2628–2635; 5DeFronzo RA, et al. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28: 1092–1100; 6Kendall DM, et al. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28: 1083–1091; 7Kolterman OG, et al. Am

    J Health-Syst Pharm. 2005; 62: 173–181; 8Byetta US Prescribing Information.

    Incretin

    mimetics4-8

    Weight gain, edema, CHF, bone fractures (pioglitazone,

    rosiglitazone)

    Myocardial ischemic events (rosiglitazone)

    GI effects (flatulence, diarrhea)

    GI effects (nausea, diarrhea), lactic acidosis (rare)

    GI effects (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), pancreatitis,

    hypoglycemia (in add-on to SU)

    SUs1

    Meglitinides1

    Hypoglycemia, weight gain, hyperinsulinemiaa

    Major Adverse Events of Current Treatments for

    T2DM Limit Efficacy

  • 個案討論 – (醫師):解答 3

    DPP-IV inhibitors – advantages

    Relative modest effect on A1c reduction (0.4-0.6%)

    Minimal GI effects

    Low risk of hypoglycemia

    Weight neutral

    Orally administered (unlike other GLP-1-based

    therapies)

  • 個案討論 – (醫師):解答 3 Disadvantages, adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors

    Commonly reported side effects:

    headache

    nasopharyngitis

    upper respiratory tract infection

    dizziness

    nausea & diarrhea

    urinary tract infection

    Uncommon side effects: Skin: hypersensitivity reaction

    Acute pancreatitis

    Expensive

    Limited clinical experience: long-term safety has not been

    established

  • Pharmacokinetic Properties of DPP-4 Inhibitorsa

    34

    Sitagliptin

    (Merck)1 Vildagliptin

    (Novartis)2 Saxagliptin

    (BMS/AZ)3 Alogliptin

    (Takeda)5 Linagliptin

    (BI)6,7

    Absorption tmax

    (median) 1–4 h 1.7 h

    2 h (4 h for active

    metabolite) 1–2 h 1.5 h

    Bioavailability ~87% 85% >75 %4 N/A ~30%

    Half-life (t1/2) at

    clinically relevant

    dose

    12.4 h ~2–3 h 2.5 h (parent)

    3.1 h (metabolite)

    12.4–21.4 h

    (25–800 mg)

    Effective t1/2 ~12 h

    Terminal t1/2 >100 h

    Distribution 38% protein bound 9.3% protein bound Low protein binding N/A

    Concentration-

    dependent protein

    binding:

    1 nM: 99% (DPP-4)

    ≥30 nM: 75%–89%

    Metabolism ~16% metabolized

    69% metabolized

    mainly renal

    (inactive metabolite)

    Hepatic

    (active metabolite)

    CYP3A4/5

  • Adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors

    Postmarketing case reports of acute pancreatitis in

    patients using sitagliptin, saxagliptin, alogliptin

    Pancreatitis should be considered in patients with

    persistent severe abdominal pain (with/without nausea),

    & DPP-4 inhibitors should be discontinued in such patients

    DPP-4 inhibitors should be used with caution & with

    careful monitoring in patients with a history of pancreatitis

  • Adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors

    Although uncommon, cases of hepatic dysfunction ( liver enzymes, hepatitis) have been reported in patients taking

    vildagliptin and alogliptin

    Liver function tests should be evaluated prior to initiation

    of vildagliptin & alogliptin, & at three-month intervals

    during the 1st year of therapy

    If AST or ALT of ≥3 X  upper limit of normal persists

    drugs should be discontinued

  • Adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors In post-marketing reports, sitagliptin, saxagliptin, & alogliptin associated with hypersensitivity reactions :

    anaphylaxis

    angioedema

    exfoliative skin conditions, including Stevens-Johnson

    syndrome

    DPP-4 inhibitors contraindicated in patients with a history of a

    serious hypersensitivity reaction after previous exposure

    .

  • DPP-4 inhibitors:副作用

    上市後經驗:

    過敏性反應,包括嚴重全身性過敏、血管水腫、皮疹

    及蕁麻疹、皮膚血管炎、及包括Stevens-Johnson

    syndrome的剝落性皮膚狀況

    急性胰臟炎,包含致死性及非致死性出血性和壞死性

    胰臟炎

    含急性腎衰竭(有時須透析)

    上呼吸道感染

    鼻咽炎

    便秘;嘔吐

    頭痛

    關節痛;肌痛;肢端疼痛;後背痛

  • Summary of glucose-lowering interventions

    Intervention

    Expected decrease

    in A1C with

    monotherapy,

    percent

    Advantages Disadvantages

    Tier 1: well-validated core

    Step 1: initial therapy

    Lifestyle to

    decrease weight

    and increase

    activity

    1.0 to 2.0 Broad benefits Insufficient for

    most within first

    year

    Metformin 1.0 to 2.0 Weight neutral GI side effects,

    contraindicated

    with renal

    insufficiency Reproduced with permission from: Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, et al. Medical Management of Hyperglycemia in

    Type 2 Diabetes: A Consensus Algorithm for the Initiation and Adjustment of Therapy: A consensus statement of the

    American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009; 32:193-203.

  • Summary of glucose-lowering interventions

    Intervention

    Expected

    decrease in

    A1C with

    monotherapy,

    percent

    Advantages Disadvantages

    Tier 2: less well validated

    TZDs 0.5 to 1.4 Improved lipid

    profile

    (pioglitazone),

    potential

    decrease in MI

    (pioglitazone)

    Fluid retention, HF, weight

    gain, bone fractures, expensive,

    potential increase in MI

    (rosiglitazone)

    GLP-1 agonist 0.5 to 1.0 Weight loss Requires injection, frequent GI

    side effects, long-term safety

    not established, expensive

  • Summary of glucose-lowering interventions

    Intervention Expected in

    A1C with

    monotherapy,

    percent

    Advantages Disadvantages

    Other therapy

    α-Glucosidase

    inhibitor

    0.5 to 0.8 Weight neutral Frequent GI side effects, three

    times/day dosing, expensive

    Glinide 0.5 to 1.5* Rapidly

    effective

    Weight gain, three times/day

    dosing, hypoglycemia, expensive

    Pramlintide 0.5 to 1.0 Weight loss Three injections daily, frequent

    GI side effects, long-term safety

    not established, expensive

    DPP-4

    inhibitor

    0.5 to 0.8 Weight neutral Long-term safety not established,

    expensive

  • Summary of glucose-lowering interventions

    Intervention

    Expected

    decrease in A1C

    with

    monotherapy,

    percent

    Advantages Disadvantages

    Step 2: additional therapy

    Insulin 1.5 to 3.5 No dose limit,

    rapidly

    effective,

    improved lipid

    profile

    One to four injections daily,

    monitoring, weight gain,

    hypoglycemia, analogues

    are expensive

    Sulfonylurea 1.0 to 2.0 Rapidly

    effective

    Weight gain, hypoglycemia

    (especially with

    glibenclamide or

    chlorpropamide)

  • 43

    DPP-4 Inhibition Increases

    Concentrations of Active Incretins

    DPP-4=dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GIP=glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide; GLP-1=glucagon-like peptide-1. aIncretin hormones GLP-1 and GIP are released by the intestine throughout the day, and their levels increase in response to a meal.

    1. Kieffer TJ et al. Endocr Rev. 1999;20(6):876–913. 2. Drucker DJ. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(10):2929–2940. 3. Holst JJ. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2002;18(6):430–441.

    Hepatic glucose production Peripheral glucose uptake

    Blood glucose in fasting & postprandial states

    Glucose-dependent

    Glucagon from alpha cells

    Glucose-dependent

    Insulin from beta cells

    Release of active incretins by the intestinea

    DPP-4 inhibitors

    & prolong active incretin levels

    insulin release

    glucagon levels

    in the circulation in a glucose-

    dependent manner.

    DPP-4

    enzyme

    Inactive

    GLP-1 & GIP X DPP-4

    inhibitor

    GLP-1 GIP

  • Sitagliptin

    適應症:第 2 型糖尿病

    劑量與用法: 建議劑量為每日一次100 毫克

    可單獨使用亦可metformin、sulfonylurea、胰島

    素(併用或不併用metformin)、PPARγ 作用劑

    (如:thiazolidinedione)、metformin 加一種

    sulfonylurea、或metformin 加一種PPARγ 作

    用劑合併使用

    可和食物併用,亦可不和食物併用

  • Sitagliptin Vildagliptin Saxagliptin Linagliptin

    Usual Dose 100mg QD 50 mg BID

    Routine LFT required for every 3 month

    5mg QD 5mg QD

    US FDA

    Approval Yes No Yes Yes

    Use in Liver Impairment

    Yes Contraindication in pts

    with LFT >= x3 NL Yes Yes

    Use in Renal Impairment

    Yes

    Reduce Dose

    (moderate 50mg, severe/ESRD

    25mg)

    Yes

    Moderate/Severe/ESRD Pts. (50mg)

    Yes

    Moderate/Severe/ESRD Pts. (2.5mg)

    Yes

    Drug-Drug Interaction

    No No Yes

    (CYP3A4/5 substrate)

    Yes (P-gp & CYP3A4 substrate)

    DPP-4 Inhibitor Use in Type 2 Diabetes

    References: Taiwan DOH website accessed 2012/12. Taiwan Package Inserts of Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin, Saxagliptin and Linagliptin

  • Vildagliptin is a potent and selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV

    (DPP-4) inhibitor that improves glycemic control in patients

    with type 2 diabetes through incretin hormone–mediated

    increases in both alpha- and beta-cell responsiveness to

    glucose.

    In studies enrolling OAD-naive patients with type 2 diabetes,

    24 weeks’ treatment with vildagliptin monotherapy (50 or 100

    mg daily) was reported to decrease A1C by 0.9–1.1%.

    Diabetes Res Clin Pract 76:132–138, 2007

    Diabetes Care 30:217–223, 2007

    J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:4888–4894, 2005

  • Vildagliptin: A Potent & Highly Selective DPP-4 Inhibitor

    DPP-4=dipeptidyl peptidase-4; HbA1c=hemoglobin A1c; OADs=oral antidiabetic drugs; SU=sulfonylurea; TZD=thiazolidinedione

    – Efficacy

    • As effective as a TZD or SU in lowering HbA1c & fasting

    plasma glucose without weight gain when added to metformin

    • significant HbA1c as add-on to metformin compared with

    placebo

    • clinically relevant efficacy in combination with other OADs (SU,

    TZD)

    • effective in patients with mild renal impairment

    – Tolerance

    • low risk for hypoglycemia & no severe hypoglycemic events

    – similar to placebo in combination with metformin & TZD

    – low risk in combination with SU (1.2% vs 0.6% on placebo)

    – low risk over long-term treatment

    • low risk of cardiovascular events

  • DPP-4 Inhibitors Add-on to Metformin Sitagliptin Saxagliptin Vildagliptin Linagliptin

    Regiments

    (daily dose)

    Sita/Met

    100mg/≧1500mg

    Glipizide/

    Met

    10.3mg/≧1500 mg

    Saxa/Met

    5mg/≧1500 mg

    Glipizide/

    Met

    15mg/≧1500 mg

    Vilda/Met

    100mg/19

    28mg

    Gliclazide

    /Met

    230mg/19

    28 mg

    Lina/Met

    5mg/≧1500 mg

    Glimepiri

    de/met

    3mg/≧1500 mg

    Baseline of

    HbA1c 7.5 7.5 7.7 7.6 8.4 8.5 7.7 7.7

    Reduction

    of HbA1c

    (%)

    -0.7 -0.7 -0.6 -0.7 -0.81 -0.85 -0.4 -0.6

    Adjusted

    with

    comparing

    group

    -0.0 0.1 0.04 0.2

    References: Taiwan DOH website accessed 2012/12. Taiwan Package Inserts of Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin, and Saxagliptin

    Study duration: 52weeks Sita: Sitagliptin Saxa:Saxagliptin Vilda:Vildagliptin Lina: Linagliptin Met:Metformin

    Note: There are not direct comparisons by different inhibitors

  • 課後評量

    (護理師領域)

  • 問題一 護理組:

    1.如何協助此個案發現血糖降不下來的原因?

    如何評估? 根據那些線索? 需收集那些資料?

  • 問題一解答(1)

    從主、客觀資料來收集並依個案狀況線索進行評估,以確定護理診斷

    1."S"是"Subjective"意指「主觀敘述」

    病患與醫療人員會談時訴說的資料;

    於對談中病患主動敘述與回答的內容,包括:疾病狀況、過去病史、醫療史、生活習慣等、SMBG結果(病患口頭或書面報告)。

    有時從與病患家人或照顧者對談中,相關人士所提及有關疾病的狀況與資料。

  • 問題一解答(2)

    2."O"是"Objective"意指「客觀敘述」

    客觀的或測量得到的資料;身體檢查結果

    測量值:身高、體重、BMI、生長曲線…

    檢驗值:血糖、A1C、血脂肪、生化、尿液、SMBG結果

    臨床與身體檢查:血壓、眼底檢查、足部檢查…

    經醫療人員系統性詢問得到的可評量資料

    飲食狀況:飲食史、飲食回憶、飲食記錄、熱量與營養素估算值….

    社會心理:心理狀況評量、學習準備度、家庭/社會支持與資源狀況的敘述、憂鬱量表、生活品質量表…

    從病歷、轉介單得到醫療人員對病患的診斷、數據與觀察敘述

    Medical history (醫療史):疾病診斷、醫學檢查報告、出院摘要或轉介回覆的疾病相關內容..

  • 問題二 護理組:

    2.請討論此個案努力監測血糖,也有運動及服藥,哪些原因可能讓個案血糖仍居高不下。對病人的疑問應如何回答?

  • 問題二解答

    個案有工作及適應疾病等壓力導致胃食道逆流,呀力或生病時血糖易升高

    1.增加自我監測次數。

    2.不可隨意停降糖藥或胰島素。

    3.多補充水份,若無法吃飯則可用流質食物代替,例如:湯麵、牛奶、稀飯…等。

    必須小心預防急性高血糖症,例如酮酸中毒或非酮性,高滲壓昏迷。若出現嘔吐、腹瀉、頭痛厲害、呼吸急喘或持續性高血壓,應返院治療。

  • 問題三 護理組:

    3.您會給予那些衛教?

    依據前面的評估及了解等主客觀資料後,在有限的時間內您會先給予那些衛教內容?為什麼?

  • 問題三解答

    SOAP-1 plan:

    1.了解個案生活模式

    2.說明血糖控制指標及長期未理控制想易引發之慢性併發症

    3.說明飲食時間太晚也會導致晚上PC及早上AC偏高

    4.目前血糖仍在300-400間做競走 慢跑30分鐘可能較激烈

    降至250以下再競走 建議先散步運動勿激烈運動

    5.肯定個案積機極執行監測及學習控制血糖的態度

    6.建議成對監測下次回診帶來

    7.轉介營養師做飲食衛教(對三片吐司的量覺不多)

  • 問題三解答 SOAP-2 plan:4/16

    1-1.說明出現ketone 的狀況

    1-2.鼓勵均衡飲食 (不吃主食 不均衡)

    1-3.血糖不穩先散步30分鐘

    2-1.衛教糖尿病的控制是長期的,可以逐漸進步不要急

    2-2.說明與剛診斷時的血糖比較有進步

    2-3.肯定個案的努力(運動 、飲食 …..)

    2-4.說明腸胃疾病或壓力都可能造成血糖偏高 (與體重醫一

    直減輕有關)

    2-5. 提供心理支持。(請個案放鬆心情,腸胃問題先治療穩

    定鼓勵放假日出去散散心)

    2-6.衛教糖尿病人合併生病時需知

  • 糖尿病患的心理社會適應

    •對病患日常生活的影響包括下列各項:

    –糖尿病對生活的影響因人而異,某些人經歴較少的困難;某些人卻覺得糖尿病威脅到他們的生活型態。

    –糖尿病在治療上的要求相當多且必須遵從醫療團隊的指示,朋友或家人要完全了解這些要求是有些困難的 (例如胰島素注射、血糖監測、飲食的限制、時間表的安排、低血糖的預防…等)。

    •有糖尿病的人對低血糖有較大的擔心

    •糖尿病的人在工作方面的困擾

  • 糖尿病患對疾病診斷、治療可能有的情緒反應及照護方式

  • 糖尿病患對疾病診斷、治療可能有的情緒反應及照護方式

    情緒反應

    呈現出來的行為

    照護方法

    消沉與沮喪 在任何時候都可能出現。在自我照護上遭遇困難。會感到焦慮、無助與失控。”我沒有辦法處理這件事,不管我多麼努力的嘗試,我的血糖總是居高不下”。

    使其了解糖尿病的治療方式及必須終身好好自我照護,沒有假期或暫停的時間。需要時,提供心理支持與轉介。向病患強調正面的改變與已經做到的事情。

    接受與 適應

    變成主動參與治療計畫。會提出問題與找出更多的資料。”我一點都不了解這件事。”你說的這件事是什麼意思?我應該做些什麼?

    顯示已經瞭解且接受自己的情況,並感受到自我照護的責任。這個狀態不會一直不變,因為新的挑戰總會接踵而來。

  • 自我效能及其評估

    •自我效能(self efficacy):指個人對於是否能夠達成賦予的特定任務的能力的信念。

    •根據自我效能理論 (Self-Efficacy Theory) 指出:病患的自我效能或自信的程度會影響自我照護行為,而有自信者會更落實地執行自我照護行為;有研究指出糖尿病患具有高程度比具有低程度的自我效能者能有更好的情緒狀況及血糖控制。

  • 提升自我效能

    (1)實際達成的經驗 (Performance Accomplishment)

    ,個案親身成功的經驗

    (2)替代性的經驗(Vicarious Experience),透過觀察

    或聽聞他人成功的經驗

    (3)口頭說服 (Verbal Persuasion),透過他人口頭的

    鼓勵及衛教等

    (4)情緒/生理上的激勵 (Emotion / Physiological /

    Arousal),因為執行後情緒或生理上有正向的反應

  • 課後評量

    (營養師領域)

  • Q1.請評估此個案

    1.每日攝取總熱量為多少?

    2.醣類、蛋白質、脂質各自應佔總熱量 百分比為多少?

  • 體重變化及營養評估

    ※體重下降百分比: 體重下降%=(通常體重-目前體重)/通常體重 ×100

    變化時間 有明顯意義的體重下降 嚴重體重下降

    1週內 1~2% >2%

    1個月內 5% >5%

    3個月內 7.5% >7.5%

    6個月內 10% >10%

    *體重下降愈多,表示病患發生營養不良的機率愈高 *水腫或腹水也會影響體重變化

    (出處:臨床營養學膳食療養 合計圖書出版社)

    ※病人主觀整體評估表(PG-SGA)

  • 糖尿病成人熱量估算

    •方法1:以理想體重或調整體重估計熱量需要

    (單位:kcal/kg)

    活動量 BMI>24 18.5≦BMI≦24 BMI

  • • 輕度工作:除了通車、購物等手工或家事等站立之外,大部分從事坐著的工作,如:讀書、談話、家務、上班族等。 (kcal/kg IBW x30)

    • 中度工作:需要經常走動但不粗重,如步行、機械操作、較繁重之家務、褓母、護士、服務生等工作。 (kcal/kg IBW x35)

    • 重度工作:從事農耕、漁業、建築、運動教練、挑石、搬運、運動員、搬家工等勞力粗重,重度肌力的工作。(kcal/kg IBW x40)

  • 方法2:以Harris Benedict公式計算

    每日總熱量=BEE ×活動因子×壓力因子

    BEE=Basal Energy Expenditure

    男性BEE=66+(13.7×體重kg)+(5×身高cm)-(6.8×年齡) 女性BEE=655+(9.6×體重kg)+(1.7×身高cm)-(4.7×年齡)

    小兒BEE=22.1+(31.1×體重kg)+(1.2×身高cm)

    壓力因子= 一切正常(1),輕度飢餓(0.85-1.0),小手術或癌症(

    1.2),腹膜炎(1.05-1.25),骨折、骨骼創傷(1.3),癌症惡病

    質(1.2-1.4),發燒1℉(1.07),發燒1℃(1.13),敗血(1.4-

    1.8),燒傷30%(1.7),燒傷50%(2.0),燒傷70%(2.2),生

    長(1.4),懷孕(1.1),哺乳(1.4 )

    活動因子= 臥床係數為1.2;輕度活動係數為1.3;中度活動係數為1.4

  • 1900 Kcal/day

    份量 早餐 早點 午餐 午點 晚餐 晚點

    低脂牛奶

    水果 2 1 1

    主食 13 3 1 4 1 3 1

    蔬菜 3 1 1 1

    蛋豆魚肉類(中脂)

    7 2 2 2 1

    油脂 6 2 2 2 ※三大營養素百分比:

    醣類:1900×52%÷4=247(g)

    蛋白質:1900×17%÷4=81(g)

    脂質:1900×31%÷9=65(g)

  • Q2.請討論糖尿病人在生病時及腸胃功能異常時應提醒的飲食注意事項?

  • 糖尿病人生病時的注意事項

    •增加驗血糖次數:每天2~4次 疾病會使血糖上升,但胃口不好或嘔吐又會使血糖下降,而

    生病期間服用的其他藥物也可能會影響血糖,造成血糖起伏。

    •盡量保持進食的規律和份量 如因生病不能規律進食,可選擇溫和的食物,吸收到平常所

    需的卡路里及醣類份量,例如:清粥、肉湯、牛奶、土司、麥片、果汁、布丁、果凍…等

    •提醒並非吃不下東西就不用服糖尿病藥 壓力會使血糖上升,即使吃的很少,血糖值也可能會突然上

    升,若血糖高太多,醫師也許會暫時使用胰島素。

    •補充水分 因嘔吐、腹瀉或發燒而喪失許多的體液,或幫助高血糖所致

    的酮體排出。

    •避免喝含咖啡因的飲料。可能導致腸胃不適及脫水

  • 造成胃酸逆流到食道的可能原因

    (1)食道排空能力不足

    (2)陣發性下食道括約肌鬆弛(TLESRs)

    (3)食道裂孔疝氣

    (4)胃排空過慢

    (5)腹腔內壓力增加

    (6)膽汁逆流。

  • 可能加重胃食道逆流症發生的其他因素

    (1)遺傳因子

    (2)生活方式:

    肥胖-食道炎的嚴重程度和體重成正相關(BMI>30kg/m2時)

    抽煙-降低下食道括約肌壓力和唾液中和胃酸的效果

    (3)食物:柑橘、蕃茄、薄荷、巧克力、碳酸飲料、咖啡、茶、大餐、高油脂食物、辛辣食物、酒精

    (4)藥物:降低下食道括約肌壓力:抗氣喘藥(theophylline)、抗憂鬱劑(tricyclic antidepressants)、鎮靜劑 (benzodiazepine) 、抗高血壓藥(鈣離子拮抗劑和乙型受體拮抗劑)、副交感神經抑制劑(anticholinergics)、女性荷爾蒙(黃體素); 食道黏膜受損: 阿斯匹靈、非類固醇抗炎藥、四環黴素、quinidine、bisphos

  • 消化性潰瘍、胃酸過多、胃酸逆流

    •治療目標: 消除症狀,改善生活品質,食道炎痊癒,維持疾病緩解,治療或預防併發症

    •飲食注意事項 1.少吃不易消化食物,如堅果類(花生、腰果、南瓜

    子等)。 2.忌暴飲暴食。 3.忌喝咖啡、濃茶等含咖啡因飲品。 4.忌吃辛辣刺激性食物:如辣椒、胡椒、洋葱、大蒜

    、韭菜、芥苿。 5.忌吃太甜、加工食品、酒類、抽煙..等。 6.避免煙、酒。

  • •睡覺時頭部抬高15~20公分,左側睡,不抽煙,不喝酒,體重減輕,衣帶勿太緊,少作彎腰動作;注意飲食,少吃油炸、高脂食物,睡前2小時勿食,避免咖啡、茶、碳酸飲料、柑橘、蕃茄、薄荷、巧克力等刺激性食物

  • 溫和飲食

    •溫和飲食為食物質地柔軟、味道溫和(不含刺激性食物)之飲食。食用溫和飲食時一方面使食物易於消化吸收,一方面讓腸胃道獲得適當的休息。

    •注意事項:

    1.定時定量,切勿暴飲暴食。

    2.可同時進食含有蛋白質、脂肪、醣類的食物,單獨只吃醣類, 容易刺激過多的胃酸分泌 例如:吃麵時可配些蛋、肉、青菜等。

    3.因個人適應程度有極大差異,對於忌食之食物,若食用後,無不良反應,則可適量食用,但禁酒。

    4.急性胃炎、潰瘍時,應先禁食1-2天,然後逐漸以米湯等食物製作成流質型態,以少量多餐方式供給,待腸胃機能恢復,再增加食物的量及選擇範圍。

  • 腹脹

    1.避免產氣的食物

    如:蘿蔔、豆類、韭菜、生蔥、生蒜、芹菜等。

    a.吃蘿蔔脹氣是因為其中含辛辣的硫化物,在腸道酵解後產

    生的硫化氫和硫醇,抑制了二氧化碳的吸收。

    b.植物纖維不容易被消化,易被細菌酵解為二氧化碳及氫氣

    ,易引起腹脹,如:筍子富含植物纖維。

    c.大豆類食品脹氣是因為大豆(黃豆)含水蘇糖等寡聚糖,其

    易被微生物發酵產氣;但大豆製成豆腐時,這些糖類已

    被溶在水中流失,故較少引起腹脹。

    2.避免含氣的食物

    例如:蛋奶類、打起泡沫的奶油、打起泡沫的加糖蛋白及汽水

  • Q3.針對糖尿病共照網追蹤衛教模式,請設計此個案兩次衛教分別應該給予的飲食衛教內容重點為何?

    (請將重點項目依順序排前項)

  • 102.3.5第一次衛教內容

    1.糖尿病飲食原則

    (1)餐食及含醣食物定時定量對於血糖穩定的重要性

    (2) 均衡健康的飲食搭配舉例(留意選擇三少一多的菜餚)

    2.簡述六大類食物份量代換觀念 DM 1900 kcal/day,並追蹤進食狀況

    (使用圖像及食物模型搭配舉例)

    3.提醒糖尿病人生病飲食注意事項

    (1)腸胃疾病注意事項

    (2)提醒多喝開水幫助酮酸排出

    4.討論及調整平日餐食

    (1)留意消化情形,避免粗纖維及難消化、易脹氣及刺激性食物

    (2)點心的補充原則,舉例種類與份量的選擇

    (3)正餐應控制3~4份醣類食物,再於點心補充1份

    5.下次請帶SMBG紀錄來。 F/U SMBG、A1C、BW

  • 早餐 午餐 晚餐PM7:30~8:00

    早餐店

    (漢堡或起司三明治)

    無糖咖啡

    常外食便當:

    炸或滷排骨雞腿肉排

    (約2~3塊)

    飯一碗

    炒青菜(不到半碗)

    菜湯

    白飯ㄧ碗(以前吃兩碗)

    炒青菜3/4碗

    偶爾吃水果(半顆大芭樂)

    1.避免含咖啡因等刺激性食物

    2.留意麵包份量及避免過量含糖調味醬料

    3.舉例飯、饅頭、麵等可選擇的低油主食類3份,暫避免含粗纖維及難消化的主食類

    1.可選擇搭配蛋白,豆腐及軟質 青菜,以避免高油脂炸物及粗纖維引起消化不良的問題

    2.下午3~4點可補充一份低酸度

    水果及主食類,避免餓過頭產

    生胃酸過多

    3.避免炸衣及醬料中的多餘醣類

    1.正餐主食類可改3份,再於餐間補充1份水果及1份主食類食物2.提醒晚餐時間

    3.留意一天營養量應均衡足夠,蛋豆魚肉類應足量

    調整102/3/5 一日飲食紀錄 ※抽血當天早上吃三片吐司配開水 ※因為下班回家晚,都是PM7:30-8:00吃晚餐。口渴都喝礦泉水或無糖飲料 ※每天量飯前飯後血糖,有時會量到5~6次,飯前約220左右,飯後410左 右,按時吃藥。

  • 102.4.16第二次衛教內容

    1.重述糖尿病1900kcal/day份量代換及再確認平日攝取量

    (1)加強含醣食物定時定量觀念 (可在運動前後補充1份醣類點心)

    (2)避免因擔心飯後血糖高而醣類攝取過少,易造成營養不良。

    (3)與病患協商將飲食修正為1900 kcal/day,教導三正餐(3~4

    份)、點心(1~2份)水果,蛋豆魚肉類6~7份,油脂每日6份應

    足量。

    2.市售營養品正確使用方式及搭配舉例,了解正在使用的營養品成分

    3.糖尿病人外食飲食原則及技巧

    4.鼓勵pt的飲食控制改善成果

    (1)已替換些營養及好消化的食材

    (2)已減少調味及油炸類食物

    (3)可加強含醣食物定量選食的能力,可多運用電子秤、固定容量

    的容器多練習

    5.F/U SMBG、A1C、BW

  • 早 餐 午 餐 晚 餐 晚 餐

    半小時後

    睡前

    葡勝納一罐

    白饅頭正方形的一顆

    (或全麥土司一片)

    乾麵一碗

    燙青菜一盤

    貢丸湯一個

    (或蕃茄蛋花湯)

    大蕃茄一顆

    (約兩天吃ㄧ次)

    糙米飯半碗

    炒或燙青菜兩樣

    雞肉絲

    豆腐湯(1/4塊板豆腐)

    或蛤仔湯

    半根香蕉

    或半個芭樂

    葡勝納一罐

    1.葡勝納一罐可搭配半顆饅頭就好,避免單一餐過量醣類食物

    2.葡勝納屬纖維及油脂份量較高的營養品,需視消化狀況斟酌使用

    1.留意麵量4份,且避免太油及刺激性醬料.可改成湯麵類且少喝湯為佳

    2.少選吃加工肉品

    3.蕃茄較酸,可用紫菜等軟質蔬菜類替換

    1.飯類可視血糖狀況吃3/4~1碗,並觀察腸胃狀況是否先避免全穀類

    3.下午(運動前後)可補充一份軟質水果及主食

    1.若無半夜低血糖,夜點葡勝納可減半或不補充

    2.留意水果份量及避免太酸或粗纖維

    修改: 102/4/16 一日飲食紀錄 ※每天測兩次血糖,大部分測同一餐飯前飯後。 ※最近飯前都約220~230,飯後約260,如果比較高約到320~330。

  • 後續準備衛教內容

    1.糖尿病運動飲食原則

    2.醣類計算與市售食品營養標示

    3.再評估每日需要總熱量及份量

    4.低血糖飲食注意事項

    5.糖尿病人節慶飲食原則

    6.SMBG自我評估模式練習

    7.Low GI food 認識與選擇

    8.糖尿病併發症飲食原則