epf 4707 - pome [14.05.2013]
TRANSCRIPT
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EPF 4707
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Flow Diagram of
Palm OilMilling
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RESEARCH FOR THE REDUCTION OFMETHANE RELEASE FROM MALAYSIAN PALMOIL MILL LAGOON & ITS COUNTERMEASURES
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Palm Oil Industry In Malaysia
- 1st
Generation Palm Oil Mill -
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Palm Oil Industry In Malaysia
- 2
nd
Generation of Palm Oil Mill -
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Palm Oil Industry In Malaysia- Comparison 1st& 2nd-
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WHAT IS
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The Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) is anarrangement under the Kyoto Protocolallowingindustrialized countries with a greenhouse gasreductioncommitment (called Annex 1countries) to invest in
ventures that reduce emissions in developing countries as analternative to more expensive emission reductions in their
own countries.
A critical characteristic of an approved CDM carbonprojectis that it has established the planned reductionswould not occur without the additional incentive provided
by emission reductions credits.
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
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The CDM allows net global greenhouse gas emissions to be
reduced at a much lower global cost by financing emissions
reduction projects in developing countries where costs are
lower than in industrialized countries.
The CDM is supervised by the CDM Executive Board (CDM
EB) and is under the guidance of the Conference of the
Parties (COP/MOP) of the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
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A Model Mill Case Study
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Comparison of Methane Emission BetweenReported Value & Measured One
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Methane Emission fromPalm Oil Industry in Malaysia
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Palm Oil Biomass Output fromFFB in Year 2006
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The two main wastes that are generated in a CPO mill are:Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB)Combined Liquid Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
EFB:For every tonne of Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) processed,
there will be about 22% or 0.22 tonne of EFBs.
The conventional way to deal with EFB is toincinerate which contribute to high air pollution.
As this is prohibited in Malaysia and Indonesia now,
EFB are utilized for mulching.
Unfortunately mulching has some disadvantagesdue to high transportation and distribution costs,
long degradation time (up to one year), water
pollution by the rest oil and its attractiveness for
beetles and snakes.
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The two main wastes that are generated in a CPO mill are:Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB)Combined Liquid Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
POMEFor every tonne of FFB processes there will beabout 0.65 tonnes of POME is produced. POME
consists of:
Sterilizer condensate (70%-75%)Clarification sludge (15%-20%)
Hydro cyclone discharge (5-10%)
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Mass Flow in Palm Oil Mill Process
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Oil Palm Waste Products
The oil palm mills generate many by-products and
wastes beside the liquid wastes that have been
mentioned, that may have a significant impact on theenvironment if they are not properly dealt with.
The most common among these by-products is the
empty fruit bunch.
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Oil Palm Waste Products
The empty bunch is a solid waste product ofthe oil palm milling process and has a high
moisture content of approximately 55-65%
and high silica content, from 25% of the total
palm fruit bunch.
The treated empty bunches are mechanically
crushed (de-watered and de-oiled) in theprocess, but are rich in major nutrients and
contained reasonable amounts of trace
elements.
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Oil Palm Waste Products
They have a value when returned to the field
to be applied as mulch for the enrichment of
soil.
However, it was noted that over application
of the effluent must be avoided as it may
result in anaerobic conditions in the soil byformation of an resistant coat of organic
matter on the soil surface
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Oil Palm Waste Products
Air emission from the oil palm mills are fromthe boilers and incinerators and are mainly
gases with particulates such as tar and soot
droplets of 20-100 microns and a dust load of
about 3000 to 4000 mg/nm.
Incomplete combustion of the boiler and
incinerator produce dark smoke resulting fromburning a mixture of solid waste fuels such as
shell, fiber and some times empty bunches.
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Oil Palm Waste Products
These boiler fly ashes are also a waste in themand also pose problems of disposal. In the bid to
achieve a zero discharge of the palm oil mill,
boiler fly ash have been used to reduce the BOD,TSS, colour and other contaminants from POME
before discharge.
Boiler fly ash has also been used in theremoval of heavy metals from other industrial
effluents
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Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
Effluent water is defined as water dischargedfrom industry, which contains soluble materials
that are harmful to the environment.
Such soluble materials may be gases such as
CH4, S02, NH3, halogens or soluble liquids or
solids which contain ions of either organic or
inorganic origin and with their concentrationabove the entry value.
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Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
Since these compounds are harmful to theenvironment, it becomes necessary that
effluents water should be treated or purified
before discharged into the environment.
Thus, the major objective of industrial
effluents treatment is to reduce the amount of
these potentially toxic compounds to theiracceptable threshold limit value (TLV), according
to some standards of the Federal Environmental
Protection Agency (FEPA); WHO; etc.
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Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
Generally, the characteristics of industrial effluents aregiven as follows:
Soluble organics resulting in dissolved oxygen
depletion in streams and estuaries and/or causing taste
and odour.Organic suspended solids resulting in dissolved oxygen
depletion.
Inert suspended solids causing turbidity and resulting
in bottom sedimentsToxic substances and heavy metals.
Oil and floating materials.
Dissolved salts particularly phosphates, chlorides and
nitrates
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Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
Specifically, palm oil mill effluent (POME), is a general
phrase referring to the effluent from the final stages of
palm oil production in the mill.
It includes various liquids, dirties, residual oil and
suspended solids.
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Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
POME in its untreated form is a very high strength
waste, depending on the operation of the process, that is;
informal, semi-formal and formal processes, the
biological oxygen demand (BOD) of these wastes rangesfrom 25000 to 35000 mg/L.
It contains about 94% water. POME actually is the sum
total of liquid waste which cannot be easily orimmediately reprocessed for extraction of useful products
and is run down the mill internal drain system to the so
called effluent (or sludge) pit.
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Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
POME is generated from various points during processingin an oil mill. These include:
Clarification sludge
Sterilization condensates
Fruit washing water
Hydro cyclone drain-off.
Various boiler blows down, tank and decanters
drain.
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Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
The composition of the effluent from these various
sources, are mainly water, oil, solids (suspended and
dissolved) and sand. Adapalm effluent hand book, gave
the following composition as percentage of totalsludge;
Water : 93 95%
Solid : 34%
Oil : 0.5 2%
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Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
Also, Sutanto, reported the following composition
from analysis of typical sample from Malaysia;
Water : 95%Oil (free) : 1.0%
Suspended solids : 2.0%
Dissolved solids : 2.0%
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Regulatory Standards forPalm Oil Mill Effluent
Specifically after being given one year to install
treatment facilities, palm oil mills were required to
reduce their waste water discharges, taking biologicaloxygen demand (BOD) concentration as the key parameter
from 25000 mg/L untreated effluent to 5000 mg/L and to
(100 mg/L by 1984 on wards)
Palm oil mills were given one year (1978) of paying a
low fee for the biological oxygen demand load exceeding
a standard of 5000 mg/L in recognition of the initial
difficulties the industry would face.
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Regulatory Standards forPalm Oil Mill Effluent
A more stringent biological oxygen demand standard
(100 mg/L in 1984 on word) and hence, higher effluent
charges were compulsory after that.
The results of policy implementation are very
encouraging.
The palm oil industry made steady progress towardsmeeting the target of 100mg/L biological oxygen
demand.
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Industrial Pollution ControlStandards for Palm Oil Mills
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Palm Oil Mill Effluent Management
Effluent management involves the typical handling of
liquid waste.
The mechanical technique often involves sedimentation,
filtration and decolorization of effluent.
Mechanical technique is normally at the first stage of
purification process to remove suspended solid particles.
This is called primary treatment.
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Palm Oil Mill Effluent Management
The commonly used devices include sieve, sedimentation
bed and filter.
Physico-chemical technique involves coagulation of finelydispersed and suspended solid particles, adsorption of
the dissolved impurities such as heavy metals,
selective crystallization, reverse osmosis and ion-exchange
processes.
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Palm Oil Mill Effluent Management
Reverse osmosis is most often used at the final stage of
effluent treatment.
Secondary treatment is biological process followingprimary treatment.
The forms of secondary biological process include
activated sludge, tricking filters, contact stabilization, etc.
There are widely known methods of effluent treatment in
palm oil mill industries.
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Palm Oil Mill Effluent Management1. Tank digestion and facultative ponds:
In this system, raw effluent after oil trapping is
pumped to a closed tank which has a retention time of
about twenty days.
The liquid is mixed by means of horizontal stirrers.
The methane gas (CH4) generated is flared off into the
atmosphere, but the flaring of the CH4 is unacceptable andcalls for improvement on this method.
Digested liquid is discharged into a holding pond before it
is disposed on land.
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Palm Oil Mill Effluent Management2. Tank digestion and mechanical aeration:
This group consists of cooling/acidification ponds, an
anaerobic digestion tank and an aeration pond.
Raw effluent after oil trapping is pumped to the
acidification pond through a cooling tower and retained for
one to two days.
It is then mixed with an equal volume of liquid from theanaerobic digester before it is fed back to the digester and
the achievement recorded indicates that the effluent water
has been treated.
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Palm Oil Mill Effluent Management2. Tank digestion and mechanical aeration:
The hydraulic retention time of the digester is about
twenty days.
The digested liquid is discharged to an aeration pond with
two floating aerators.
The liquid is aerated for twenty days before it is
discharged.
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Palm Oil Mill Effluent Management3. Decanter and facultative ponds:
In a few mills, decanters are used to separate the fruitsjuice after pressing into liquid and solid phase, the liquid
which is mainly oil is fed to the conventional clarification
process.
The water resulting from the clarification station is
recycled.
The solid is either disposed off on land or is dried in a
rotary drier to about 10% moisture and then used as fuel.
Thus, the effluent which consists of only the sterilizer
condensate and waste from the hydro cyclone is greatly
reduced in volume and is treated in a series of ponds.
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Palm Oil Mill Effluent Management4. Anaerobic and facultative ponds:
This system consists of a series of ponds connected in
series for different purposes.
The effluent after oil trapping is retained in an
acidification buffering pond for about two or three days,
the resulting effluent is then treated in an anaerobic pond
with a hydraulic retention time of thirty to eighty days
depending on the mills.
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Palm Oil Mill Effluent Management4. Anaerobic and facultative ponds:
This digested liquid is further treated in a series of
facultative ponds before it is discharged.
In some cases, part of the digested liquid is recycled tothe acidification and buffering pond.
The total hydraulic retention time of the system ranges
from 75 to 120 days.
l l ll ffl
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Palm Oil Mill Effluent Management5. Antra system:
The treatment consists of a combination of mechanical
chemical process and ponds.
The raw effluent after oil trapping is separated into water
and solid phases using a three- phase decanter.
The oil is returned to the main line while the solid isdried in a rotary drier after the filter press.
P l Oil ill ffl
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Palm Oil Mill Effluent Management5. Antra system:
The water containing dissolved and suspended solids is
treated with coagulants and flocculants to remove as
much solids as possible before it is fed to an anaerobicdigester which has a hydraulic retention time of about
ten days.
The digested liquid is further treated in an aerationtower and then oxidized.
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W t M t
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Waste Management
Empty fruit bunches (EFB)
is now increasingly used for
mulching oil palms
The fibre from the EFBafter separation can be
used for pulp and paper
and production of panel
products
W t M t
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Waste Management
Treated palm oil mill effluent (POME) contains high level of plant
nutrients that may totally replace inorganic fertilizers
Treated POME applied to land improves the soil and increases yield
W t M t
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Waste ManagementUNTREATED EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES
W t M t
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Waste Management
UNTREATEDEMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES
W t M t
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Waste ManagementTREATED EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES WITH MICROB
W t M g t
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Waste Management
TREATEDEMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES
WITH MICROB
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ANY QUESTIONS ?