eampJJO Eqgtap~oypoundlt TOU GPS OTOV a8pOTplYWVlO~6

EI011YTll~lt X Iwavvi~1C op ATM

KaA110nEpa ooc KupiEe Kat KUPlOl

TIlV Eno~EvIl ~lori wpa Sa E~ETooou~e Til 5uvaTOTIlshyTO Eltpap~OYrie TOU GPS 0111 ltpWTOypa~~ETpia Kat Elshy5lKOTEpa O1OV aEpOTplYWVlO~O

npoundpiAlllJl ME ~ETpriOEle ltpOOlle TOU GPS Kat O)(ETlKO KlVmlaTlKO eVTomo~o ~nopouv va unOAOYlOTOUV O~Eoa Ol OUshyVTETaY~EVEe TWV oll~eiwv ArilJllle aEpoltpWToypaltplWV yLO va XPllOl~onolllSouv oav E~lowoele napaTriPllOl1e OE ouv5uao~EvIl EniAuOI1 aEpoTplYWV10~OU AvaAuoshyVTat Kat npoTeivoVTOl AUOEle OTO npof3Ari~aTa ~ETashyltpopae TWV ~ETpriOEWV GPS ana TIlV aVTEvva 010 nposhyf3oAlKo KEVTPO TWV ltpwToypaltplwv LlivETat TO ~aSIlshy~aTlKO ~OVTpoundAO Tile ouvouaO~EVIle eniAUOI1e Kat 11 ashyva~Evo~EVIl aKpif3Ela TWV anOTEAEO~OTWV nou ~noshypEi va eivat Tile TO~Ile TWV ~E P1KWV em

1 Eloavwv~

To oUpUltPOP1KO ouoTIl~a EVTomo~ou SEOI1e NAVSTAR GPS napEXEl Til 5uvaTOTIlTa npoo510P10~OU OUVTEshyTOY~EVWV Oll~poundiwv OTO yewKEvTplKO OUOTIl~a WGS84 OE onolo5rinoTE ~EpOe Tile YIle Kat onolaorishynOTE wpa Ta nEoia Eltpap~oywv TOU OTIlv EmoTri~Il TOU TOnoypoltpou ~IlxaVlKou Eivat nOAAG onwe OTIl YEshyw5atoia 0111 VaUOLnAOLa aAAa Kat OTIl ltpwToypa~~EshyTpia LUYKEKpl~Eva 01 ltpwToypa~~eTPlKOU poundv5laltpEshypOVTOe Eltpap~OYEe TOU GPS neplAa~f3avouv

- aKplf3ri nAoriYIloll TOU aEpooKOltpOUe (~E on-line EshyvTOmo~o) Yla Ai)lJlll aEpoltpwTOypaltplwv ana npoKashySOPIO~EVEe SEOEle nou eiVat 15LOiTEpa KpiOl~O Yla OP10~EVEe xprioEle TOUe n X OUVTO~Il 0pSOltpWTOshyypacplwv

- KaSopLO~O Tile SEOI1e ~Il ltpWToypaltpIKWV 5EKTWV (nmiddotx laser profiler) KaTO TIlV mrioll TOU aEpOOKOshyltPOUe

- unOAOYIO~O TWV OUVTeTay~poundvwv TWV Oll~Eiwv ArishylJllle aEpoltpWTOypaltplWV (~E K1VIl~aTlKO EVTOmo~o) Yla Eloaywyri TOUe oav E~IOWOEIe napaTriPllolle OE ouvouao~EvIl EniAuoll aEpoTpIYWVlO~OU

- npoo5loPIO~O ouvTETaY~Evwv EniYElwv OI1~eiwv ( ~E OTaTlKO EVTomo~o) nou Sa XPllOl~onolllSouV oav oll~eia laquoYVWOTWV OUVTeTaY~Evwv raquo OE ou~f3aTlKri riKat ouvouao~EvIl EniAuoll aEpoTplYWV10~OU

A~EOI1 O)(EOI1 O1OV aEpoTplYWV10~O EXOUV Ta ouo TEshyAEUTOio nE5ia Eltpap~oywv Kat ano aUTO TO ~EyaAushyTEpO Ev51altpEpov 11 Ola01Kaoia unOAOY10~OU TWV nposhyf30A1KWV KEVTPWV TWV ltpWToypaltplWV altpou 0 EniYE10e O1aTlKOe EVTomO~Oe eival aVTlKei~EVO nou npay~ashyTEUeTat 11 YEw5atoia ME TOV aEpOTplYWV10~O nEploshypi~poundTat Opa~aTlKa 0 aplS~Oe TWV ltpWTOO1aSEpwv (ltpWshyToypa~~ETplKWV ano500EWV) nou npEnEI va ~ETPllshySouv ~E TOnoypaltplKEe ~ESOOOUe ME Til XPriOl1 TOU GPS EAaX10TonOlOUVTOl Kal 01 anOlTriOEle TWV block aEpoTplYWVlO~OU Yla EniYEla oll~eia laquoYVW01WV oushyvTETay~Evwv raquo ETOl npoKunTEl Eva OI1~aVTlKo XPOVIshy

88 TexvIKa XpOVIKa 211 EKTaKTIl tK~OOT] 95

KO KOl OIKOVOI-I IKO KEp6o~ Yla TIlv oiIl ltpwToypal-il-leshyTPIKi] ~ la~lKaoia Av l-IoiloTa KaTaOTei buvaTl IlI-lEshyTPIl OT] KOl TWV YWVIWV npooavOToiI0I-I0U TWV ltpWTOshyy paqllwv 1-110 aKp l ~e lo iiywv mgon (yivOVTaI axenKo m lpalJaTa I-Ie 3 ri 4 aVTevve~ GPS OTa ltpTepo KOI TO OKeAeTa TOU i15lou ae poniovou) 9a exouIJe aneu 9eishya~ unoioYlo-lO TOU E~wTepIKou npooavQToiloIJOU TWV ElKOVWV apa ~EV ea anarreiTOl OUTE Kav eniiuOT] aEshyPOTPlYWVIOIJ OU

ME TO OUOTl IJa GPS -InopOUV va yivouv M o E1~WV IJEshyTpriOEI~

MampTp~aE IC Kwl)IKa (ri tVE u~oanOOTOOE Ilt) nou l3aoi~oshyVTOl EiTe OTOV P- Kw15IKo ein OTOV CA-Kw~IKa 01 0shynoio l npoOTi9EVTOI OTO Mo napaV0I-leva ltpepovTa KUshyIJaTO ((L1 Kat L2) H eowTepIKi) oKpil3ela auTTie TIle 1510shyo lKoolo~ eivOl TIle Ta~Ile TWV 030 m Yla TOV P-KW~IshyKO nou 0I-lWe npoopl~eTat I-I0VO yLQ OTpanWTlKri xplishyOT] KOt OTIlv KaiUTePTl nEp[mwoll 3 m yLQ TO CA-KWshy~ I Ka (xw pilt Tll v opvIlnKi) enibpaoll Tile selective avail ability nou avalJpoundveTOl va eltpapl-loo8ei) LUVEshyncile Ot l-IeTpi)oEle OUTtlt 15EV IJnopouv va XPllOlI-IOshynOtlSouV y la aepo ptywVtOl-ioue IJEltpwToypaepiEe -Ieshyooiwv Kat I-lEyaiWV KAII-I0KWV

METP~OtlC cpaaTlC TOU cptpOVTOC KUIJOTOC nou eiVat ashyVe~OPTIlTee Kw15IKo KOlt15loitepa aKp ll3eie OTa 19 mm ylQ TO L 1 KOI 24 mm Yla TO L2 To npol3iIl IJa eivat on oe K0ge OTIYJIlaia IJpoundTPllon epCOTle mPlial-ll3aVeTat KOl evae OYVWOTOe aKepolOe apl8IJoe IJIlKWV KUIJaTOe (ashyOOltPElO qgtOOll e) nou umaoepXpoundTOl oav OUOTIlIJaTlKO oltpOAl-ia 010 KaSe OEIPO I-IETPrioewv

H TauTOXPOVTl IJpoundtPTlOT] tVEUOoanoOTooEwV i) epooewv ana Evav Ii mplooOTEpOUe ~eKTee GPS oe 4 TOUi6XIshyOTOV 15opultpopoult enLTptnel TOV npoo~loPIOIJO TWV ouvTeTaYIJeVWv (XYZ) TIle aVTevvae Kat TOU oltpoishyIJatOe XPOvol-ltTpeu TWV 15eKTwv

H 610olKaoia npooOIOPIOlOU TWV OT] IJeiwv MtVIle aeshyP0ltpwToypaeplwv onoTeiei IJia XapoKTIlPIOTIKIi nepishym wOT] KIVrlllOTIKOU ampVTOmOIJOU 9tCJllC aepou 0 ~e KTll e GPS EivOl Ton09eTIl -levoe novw OTO oeponiovo na TIlV eniTe u ~Tl utVIl iwv oKpll3elwv onwe aUTwv nou ashynOlTo uvToI OTO Ue aepoTplYWVI0I-I0Ue npenel va Eshyltpap -l009Ei OE off- line eniAuOT] eva I-I0VTeio anopposhyltpT] 011e TWV OUOTT]IJaTIKWV oltpaiIJOTWV nou napexeshyTal IJOVOV pE 6LQ15lKoola 0XETIKOU poundVTOmOIJOu n pashyKTlKa aUTO EnLTUVXaVETOl I-IE TOUTOXPovee I-IpoundTPrioele (ltpaOl1 e) OTOUe i~louc 60puqgtopoue ana EVa OTOTIKO MKTIl Ton09ETIl IJeuroVO OTe EcSaltpoe oe OTll-leio YVWOTWV OUVTEToYleVWv peoa OTTlV nepLOxri nou Kaiunn 1 T] 0shyep0ltpwToYPOepT]OTl ~ KOVTO a aUTriv Kat ana TOV KIshyVOUIEVO 6tKTfl nou I3pioKpoundTOl navw OTO aeponiovo EToI EqgtOP IJO~OVTOe n pwTou ri ~EuTepou l3a8-1ou 610shyltpopeC E~oieiltPOVTOl oia TO oepaiIJQTO nou eivOl KOIshyva OTOUe Me M KTee

2 npOpA~lJaTa OlOV npoo~loPIOIJO TWV OlllJeiwv A~IjJI1lt OepocpWTovpaqllwv

Eva npwTo npol3imla 6T] l-I loupyeiTat ana TO yeyov6e OTt TO OT] IJeio iritVlle ltpwToypaeplwv 6ev I-Inopouv va

npoo1510Pl080uv oneu8doe 1-110 TO OUOTT]I-Ia GPS 01 lIeTpri OEle GPS avaepepOVTOl OTIlV aVTevva TOU MshyKTIl nou npene l va I3pioKeTOl OTO navw l-IepOe TOU ashyeponi6vou Yla va IJT]V eIJn06i~ETOl one Ta ltpTe pO T] 0shym lKri enaepri IJE TOU e 60pultpopoue KaTO TIe OTpoepee TOU aeponi6vou To IJeye80e T11 e onoOTaone npol3oshyiIKOU KevTpou-avTevvae eivOl OTo8EPO Kat IJnopei va IJeTPIl8ei IJe aKpil3ela KaiLlTepT] ana 1 cm To ~I1ToushyIJEVO OIJWe eiVOl 01 OuvIOTwoee TOU 6IaVUOlaTOe OTO OUOTT]IJa elKovOOUVTETaYIJeVWv KOee ltpwToypaepiae nou E~apTWVTat ana TIe ywv iE~ npooavaToiI0I-I0U KOl TlC KiioEle TOU aeponiavou 0 1 6 uVaToTTlTee nou ushynopxouv eiVOl eiTe 11 XPriOl1 CPWTOIJT]xavri e nou Inoshypel va KaTaypaepel TIe TlI-IEe TWV Kiioewv (nx Zeiss RMK TOP) eiTe 11 nOKTwOfl TT]e IJl1xavri e Ai tVT]e waTe 01 OUVIOTwoee TT]e eKKeVTpOTT] TOe va napaleVO uv OTa8epee KaS 0iT] TT]V mrOT] (npaKTlKa bev eivOl noshyVTOTe eepIKTO) ~e Ko8e nepimwOfl av T] aVTevva TOshyn0geTIlSei aKpll3wc novw ana TT] cpwTOIJT]xavri Tl enishy~pOOT] TIle ywviae K yiveTat oleiTlTpounda KOl 01 oiAEe ywshyviee n pEnel va eivOl YVW01pounde IJe aK pi~e la 1 g-2g aepou TO IJpoundYE 80e TT]e eKKeVTpOTIlTOe yiVCTOl TIle Ta~T]e TWV 2 m opa I-Inopouv va iT]ep80uv ana TIe npwTe~ enashyvoAi tVele TT]e ouvop8woT]e TOU aepoTplYWVlOIJOU

To i5ELJTepO npo 13iT] la nou npenel va ~empaOTe i ashyltpapa TIl i5laepopa IeTaSu TOU xpovou iritVT]e Ko8E epwshyToypaepiae Kat TT]e XPOVIKre oKoiou8ia~ onou n poyshyIJaTOnOlouvTOl IJETPrioele GPS ME TOUe ouvxpovoue 6EKTee GPS IJETp~OEIe iall3ovovTOI avo 1 sec ri Kat i1shyYOTepo OIJWe oe 1 sec TO ouvil 9T] aeponiova ylO ltpWToypocprioele Kaium ouv onOO1OOT] TT]e TOST]e TWV 50 m ouvenwe 11 oKpi l3ela K08oPIOIJOU TIle OTIYl-lrie TIl e MtVT]e TT]e epwToypoepiae (i5I1 ioi5ri TT]e XPOVlK1le OTlYl-lrie nou TO KieiOTpO TT]e -IT]xavrie ltp8ovel OTO -IeshyYIOTO ovolYI-iO TOU) npEnel va e ivat KaiuTepT] ana 1 msec 01 veee aepoepwT0IIT]x aVec (Ze iss RMK TOP LMK 2000 ri Wild RC20) exouv TT] o uvaTOTT]Ta OUVOEshy0l1e IJE TO oeKTIl KOl KaTaypaeprie TOU Xpovou iritVTle lJe aKO IJT] -IeyaiuTepTl oKpil3elO Tle nOAatOTepEe ltpWshyTOIlTlxavee ana lTEiTOI T] Ton08eTIlOfl EVOe el61Kou ltpWshyToe uaio8T]TOU aVIxve UTri l-IeTasu TOU ltpaKOU KOl TOU eOTlaKOU emne6ou YnOPXEI a KO lT] T] bUVOTOTT]Ta XPT]OlIJonoiT]011e Mo oeKTWV evoc Yla nioriYT]OIl TOU aepoOKaltpOUe nou eivOl ouvoeoe ~ivo IJE TT] epWTOIJT]shyxavr Kal Ka8opi~el TT] MtVT] TWV cpWToypaltplWv oe XposhyVlKEe OTIYlJee noiu KOVTO O1OUlt Xpovouc MtVT]e I-leshyTpnmWV -Ie TO GPS trOI 01 anOlTOUI-IEVec napel-l~oshyMe yiVOVTOl aniouOTepe e TIl yevIKTj nepimwOl1 nashyVTWe XPT]OlIJOnOlOuVTOl noiuwvuIJa ana ypaIJI-llKO iJEshyXPI TpiTOU l3a8IJou KOI ia-l~OVOVTal Ko8e ltpopo unoshytV T] 014 ri 5 niT]OleOTe pEC XPOV lKO lIeTPrioele GPS ETOl eKTOe ana neplT1Twmle anOTO-lT]e -IETal3oirie TIle nopeiae TOU oeponiavou (emToxuvoele aiiayie uljJo ue miloT]e Kin) npo06 10p i~oVTat 01 OUVTeTOYshyIJf vee TIl e aVTevvae KaTQ TO xPOVO iritVT]e Kaee ltpWshyToypoltpiae Ano IJOVTeia npooolloiWOTle exel n pOKushytVe1 OTI OKOIJT] KOI OV 6ev uneloeigel OTT] ouvop8wOT] TOU aepOTplYWVIO-lOU TO 25 TWV npol3oiIKwv KEshyVTPWV (i6yw eVTOm 0IlOU 0 aUTO xovopoel6wv oepaishyl-IaTWV) T] enii5poOl1 OTflv aKpll3Ela TWV anoTeieO-lOshyTWV nap0-level aIJeiTlTeo

88 TexvIKa XpOVIKa 211 EKTaKTIl tK~OOT] 95

KO KOl OIKOVOI-I IKO KEp6o~ Yla TIlv oiIl ltpwToypal-il-leshyTPIKi] ~ la~lKaoia Av l-IoiloTa KaTaOTei buvaTl IlI-lEshyTPIl OT] KOl TWV YWVIWV npooavOToiI0I-I0U TWV ltpWTOshyy paqllwv 1-110 aKp l ~e lo iiywv mgon (yivOVTaI axenKo m lpalJaTa I-Ie 3 ri 4 aVTevve~ GPS OTa ltpTepo KOI TO OKeAeTa TOU i15lou ae poniovou) 9a exouIJe aneu 9eishya~ unoioYlo-lO TOU E~wTepIKou npooavQToiloIJOU TWV ElKOVWV apa ~EV ea anarreiTOl OUTE Kav eniiuOT] aEshyPOTPlYWVIOIJ OU

ME TO OUOTl IJa GPS -InopOUV va yivouv M o E1~WV IJEshyTpriOEI~

MampTp~aE IC Kwl)IKa (ri tVE u~oanOOTOOE Ilt) nou l3aoi~oshyVTOl EiTe OTOV P- Kw15IKo ein OTOV CA-Kw~IKa 01 0shynoio l npoOTi9EVTOI OTO Mo napaV0I-leva ltpepovTa KUshyIJaTO ((L1 Kat L2) H eowTepIKi) oKpil3ela auTTie TIle 1510shyo lKoolo~ eivOl TIle Ta~Ile TWV 030 m Yla TOV P-KW~IshyKO nou 0I-lWe npoopl~eTat I-I0VO yLQ OTpanWTlKri xplishyOT] KOt OTIlv KaiUTePTl nEp[mwoll 3 m yLQ TO CA-KWshy~ I Ka (xw pilt Tll v opvIlnKi) enibpaoll Tile selective avail ability nou avalJpoundveTOl va eltpapl-loo8ei) LUVEshyncile Ot l-IeTpi)oEle OUTtlt 15EV IJnopouv va XPllOlI-IOshynOtlSouV y la aepo ptywVtOl-ioue IJEltpwToypaepiEe -Ieshyooiwv Kat I-lEyaiWV KAII-I0KWV

METP~OtlC cpaaTlC TOU cptpOVTOC KUIJOTOC nou eiVat ashyVe~OPTIlTee Kw15IKo KOlt15loitepa aKp ll3eie OTa 19 mm ylQ TO L 1 KOI 24 mm Yla TO L2 To npol3iIl IJa eivat on oe K0ge OTIYJIlaia IJpoundTPllon epCOTle mPlial-ll3aVeTat KOl evae OYVWOTOe aKepolOe apl8IJoe IJIlKWV KUIJaTOe (ashyOOltPElO qgtOOll e) nou umaoepXpoundTOl oav OUOTIlIJaTlKO oltpOAl-ia 010 KaSe OEIPO I-IETPrioewv

H TauTOXPOVTl IJpoundtPTlOT] tVEUOoanoOTooEwV i) epooewv ana Evav Ii mplooOTEpOUe ~eKTee GPS oe 4 TOUi6XIshyOTOV 15opultpopoult enLTptnel TOV npoo~loPIOIJO TWV ouvTeTaYIJeVWv (XYZ) TIle aVTevvae Kat TOU oltpoishyIJatOe XPOvol-ltTpeu TWV 15eKTwv

H 610olKaoia npooOIOPIOlOU TWV OT] IJeiwv MtVIle aeshyP0ltpwToypaeplwv onoTeiei IJia XapoKTIlPIOTIKIi nepishym wOT] KIVrlllOTIKOU ampVTOmOIJOU 9tCJllC aepou 0 ~e KTll e GPS EivOl Ton09eTIl -levoe novw OTO oeponiovo na TIlV eniTe u ~Tl utVIl iwv oKpll3elwv onwe aUTwv nou ashynOlTo uvToI OTO Ue aepoTplYWVI0I-I0Ue npenel va Eshyltpap -l009Ei OE off- line eniAuOT] eva I-I0VTeio anopposhyltpT] 011e TWV OUOTT]IJaTIKWV oltpaiIJOTWV nou napexeshyTal IJOVOV pE 6LQ15lKoola 0XETIKOU poundVTOmOIJOu n pashyKTlKa aUTO EnLTUVXaVETOl I-IE TOUTOXPovee I-IpoundTPrioele (ltpaOl1 e) OTOUe i~louc 60puqgtopoue ana EVa OTOTIKO MKTIl Ton09ETIl IJeuroVO OTe EcSaltpoe oe OTll-leio YVWOTWV OUVTEToYleVWv peoa OTTlV nepLOxri nou Kaiunn 1 T] 0shyep0ltpwToYPOepT]OTl ~ KOVTO a aUTriv Kat ana TOV KIshyVOUIEVO 6tKTfl nou I3pioKpoundTOl navw OTO aeponiovo EToI EqgtOP IJO~OVTOe n pwTou ri ~EuTepou l3a8-1ou 610shyltpopeC E~oieiltPOVTOl oia TO oepaiIJQTO nou eivOl KOIshyva OTOUe Me M KTee

2 npOpA~lJaTa OlOV npoo~loPIOIJO TWV OlllJeiwv A~IjJI1lt OepocpWTovpaqllwv

Eva npwTo npol3imla 6T] l-I loupyeiTat ana TO yeyov6e OTt TO OT] IJeio iritVlle ltpwToypaeplwv 6ev I-Inopouv va

npoo1510Pl080uv oneu8doe 1-110 TO OUOTT]I-Ia GPS 01 lIeTpri OEle GPS avaepepOVTOl OTIlV aVTevva TOU MshyKTIl nou npene l va I3pioKeTOl OTO navw l-IepOe TOU ashyeponi6vou Yla va IJT]V eIJn06i~ETOl one Ta ltpTe pO T] 0shym lKri enaepri IJE TOU e 60pultpopoue KaTO TIe OTpoepee TOU aeponi6vou To IJeye80e T11 e onoOTaone npol3oshyiIKOU KevTpou-avTevvae eivOl OTo8EPO Kat IJnopei va IJeTPIl8ei IJe aKpil3ela KaiLlTepT] ana 1 cm To ~I1ToushyIJEVO OIJWe eiVOl 01 OuvIOTwoee TOU 6IaVUOlaTOe OTO OUOTT]IJa elKovOOUVTETaYIJeVWv KOee ltpwToypaepiae nou E~apTWVTat ana TIe ywv iE~ npooavaToiI0I-I0U KOl TlC KiioEle TOU aeponiavou 0 1 6 uVaToTTlTee nou ushynopxouv eiVOl eiTe 11 XPriOl1 CPWTOIJT]xavri e nou Inoshypel va KaTaypaepel TIe TlI-IEe TWV Kiioewv (nx Zeiss RMK TOP) eiTe 11 nOKTwOfl TT]e IJl1xavri e Ai tVT]e waTe 01 OUVIOTwoee TT]e eKKeVTpOTT] TOe va napaleVO uv OTa8epee KaS 0iT] TT]V mrOT] (npaKTlKa bev eivOl noshyVTOTe eepIKTO) ~e Ko8e nepimwOfl av T] aVTevva TOshyn0geTIlSei aKpll3wc novw ana TT] cpwTOIJT]xavri Tl enishy~pOOT] TIle ywviae K yiveTat oleiTlTpounda KOl 01 oiAEe ywshyviee n pEnel va eivOl YVW01pounde IJe aK pi~e la 1 g-2g aepou TO IJpoundYE 80e TT]e eKKeVTpOTIlTOe yiVCTOl TIle Ta~T]e TWV 2 m opa I-Inopouv va iT]ep80uv ana TIe npwTe~ enashyvoAi tVele TT]e ouvop8woT]e TOU aepoTplYWVlOIJOU

To i5ELJTepO npo 13iT] la nou npenel va ~empaOTe i ashyltpapa TIl i5laepopa IeTaSu TOU xpovou iritVT]e Ko8E epwshyToypaepiae Kat TT]e XPOVIKre oKoiou8ia~ onou n poyshyIJaTOnOlouvTOl IJETPrioele GPS ME TOUe ouvxpovoue 6EKTee GPS IJETp~OEIe iall3ovovTOI avo 1 sec ri Kat i1shyYOTepo OIJWe oe 1 sec TO ouvil 9T] aeponiova ylO ltpWToypocprioele Kaium ouv onOO1OOT] TT]e TOST]e TWV 50 m ouvenwe 11 oKpi l3ela K08oPIOIJOU TIle OTIYl-lrie TIl e MtVT]e TT]e epwToypoepiae (i5I1 ioi5ri TT]e XPOVlK1le OTlYl-lrie nou TO KieiOTpO TT]e -IT]xavrie ltp8ovel OTO -IeshyYIOTO ovolYI-iO TOU) npEnel va e ivat KaiuTepT] ana 1 msec 01 veee aepoepwT0IIT]x aVec (Ze iss RMK TOP LMK 2000 ri Wild RC20) exouv TT] o uvaTOTT]Ta OUVOEshy0l1e IJE TO oeKTIl KOl KaTaypaeprie TOU Xpovou iritVTle lJe aKO IJT] -IeyaiuTepTl oKpil3elO Tle nOAatOTepEe ltpWshyTOIlTlxavee ana lTEiTOI T] Ton08eTIlOfl EVOe el61Kou ltpWshyToe uaio8T]TOU aVIxve UTri l-IeTasu TOU ltpaKOU KOl TOU eOTlaKOU emne6ou YnOPXEI a KO lT] T] bUVOTOTT]Ta XPT]OlIJonoiT]011e Mo oeKTWV evoc Yla nioriYT]OIl TOU aepoOKaltpOUe nou eivOl ouvoeoe ~ivo IJE TT] epWTOIJT]shyxavr Kal Ka8opi~el TT] MtVT] TWV cpWToypaltplWv oe XposhyVlKEe OTIYlJee noiu KOVTO O1OUlt Xpovouc MtVT]e I-leshyTpnmWV -Ie TO GPS trOI 01 anOlTOUI-IEVec napel-l~oshyMe yiVOVTOl aniouOTepe e TIl yevIKTj nepimwOl1 nashyVTWe XPT]OlIJOnOlOuVTOl noiuwvuIJa ana ypaIJI-llKO iJEshyXPI TpiTOU l3a8IJou KOI ia-l~OVOVTal Ko8e ltpopo unoshytV T] 014 ri 5 niT]OleOTe pEC XPOV lKO lIeTPrioele GPS ETOl eKTOe ana neplT1Twmle anOTO-lT]e -IETal3oirie TIle nopeiae TOU oeponiavou (emToxuvoele aiiayie uljJo ue miloT]e Kin) npo06 10p i~oVTat 01 OUVTeTOYshyIJf vee TIl e aVTevvae KaTQ TO xPOVO iritVT]e Kaee ltpWshyToypoltpiae Ano IJOVTeia npooolloiWOTle exel n pOKushytVe1 OTI OKOIJT] KOI OV 6ev uneloeigel OTT] ouvop8wOT] TOU aepOTplYWVIO-lOU TO 25 TWV npol3oiIKwv KEshyVTPWV (i6yw eVTOm 0IlOU 0 aUTO xovopoel6wv oepaishyl-IaTWV) T] enii5poOl1 OTflv aKpll3Ela TWV anoTeieO-lOshyTWV nap0-level aIJeiTlTeo

89 TpoundXVIKO XPOVIKO

Mia oHIl 0~05a npol3AIl~oTwV nou 51l~loupypoundi ana ashyvunpoundPI3AIlTa pound~n05Ia OTOV npo0510P10~0 TWV OIl~dshywv Ai]4JIle ~poundXPI ouoTIl~aTlKO O(poA~QTa OTle unoAoshyYI~O~poundVpounde ouvTpoundTay~poundvpounde acpopo TOV Ka80plO~0 Tile apXlKi]e aoocppoundlae cpOOlle TrIV anwApoundla KUKAWV KQl TIe 5laKonpounde i] aOUVpoundXpoundlpounde oi]~QTOe Onwe avacppoundp8Il Kpound OTO npOIlYou~poundVO KpoundCPOAQlO OTle ~poundTpi]Opoundle cpOOlle poundshyvunopXpoundl poundvae OYVWOTOe aKpoundPQlOe apl8~0e ~IlKWV KUshy~QTOe nou nppoundnpoundl va npo05l0pl08d AUTO poundmTUYXOshyVpoundTQl ~pound Til Ai]4J1l ~poundTpi]opoundWV GPS KQl ana TOUe 5uo 5poundKTpounde (poundniYpoundlo KQl apoundponAovou) Yla tva XPOVlKO 5l0shyoTIl~a nplV ana TIlV anoydwoll TOU mponAovou To XPOVlKO OlooTIl~a pound~apTCtTQl ana Til ~pound8050 KQl TO npoypa~~a poundnpound~poundpyaoiae TWV ~poundTpi]opoundwv nou 8a XPIlshy0l~onolll80uv KQl ~noppound i va cp800poundl KQl Til 1 wpa Ta npoI3Ai]~aTa o~we Tile ~poundYOAIle XpOVlKi]e 5l0pKpoundlae KQl TO anpol3ApoundnTo TWV KaTaOToopoundwv KaTo TIe poundmTashyXUVOpoundle Tile anoydwOIle (m8avoe anpoundYKAwl3lo~oe 50shypucpopou nou aXPIlOTpoundupoundl TIe npay~QTOnolIl8dopounde ~poundshyTpi]opoundle KOl ~nopd va ~poundnpoundpaOTpoundL ~ovo ~pound napaTi]shyPlloll npoundploooTpoundPWV TWV TpoundOOOpwv 50pucpopwv) 0shy5i]Ylloav Ta TpoundApounduTaia XPovla OTllv avomu~1l aAYoshypl8~wv Yla TOV npo05loPlO~0 Tile apXlKi]e aoocppoundLQe KQTO TlllilopKpoundla Trle KiVIlOlle TOU 5poundKTIl Evae ouvi]shy81le npoundploplO~Oe dVQl Ol ouvpoundxde ~poundTpi]opoundle cpOOIle Yla XPOVlKO lilooTIl~a TOUAOXlOTOV 10-15 min Kal noshyAl o~we Ta anoTpoundApoundo~aTa lipoundv dVQl novToTpound lKavoshynOlIlTlKO poundvw unoPXpoundl 0 Kivliuvoe poundocpaA~poundvou unoshyAOYlo~OU Tile apXlKi]e aoocppoundlae i] anwApoundlae KUKAWV KQTO Til lilopKpoundla Tile nTi]olle AOYw aouvpoundXpoundlWV TOU cn1~QTOe nou ~nopd va OcpdApoundTQl Opound lilOcpOpOUe 10shyyoue (aAAayi] OTIl lilOTa~1l TWV liopucpopwv pound ~nolila OTllv omlKi] poundnacpi] aVTpoundvvae-liopucpopou KOK ) ElshylilKO AOYlO~IKO naKpoundTa nou l3aoi~ovTQl OTa oi]~QTa nou napa~poundvouv ouvpoundxi] KQl Opound TpoundXV lKpounde cpiATPWV KQl nposhyI3Apound4Jpoundwv poundmAuouv TO npoI3AIl~a Mia anAouoTpoundPIl npoopoundYVlOIl poundmTUVXOVpoundTQl ~pound TIlV poundnpoundKTaoll TOU ou shyvapTIlOlaKou ~OVTpoundAOU TOU apoundpoTplYWVlO~OU WOTpound va npoundplAa~l3ovpoundl ayvwOToue napa~poundTpOUe Yla ~poundTashyToniopoundle KQl nappoundKKAiopoundle TWV ouvTpoundTay~poundvwv oushyvapTi]opoundl TOU Xpovou mi]OIle Enpoundllii] ouvi]8we 01 ashynWApoundlpounde KUKAWV ou~l3aivouv KQTO TIe aHaypounde Awpishyliae mi]olle (onoTpound poundXou~pound anoTO~pounde OTpOcppounde TOU ashypoundponAovou) OUVlOTOTOl 11 poundcpapl-oyi] liLQCPOPpoundTlKWV block fLa Aoyoue anocpuyi]e aoplOTlwV KQl a5uva~iae poundniAuOIle TOU oUOTi]~QTOe 8a nppoundnpoundl va unoPXpoundl KQl 0 avoAoyoe apI8~0e poundniYpoundlwv OIl~poundiwv YVWOTWV oushyVTETOY~poundVWV i] KQTO nACtTOe poundmKaAuljpoundWv TWV Awpishyliwv poundvw XPIlOl~onolouvTOl npwTOu i] TO nOAu lipoundushyTpoundpOU l3a8~ou nOAuwvu~a Yla Tllv anoppocpllOIl TWV nappoundKKAiopoundwv

Eva aKo~ll ~i]TrI~a dVOl 11 ~poundTQTPoni] TWV OUVTpoundshyTay~poundvwv GPS ana TO ouoTIl~a WGS84 OTO poundm8u~ll shyTO KpaTlKO i] TomKO oUOTIl~a avacpopoe AnOlTdTQlIl yvwoll Kal OTa 5uo oUOTi]~QTa avacpopoe TWV OUVTpoundshyTOy~poundvWV TPlWV TOUAOXIOTOV poundniYpoundlwv OIl~poundiwv Lpound ashyvTi8poundTIl npoundpimwoll nppoundnpoundl va npolilopl080uv Ol 0shyYVWOTOl OUVTpoundApoundOTpounde ~poundTQTPoni]e KQTO Tllv poundniAuOIl TOU apoundpoTplYWVlO~OU H npo08i]KIl OTO oUOTIl~a Vpoundshywv OYVWOTWV napa~poundTpwv 8poundApoundl llilaiTpoundPIl npoooxi] AOYw TWV ~poundyoAwv OUVTpoundApoundOTWV OUO)(poundTlOIle ~poundTO~U

aUTWV KQl TWV napa~poundTpwv Yla anoppoCPIlOll TWV xposhyVlKWV nappoundKKAiopoundwv

3 IuvliuooIJampvl1 tniAuol1 OtPOTPIYWVIOIJOU

fLa TIlV a~lonoilloll TWV ~poundTpi]opoundwv KlVIl~QTlKOU poundshyvTOmo~ou ~pound GPS anQlTpoundLTQl 11 npo08i]KIl ~lae vpoundae KaTllyopiae pound~lOWOpoundWV napQTi]PIlOlle OTO ~a8rwaTlKO ~OVTpoundAO TWV ou~l3aTlKwv ~pound80liwv apoundpoTplYWVlO~OU nou TO anoTpoundAouv 01 KAaOlKpounde cpwToypa~~poundTplKpounde poundshy~lOWOpoundle poundlKOVoouvTpoundTay~poundvwv (ouyypa~~lKoTIlTa) Yla ouvop8WOIl ~pound lipoundo~pounde i] ouvTpoundTay~poundvwv ~OVTpoundAOU Yla ouvop8WDIl ~pound av pound~opTIlTa ~ovTpoundAa LTIl ouvouashyo~poundVIl aUTi] poundniAuoll apoundpoTplYWVIO~OU ~pound cpwTOypa~shy~poundTplKpounde napQTIlPi]opoundle KQl napQTIlPi]opoundle TWV Oll~dshywv Ai]4-Ile TWV cpwTOypacplwv (aKpll3poundOTpoundpa napQTIlshypi]OpoundIe Tile aVTpoundvvae TOU GPS KQTO TO XPOVO Ai]4JIle TWV cpWToypacplWV) poundvlipoundiKVUTQl 11 poundcpap~oyi] Tile OUshyvop8WDIle ~pound lipoundo~pounde acpou poundXpoundl anolipoundlx8d OTl Ta ashyVpound~OPTIlTO ~OVTpoundAa liivouv anOTpoundtpoundO~QTa ~lKpOTpoundPIle aKpil3poundlae

Ol pound~lOWOpoundle napQTi]PIlDlle uno ~opcpi] mVOKWv poundLVQl

a) Ol cpWTOypa~~poundTplKpounde

-Vp+AP1Xp+Ap2Xp = Wp ~pound nivaKa l3apwv Pp (1)

13 ) Ol ~poundTpi]opoundle GPS

-Vo+Xp+AoXa=Wo ~pound nivaKa l3apwv Po (2)

onou Xp TO lilovuo~a TWV OYVWOTWV OTOlXdwv nposhyoavQToAlo~Ou TWV cpwToypacplwv

XC TO lilovuo~a TWV OYVWOTWV ouvTpoundTay~poundvwv TWV cpwToOTa8poundpwv

Xa TO lilOVUO~a TWV OYVWOTWV napa~poundTpWV Yla TO oUOTIl~aTlKO OcpOA~aTa TWV ~poundTpi]OpoundWV GPS

Ap1 Ap2Ao niVaKpounde OUVTpoundApoundOTWV TWV ayvwOTWV

Av avaAuoou~pound npoundplOOOTpoundPO TIe pound~lOWOpoundle TWV nashypaTIlPi]opoundWV GPS ~pound 130011 ooa avacppoundp8llKaV OTO npoIlYou~poundVo KpoundCPOAQlO KQTaAi]you~pound OTle napaKoshyTW 3 pound~lOWOpound I e Yla TIlV i cpwTOypacpia nou avi]Kpoundl OTIlV k Awpilia mi]DIle

Xo ( x A

Yo +M(cp wK) YA

Zoi Z A

onou Xo Yo Zo 01 OUVTpoundApoundOTpounde TOU DIl~poundLOU Ai]4JIle

XA YA Z A 01 OUVlOTWOpounde Tile poundKKpoundVTpoTIlTae a shyvTpoundvva-cpwTo~llxavi]e OTO oUOTIl~a Tile poundlKovae

X A YA ZA Ol ouvTpoundTay~poundvpounde aVTpoundvvae OTO OUshyoTIl~a TOU poundliocpoue (KpaTlKO i] TOshymKO)

M(cpW K) 0 nivaKae YWVlWV npOOaVQTOAlo~OU

ax ~ az 01 oyvwOTpounde ~poundTQToniopoundle OTIl Awpishylia k

90 TeXVIKO XPOVIKO 211 eKTOKTI1 eKo o011 95

bx by bz Ot ayvWOTee nopcKKAioEle ouvopn OCt TOU XPOVO lJ OTIl Awpioo k

Ano TIl ~o p qlIi Tile e~ioW011e (2) npOKLJITTE l OTl 11 nposhya9rKIl TWV vewv e~lowoEWV napoTrPIlO11 C oOl1y ei oe KOVOVlKO nivoKo ~C Ilopcpn laquoniVOKO-AWpioo ~c n cplshySWP lOraquo H OVTlOTPOCPr TOU KOl 11 EniAu011 TOU ouemshy1-I0TOe (5ev nop UOlO~OUV lotahcpo npol3AIl~o KOI nposhyKTlKa oVE~opTIlTa ono TO OUVOAIKO opl8~0 TWV E~t shyowoewv nopoTrpllOIl e Kat TWV aYVWOTWV oll~eiwv I-lnopou v vo KOAUcp90uv ana Tle unoAoYlOTlKee KOl 0shynoSIlKeUTlKee (5 uvoToTIlTCe CVOC PC386 r 486 ~c OKAIlPO ii iOKo IlCPIKWV oeKO)wv Mb

2TO EPVOOTtiP lO ltlgtwTOYPO~~CTpioe TOU E Mn excl 0shyvomuxgei (KUpiwe OTO nAolOlo CKnOVl1011C Til e ii lOOshyKTop lKYie ii lOTptPtie ~ou) tva npoYPOlJlJO OUVOUOO~pound shyVWV em AU OpoundWV oepOTp lYWVo~OU 11pound TO OVO~O ACATOO nou KoMmel Tle onOlTtiOpoundIe TOU noponoshyvw ~0911 1-1 0TlKOU ~OVTeAou H OPXlKti OUVTO~l1 TOU npoypOIl~OTOe t Vlve OTOV nOAOlO KeuroVTPIKO unOAOYlshyani TOU EMn oe YAwaoo FORTRAN Ilc iiuvoTOTIlshyTO cmAuoewv CP WTOYPOIlIlpoundTPlKWV TonoYPocplKWV KOl oMwv el6wv napaTl1PrioEWV H IlCTOltpOpa TOU OTIl aushyVtXpound IO oe nepl (3aAlIov PC (OTIlV iiilO YAW OOO nposhyypo~laTlo l-lo u) ene(3aAe TOV nEploplO~O TWV poundIOWV napoTIlPnoewv nou IlnOpouv va iiloxelplOTouV ~ovov OTle CPWTOYPO~IlCTpIKee KOI Tle nopOTllPriopoundle ana oushyem~aTQ nAotiYIlO11e onwe E[VOl TO GPS nOpexeTOl 11 oUVOTOTIlTO elooi5ou l-IeXPI 6 npooSCTwV ayvwOTwv nopoJlepwv ova Awpioo TOU bl ock 0 OUTO TO OTashyi5tO 0IlWe oev unaPXet aKOPIl 11 iiUVOTOTT1TO OTOTlshyOTIKOU eMvxou 011~aVT 1KOTllTae QUTWV TWV napOI-l fshyTPWV nou oe noM ee neptm WOpoundIe poundlVOllOlOtTEPO XprshyOlllllmiddot

EVOLOcpepov tXEl 11 olpoundpeuVIlOll TWV OnatnOEWV poundVoe TeuroTOtOU oUOTt I-IOTOe ouvi5u ao~evIle eniAu011C Opound 011shyI-IEio YVWOTWV OUVTETOYIlampVWVKat iilaTO~Il TWV ~WVWV mT]011e H unop~Il 4 YVWOTWV OlWpoundlwv avo tva OTIe 4 ywviee TOU bl ock poundlVOI eml3pound[3ArweVIl ana TIe OVOshyyKEe IlETaTpontie TWV oUVTpoundToy~evwv GPS ana TO yeshyWKeVTplKO oucmw o OTO OIjOTll ~IO OVocpopae TOU oeshyPOTPIYWV10llOU (TO tampTapTO O11 ~poundlo npoOTi8eToi OTO Tpia onopoiTIlTa VIC AOVOUe oU ~~CTpioe KOI a~tomshyOT[ae) To O11 ~poundlO 0I1We OUTO iiev cnopKOUV Yla TIl V onocp uyi) aopl0T1WV OTO KaVOVlKO OUOTIll1a OTaV nposhyOTi9cvTOt 6 0VVWOTOI napOI1CTpOl avo AWp[oo (2 OC K6ee o~ovo) H M OT] iiivcTol EiTC 11pound TT]V poundlooiio QUO aAuoii5wv O11 l1poundlwv YVWOTWV UljJol1fTPWV OTle QUO ana Tte 4 nAeupee TT]e mpll1tTPOU TOU block ciTc IlE TIlv npaYl1oTonoil1 011 QUO napoAAIlAWV npo08eTwv AwpishyoWV nnOT]e OTO QKpa TOU block 11pound olcu8uv011 K0geshyTil npoe OUTT] TWV AOtnWV Awpiiiwv mr011e naVTOTC I1c KOTOYPO CP ti TWV l1ETptioewv GPS

4 AKpiPEIEC ouv6uaolJampvwvEmAuOEWV

Ana TO l1eoo TIle i5eKaeTiae TOU 1980 EXOUV yivEl 61CshySVWC OUOTIl I10TlKampe amppeuvec I1c 1l0VTeAa npooolloiwshy011C Y10 TIl v EKTiW10Tl Tl1e OVOI1CvoI1CvIle oKpi[3e tae TWV ouvteToYI1ampVWV TWV Ol1~poundlWV MljJIl e TWV ltpWTOshyyp0ltPIWV ana K IVl1 ~IOnKO EVTOm0l10 GPS Kat TWV OUshyVTpoundTOYI1ampVWV TWV cpWTOOTaSepwv IlCTe] ana OUVOUO-

OlJtvee entAuoC1C OCPOTPIYWVlOI1WV AVOAoyce nposhyanaSelCe ~C nopc~ltpcpti onOTeM ollOTO eYlvav l1eTO TO 1990 KOl ~C TO npoypO~IJO ACATOO OTO EpyoshyOTtiP IO ltlgtwToypo~~eTpioe TOU EM n To oUl1ncposhyOlloTO OAWV OUTWV TWV i50Kl~WV I-Inopouv va auvoljJlshyoSo uv OTO nOpOKCITW

0) av SewPllSpoundl OTl UnaPXel auvExtic KOTaYPOltPti TO U GPS xwpic npol3Ari I1OTO 151oKonwv otiIJOTOe ti oushyOTllJlOTlKWV OCPOA~OTWV Aeyw anwAclwv KUKAWV Kat 4 O11 l1poundlo YVWOTWV aUVTeT0YI1poundVWV 11 OV0I1EV0I-IEVT] OP l~OVTlOypOcpIKti oKpil3cla aTO cpwTocn08cpo eiVat 08-1 0 00S Kat 11 UljJOI1CTPlKti 14-20 00S enou 00 11 oKpl [3ElO ~bpllOTJe TWV eIKOVOOUVTeT0YlJeVWV Kat S 11 KAI l1oKO TWV CPWTOYPOCPlWV

13) ~E TT] V eiaolio npooScTWV nopol1ampTpWV aTO block ri avo Awpioo Y10 TIlv E~OAelljJll oUOnwaTlKWV OltpOAshy~6Twv TO KOALncpo ononAtol1ota entTUyxovOVTOI I-Ie TIl l5 loTO~Il TWV iiuo n poaSnwv laquoKo8eTwvraquo AWshypil5wv mri011C KOI poundlvat Tll e TO~IlC TWV 15-30 ooS Y10 Trw OP1~OVTloypoltpio Kat 20-500 ooS Y10 TT]V uljJoshylleTpio no KAil1aKO ltPWTOYP0ltP1W V 1 5000 Kat oo=5l1m 01 OVOI1CVOI1EVCC oKpi [3elec l1eTocpPo~ovTat OE 37-75 cm Kat 50-125 em OVTiOTOIXO

AKOIJIl Kat OTOV 01 aUVTCTOYlJeVec TWV OTJI1eiwv AriljJIle uno Oyi~OVTatI1C 111KPti oKpi(3e lo (Aiywv ~thpwv OTIlv OP~ovTloypacpio KOl OTO 1 m uljJOIJETP1KO) TO onOTCshyMOllaTa nAIlPOUV Tle On01TOUl1eVCe oKpi[3clee Yla XopshyTEe Ileoaiwv KAll1aKWV (1 25000 Kat 1 50000) rCVlKO 01 EnlTuyxavol1CVCe aKpipelec OTO el5acpoc eivat nOAu KOAliTepee ana Tle oKpil3clce TWV O11 l1eiwv Ai] ljJ Ile Eva npoo8eTo nApoundOVpoundKTT]110 eiVat 11 lleyoAIl 0110LOyevcla TWV OK Pl13C1WV nou nopoTIlPeiTul oc OAOKAIlPO TO block pE YVWOTO 4 ~ovo O11IJpoundlo

EivOl oocpee ono OACe Tle unopxouoce np000I10lwaCle OTt 11 oKpil3EIO unoAoYl0l10U TWV 4 YVWOTWV OlllJeiwv Kat TO l1eycSoe TOU block eivat M o nopoYOVTCe ~C noM I1IKPtl cn[iipoOTJ OTIlV TCAtKri oKpil3ClO TOU block (OTa CPWTOOT08cpo) 0 pOAOe TWV yvWotwv O11l1poundlwv elvol TWPO TCAeiwe I5locpopeTlKOe an OTl OTIe OUI1[3oshyTlKec ertlAUaEle acpoTpIYWVIOPWV YlO va onocpeuyeshyTOI 11 OOPIOTio TaU OUOnIJOTOC KOI va npooi5 lopi~oshyVTat 01 OUvTEAcOTee lJeTocpo pOC ll eTO~u TWV OUOTIlshyIJOTWV ovoltpopoe

napoAAIlAO IlC Tle npOOOI101WOCle tii511 ana TO 1987 opvaVW8T]KOV ono lilacpOpCe xwpcC nClp0I10TlKampC eshyltpoPlloyelt I1c npoYlJoTtKO iiCI5OI1ampVO Movo OTl1V Eushypwnn I1nopouv va onopl8111lS 0UV 1110 OCIPO ono nci5[o EAEVXOU onou ccpaplJOaSIlKav cruvl5uao~poundvEe entAushyOE le aepo P1YWVI0I1WV Mun ehen-Fre imann Lu ne l Flevoland Glandorf Blu me nthal Nummela-Lohja KO 2Tle neptnTwac lC nou licv oushyVamp 1311 Konolo onpoomo ycyovoe (oncYKAwl3l0110e iioshypucpopwv KOTOYPOCPti ono AaSOe I-I0VOV TOU CA-KWshyatKa KOK) ti AOSOe EmAoyti (aOXlll1T] YC-gtI1poundtpio Tile 1510Ta~T]e Teuv i50pucpepwv I1C POOPgt 10)TO ononAeshyOIJOTa i i5e l~ov oxci56v naVTOTC TIlV unop~Il OUOTIll1ashyT1KWV OltpOAIJOTWV nou 0I1We e~OAelltp6I-1EVO ~e ypa~shyPIKa n OAUWVUl10 (6 aYVWOTec napal1ETpOUe avo AWshypil5a) ampltSwoav oKpil3clClt KOAU TEpec Kat ano 10 em Yla

90 TeXVIKO XPOVIKO 211 eKTOKTI1 eKo o011 95

bx by bz Ot ayvWOTee nopcKKAioEle ouvopn OCt TOU XPOVO lJ OTIl Awpioo k

Ano TIl ~o p qlIi Tile e~ioW011e (2) npOKLJITTE l OTl 11 nposhya9rKIl TWV vewv e~lowoEWV napoTrPIlO11 C oOl1y ei oe KOVOVlKO nivoKo ~C Ilopcpn laquoniVOKO-AWpioo ~c n cplshySWP lOraquo H OVTlOTPOCPr TOU KOl 11 EniAu011 TOU ouemshy1-I0TOe (5ev nop UOlO~OUV lotahcpo npol3AIl~o KOI nposhyKTlKa oVE~opTIlTa ono TO OUVOAIKO opl8~0 TWV E~t shyowoewv nopoTrpllOIl e Kat TWV aYVWOTWV oll~eiwv I-lnopou v vo KOAUcp90uv ana Tle unoAoYlOTlKee KOl 0shynoSIlKeUTlKee (5 uvoToTIlTCe CVOC PC386 r 486 ~c OKAIlPO ii iOKo IlCPIKWV oeKO)wv Mb

2TO EPVOOTtiP lO ltlgtwTOYPO~~CTpioe TOU E Mn excl 0shyvomuxgei (KUpiwe OTO nAolOlo CKnOVl1011C Til e ii lOOshyKTop lKYie ii lOTptPtie ~ou) tva npoYPOlJlJO OUVOUOO~pound shyVWV em AU OpoundWV oepOTp lYWVo~OU 11pound TO OVO~O ACATOO nou KoMmel Tle onOlTtiOpoundIe TOU noponoshyvw ~0911 1-1 0TlKOU ~OVTeAou H OPXlKti OUVTO~l1 TOU npoypOIl~OTOe t Vlve OTOV nOAOlO KeuroVTPIKO unOAOYlshyani TOU EMn oe YAwaoo FORTRAN Ilc iiuvoTOTIlshyTO cmAuoewv CP WTOYPOIlIlpoundTPlKWV TonoYPocplKWV KOl oMwv el6wv napaTl1PrioEWV H IlCTOltpOpa TOU OTIl aushyVtXpound IO oe nepl (3aAlIov PC (OTIlV iiilO YAW OOO nposhyypo~laTlo l-lo u) ene(3aAe TOV nEploplO~O TWV poundIOWV napoTIlPnoewv nou IlnOpouv va iiloxelplOTouV ~ovov OTle CPWTOYPO~IlCTpIKee KOI Tle nopOTllPriopoundle ana oushyem~aTQ nAotiYIlO11e onwe E[VOl TO GPS nOpexeTOl 11 oUVOTOTIlTO elooi5ou l-IeXPI 6 npooSCTwV ayvwOTwv nopoJlepwv ova Awpioo TOU bl ock 0 OUTO TO OTashyi5tO 0IlWe oev unaPXet aKOPIl 11 iiUVOTOTT1TO OTOTlshyOTIKOU eMvxou 011~aVT 1KOTllTae QUTWV TWV napOI-l fshyTPWV nou oe noM ee neptm WOpoundIe poundlVOllOlOtTEPO XprshyOlllllmiddot

EVOLOcpepov tXEl 11 olpoundpeuVIlOll TWV OnatnOEWV poundVoe TeuroTOtOU oUOTt I-IOTOe ouvi5u ao~evIle eniAu011C Opound 011shyI-IEio YVWOTWV OUVTETOYIlampVWVKat iilaTO~Il TWV ~WVWV mT]011e H unop~Il 4 YVWOTWV OlWpoundlwv avo tva OTIe 4 ywviee TOU bl ock poundlVOI eml3pound[3ArweVIl ana TIe OVOshyyKEe IlETaTpontie TWV oUVTpoundToy~evwv GPS ana TO yeshyWKeVTplKO oucmw o OTO OIjOTll ~IO OVocpopae TOU oeshyPOTPIYWV10llOU (TO tampTapTO O11 ~poundlo npoOTi8eToi OTO Tpia onopoiTIlTa VIC AOVOUe oU ~~CTpioe KOI a~tomshyOT[ae) To O11 ~poundlO 0I1We OUTO iiev cnopKOUV Yla TIl V onocp uyi) aopl0T1WV OTO KaVOVlKO OUOTIll1a OTaV nposhyOTi9cvTOt 6 0VVWOTOI napOI1CTpOl avo AWp[oo (2 OC K6ee o~ovo) H M OT] iiivcTol EiTC 11pound TT]V poundlooiio QUO aAuoii5wv O11 l1poundlwv YVWOTWV UljJol1fTPWV OTle QUO ana Tte 4 nAeupee TT]e mpll1tTPOU TOU block ciTc IlE TIlv npaYl1oTonoil1 011 QUO napoAAIlAWV npo08eTwv AwpishyoWV nnOT]e OTO QKpa TOU block 11pound olcu8uv011 K0geshyTil npoe OUTT] TWV AOtnWV Awpiiiwv mr011e naVTOTC I1c KOTOYPO CP ti TWV l1ETptioewv GPS

4 AKpiPEIEC ouv6uaolJampvwvEmAuOEWV

Ana TO l1eoo TIle i5eKaeTiae TOU 1980 EXOUV yivEl 61CshySVWC OUOTIl I10TlKampe amppeuvec I1c 1l0VTeAa npooolloiwshy011C Y10 TIl v EKTiW10Tl Tl1e OVOI1CvoI1CvIle oKpi[3e tae TWV ouvteToYI1ampVWV TWV Ol1~poundlWV MljJIl e TWV ltpWTOshyyp0ltPIWV ana K IVl1 ~IOnKO EVTOm0l10 GPS Kat TWV OUshyVTpoundTOYI1ampVWV TWV cpWTOOTaSepwv IlCTe] ana OUVOUO-

OlJtvee entAuoC1C OCPOTPIYWVlOI1WV AVOAoyce nposhyanaSelCe ~C nopc~ltpcpti onOTeM ollOTO eYlvav l1eTO TO 1990 KOl ~C TO npoypO~IJO ACATOO OTO EpyoshyOTtiP IO ltlgtwToypo~~eTpioe TOU EM n To oUl1ncposhyOlloTO OAWV OUTWV TWV i50Kl~WV I-Inopouv va auvoljJlshyoSo uv OTO nOpOKCITW

0) av SewPllSpoundl OTl UnaPXel auvExtic KOTaYPOltPti TO U GPS xwpic npol3Ari I1OTO 151oKonwv otiIJOTOe ti oushyOTllJlOTlKWV OCPOA~OTWV Aeyw anwAclwv KUKAWV Kat 4 O11 l1poundlo YVWOTWV aUVTeT0YI1poundVWV 11 OV0I1EV0I-IEVT] OP l~OVTlOypOcpIKti oKpil3cla aTO cpwTocn08cpo eiVat 08-1 0 00S Kat 11 UljJOI1CTPlKti 14-20 00S enou 00 11 oKpl [3ElO ~bpllOTJe TWV eIKOVOOUVTeT0YlJeVWV Kat S 11 KAI l1oKO TWV CPWTOYPOCPlWV

13) ~E TT] V eiaolio npooScTWV nopol1ampTpWV aTO block ri avo Awpioo Y10 TIlv E~OAelljJll oUOnwaTlKWV OltpOAshy~6Twv TO KOALncpo ononAtol1ota entTUyxovOVTOI I-Ie TIl l5 loTO~Il TWV iiuo n poaSnwv laquoKo8eTwvraquo AWshypil5wv mri011C KOI poundlvat Tll e TO~IlC TWV 15-30 ooS Y10 Trw OP1~OVTloypoltpio Kat 20-500 ooS Y10 TT]V uljJoshylleTpio no KAil1aKO ltPWTOYP0ltP1W V 1 5000 Kat oo=5l1m 01 OVOI1CVOI1EVCC oKpi [3elec l1eTocpPo~ovTat OE 37-75 cm Kat 50-125 em OVTiOTOIXO

AKOIJIl Kat OTOV 01 aUVTCTOYlJeVec TWV OTJI1eiwv AriljJIle uno Oyi~OVTatI1C 111KPti oKpi(3e lo (Aiywv ~thpwv OTIlv OP~ovTloypacpio KOl OTO 1 m uljJOIJETP1KO) TO onOTCshyMOllaTa nAIlPOUV Tle On01TOUl1eVCe oKpi[3clee Yla XopshyTEe Ileoaiwv KAll1aKWV (1 25000 Kat 1 50000) rCVlKO 01 EnlTuyxavol1CVCe aKpipelec OTO el5acpoc eivat nOAu KOAliTepee ana Tle oKpil3clce TWV O11 l1eiwv Ai] ljJ Ile Eva npoo8eTo nApoundOVpoundKTT]110 eiVat 11 lleyoAIl 0110LOyevcla TWV OK Pl13C1WV nou nopoTIlPeiTul oc OAOKAIlPO TO block pE YVWOTO 4 ~ovo O11IJpoundlo

EivOl oocpee ono OACe Tle unopxouoce np000I10lwaCle OTt 11 oKpil3EIO unoAoYl0l10U TWV 4 YVWOTWV OlllJeiwv Kat TO l1eycSoe TOU block eivat M o nopoYOVTCe ~C noM I1IKPtl cn[iipoOTJ OTIlV TCAtKri oKpil3ClO TOU block (OTa CPWTOOT08cpo) 0 pOAOe TWV yvWotwv O11l1poundlwv elvol TWPO TCAeiwe I5locpopeTlKOe an OTl OTIe OUI1[3oshyTlKec ertlAUaEle acpoTpIYWVIOPWV YlO va onocpeuyeshyTOI 11 OOPIOTio TaU OUOnIJOTOC KOI va npooi5 lopi~oshyVTat 01 OUvTEAcOTee lJeTocpo pOC ll eTO~u TWV OUOTIlshyIJOTWV ovoltpopoe

napoAAIlAO IlC Tle npOOOI101WOCle tii511 ana TO 1987 opvaVW8T]KOV ono lilacpOpCe xwpcC nClp0I10TlKampC eshyltpoPlloyelt I1c npoYlJoTtKO iiCI5OI1ampVO Movo OTl1V Eushypwnn I1nopouv va onopl8111lS 0UV 1110 OCIPO ono nci5[o EAEVXOU onou ccpaplJOaSIlKav cruvl5uao~poundvEe entAushyOE le aepo P1YWVI0I1WV Mun ehen-Fre imann Lu ne l Flevoland Glandorf Blu me nthal Nummela-Lohja KO 2Tle neptnTwac lC nou licv oushyVamp 1311 Konolo onpoomo ycyovoe (oncYKAwl3l0110e iioshypucpopwv KOTOYPOCPti ono AaSOe I-I0VOV TOU CA-KWshyatKa KOK) ti AOSOe EmAoyti (aOXlll1T] YC-gtI1poundtpio Tile 1510Ta~T]e Teuv i50pucpepwv I1C POOPgt 10)TO ononAeshyOIJOTa i i5e l~ov oxci56v naVTOTC TIlV unop~Il OUOTIll1ashyT1KWV OltpOAIJOTWV nou 0I1We e~OAelltp6I-1EVO ~e ypa~shyPIKa n OAUWVUl10 (6 aYVWOTec napal1ETpOUe avo AWshypil5a) ampltSwoav oKpil3clClt KOAU TEpec Kat ano 10 em Yla

91 211 poundKTOKTIl poundKl5ooll 95 TpoundXVlKO XPOVlKO

I1poundYOApounde KAil1aKpounde ltpwTOypaqllwv (1 4000 poundwe 1 12000) 0 Aoyoe TWV TpoundAlKWV npaYl1anKWV oltpaAshy110TWV we npoe Ta aval1poundvol1poundva ana ne np000I10lWshyOpoundle KU l1aivpoundTat ana 08 poundwe 20

H poundniTpoundu~1l aKpl~poundlWV KaAlJTpoundpWv ano 10 cm OTa 011shyl1poundia A~4JIle TWV ltpWTOypaltplWV WlTppoundnpound1 Til XP1l0l110shynoillOT] OUVouaOI1poundVWV poundnlAUOpoundWV apoundpoTplYWVlOI1WV yLO Ko8pound poundi150e xapTOypaltplK~e poundltpapl1oy~e npOYl1ashyn Yla TIlV lKavonoilloll Kat TWV aUOTIlPOTpoundPWV anatshyT~OpoundWV aKpi~poundlae yLO xapTOYP0ltPIlOIl Opound KAil1aKa 1 1000 apKpoundi va poundXouv npool5loPl08poundi Ol ouvTpoundTayshyI1poundVpounde TWV OIlI1poundiwv A~4JIle 11pound aKpi~poundla 40 cm OPl~OshyvTloypaltplKO Kat 15 cm U4JOI1poundTPlKO 11pound 4 YVWOTO poundnishyvela orll1poundia Kat aKpi~poundla I1poundTPIlOIle TWV poundlKOVOOUVTpoundshyTaYI1poundVWv 6 11m

5 IUlJmpaOlJara KOI npOOnTIKEl

H poundltpapl1oy~ OTIlV Ka81l11poundplV~ npaKnK~ TWV ouvl5uashy011poundVWV poundnlAUOpoundWV apoundpoTplYWVlOI1WV 11pound l1poundTp~Opoundle GPS poundivat anaAUTa poundltplKTi] Kat TpoundKI1IlPlWI1poundVIl 11pound ~QOIl Ta unOPXOVTa ~11poundpa apyava Kat TO AOYlOl1lKO ne 8poundWPllnKpounde YVWOpoundle Kat ne poundl1npoundlpipounde nou anoKT~81lshyKav ana ne np000I10lWOpoundle Kat Ta avaKolvw8poundVTa ashynOTpoundApoundOI1OTa TWV npoundlpaI10TWV flOYOI OlKOVol1iae aAshyAQ Kat aKpi~poundlae OUVIlYoPOUV OTIl XPll0l110noill0T] aushyT~e Tr]e I5laolKaoiae poundvavn Tile OUI1~OTlK~e wiAUOIle apoundpoTplYWVLOI10U 11pound poundniYpoundlpounde TonoypaltplKpounde l1poundTp~shyOpoundle TWV avaYKaiwv (noAAanAoOlwv) YVWOTWV 011shyl1poundiwvraquo

npO~A~I1OTa anwe I5laltp0ppoundTlKWV OUOTIl110TWV avashyltpo poe anwApoundlwv KUKAWV Kat OAAWV OUOTlll1anKwV 0ltpaAI10TWV nou unpoundlopoundPXOVTOl one l1poundTpi]opoundle ltpoOT]e TOU GPS I1nopoUV va ~poundnpoundpaoTOuv poundITpound 11pound KOTOAAIlshyAa npoYPcll1l1OTa nplv Tllv poundiool5o TOUe OTO OUOTlll1a TOU apoundpoTplYWVl0I10U poundiTpound 11pound poundnpoundKTaoll TOU ouvapshyTIlOlaKou 110VTpoundAOU Tile ouVOUaOI1poundVIle poundniAUOT]e

npoundpatTpoundpW pound~poundAl~ll TOOO TWV npoypal1l1(nwV 000 Kat TWV oPYOVWV (vpounda YpoundVlcl OpoundKTWV) 11pound nleav~ aU~IlOT] TOU OUVOAlKOU apl8110u TWV 150pultpopwv nou pound~unllshyPpoundTOUV TO OUOTlll1a (nxmiddot 11pound poundVOWI10TWOT] TOU nappoundl1shyltppoundpOue OUOT~I1OTOe GLONAS Tile Pwoiae) nou Sa 0shy15llyi]Opoundl Opound AUOpoundle 11pound KaAUTpoundPIl ypoundwl1poundTpia I1noPOUV va I5woouv nlO ~poundATlWI1poundVa anOTpoundApoundOl1aTa Kat va aushy~i]oouv I5paOTlKcl OTO I1poundAAOV Ta npoundl5ia poundltpapl1oywv TOU GPS OTIl ltpWToypal1l1poundTpia

EuxaplOTW

BI~Alovpaqgtia

1) Ackermann F 1992 Kinematic GPS control for Phtogrammetry Photogrammetric Record vol 14(80) October 1992 pp 261-276

2) Ackermann F 1992 Operational rules and accuracy models for GPS-aerotriangulation Proc of XVII ISPRS Congress vol 29 part B3 Commission III Washington DC USA pp 691-700

3) Blankenberg LE 1992 GPS-supported aerial triangulation - state of the art The Photogrammetric Journal of Finland vol 13(1) pp 4-16

4) Colomina I 1989 Combined adjustment of photogrammetric and GPS data Proc of the 42nd Photogrammetric Week September 11-16 Stuttgart pp 313-328

5) Dorrer E Schwietrz C 1990 kinematic GPS and aerial triangu lation-A comparative study Proc of the Symposium Progress in data analysis ISPRS Commission III vol 28 part 32 Wuhan China pp 107shy131

6) Friess P 1988 Empirical accuracy of positions computed from airborne GPS data Proc of XVIISPRS Congress vol 27 part B3 Commission III Kyoto pp 215-224

7) Hintz R Zhao M 1989 Considerations in the implementation of aerotriangulation with GPS derived exposure station positions Phothogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing Vol 55(12) December 1989 pp 1731-1735

8) IWQvvi15lle X 1992 laquo MtBol)ol CampPOTPIVWVIOjJOU VIC

TO KTllIlOTOA6VI0raquo ClloaKToplK~ I5lOTPl~i] EM n TI1~shyI1Q AYPoVOI1WV-TonoypclltpwV MIlXQVlKWV A8i]vQ 272 OpoundA

9) Jacobsen K 1991 Trends in GPS Photogrammetry Proc of ACSM-ASPRS Annual Convention vol 5 Baltimore pp 208-217

10) Jacobsen K Li K 1992 Recent experiencies in combined block adjustment with kinematic GPS data Presented papers of the IUSM Working Group Sessions August 8-12 Washington DC USA pp 107shy113

11) Mader GL 1992 Kinematic GPS phase initialization using the ambiguity function Proc of the Sixth International Geodetic Symposium on Satellite Positioning Columbus Ohio pp 712-719

12) Ovstedal 01992 Adjustment techniques for the NAVSTAR Global POSitioning System from static to kinematic mode The Photogrammetric Journal of Finland vol 13(1) pp 38-51

13) Van der Vegt J Boswinkel D Witmer R 1988 Utilisation of GPS in large scale Photogrammetry Proc of XVI ISPRS Congress vol 27 part B 11 Commission III Kyoto pp 413-429

3nnoddgt010 m 01 O1A 01riiJlL(]3~3 oA -]( 101]3 9~no 9Y(0 019yuod30 OlD 010dX9lnOl SdO gt3~~Q to Y 8 3n )Idl(l) I(l)l gt130yd13n 1O)l IQOaXn31 -lU3 0 1 gt31389UDOdu 10)1 IOlIOI]A O1088 1O)i Icpldl -odAOl(l)dll(l)l gturtJyy 1(l)]3nlm I(y)l zAx Ol 3n ICPldgt -odAOl(l)dl I(l)l gturtJyy o13nOO 01 3ri gt130ydLaodou ~~y -you 3nnOX uQY 1lO1A gtIdl(l) 010 3nnOX nou OJ3edgtl -0 ILa 9uo 013)(09 yd gtlln QYou 10113 gt0138]dgtlO lul llo -(Y)]lY38 U31laquo~ gtIdl(l) 1(l)1 )13oydl3n 10gt1 3nnOX 3r1y 9)1uud(l)3a Sd E) nOl gt130yd13n gtu 3n olodXglnOl IQ3 YQOYUQ scrE) nOl gt130yd13n 3nnOX 101g uy -9A3n QYOU 101]3 0 1 IOl32913dX 139 gtIdl(Y) I(y)l QotiDld -olQoodu O13eldgtlO U 10gt1 01088 gtnnodA gtgtllJ3A 31

gtIdgt(l) OlD 3nol9XAnl1u3 08 nou 0l38]dgtlo U13d3dlIQ -J3 mn 08 oAgy 010U O1A (l)UY8 139 gtJ1YYO OO02gu -0 U 9l3n131]A 01 O1A oJoAdg 010U9gt1 3D Jnoun OJ OlA IQOaUlOuonlDudX 08 UaA3n m 9lno Il9 3l]303 JQ3 ~9lgtl3 Od3l0l 9113ddl019J3 gton J39 glno gtJ1YYO 10)1 lDl 9YYO 91no IOlA0293dl1u3 009u 10gt1 IOlJ02l3duU3 J93 (l)dj J3Q Y90YUQ 130YJn3d319 (lJX Ol J3 9 91no U8A3n9)1OlJ(l)A 01 odJl ldodlo JOOO OdCll ~oa3A~n gt81dgtlO Ol (lJX J3ij middotgturtJyy n013nuo nOl gt3JnAmslA -no gtllD 0138]dgtlO OlOll O1n]3gt1do gton gtJU3InO lClldl -odAOl(l)dgt 1(l)1 gtumyy op riOO UlD 1013J9XAnllU3 nou 0138]dgtlo JlllgUO lld3lQY0gtllOl]3 gt0dgt09 OlD J(l)]3n llo J(Y)l QoriDld0l900du 0l38]dgtlO H ]101A (lJU ON middotJ(l)lJgu oe 3n Oc J(l)l gtujll gtLu 10113 u9 3rioO80un Jmy 00 -QU gtCl81d)l0 IOtiQrin8 J3 Q odJl JCPlDOlDgtl3 JJ13)1do gt(l)3j9l gtUl 1011f 101 J9u 0 ~ IDlY-139 1XO 1I2D(I)1

oll(Y)ci)(d)lIrt 0 1 9110 r)1dgtlorl LLoLLlfJd3 101311]J T1

lYJoXllnOl(l)dl gt1l1 gtumy-y gtUl ynAllo Lu 9wgtI Ulgt19 nolo gt0J~1J0 gtLa l31nA0l31MO 10 9YYO lYJoXunOl(l)dgt gtUl lurtJyy nO]3nlJo nOl gt3JnADl3lJ -no 10 101]3 J3 9 lon Itoudln U gtClIYYO 10gt1 10l ]lOIA u0389un 0l011 3nnOJlgtl 13Q JyXdo lO)l 1I2DIII1

OIl(Y)ci)(d)lIrt 01 9110 r)1d)lort LLDLLlfJd3 101311]J T1

middotJ(l)JnAo13lMO J(l)1 QonmdolQoodu 013e -]dgtlo U 1OJ13 u9 3nOo9 0un 91no od3nQol 0J 1311Q gton gto]dgtodAOl(l)dl gtUl ogtlon]YgtI JUl lU3 0J3n920100yU -oYYOU gt3JriAm3~1n00JOgtl13 ~llD o]dlodAol(l)dl Luo

tdgtlln 9 3nnOX JO Y90YUij ~0dlodAol(l)dl gtUl Ogtlori]YgtI JUl 3ri uJnOOlooyuOY(ou J(l)JnA013lMOOIOgtl13 JCIU 01381dgtlO II Y-QOyu9 J(l)Jr1AOlUMOOJOgtl13 I(l)l M)30 -ydl3ri J(l)~ gt0138]dgtlo lLu )1t~l~)Lu 1OJ13 3r100aOun nou 0138]dgtlo U DlonYl(IJd3 01 0l l M oXdlmn 08 llg

~Jodlodu 1OJ]3 10gt1 l3138]dgtlo gtll O1A 0108e oAlY Qi -ou oup OOUlJd3 ulJdu IUl 9dodlo J000 11201ll1

SdE) OlD ~3138]dgtlo gt11 l~lno gt31nOQ3Q 3n I)Ori01YOl -olooodu l)ogtlld31(l)j3 nOl UaA3ri 9gt101I(l)A OlD l0l3S -1dgtlo ~Ul YY080l3ri U Jmy 010U 10gt1 ]3e3~oun M OX - SerEgt 01 9UO gt311nA0l3l In0 )llD l3138]dgtlO lnoQ13 u lllo(l)]onooodu gtUl 013gt1dtllQ Ul1 noyAQynouri011

3gt1Luogridodl3 J3 9 uj 9du IIUlD 9YYO ~31389UDOdu gt 31 OUl gtI 13JlA noX~ lOl329ndodl3 1139 ujtdu JUlD 1l9 OU]3 9lno IA y Aondodl3 JLu 11100 non um9 un lOlJOX 3l3Ud11ll3 nOrl 1 ItlMDIII1

13J 13X laquolno 9Y -yo gt300Ad3 10 JOgtlU8JdllYgtl0Yo J 3Q lJXnwnij y-X -OU3 JUl UII13gt13 3X)l0 0 301)010UorhoudX nou 0J9Yu -Od30 OJ 3n gtUgtl1JOYOOD3e ~Ul OlngdQod30 OJ laquoUO gtDlloAQ3dlOOuAyoyu uQY 13J9gt1 3nOX]3 (l)2]riol 0111laquodX 9 11 v 9uO Jldu u9 (l)U OJ 038Y OJ9n 10)1 gtJYU lIB

non ifill -ou9 U 1OJ]3 Ylno 0908ti uJ llno 10gt1 Ol0(l)MOIIX3l 13Xdtun lIo09dl3 Mootnl)loQ OJ JQOlOUOr1lDudX OJ 10gt1 0Jlyuod30 m JnoX nOll gt3103duun lu 01 9 gt11Q13 10gt1 OjdlOgtln3 yyogtl Olri gt(l)0l JoloY oe JoynouQ~1DX

gtnodl9gt1o od30 nolo OOUAyoyu JUl olA YJ3gt1do 1OJ13 nou J(l)dJri Clyyou J(I)l gt(I)3jtl gtUl tyyo JJlDOlO)l3 I(I)A] J(l)1 gt(I)3jtll

gtUl lXg 013flldgtlO 13J]Q gton OJ nou SerE) Ul)IQ gJuadl 10gt1 gyuo IOJ guo OIU IQ080lDOlO)lUJO Oil IOlArJ0l0U -or1lDudX nou 10Q08n gt3JrI(I)lOXdouo 10 13Udu 08 OOuAyoyu O1A JolOIXtlynOl llg l0Yl 010 (l)JJ13nllo 9lno lA 10gt1 gtAondodl3 gtgtlllgtlodu 30 13SUlOuonlDudX JnoX 13Q IInoXd9un J39 (l)d~j u g U J1I2IIDIII1

09tlY(3 IU1O 0JQYUOd 30 30 Oon Scr Egt ownlaono OlOQ l JnoXd9un J93 (l)oYl(1)d OJ OJgri 0Y38Y O]Y1no U 00noddloIQJ3 113gt1d oynoulttl1DX

gt130~~rl3dDll gt130~JADllD -gt180~J(W)d3 lJolJl~2nI

3nnoddgt010 m 01 O1A 01riiJlL(]3~3 oA -]( 101]3 9~no 9Y(0 019yuod30 OlD 010dX9lnOl SdO gt3~~Q to Y 8 3n )Idl(l) I(l)l gt130yd13n 1O)l IQOaXn31 -lU3 0 1 gt31389UDOdu 10)1 IOlIOI]A O1088 1O)i Icpldl -odAOl(l)dll(l)l gturtJyy 1(l)]3nlm I(y)l zAx Ol 3n ICPldgt -odAOl(l)dl I(l)l gturtJyy o13nOO 01 3ri gt130ydLaodou ~~y -you 3nnOX uQY 1lO1A gtIdl(l) 010 3nnOX nou OJ3edgtl -0 ILa 9uo 013)(09 yd gtlln QYou 10113 gt0138]dgtlO lul llo -(Y)]lY38 U31laquo~ gtIdl(l) 1(l)1 )13oydl3n 10gt1 3nnOX 3r1y 9)1uud(l)3a Sd E) nOl gt130yd13n gtu 3n olodXglnOl IQ3 YQOYUQ scrE) nOl gt130yd13n 3nnOX 101g uy -9A3n QYOU 101]3 0 1 IOl32913dX 139 gtIdl(Y) I(y)l QotiDld -olQoodu O13eldgtlO U 10gt1 01088 gtnnodA gtgtllJ3A 31

gtIdgt(l) OlD 3nol9XAnl1u3 08 nou 0l38]dgtlo U13d3dlIQ -J3 mn 08 oAgy 010U O1A (l)UY8 139 gtJ1YYO OO02gu -0 U 9l3n131]A 01 O1A oJoAdg 010U9gt1 3D Jnoun OJ OlA IQOaUlOuonlDudX 08 UaA3n m 9lno Il9 3l]303 JQ3 ~9lgtl3 Od3l0l 9113ddl019J3 gton J39 glno gtJ1YYO 10)1 lDl 9YYO 91no IOlA0293dl1u3 009u 10gt1 IOlJ02l3duU3 J93 (l)dj J3Q Y90YUQ 130YJn3d319 (lJX Ol J3 9 91no U8A3n9)1OlJ(l)A 01 odJl ldodlo JOOO OdCll ~oa3A~n gt81dgtlO Ol (lJX J3ij middotgturtJyy n013nuo nOl gt3JnAmslA -no gtllD 0138]dgtlO OlOll O1n]3gt1do gton gtJU3InO lClldl -odAOl(l)dgt 1(l)1 gtumyy op riOO UlD 1013J9XAnllU3 nou 0138]dgtlo JlllgUO lld3lQY0gtllOl]3 gt0dgt09 OlD J(l)]3n llo J(Y)l QoriDld0l900du 0l38]dgtlO H ]101A (lJU ON middotJ(l)lJgu oe 3n Oc J(l)l gtujll gtLu 10113 u9 3rioO80un Jmy 00 -QU gtCl81d)l0 IOtiQrin8 J3 Q odJl JCPlDOlDgtl3 JJ13)1do gt(l)3j9l gtUl 1011f 101 J9u 0 ~ IDlY-139 1XO 1I2D(I)1

oll(Y)ci)(d)lIrt 0 1 9110 r)1dgtlorl LLoLLlfJd3 101311]J T1

lYJoXllnOl(l)dl gt1l1 gtumy-y gtUl ynAllo Lu 9wgtI Ulgt19 nolo gt0J~1J0 gtLa l31nA0l31MO 10 9YYO lYJoXunOl(l)dgt gtUl lurtJyy nO]3nlJo nOl gt3JnADl3lJ -no 10 101]3 J3 9 lon Itoudln U gtClIYYO 10gt1 10l ]lOIA u0389un 0l011 3nnOJlgtl 13Q JyXdo lO)l 1I2DIII1

OIl(Y)ci)(d)lIrt 01 9110 r)1d)lort LLDLLlfJd3 101311]J T1

middotJ(l)JnAo13lMO J(l)1 QonmdolQoodu 013e -]dgtlo U 1OJ13 u9 3nOo9 0un 91no od3nQol 0J 1311Q gton gto]dgtodAOl(l)dl gtUl ogtlon]YgtI JUl lU3 0J3n920100yU -oYYOU gt3JriAm3~1n00JOgtl13 ~llD o]dlodAol(l)dl Luo

tdgtlln 9 3nnOX JO Y90YUij ~0dlodAol(l)dl gtUl Ogtlori]YgtI JUl 3ri uJnOOlooyuOY(ou J(l)JnA013lMOOIOgtl13 JCIU 01381dgtlO II Y-QOyu9 J(l)Jr1AOlUMOOJOgtl13 I(l)l M)30 -ydl3ri J(l)~ gt0138]dgtlo lLu )1t~l~)Lu 1OJ13 3r100aOun nou 0138]dgtlo U DlonYl(IJd3 01 0l l M oXdlmn 08 llg

~Jodlodu 1OJ]3 10gt1 l3138]dgtlo gtll O1A 0108e oAlY Qi -ou oup OOUlJd3 ulJdu IUl 9dodlo J000 11201ll1

SdE) OlD ~3138]dgtlo gt11 l~lno gt31nOQ3Q 3n I)Ori01YOl -olooodu l)ogtlld31(l)j3 nOl UaA3ri 9gt101I(l)A OlD l0l3S -1dgtlo ~Ul YY080l3ri U Jmy 010U 10gt1 ]3e3~oun M OX - SerEgt 01 9UO gt311nA0l3l In0 )llD l3138]dgtlO lnoQ13 u lllo(l)]onooodu gtUl 013gt1dtllQ Ul1 noyAQynouri011

3gt1Luogridodl3 J3 9 uj 9du IIUlD 9YYO ~31389UDOdu gt 31 OUl gtI 13JlA noX~ lOl329ndodl3 1139 ujtdu JUlD 1l9 OU]3 9lno IA y Aondodl3 JLu 11100 non um9 un lOlJOX 3l3Ud11ll3 nOrl 1 ItlMDIII1

13J 13X laquolno 9Y -yo gt300Ad3 10 JOgtlU8JdllYgtl0Yo J 3Q lJXnwnij y-X -OU3 JUl UII13gt13 3X)l0 0 301)010UorhoudX nou 0J9Yu -Od30 OJ 3n gtUgtl1JOYOOD3e ~Ul OlngdQod30 OJ laquoUO gtDlloAQ3dlOOuAyoyu uQY 13J9gt1 3nOX]3 (l)2]riol 0111laquodX 9 11 v 9uO Jldu u9 (l)U OJ 038Y OJ9n 10)1 gtJYU lIB

non ifill -ou9 U 1OJ]3 Ylno 0908ti uJ llno 10gt1 Ol0(l)MOIIX3l 13Xdtun lIo09dl3 Mootnl)loQ OJ JQOlOUOr1lDudX OJ 10gt1 0Jlyuod30 m JnoX nOll gt3103duun lu 01 9 gt11Q13 10gt1 OjdlOgtln3 yyogtl Olri gt(l)0l JoloY oe JoynouQ~1DX

gtnodl9gt1o od30 nolo OOUAyoyu JUl olA YJ3gt1do 1OJ13 nou J(l)dJri Clyyou J(I)l gt(I)3jtl gtUl tyyo JJlDOlO)l3 I(I)A] J(l)1 gt(I)3jtll

gtUl lXg 013flldgtlO 13J]Q gton OJ nou SerE) Ul)IQ gJuadl 10gt1 gyuo IOJ guo OIU IQ080lDOlO)lUJO Oil IOlArJ0l0U -or1lDudX nou 10Q08n gt3JrI(I)lOXdouo 10 13Udu 08 OOuAyoyu O1A JolOIXtlynOl llg l0Yl 010 (l)JJ13nllo 9lno lA 10gt1 gtAondodl3 gtgtlllgtlodu 30 13SUlOuonlDudX JnoX 13Q IInoXd9un J39 (l)d~j u g U J1I2IIDIII1

09tlY(3 IU1O 0JQYUOd 30 30 Oon Scr Egt ownlaono OlOQ l JnoXd9un J93 (l)oYl(1)d OJ OJgri 0Y38Y O]Y1no U 00noddloIQJ3 113gt1d oynoulttl1DX

gt130~~rl3dDll gt130~JADllD -gt180~J(W)d3 lJolJl~2nI

-0 OA9)113 Y)llAoYOAO U 3eOW010)l11AO OA Dlll1910AnQ U lOl~ 3)1Ue9V uwydX 9A10)l OW yllOOdu Od31DlQ -113AA 13X~ Y1nO rtXol U 119 nOllO)I A(y)lQrluwno ACgt)I -lwlAoyoun ACgtdnXol U3nlUQAO ooQAod Ul oenoy -9)10U3 9)110ndl 01 lOA3 0d13rtrlodA01(Y)dl Y)lDldlurj1 H

~A(T)ADOI3 ~

nodlYQOAno nod3190Dld3U 3D ACgtAorldodl3 ACgt)lDldl -urj1 A(y)l lio(Y)YUQ33 U ll1OAnQ ]310010)1 OA 3WCgt QO)lIA -oXurl udl~rlrlodAol(Y)dl-nodlQdAouol-norl9AodAo nOl Y)ll1)10du YAld3rtueO)l U lOA3 OA UA~Y3U3 A(y)lQrluW -no A(y)l uooonodou U1 OAOrtCgtAJ 0ld13rlrlodA -ol(Y)dl Y)lDldlurj1 A(y)lQrlu1ono A(y)l 10)1 QortDlYU033 nOl uooonodou Y)l11orluwno Dlrl 101]3d13X1U3 A1U91 -0)1 10)1 300)lIQOlQ ~)lDlooQodou OdCgtl ldX~rl 11 9UO 0AOYOAX31 uOdXArt0 Ul lio(Y)]orlodlo lil DlortYl)l -3A03YU 01 101A02AA300du Iano 000Ad3 Allw yA(Y)A -001 3 0 yXOU3 Ul Y)lDldlurj1 AUlD 130Qd3U UQY 13X -~ Od3rlyo 01d13rtrlodAol(Y)dl U 0lAoyoAX31 Y)lDldlurj1 lll U31Y~33 AUl Od3190Dld3U A910AnQ 01 009 31n3Y

-Y013rl)l3 OA urlYI01U3 U1 UOQl AUl UA~rlOQ3Q 3LJIJ

lllllJydaU

31U19A3 S 3D Q)ll00g 38(Y)dedDlQ De norl youAyo -13 U 10)1 odlodAol(Y)dl Y)lDldlurj1 Ul 9rtDlYU033 AOl 10)1 o1Orlywno 01 3rl oAy CgteuyoXoo De A(Y)lAlJU oy -n nod~rtulQ n01 OY11 0 laquo0AoyoAX31 Y)lDldlum ~rlXlv lOA]3 OA 30Qodourt De OYl11 OA~rt(y)3AOAO OlU AOA~ DlA uoo19du O]rl oX]3 Q110U )I 0 (Y)rl9 3rj10)l~IQ 3rl 10)1 Dlrl uoo19du O]rl OX3 10)1 Cgtdourl oU9dl odoA -ydA 10)1 9YUo OlU 009 3rl od13rlrlodAol(Y)dl Ul orlA]w 9)1Dldlurj1 01 (y)OCgtQ OA (Y)oyeouoodu De A9U10Y CgtA3

UOUU9)1DlU3YUl 10)1 0d13rlrlodAOl -(Y)dl odlodAOldoX Y)lOldlurj1 3U]3 ]101A (Y)AQuodou 3rj1 -3Qd~url 3rl ](Y)du 01 noyrt001 )I nOl (Y)rl9 liolAd)ln3 -IQ H laquoliouU9)1DlU3YUllO)I od13rlrlodAol(Y)dl odlodAOl -doX Y)lDldlum ADly nod~rlulQ nOl 0Y1]1 0 119 lio(Y)u -rtlA3 AU1 OX3 nod~rlulQ nOl rtOWO OA3rl9X31d3U 01 10)1 Oyl]l A01 odu (Y) odouo Olrl 3euAdnOlrlUQ 3X3 norl1(Y)du 01 9UO 119 CgtAoyorlO 3dQ39du )I Cgt10ldoXn3

U VJ3 ~1ltAlt8D)I )11113 gtoynollCAd(l)3J fJ ~1ltAlt013

)old13nnodAolCDch gtyolchllrn OlOnYIDnD lO) gt9nD1YUo33 DrI~e

laquo 01 d13rl rlodAol(Y)dl Y)lDldlurj1 o1Orlywno 10)1 9rtDlYU033 raquo orl~e 3rl 130 -yYlrl orl De ULJIJ3 ow YluAueo)l odnO)l]U3 oy -nou9Ad(Y)3J )I 0 lOA]3 uoo]onodou UA3rl9u3 AUl DlA uoulCgtd3 UYYQ 13Xdun A3Q Av (Q110U) gtOdQ3CdU

(y)A~rlnoAuodu 303 10)1 3l0u13 (Y)U -9 13AQ)I OA 13X nou ~13ynoQ 11 3rl OAOYQAO UICgtIQ -1 OA~ 130QdoAo 01 OA 13y~e OA 01 SdT) OA~ 10)1 130 -QdoAo OA DlOU11 IOA]3 A3Q 13AQ)I nou OQ03~ Q)llYOAno OlD oo~rl AldQX 01OrlA]3Qodou rt01Od11 0]03dUUA Y)lldlodA(y)3J U 130QdoAo 01 orlQ Sd8 01 ]3wodoA

-0 OA OIJ 9duAOUOQ Od31]DlQlIOA13 A3Q YAOXurlOl(Y)dl UW oo~rl Yln3AX1AO 01UeO]On301(Y)dl OA ]3eU13e -OUOl OA 01 313Q11OgtI lio0l9du Y)l11)10YYOA3 U Ylno 132WO)l 009U odCgtl lio019du Y)l11)10YYOA3 DlrllO)I DO -(Y)Q~ ACgtAOXUrlOl(Y)dl A(Y)~A A(y)l lioU]OUOrllOudX DlUl -91OAnQ Ul 9UO 91)13 uo(y)lu]d3U 3eQ)I 31 gtlJQMO(T)1

Sd8 OA~ 13dQu OA 130]00dlouo 10)1 Dl3Y~lnyou AUl YWO 13X~ A3Q AQ3 OlOll11Q)I OB OL 010 (Y)dQA oe3A~rl OIOUQ)I IOA13 IOrl -Qrlne 119 UO Sd8 (y)AQU313X~ nou YAOXUrl DlAdQOA -10)1 mrl 130QdoAo OA ]3AO)l OA~rlD100dlouo IOA]3 AQ3 Y)llrlOAO)l10 IOA13 norl youICgtd3 H noyACynourioJI

Q)llAOdX Q)l1AX31 96 UOOQ)I~ Ul)lOl)l~ Ue 86