LokLF; ,oa iks"k.k foKku&foHkkxlEiknd % MkW- izhfr xks;y

v/;;u lkexzh : 2(8–14)

ch- ,- ¼\\½ izFke o"kZ fgUnh

eqDr f'k{kk fo|ky;¼eqDr f'k{kk ifjlj½fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;

eqDr f'k{kk fo|ky;fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;

5, dSosyjh ysu] fnYyh&110007

Lukrd ikB~;Øe

vuqØe

ikB 8 % f'k'kq dky esa vkgkj

ikB 9 : iwoZ fo|ky; o fo|ky;xkeh ckyd dk laHkj.k

ikB 10 : xHkZorh L=kh vkSj Lruiku djus okyh ekrk dk iks"k.k

ikB 11 : Hkkstu idkus dh fof/k;ka

ikB 12 : Hkkstu ij idkus dk izHkko o Hkkstu idkus esa ikSf"Vd rÙoksa ds laj{k.k ds rjhds

ikB 13 : ihus ds fy, lqjf{kr ikuh dk forj.k

ikB 14 : vkgkj laj{k.k

laiknd %

MkW- izhfr xks;y

2007-08 ( izfr;k¡)

© eqDr f'k{kk fo|ky;

dk;Zdkjh funs'kd]eqDr f'k{kk fo|ky;] 5, dSosyjh ysu] fnYyh—110007

}kjk izdkf'kr %

ystj VkbZilsfVax % ,-ds- fizaVlZ] 1868A/12, xksfoUniqjh ,DlVsa'ku] dkydkth] ubZ fnYyh—110 019

Qksu % 26022705 Mob. : 9810590214 E-mail : akprinters.delhi@gmail.com

1

fofHkUu lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj ij ifjokj dk laHkj.k(Feeding the family at Different Socio-Economic Levels)

Hkkstu thou dh eq[; vko';drk gS vkSj blfy, thoksa dh c<+ksÙkjh] fodkl o thou ds fy, Hkkstu dh t:jrgSA dqN oxZ vU; oxks± dh vis{kk] fdUgha dkj.kksa ls] dqiks"k.k ls vf/kd izHkkfor gksrs gSaA f'k'kqvksa] fd'kksj yM+ds oyM+fd;ksa rFkk xHkZorh o Lruiku djkus okyh ekrk dh iks"k.k lEcU/kh vko';drk,a c<+ tkrh gSaA igys nks oxksZaesa rhoz of) ds dkj.k iks"k.k lEcU/kh vko';drk,a c<+rh gSa rFkk nwljs nks esa Øe'k% Hkwz.k o rsth ls c<+rs f'k'kq¼Lruiku djkus okyh ekrk rsth ls c<+rs f'k'kq dk iks"k.k djrh gS½ ds dkj.k c<+rh gSA lkekU; iks"kd rÙoksa dhvko';drkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk fdlh fo'ks"k iks"kd rÙo dh vko';drk Hkh c<+ tkrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d o;Lddh rqyuk esa ,d Ldwy tkus okys cPps dks dSfY'k;e dh vf/kd vko';drk gksrh gSA bldk vFkZ gS] fd ;|fi,d o;Ld tks dSfY'k;e ds vPNs lzksr vius Hkkstu esa lfEefyr ugha djrk] og 2500–3000 dSfY'k;e ysus ds fy,vf/kd ek=kk esa Hkkstu ysrk gS] ftlls mldh dSfY'k;e dh vko';drk dh iwfrZ gks tkrh gS( tcfd og cPpk tksde [kkrk gS ¼1000 dSyksjht½] dh dSfY'k;e dh vko';drk dh iwfrZ ugha gksrhA tc rd mlds vkgkj esa dSfY'k;e]foVkfeu ‘,’ rFkk yksgs bR;kfn ds vPNs lzksr lfEefyr ugha fd, tkrs] og o;Ld dh vis{kk] bu iks"kd rÙoksa dhdeh ls tYnh izHkkfor gks ldrk gSA vkSj rks vkSj] og ek¡ ds }kjk yxk, izfrca/k ds dkj.k vDlj viuk Hkkstu[kqn ugha pqu ldrkA ek¡ cPps ds vkdkj }kjk Hkzfer gksrh gS] vkSj ugha tkurh fd 'kkjhfjd Hkkj dh rqyuk esamlds cPps dks mlls vf/kd Hkkstu dh vko';drk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d lky ds cPps dh [kqjkd viuh ek¡ls yxHkx vk/kh gSA

ikSf"Vd vko';drk ds vuqlkj] vkgkj ckaVk Hkh ugha tkrkA ,d fd'kksj yM+ds dks vius firk dh vis{kkvf/kd dSfY'k;e dh vko';drk gS] ij gks ldrk gS fd deh dh fLFkfr esa ,d di miyC/k nw/k fd'kksj dh txgfirk dks fn;k tk,A blh rjg ls yM+dksa dks yM+fd;ksa dh vis{kk vPNk Hkkstu fn;k tkrk gSA

ikSf"Vd Hkkstu tSls nw/k] v.Ms] Qy bR;kfn gksrs gq, Hkh dbZ ckj ikSf"Vd rÙoksa dh deh ns[kh xbZ gS] ftudkeq[; dkj.k Hkw[k dh deh ;k Hkkstu lEcU/kh xyr /kkj.kk,a gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, fodflr ns'kksa esa vkSj gekjs ns'kesa mPp oxZ ds fd'kksj o fd'kksfj;ka dsd] pkdysV o vU; ehBs O;atuksa dk nw/k o Qy tSls ikSf"Vd Hkkstu dsLFkku ij p;u djrs gSaA vf/kdrj ns[kk x;k gS fd xHkZorh o Lruiku djkus okys ekrk vf/kd egaxs ¼tSls cknke]?kh bR;kfn½ [kk| inkFkZ dk p;u djrh gSa vkSj ikSf"Vd rÙoksa ls Hkjiwj [kk| inkFkksa ¼tSls ngh] iihrk] gjh iÙksnkjlfCt;ka o Qy½ dk lsou] bu lHkh inkFkksa dh ikSf"Vdrk ds ckjs esa xyr /kkj.kkvksa ds dkj.k ugha djrhA dqNoxks± dh fo'ks"k iks"kd rÙoksa dh vko';drkvksa ds ckjs esa fo'ks"k tkudkjh nsuk vkSj bUgsa fdl rjg ls fy;k tk,];s crkuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA

ikB 8

f'k'kqdky esa vkgkj(Infant Feeding)

f'k'kqdky TkUe ls igys lky rd dk le; gSA bl nkSjku leqfpr iks"k.k Ckgqr gh vko';d gS] D;ksafd vkxs ds lkyksadh of) Hkh bl ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ;gh ugha] f'k'kqdky ,d Ckgqr gh uktqd le; gSA bl le; 'kjhj dh dqN fo'ks"kvko';drk,a gksrh gSa] ftUgsa iwjk djuk t:jh gksrk gSA 'kS'ko dky esa of) vkSj fodkl Ckgqr rsth ls gksrk gSA ,d f'k'kqdk otu 4 ls 5 eghuksa esa vius tUe ds le; ds otu ls nqxquk gks tkrk gS vkSj ,d lky ds var rd ;g frxquk gkstkrk gSA otu ds lkFk&lkFk f'k'kq dh yECkkbZ Hkh Ckgqr rsth ls Ck<+rh gS vkSj tUe ds le; ds 50 ls-eh- ls ,d lky dsvar rd 75 ls-eh- gks tkrh gS] vFkkZr~ ,d f'k'kq ,d lky esa vius tUe ds le; ls 1½

xq.kk yECkk gks tkrk gSA thou ds

vkSj fdlh dky esa bruh rsth ls of} ugha gksrh] ftlds fy, izfr fdyks 'kkjhfjd Hkkj ds fy, Ckgqr vf/kd ÅtkZ vkSjvU; iks"kd rÙoksa dh vko';drk gksA rkfydk&1 esa f'k'kq dh vkSlr of) ds izfr:i dh lwpuk n'kkZbZ xbZ gSA

rkfydk – 1

f'k'kq dk vkSlr Hkkj o yECkkbZ ¼izFke o"kZ dky esa ½

vk;¼ekl½ i zfr lIrkg Hkkj esa of) ¼xzke½

0 – 3 200

4 – 6 150

7 – 9 100

9 – 12 50 – 75

“f'k'kqvksa vkSj CkPpksa dk vkgkj] vkSj mudh ns[kHkky” & 'kkafr ?kks"k ds vuqlkjA

iw.kZ le; ij mRiUUk gq, f'k'kq esa izksVhu] ik;lhÑr (emulsified) olk o lk/kkj.k dkCkksZt tSls ysDVkst dks ipkus dh{kerk gksrh gSA igys dqN eghuksa esa dkCkksZt ipkus okys ,Utkbe dk mRiknu larks"ktud Lrj rd ugh gksrk gS] vkek'k;dh vEyrk Hkh fHkUUk gksrh gSA f'k'kq dh mnj {kerk o HkksT; inkFkks± dks ipkus dh {kerk] f'k'kq dh of) ds lkFk &lkFk rsthls Cknyrh gSA Hkzw.kdky] f'k'kqdky o vkjaaafEHkd CkkY;koLFkk esa efLr"d dk fodkl Ckgqr rsth ls gksrk gSA Hkzw.kdky o tUeds 5-6 eghus Ckkn esa efLr"d dksf'kdkvksa dh la[;k lCkls rhozrk ls Ck<+rh gSA ;fn bl voLFkk esa dqiks"k.k gks] rks efLr"ddksf'kdkvksa dh la[;k dkQh de jg tkrh gS vkSj ;fn ,d Ckkj dksf'kdk foHkktu dk fu/kkZj.k;d le; fudy tk,] rksi;kZIr vkgkj ls Hkh dksf'kdk la[;k ugha Ck<+kbZ tk ldrhA

ikSf"Vd vko';drk,a (Nutritional Requirement)

lkekU;r% ,d f'k'kq 'kq: ds dqN eghuksa rd viuh eka ds nw/k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA vr% ,d Lruiku djkus okyh dsfy, Hkh mfpr vkgkj Ckgqr gh vko';d gSA ;fn Lruiku dky esa ekrk dk iks"k.k leqfpr gks] rCk nw/k mRiknu dsoy ek=kkeass gh ugha vfirq xq.kksa esa Hkh ifjiw.kZ gksxkA vr% ekrk ds nw/k esa lHkh iks"kd rÙo [kklrkSj ij foVkfeu vkSj [kfut yo.k]f'k'kq dh vko';drk ds vuqlkj mfpr ek=kk esa gksaxsA Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk vuqla/kku fo'ks"kK lfefr (1989) }kjk izLrkforiks"kd rÙoksa dh ek=kk rkfydk 2 esa nh xbZ gSA fofHkUu iks"kd rÙoksa dh vko';drkvksaa dk laf{kIr fooj.k uhps fn;k tk jgkgSaaaaaaaaaa &

f'k'kq dh ÅtkZ vko';drk] lkekU; Ck<+us okys f'k'kq] tks fd Hkw[k ds vuqlkj nw/k ih jgk gks] ds vuqlkj vk/kkfjr gSA;g LohÑfr mu f'k'kqvksa ds vkgkj dh lwpuk ij vk/kkfjr gS] tks fdlh dkj.kksa ls Lruiku ugha dj ik,A bl ÅtkZt:jr dks iwjk djus ds fy, igys rhu eghuksa esa 850 fe- yh- o 3 – 6 eghuksa esa 1200 fe- yh- eka ds nw/k dh t:jrgksrh gSA Ck<+ksÙkjh ds fy, ÅtkZ dh vko';drk igys N% eghuksa esa dkQh T;knk gksrh gS] D;ksafd bl le; esa c<+ksÙkjh Ckgqrrhoz gksrh gSA 50 – 60 izfr'kr ÅtkZ ekrk ds nw/k dh olk ¼yxHkx 25 – 27 xzke@fnu½ ls izkIr gksrh gSA vr% ;fn ekrkdk nw/k miyC/k u gks] rCk mlds LFkku ij tks HkksT; inkFkZ fn, tk,a muls bruh ek=kk esa olk izkIr gksuh pkfg,ALrU;ekspu (weaning) esa vkgkj dh ek=kk@ifj.kke de j[kus ds fy, ÅtkZ dk 25 izfr'kr olk }kjk iznku gksuk pkfg,A

3

oxZ

vk;q

ÅtkZ

çksVhu

dSfY'k;e

Ykksgk

jsVhuksy

dSjksVhu

Fkk;feu

jkbCkks¶

ysfou

uk;flu

foVkfeu

foVkfeu

Qksfy

dfoVkfeu

¼dSyksjht

½¼xzk-½

¼xzk-½

¼fe-xzk-½

¼ekbØks xzk-½

¼ekbØks xzk-½

¼ekbØks xzk-½

¼ekbØks xzk-½

Ckh 6

Lkh

,flM

Ckh

12

¼ekbØks xzk-½

¼fe-xzk-½

¼fe-xzk-½

¼ekbØks xzk-½

¼ekbØks xzk-½

f'k'kq

0–

61

08@

2.0

5@

ekl

fd-xzk-

fd-xzk-

50

01.0

/fd-xzk-

3

50

12

00

55@fd

-xzk-

65@fd

-xzk-

71

0@fd

-xzk-

0.3

25

25

0.2

6–

12

98@

1.6

5@

ekl

fd-xzk-

fd-xzk-

50

01.0

/fd-xzk-

35

01

20

05

0@fd

-xzk-

60@fd

-xzk-

65

0@fd

-xzk-

0.4

25

25

0.2

rkfy

dk

– 2

f'k'kqv

ksa ds fy,

fofHkUu

ikSf"Vd

rÙoksa dh nSfud v

kgkjh; ¼vkbZ-l

h-,e-vkj-1

99

0½ vko';

drk,a

4

10 izfr'kr ÅtkZ vn'; (invisible fat) olk ls o 15 izfr'kr ÅtkZ ¼yxHkx 17 xzke@fnu½ n"VO; olk (visible fats) lsizkIr gksuh pkfg,A yxHkx vk/kh ÅtkZ dk O;; vk/kkjh p;kip; (Basal netabolism) esa gks tkrk gS ftlls 'kjhj dkrkieku Bhd jgrk gS o mPp Lrj dh p;kip; dk;Zfof/k;ka gksrh gSA blds vykok os f'k'kq tks vf/kd rRij jgrs gaS] ovf/kd jksrs gSa] vf/kd ÅtkZ O;; djrs gSaA Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk vuqla/kku lfefr us 0–6 ekl ds f'k'kq ds fy, 108 dSyksjhizfr fdyks Hkkj o 7–12 ekl ds f'k'kq ds fy, 98 dSyksjh izfr fdyks Hkkj izLrkfor dh gSA tCk f'k'kq dh ÅtkZ dhvko';drk dh rqyuk ,d Ok;Ld O;fä dh ÅtkZ dh vko';drk ¼40–50 dSyksjh izfr fdyks Hkkj½ ls dh tkrh gS] rCkf'k'kq dh vR;f/kd ÅtkZ vko';drk dk vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA ,d f'k'kq dh vis{kkÑr vf/kd ÅtkZ dhvko';drk le> esa vkrh gS] tCk ge ns[krs gS fd vkSlru ,d f'k'kq dk Hkkj ikapos eghus esa blds tUe Hkkj ls nqxquk gkstkrk gS vkSj ,d lky esa frxquk gks tkrk gSA

izfr fdyks 'kkjhfjd Hkkj ds vuqlkj] f'k'kqvksa dh igys N% ekl rd çksVhu vko';drk Hkh mPpre gksrh gSA LohÑrizksVhu ekrk ds nw/k dh ek=kk ds vuqlkj gSA ftu f'k'kqvksa dh of) nj lkekU; gS] muds }kjk xzg.k fd, x, nw/k dsvk;ru o izksVhu dh ek=kk ds vuqlkj gh ;g ek=kk LohÑr gSA pawfd Hkkjr esa f'k'kqvksa ds fy, iwjd vkgkj oUkLifr izksVhuIkj vk/kkfjr gS] vr% 6–12 eghus ds f'k'kq ds fy, LohÑr izksVhu dh ek=kk dh flQkfj'k nksuksa vFkkZr~ ekrk dk nw/k oouLifrd izksVhu ds vuqlkj dh tk ldrh gSA Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk vuqla/kku lfefr us 0–6 ekl ds f'k'kq ds fy, 2.05 xzkeizksVhu izfr fdyks 'kkjhfjd Hkkj rFkk 7–12 ekl ds f'k'kq ds fy, 1.65 xzke izksVhu izfr fdyks 'kkjhfjd Hkkj fu/kkZfjr dhgSA

f'k'kqvksa esa ykSg rÙo dh gkfu dk dqN Bhd izdkj Kkr ugh gS] vr% mldh vko';drk dk fu/kkZj.k djuk dfBu gSACk<+ksÙkjh ds vuqlkj bldh ek=kk 1.0 fe-xzke@fdyks 'kkjhfjd Hkkj vko';drk dh flQkfj'k dh xbZ gSA dSfY'k;e dh ek=kk]tks ekrk dk nw/k ih jgs LoLFk f'k'kqvksa }kjk xzg.k gksrh gS] dh vko';drk ds vuqlkj fu/kkZfjr dh tk ldrh gSA bldsvuqlkj] 500 fe-xzke@fnu dSfY'k;e dh vko';drk dh flQkfj'k dh xbZ gSA le; ls iwoZ (premature) tUes gq, f'k'kq dks4–6 ekl dh vk;q esa ykSg rÙo iwjd ek=kk esa nsus pkfg,A ekrk ds nw/k dk 50–60 izfr'kr dSfY'k;e 'kjhj esa lafpr gksrkgS] tCkfd xk; ds nw/k dk 25–30 izfr'kr gh lafpr gks ikrk gSA ;|fi ek=kk vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k lafpr ek=kk ,d lekugh gksrh gSA vU; [kfut yo.kksa dh vko';drk ekrk ds nw/k ;k vU; nw/k }kjk iw.kZ gks tkrh gSA

laiw.kZ laHkfjr tuleqnk;ksa ds Lruiku djus okys f'k'kqvksa }kjk xzg.k fd, foVkfeu , ds vuqlkj 350 ekbØksfoVkfeu ,@fnu dh flQkfj'k dh xbZ gSA ftu f'k'kqvksa dks dkQh ek=kk esa lw;Z jks'kuh izkIr gS muds vuqlkj 200 vkbZ- ;wfoVkfeu Mh dh nSfud vko';drk dh flQkfj'k dh xbZ gSA bl Lrj ls dSfY'k;e dk lokZf/kd vo'kks"k.k gksrk gSA lEiw.kZlaHkfjr tula[;k ds Lruiku djus okys f'k'kqvksa ds }kjk xzg.k fd, foVkfeu lh dh ek=kk ds vuqlkj] yxHkx 25 fe-xzkedh flQkfj'k dh xbZ gSA igys 6 eghus esa xzg.k fd, nw/k dh ek=kk ds vuqlkj Fkk;feu o jkbCkks¶ysfou dh vko';drkekywe dh tk ldrh gSA uk;flu ds fy, Ok;Ldksa dh rjg 6.6 fe- xzke@1000 dSyksjht dh flQkfj'k dh xbZ gSAfoVkfeu Ckh dk Hkzw.kkoLFkk esa fyoj@;dr esa laaaaaaaaxzg.k gksrk gS] o f'k'kqdky esa bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA vr,o f'k'kqdky dhigyh Nekgh ess 0.3 fe- xzke o Ckkn dh Nekgh esa 0.4 fe- xzke dh flQkfj'k dh xbZ gSA Lruiku djus ls f'k'kq yxHkx 25

fe- xzke@fnu Qksfyd vEy izkIr dj ysrs gSaA ekrk ds nw/k o xk; ds nw/k ls vf/kdrj dkQh ek=kk esa bldk vo'kks"k.kgksrk gSA

vr% 25 fe-xzk-@fnu dh flQkfj'k dh xbZ gSA yxHkx 0.2 fe-xzk- foVkfeu Ckh12 f'k'kqvksa esa vlkekU; leL;k ugha gksrh]

vr% bldh flQkfj'k dh xbZ gSA

,d LoLFk ekrk ds nw/k ls foVkfeu Mh dks NksM+dj lHkh foVkfeUl dh laiwfrZ gksrh gSA ekrk ds nw/k ls foVkfeu lhdh izkfIr gksrh gSA ijUrq vU; nw/k ds lkFk iwjd ek=kk esa foVkfeu lh dh t:jr gksrh gSA

dkCkksZt dh t:jr ds fy, dksbZ flQkfj'k ugha dh xbZ gSA ekrk ds nw/k esa 38–40 izfr'kr ÅtkZ] ysDVkst ls vkrh gSApawfd xk; ds nw/k esa ySDVkst dh ek=kk de gksrh gS] blfy, xk; ;k HkSal ds nw/k ;k Ckktkj esa feyus okys nw/k ikmMjvFkkZr~ bu lHkh esa ySDVkst ;k lk/kkj.k dkCkksZt Mkyh tkrh gSA 45–50 izfr'kr ÅtkZ] nw/k dh olk ls izkIr gksrh gSA fuEUkolk okys f'k'kq vkgkj dks vuqi;qä Ckrk;k x;k gS] D;ksafd larks"ktud of) ds fy, i;kZIr ÅtkZ dks izkIr djus esadfBukbZ vkrh gSA

5

ty dh vko';drk ekrk ds nw/k ls gh iw.kZ gks tkrh gS] ijUrq tCk dksbZ vU; nw/k fey tk, rks mCkky dj BaMk fd;kgqvk nsuk pkfg,] ftlls fd f'k'kq p;kip; ds mRikn dk mRltZu gks ldsA xfeZ;ksa esa vfrfjä ty dh vko';drk dhHkh iwfrZ djuh pkfg,A

Lruiku (Breast Feeding)

uotkr f'k'kq ds fy, loksZÙke vkgkj eka dk nw/k gSA Hkkjr esa Lruiku dsoy i<+h&fy[kh o mPPk Lrj dh efgykvksa dksNksM+dj dkQh ekU; o izpfyr gSA ,d dqiksf"kr efgyk Hkh dqN eghuksa rd vius f'k'kq dks Bhd ls Lruiku djk ldrhgSA lk/kkj.kr;k% nw/k dh ikSf"Vdrk eka dh [kqjkd ls lkekU;r% izHkkfor ugha gksrhA ,d dqiksf"kr efgyk ds nw/k esa ty esa?kqyu'khy foVkfeuksa dh deh gks ldrh] ijUrq f'k'kq dks fQj Hkh ty viuh vko';drk ds vuqlkj fey tkrk gSA Åijhnw/k xzg.k djus okyk f'k'kq] ftldks fd vf/kd izksVhu o dSfY'k;e fey jgk gks] dh of) Lruiku djrs f'k'kq dh vis{kkrhoz ugha gksrhA

ekrk ds nw/k esa dsoy yksgs dh deh gksrh gSA ij D;ksafd iSnk gq, f'k'kq esa yksgs ds dqN Hk.Mkj tek gksrs gSa] tks 3–4

eghus dh vko';drk ds fy, i;kZIr gksrs gaS( mls vfrfjä yksgs dh vko';drk ugha iM+rhA foVkfeu lh nwljk iks"kd rÙogS] tks ekrk ds nw/k essa lhfer ek=kk esa miyC/k gksrk gSA blds Ckkotwn ;g f'k'kq ds izkjfEHkd eghuksa esa vko';drk dh iwfrZdj nsrk gS D;ksafd ekaaa ds nw/k dks xeZ ugha fd;k tkrk] ftlls foVkfeu lh dh gkfu ugha gksrhA

nqHkkZX;o'k Ckksry }kjk nw/k nsus dh izFkk Ck<+ksÙkjh ij gSA vf/kdrj mPp vk; oxZ dh ekrk,a 'kq: ds dqN g¶rksa rd ghLruiku djkrh gSa] ;k dHkh&dHkh tUe ls gh Ckksry ns nh tkrh gSA lCkls T;knk nqHkkZX; dh Ckkr gS fd dqN fuEu vk; oxZdh ekrk,aaa] fo'ks"kdj tks 'kgjksa esa jg jgh gks] mPPk oxZ dh udy djrs gq, vius CkPps dks Ckksry }kjk nw/k nsrh gSA ,slsCkPps uqdlku esa jgrs gSa] D;ksafd u rks mudh ekrk mUgsa iwjh vko';d ek=kk nw/k ;k f'k'kq vkgkj esa ns ldrh gSa] vkSj u ghCkksry }kjk nw/k nsrs le; LoPNrk lECkU/kh lQkbZ dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gSA

ykHk (Advantages)

f'k'kq ds Hkj.k ds fy, eka ds nw/k dk dksbZ fodYi ugha gSA ;g f'k'kq ds ikpu laLFkkiu ds fy, Hkh lgh Hkkstu gSAD;ksafd f'k'kq dk ikpu laLFkku vHkh iw.kZ :i ls fodflr ugha gksrk] vr% og vU; nwljs vkgkj iwjh rjg ipk ugha ikrkA

Lruiku djkus ds dqN ykHk gS a%

1) ;g f'k'kq ds ikpu laLFkku dks ns[krs gq,] vPNh rjg vko';d iks"kd rÙoksa ls Ckuk gksrk gSA

2) blesa feykoV vkSj laØe.k dh laHkkouk ugha jgrh rFkk fCkuk fdlh ;Ru ds Bhd rkieku ij miyC/k gksrk gSA

3) eka ds nw/k esa dqN jksxuk'kd izksVhu gksrs gSa] tks dqN gn rd f'k'kq dh laØe.k ds izfr j{kk djrs gSaA

4) Lruiku djrs gq, f'k'kqvksa esa dCt o dqN ,ythZ gksus dh laHkkouk de gksrh gSA

5) Lruiku ls ekrk o f'k'kq ds Ckhp vPNk lECkU/k dk;e gksrk gS] tks ekrk o f'k'kq] nksuksa ds fy, vkuUne; olarks"ktud gksrk gSA

6) ;g vklkuh ls ip tkrk gS D;ksfd blesa olk ik;lhdr (emulsified) gksrh gSA blesa ysDV,jCkq;qehu ukedizksVhu gksrk gS] tks ‘dslhu’ ¼tkuojksa ds nw/k esa½ dh vis{kk vklkuh ls iprk gSA

7) blesa izksVhu o [kfut yo.kksa dh ek=kk de gksrh gS] tks f'k'kq ds fy, Bhd jgrh gSA

8) blesa olk esa ?kqyu'khy foVkfeu ‘Mh’ Hkh gksrk gS] tks ‘fjdsV~l’ ls j{kk djrk gSA blesa xk; ds nw/k dh vis{kkvf/kd foVkfeu ‘,’] ‘lh’ vkSj ‘bZ’ gksrs gSaA ekrk ds nw/k ls izkIr yksgk xk; ds nw/k dh vis{kk vPNh rjg lsvo'kksf"kr gksrk gSA

Lruiku dh 'kq:vkr % tUe ds rqjUr Ckkn gh ekrk dks f'k'kq dks Lruiku djk nsuk vkjEHk dj nsuk pkfg,A vkjEHk esa,d ihys jax dk nzo fudyrk gS] ftls ‘dksyksLVªkse’ dgrs gaS ;g izksVhu o foVkfeu ‘,’ Hkjiwj gksrk gS og f'k'kq dhlaØe.k ls j{kk djrk gSA ;g ikpu laLFkku ds fodkl esa lgk;rk djrk gSA vr% ;g vko';d gS fd f'k'kq dks igys fnuls gh Lruiku djk;k tk,] ftllsa mls ‘dksyksLVªkse’ fey ldsA

tUe ds Ckkn nw/k dh ek=kk esa rsth ls Ck<+ksrjh gksrh gSA tUe ds nwljs fnu ds 100 fe-yh- ls ;g nwljs g¶rs esa rsth ls

6

500 fe-yh- rd Ck<+ tkrk gSA izkjafEHkd 5–6 eghuksa esa f'k'kq 600–800 fe-yh- nw/k izfr fnu xzg.k dj ysrk gSA dqiksf"krekrkvksa esa nw/k dh ek=kk de gksrh gS vkSj Hkkjrh; efgykvksa esa ;g 900 fe-yh- ls vf/kd rks 'kk;n gh gksrh gSA

Lruiku dCk ugh djkuk pkfg, % Lruiku jksd nsuk pkfg, ;fn %

1) ekrk fdlh nh?kZdkfyd Ckhekjh ls ihfM+r gS] tSls risfnd] nh?kZdkfyd Toj] vR;f/kd ,uhfe;k] ân; o fnekxhjksxA

2) f'k'kq detksj gS o gksBksa ds dkj.k nw/k ugha ys ldrkA

3) dqN le; ds fy, ;fn ekrk dks rhoz Toj ;k laØe.k gks] ftlls f'k'kq dks Ckpkuk gSA

blds vfrfjä vkSj fdlh dkj.k ls Lruiku ugha NqM+kuk pkfg,] pkgs f'k'kq vfrlkj ls ihfM+r gks ;k mls oeu ;kvkSj dksbZ Ckhekjh gksA

Åijh nqX/k vkgkj (Artificial Milk Feeding)

;fn eka ds nw/k dh ek=kk vi;kZIr gks ;k eka dk nw/k miyC/k u gks] rCk mls tSls vuqdwy gks vFkkZr~ lhfer ;k iw.kZek=kk esa Åijh nw/k nsuk iM+rk gSA

rkfydk 3

fofHkUu nw/k esa dqN iks"kd rÙoksa dh rqyuk ¼izfr 100 xzke ds fy,½

nw/k dk lzksr ÅtkZ izksVhu dkcksZt Oklk dSfY'k;e¼dSyksjht½ ¼xzke½ ¼xzke½ ¼xzke½ ¼fe-xzk-½

Ekkrk dk nw/k 71 1.2 7.0 3.8 33

Xkk; dk nw/k 69 3.3 4.8 3.7 125

HksM+ dk nw/k 108 5.6 4.4 7.5 200

HkSal dk nw/k 102 3.8 4.9 7.5 200

cdjh dk nw/k 71 3.3 4.4 4.5 130

lw[kk fpdukbZ jfgr nw/k 357 36.0 51.0 1.0 1260

lw[kk fpdukbZ lfgr nw/k 500 25.5 37.5 27.5 900

mijksä rkfydk ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd xk;] Ckdjh] HksM+ o HkSal ds nw/k esa izksVhu dh ek=kk ekrk ds nw/k dhvis{kkÑr vf/kd gksrh gSA vr% mCkys ikuh ls iryk djds phuh feykdj bldh lajpuk ekrk ds nw/k ds lehi ykbZ tkrhgSA ;fn xk; dk nw/k nsuk gS] rks nks Hkkx ikuh o ,d Hkkx nw/k ls 'kq: djds] /khjs&/khjs ikuh dh ek=kk de djrs tkukpkfg,] ftlls fd N% eghus Ckkn f'k'kq fCkuk ikuh feyk, xk; dk nw/k ih ldsA phuh dh ek=kk igys g¶rs esa ,d NksVkpEep (teaspoon) o fQj N% eghus rd pkj NksVs pEep izfrfnu dj nsuh pkfg,A HkSal dk nw/k vf/kd olk dh ek=kk dsdkj.k] xk; ds nw/k ls Hkkjh gksrk gSA vr% lhfer :i ls bldh eykbZ fudkyh tk ldrh gS o ikuh ls iryk djds phuhfeykdj nsuk pkfg,A blls foVkfeu dh ek=kk esa deh vk,xh] vr% foVkfeu , Åij ls nsuk pkfg,A dqN f'k'kq HkSal dknw/k ugha ipk ikrs] D;ksafd blesa vkek'k; esa xk<+h ngh Ckurh gS] ftls ipkus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA dqN f'k'kq ikf'od nqX/kdks lgu ;k ipk ugha ikrs] vFkkZr~ mUgsa blls ‘,ythZ’ gksrh gSA ,sls f'k'kqvksa dks eawxQyh ;k lks;kCkhu dk nw/k fn;k tkukpkfg,A lks;kCkhu dk nw/k vis{kkÑr iks"kd rÙoksa dks iznku djus esa T;knk larks"ktud gksrk gSA f'k'kqvksa dks ;g nw/k] ftlesamfpr ek=kk esa foVkfeu o [kfut Mkys x, gksa] nssus ls mudh cqf) lkekU; o mfpr gksrh gSA

tgka rd laHko gks] f'k'kq dks nw/k fiykus ds fy, ‘dVksjh&pEep’‘dk bLrseky djuk pkfg, o Ckksry dk iz;ksx ughadjuk pkfg,A ;fn fdlh dkj.ko'k Ckksry dk iz;ksx djuk iM+s] rks gj Ckkj nw/k fiykus ds i'pkr~ Ckksry o ‘fuIiy’ dksmCkky dj dhVk.kqjfgr dj ysuk pkfg,A f'k'kq dks Åijh nw/k ges'kk mCkky dj fn;k tkrk gS] ftlesa mifLFkr foVkfeu lh[kRe gks tkrk gSA vr% Åijh nw/k nsrs le; foVkfeu ‘lh’ ;qä [kk| inkFkZ tSls fd larjs dk twl ;k VekVj dk twlnsuk pkfg,A

7

fo'ks"k f'k'kq vkgkj % lw[kk ;k ikmMj nw/k] xk; ds nw/k dks mPpre rkieku ij fofHkUUk vkS|ksfxd rjhdksa ls lq[kkdjCkuk;k tkrk gSA bldk f'k'kq vkgkj ds fy, dkQh izpyu gS] o nw/k ds Hkkj ls vkB xquk ikuh Mkydj Ckuk;k tkrk gSAbudks bl izdkj ls Ckuk;k tkrk gS fd budh lajpuk ekrk ds nw/k ds leku gksrh gSA bl izdkj ds Åijh nw/k ihus okysf'k'kqvksaa dks iwjd foVkfeu lh nsuk pkfg,A f'k'kq ds vkgkj esa lw[ks fpdukbZ jfgr nw/k dks gh dsoy ,dek=k vkgkj ughaCkukuk pkfg,A ftl voLFkk esa ;fn dksbZ vU; nw/k miyC/k u gks rks bl nw/k ds lkFk iwjd foVkfeu nsuk pkfg,A ,slk muvoLFkkvkssa esa ik;k tk ldrk gS] tgka fuEu vk; oxZ esa lw[kk fpdukbZ jfgr nw/k ikmMj fCkuk dher ds CkkaVk x;k gksA

la?kfur nw/k (Condensed milk) esa 20 izfr'kr phuh gksrh gS o bldks vuqikr ls iryk djus ij izksVhu] olk o[kfut yo.kksa dh ek=kk de gks tkrh gSA blds vfrfjä phuh ds dkj.k vkarksa esa mÙkstu ls nLr yx ldrk gSaA blfy,bl izdkj ds O;kikfjd mRiknuksa dh] f'k'kq laHkj.k ds fy, flQkfj'k ugh dh tk ldrh gSA

iwjd vkgkj ¼LrU;ekspu½ (Supplementary Feeding or Weaning)

dsoy eka dk nw/k N% eghus ds Ckkn f'k'kq dh iks"k.k vko';drkvksa ds fy, Ik;kZIr ugh gksrk gS] blfy, iwjd vkgkj dht:jr gksrh gSA lk/kkj.kr;k ;g ns[kk x;k gS] fd N% eghus rd tCk f'k'kq dk vkgkj eka dk nw/k gksrk gS] mldh of}lkekU; o mfpr gksrh gS] ijUrq mlds Ckkn tCk mls Ik;kZIr iwjd vkgkj ugh fn;k tkrk rks mldh of} o fodkl esa Ckk/kkvkrh gS o vi;kZIr iks"k.k ds y{k.k fn[kkbZ nsus yxrs gSA

ysf[kdk vkj- jktky{eh dh (Applied Nutuition) ds vuqlkj yaCkor vkadM+ksa (Longitudinal data) ls ;g vPNh rjgn'kkZ;k x;k gS fd igys N% eghuksa rd] nksuksa vFkkZr~ mPPk (high) o fuEUk vk; oxksZa (Low income group) ds f'k'kqvksa dhCk<+ksÙkjh yxHkx ,d leku larks"ktud gksrh gSA ijUrq blds Ik'pkr~ fuEu vk; oxZ ds f'k'kqvksa dh of} esa deh vk tkrhgSA ;g N% eghus ds Ckkn iwjd vkgkj dh deh ;k vuqifLFkfr dks n'kkZrk gSA

igys N% eghuksa esa ;fn eka dk nw/k Ik;kZIr gks] vFkkZr~ f'k'kq dh yxkrkj o larks"ktud of} gks] rks fdlh vU; Hkkstudh t:jr ugh gksrhA ;fn LokLF;dkjh rjhdksa ls laHko gks] rks igys eghus ls eNyh dk rsy o nwljs eghus ls Qyksa dkjl fn;k tkrk gSA ;fn f'k'kq Åijh nw/k ys jgk gS] rCk rks ;g t:j nsus pkfg,A T;knkrj Hkkjrh; efgyk,a dsoyrhu&pkj eghuksa rd gh Ik;kZIr nw/k fiyk ikrh gSa o bl le; rd f'k'kq dk Hkkj yxHkx ikap fdyksxzke gksrk gS o mls500–600 dSyksjht dh izfrfnu t:jr gksrh gSA blfy, Ck<+h gqbZ t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, v)Z&Bksl vkgkj 'kq:djuk t:jh gksrk gSA

f'k'kq dks tCk nw/k ds vfrfjä vU; Bksl vkgkj fn;k tkrk gS rks mls iwjd vkgkj dgrs gSaA blds nks ykHk gS] igykrks ;g fd blls f'k'kq dh Ck<+h gqbZ ÅtkZ o vU; iks"k.k vko';drk,a iwjh gks tkrh gSA nwljs ;g] fd blls f'k'kq /khjs&/khjsHkkstu ds fofHkUu Lokn o jpuk (texture) ls ifjfpr gks tkrk gS o blds Ckkn esa ifjokj ds fy, Ckuk, Hkkstu dks [kkusdh vknr Hkh My tkrh gSA iwjd vkgkj nsus dh izfd;k dks LrU;ekspu Hkh dgrs gS ftldk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd f'k'kq dksekrk ds nw/k ;k Åijh nw/k ds lkFk rjy lsa /khjs&/khjs Øfed ifjorZu djds v)Z&Bksl o fQj Bksl vkgkj nsus dk vH;kldjk;k tkrk gS o bllsa mlds vkgkj dk izk:i /khjs&/khjs Ckny tkrk gSA

tCk Hkh f'k'kq ds vkgkj esa u, [kk| inkFkZ 'kq: fd, tkrs gSa] fuEu Ckkrksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,%

1) ,d le; esa ,d [kk| inkFkZ gh 'kq# djuk pkfg,A

2) Åijh vkgkj Ckgqr de ek=kk esa 'kq: djuk pkfg,] rFkk /khjs&/khjs bldh ek=kk Ck<+krs jguk pkfg,A

3) [kk| inkFkZ dh izÑfr mldh vk;q ds vuq:Ik gksuh pkfg,] vFkkZr~ izkjEHk esa dsoy irys vkgkj nssus pkfg,] fQjv)Z&Bksl vkSj vkSj fQj mez ds Ck<+us ds lkFk&lkFk mls Bksl vkgkj nsuk pkfg,A

4) fdlh Hkh [kk| inkFkZ dks nsus ds fy, tCkjnLrh ugha djuh pkfg,A ;fn f'k'kq fdlh [kk| inkFkZ dks ukilUndjrk gS] rks og mlds vkgkj ls gVk ysuk pkfg,A dqN le; Ik'pkr~ mls nksCkkjk 'kq: djds ns[k ldrs gSA

5) f'k'kq ds vkgkj esa fofHkUurk gksuh pkfg,A Ck<+rs gq, f'k'kq jax] :Ik vkSj vkdkj dks [kkl egÙOk nsrk gSA vr% buesafofHkUurk ykdj f'k'kq dks vkdf"kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

6) ekrk&firk dks viuh :fp;ka f'k'kq ij ugh Mkyuh pkfg, vkSj f'k'kq dks lHkh [kk|&inkFkks±] mldh mez ds fglkCkls nsuk pkfg,A

8

rhu&pkj eghus dh vk;q ls elys gq, Qy tSlk dsyk] idk iihrk] vke] VekVj vkfn fn, tk ldrss gSaA ;fn t:jrgks rks elys gq, bl xwns dks Nku dj I;wjh Ckuk dj nh tk ldrh gS] tks fd fi.M o js'kksa ls jfgr gksxhA vU; Qy tSlslsc] [kqekuh] uk'kirh dks LV;w djds I;wjh Ckukdj fn;k tk ldrk gSA larjs dk twl Hkh ns ldrs gSaA ukfj;y dk ikuhCkgqr NksVs f'k'kq dks Hkh ns ldrs gSaA

vukt dk nfy;k Ckuk dj fn;k tk ldrk gSA igys vukt dks dkQh uje idk fy;k tkrk gS o fQj Nyuh lsNkudj] ,d leku xk<+k Ckuk fy;k tkrk gSA nfy;k@yIlh Ckukus ds fy, blesa nw/k Mky ldrs gSA ,d ;k nks NksVspEep ls 'kq: djds bldh ek=kk rhu&pkj g¶rksa esa 50 xzke ;k ½ di rd Ck<+kbZ tk ldrh gSA vukt ds nfy, esa Qyksadk xwnk Hkh feyk;k tk ldrk gSA pkoy dh dkath] nfy;k] lwth] jkxh vkfn dh T;knkrj nfy;k Ckukdj fn;k tkrk gSAtks yksx fMCckcUn rS;kj vukt feJ.k (Ready to eat) [kjhn ldrs gSa] os QSjsDl] uSLVe] Ckkyvewy vkfn Ckktkj ls ysldrs gSaA mUgsa bLrseky djus dh fof/k fMCCkksa ij fy[kh gksrh gS A lkCkwnkuk dsoy LVkpZ gksrk gS] vkSsj vf/kd ykHknk;dugha gSA

ikap&N% eghus dh vk;q ls ekSle dh lfCt;k¡ vkfn nsuh 'kq: dj ldrs gSaA vkyw iwjs lky gh miyC/k jgrk gS o vkebLrseky gksus okyk HkksT; inkFkZ gSA bls mCkky dj o elydj nw/k ds lkFk feykdj fn;k tk ldrk gSA xktj] eVj]ikyd] ihyk lhrkQy vkfn dks Ik;kZIr ikuh esa mCkkydj ¼ikuh ugh Qsduk pkfg,½ I;wjh Ckukdj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A blesapqVdh Hkj ued Hkh Mkyuk pkfg,A ;g 1–2 NksVs pEep ls 'kq: djds 50 xzke ¼vk/kk di½ rd Ck<+kuk pkfg,A lfCt;ksads lwi ls ukeek=k dk gh iks"k.k izkIr gksrk gSA ;fn lwi dks elys gq, vkyw ;k Hkwus vkVs ds lkFk xk<+k dj fn;k tk, rksbldh ikSf"Vdrk Ck<+ tkrh gSA igys ls 'kq: fd, gq, vkgkj dh ek=kk dks Ck<+k;k tk ldrk gSA

tCk f'k'kq 7–8 eghus dk gks tk,] rCk mls ?kj esa rS;kj gksus okys fofHkUu izdkj ds vkgkj fnu Hkj esa fn, tk ldrsgSa] tSls nky&pkoy ¼?kj esa dqVs pkoy ;k lsyk pkoy T;knk okaNuh; gksxk½ nw/k okyk nfy;k ¼Nkudj½ MCkyjksVh] jLd] ofCkLdqV vkfn dks nw/k esa fHkxksdj] /kqyh eawx dh f[kpM+h] [khj] lwth dk gyok] mCkyh 'kdjdanh dks nw/k eass feykdj] oelys gq, QyA mPp o e/;e vk; oxZ ds ifjokjksa esas f'k'kq dks dLVMZ o lk/kkj.k iqfMax Hkh nh tk ldrh gSA Hkwus gq,vukt nky T;knk ilan Hkh fd;s tkrs gSa o ipkus esas Hkh vklkuh jgrh gSA eqjeqjk iwjd vkgkj ds :Ik esa lk/kkj.k iz;ksx esayxk;k tkrk gSA Hkqus vukt&nkyksa dks ihldj ikmMj dks dqN fnuksa ds fy, laxzfgr dj ldrs gSa bl rS;kj feJ.k dksikuh ;k nw/k ls feykdj rS;kj yIlh dks Hkh f'k'kq dks ns ldrs gSaA yIlh ;k nky ds ikuh o xqM+ dh yIlh dks Hkh f'k'kq dksns ldrs gSaA yIlh ;k nky ds ikuh o xqM+ dk Hkh yIlh Ckukus esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

[kehj mBs vkgkj] tSls nf{k.k Hkkjr ls bMyh o xqtjkr essa <ksdyk dk dkQh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA [kehjhdj.k dsdkj.k ;g lqikP; gks tkrs gSa o iks"k.k xq.koÙkk Hkh Ck<+ tkrh gSA vadqfjr vkgkj Hkh vf/kd lqikP; gks tkrs gSa o mudk Hkhiks"k.k ewY; Ck<+ tkrk gSA LVkpZ o izksVhu nksuksa gh ljy inkFkks± esa ifjofrZr gks tkrs gSaA dqN ek=kk esa lhfer ykSg rÙo(bound iron) Hkh vklkuh ls miyC/k ykSg rÙo ds :i esa Ckny tkrk gSA ewax nky] pus dh nky] o vU; nkykasa dks vadqfjrdjds ysbZ Ckukdj Nkuk tkrk gS] fQj bldks Hkwus vkVs ds lkFk feykdj yIlh dh rjg Ckuk;k tkrk gSA ;fn bl ysbZ esavkVk feykdj pikrh CkukbZ tk, rks mls nw/k] ngh ;k lwi vkfn esa fHkxksdj ueZ fd;k tkrk gS ftlls f'k'kq vklkuh lspCkk ldsA bl vk;q rd f'k'kq CkSBus yxrk gS o mls fCkLdqV] jLd] djkjh jksVh ;k xktj dk VqdM+k vkfn dqrjuk vPNkyxus yxrk gSA

tCk f'k'kq 9–12 eghus dk gks tk,] rks mi;qä lHkh vkgkj /khjs&/khjs Ck<+k;s tk ldrs gSaA ekalkgkjh ifjokjkas esa CkkjhddwVk gqvk o uje idk gqvk ekal vkSj eNyh ns ldrs gSaA ,d lky ds var esa mls mCkyk] iksPM ;k jØSECkSYM vaMk nsuk Hkh'kq: dj ldrs gSaA

vPNh HkksT; laCka/kh vknrksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, ;g ;kn jf[k, fd f'k'kq dks f[kykus ds dksbZ fuf'pr fu;e ugha gS pawfdizR;sd f'k'kq O;fä fo'ks"k gksrk gSA CkM+ksa dh rjg CkPps Hkh vU; [kk| inkFkks± ds eqdkCkys fdlh [kkl inkFkZ dks vf/kd ilUndjrs gSa vkSj dHkh&dHkh Hkw[k vf/kd yxrh gS vkSj dHkh deA CkPpksa dks tCkjnLrh u f[kyk,aA Hkkstu dk le; izlUurkiw.kZo 'kkafre; gksuk pkfg,A u;k vkgkj ml le; nsuk 'kq: djsa tCk mls Hkw[k gks vkSj og LoLFk o [kq'k gksA Hkkstu /khjs&/khjsØe ls rjy ls v/kZBksl] fQj Bksl o VqdM+s vkfn ds :i esa nsuk pkfg,A elkyksa vkfn esa dsoy ued] phuh] xqM+ o uhacwds jl dk gh iz;ksx djsaA

9

,d 8 ekg ds f'k'kq ds fy, iwjs fnu dh rkfydk

le; [kk| inkFkZ ek=kk

lqCkg 6.00 Lruiku 150 ls 200 fe-yh-

izkr% 8.00 vaMs dh mCkyh tnhZ 1 vaMs dh tnha

izkr% 10.00 pkoy o eawx nky dk 15 xzke feJ.kfeJ.k] VekVj twl esa 150 xzke twl

nksigj 12.00 xk; dk nw/k 150 fe-yh-

lk;a 2.00 elyk dsyk ngh esa vk/kk dsyk2 CkM+s pEep ngh

Lkk;a 5.00 Xkk; dk nw/k 150 fe-yh-

Lkk;a 7.00 ngh o f[kpM+h ½ dVksjh f[kpMh2 CkM+s pEep ngh

Lkk;a 10.00 Lruiku 150 ls 200 fe-yh-

lgk;d&iqLrdsa

1) f'k'kq ,oa CkPPkksa dk iks"k.k o laHkj.k] Mk- 'kkafr ?kks"k

2) [kk| ,oa iks"k.k foKku( mPprj d{kkvksa ds fy,] ,tqds'ku Iysfuax xzqi }kjk( vk;kZ ifCyds'ku gkml

3) iks"k.k ,oa vkgkj foKku ds ewy fl}kar] ,l-ih- lqf[k;k( f'koyky vxzoky ,.M daa-

4) Fundamentals of foods and Nutrition Mudambi and Rajagopal: Wiley Easteren Limited.

5) Applied Nutrition: R. Rajalakshami: Oxford and IBH Publications.

6) Recommended Allowances for Indians, ICMR Publications.

ikB 9

iwoZ fo|ky; o fo|ky;xkeh ckyd dk laHkj.k(Feeding the Preschooler and School Children)

iwoZ fo|ky;xkeh ckyd(The Preschooler)

Ldwy tkus ls iwoZ ckydksa dh ns[kHkky dks iz/kkurk nsuk mi;qDr gS D;ksafd bl oxZ esa dqiks"k.k dh laHkkoukcuh jgrh gSA ;s vkgkj dh ek=kk vkSj xq.koÙkk dh deh ds dkj.k 'kh?kz laØe.k jksxksa ds f'kdkj gks tkrs gSaA iwoZfo|ky;xkeh ckyd ds of} vkSj fodkl dh nj cgqr gn rd muds vkgkj dh iw.kZrk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ;gckyd u dsoy fodkl ls oafpr jgrk gS] vfirq ek¡ dh ns[kHkky o lkehI; ls Hkh oafpr jg tkrk gS ¼lk/kkj.kr;kfuEu vk; oxZ esa½ ,d ls nks lky dk ckyd vkgkj o ns[kHkky ds fy, iwjh rjg fdlh ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA blfy,bl ckr ds laca/k esa f'k'kqdky o 'kq: ds ckY;dky esa T;knk ifjorZu ugha gksrk gSA bl vk;q oxZ esa Hkw[k o Hkkstuesa :fp ifjorZu fn[kkbZ nsuk 'kq: gks tkrk gSA

of) o fodkl

bl vk;q oxZ esa u rks of) vkSj u gh fodkl ,d leku nj ij gksrk gSA ;g /kheh xfr dh of) dk yEckle;dky gksrk gSA nwljs o"kZ esa ckyd dh 7-8 lSaVhehVj YkEckbZ c<+ tkrh gSA o 3-4 fdyksxzke Hkkj c<+ tkrkgSA rRi'pkr fd'kksjkoLFkk ls iwoZ rd izfr o"kZ yxHkx 6-7 lSaVhehVj yEckbZ o <kbZ ls rhu fdyksxzke Hkkj c<+rkjgrk gSA

izR;sd vk;qdky esa yM+fd;ksa dh vis{kk yM+dksa dk Hkkj o yEckbZ vf/kd gksrh gS] ijUrq 11-12 lky dh vk;qesa yM+fd;ksa dk Hkkj vf/kd gksrk gSA T;ksa-T;ksa c<+ksÙkjh gks tkrh gS oSls gh ty] ekalisf'k;ka] Ård] laxzfgr olko gfM~M;ksa ds <+kaps vkfn ds vuqikr esa ifjorZu gksrs tkrs gSaA olke; Ård c<+us o gfM~M;ksa esa [kfut-yo.kksads c<+us ds lkFk-lkFk /khjs-/khjs ty dh 18-19 izfr'kr rd gks tkrh gSA O;Ldksa esa Hkh 'kjhj esa izksVhu dk ek=kkyxHkx bruh gh gksrh gSA vk;q ds vuqlkj yM+fd;ksa esa yM+dksa dh vis{kkdr olk dk izfr'kr vf/kd o ekalisf'k;ksadk izfr'kr de gks tkrk gSA tUe ls o;Lddky rd gfM~M;ksa dh la[;k] vkdkj o lajpuk esa ifjorZu vk tkrkgSA

;g ns[kk x;k gS fd of)dky esa ikSf"Vd rÙoksa dh FkksM+h lh deh ds dkj.k] laHkkfor laiw.kZ of) esa ck/kk vkldrh gSA ;|fi yEckbZ gh vius vki esa iw.kZ Js"Brk ugha gS] vfirq ckyd dk laiw.kZ fodkl o mfpr vuqikreas of) dk iw.kZ gksuk vko';d gSA ;g o;Lddky dh vPNh lsgr dh uhao gksrh gSA vr,o] ckyd ds iks"k.k Lrjds fu/kkZj.k ¼vkdyu½ ds fy, mlds vius izfr:i ds vuqlkj yEckbZ o Hkkj esa c<+ksÙkjh gh ljy ekinaM gSA

iks"k.k vko';drk,sa (Nutritional needs)

Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk fo'ks"kK vuqla/kku lfefr (1990) }kjk izLrkfor ,d iwoZ fo|ky;xkeh ckyd dh iks"k.klEcU/kh vko';drkvksa ds vkadM+s rkfydk 1 esa fn, x, gSaA

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ckyd dks ÅtkZ dh vko';drk mldh c<+ksÙkjh o dk;Zdyki ds fy, pkfg, gksrh gS vr% bldh t:jr c<+ksÙkjho dk;Zdyki ds Lrj ds vuqlkj dkQh fHkUu&fHkUu gks ldrh gSA c<+ksÙkjh ds fy, Ik;kZIr ÅtkZ dh laiwfrZ gksuh pkfg,A;fn Hkkstu ls ÅtkZ dk xzg.k t:jr ls de gks rks izksVhu;qDr HkksT;inkFkZ 'kjhj fuekZ.k ds LFkku ij ÅtkZ nsusds fy, bLrseky gks tkrs gSaA tSls-tSls 'kkjhfjd Hkkj c<+rk gS] oSls gh izfr fdyks Hkkj ds fy, ÅtkZ dh vko';drkc<+rh tkrh gSA blfy, ÅtkZ dh vko';drk vk;q o of) ij vk/kkfjr gSA 1-3 lky dh vk;q ds fy, 1240 dSyksjho 4-6 lky ds fy, 1690 dSyksjh dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

izksVhu dh t:jr Hkh vk;q dh c<+ksÙkjh ds lkFk-lkFk c<+rh gSA 1-3 lky ds ckyd ds fy, 22 xzzke o4-6 lky ds ckyd ds fy, 30 xzke izksVhu dh nSfud t:jr dh flQkfj'k dh xbZ gSA gfM~M;ksa o nkarksa dh v/kkf=k(mastrix), uk[kquksa o ckyksa] jDr d.kksa vkSj lhje (serum) dk dkQh cM+k va'k izksVhu dk gksrk gSA izR;sd thfordksf'kdk o lHkh 'kkjhfjd nzoksa esa ¼ew=k o fiÙk dks NksM+dj½ izksVhu gksrh gSA Hkkstu fofo/krk o ek=kk esa c<+ksÙkjhls izksVhu dk xzg.k c<+ tk,xkA ijUrq ÅtkZ dk lzksr dkcksZt ftlesa enqis; (Soft drink) o feBkbZ gks] o olk;qDrHkkstu gks rc izksVhu xzg.k dh ek=kk o xq.koÙkk] nksuksa ij gh cqjk vlj gksxkA

gfM~M;ksa o nkarksa dh of) yxkrkj dSfY'k;e ds [kfuthdj.k (calcification) ds fy, dSfY'k;e dh t:jr dksHkh iwjk djuk t:jh gS bl vk;qdky es gqbZ gfM~M;ksa dh fodfr esa okil ifjorZu ykuk vlaHko gksrk gSA dSfY'k;edh ek=kk nw/k o nw/k ls cus inkFkksZa dh ek=kk ij gh fuHkZj djrh gSA vr% 400 fe- xzk- dSfY'k;e dks nSfud vko';drkdh flQkfj'k dh xbZ gSA of) ds fy, c<+h gqbZ jDr dh ek=kk ds dkj.k yksgs dk Hkh iz;kZIr ek=kk esa xzg.k djukpkfg,] ftlds fy, nSfud vko';drk 12-18 fe- xzk- dh gSA bldh izkfIr ds fy, yksgs ds vPNs lk/ku tSls &v.Mk] gjs iÙksnkj lfCt;ka] ekal] lkcqr vukt o nkysa xzg.k djus pkfg,A

lkekU; c<+ksÙkjh ds fy, foVkfeUt+ vfuok;Z gSaA ;|fi budh t:jr cgqr gh FkksM+h ek=kk esa gksrh gS ijUrq ;gcgqr ls rÙoksa ds p;kip; esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx ysrs gSaA Hkkjrh;] foVkfeu *,* eq[;r% chVk dSjksVhu dks jsVhuksy ¼foVkfeu*,*½ esa cnyus ds fy, 0.25 HkkT; [kaM (factor) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blfy, jsVhuksy ¼foVkfeu ,½ dh t:jrdSjksVhu ls pkj xquk de gSA ,d ls N% lky ds ckyd ds fy, 400 ekbØks xzke jsVhuksy dh flQkfj'k dh xbZgSA Hkkstu esa iqufuZfer foVkfeu , ¼jsVhuksy½ gksrk gSA blfy, ikf'od HkksT; inkFkksZa ds xzg.k ds fy, foVkfeu ,ds fy, jsVhuksy dh ek=kk o okuLifrd HkksT; inkFkksZa ds fy, dSjksVhu dh ek=kk vyx&vyx fxu ldrs gSaA vkSjHkksT; [kaM dh lgk;rk ls bUgsa nksuksa esa ls fdlh ,d bdkbZ esa cny ldrs gSaA

dkQh la[;k esa Hkkjrh; ckydksa ds HkksT; ess foVkfeu&Mh ugha gksrk] ij fQj Hkh cgqr de cPpksa esa foVkfeuMh dh deh ds y{k.k fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA blls ;g irk pyrk gS fd foVkfeu&Mh dh vko';drk lw;Z dh jks'kuhls iwjh gks tkrh gS bldh vkgkjh; vko';drk 'kk;n cgqr de gksrh gSA blfy, 200 vkbZ- ;w- foVkfeu&Mh dkvkgkjh; xzg.k lHkh c<+us okys oxksaZ ds fy, fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA ;g vkarksa esa dSfY'k;e ds vo'kks"k.k dks c<+krkgS o gfM~M;ksa ds [kfuthdj.k esa lgk;rk nsrk gSA Hkkjrh; Hkkstu esa foVkfeu lh dkQh ek=kk esa idkbZ xbZ lfCt;ksals o dkQh de ek=kk esa dPph lfCt;ksa ls izkIr gksrk gSA idkus o laxzg.k ds le; gqbZ gkfu ds dkj.k] vko';drkdks nqxuk djuk gksxkA vr% 40 fe- xzk- dh flQkfj'k dh xbZ gS (ICMR)A foVkfeu ch dkWEiySDl eq[;r% fo'ks"kds lkFk feydj fofHkUu ,Utkbe O;oLFkk ds fgLls ds :Ik esa dke djrs gSa] ftudk 'kjhj esa dkcksZt] izksVhu oolk ds fo?kVu ds lkFk laca/k gksrk gSA vr% ftl izfØ;k esa p;kip; ds vfUre mRikn] ÅtkZ] vkWfDltu o tygksrss gSa] mlesa ;g foVkfeUt+ Hkh dkQh n<+rk ls lacaf/kr o 'kkfey gksrs gSaA vr% izR;sd 1000 dSyksjh ds fy, 0.5

fe- xzk- Fkk;feu ds xzg.k] izR;sd 1000 dSyksjh ds fy, 0.6 fe- xzk jkbcks¶ysfou ds xzg.k vkSj izR;sd 1000 dSyksjhds fy, 6.6 fe- xzk fu;kflu ds xzg.k dh x.kuk djds bl vk/kkj ij flQkfj'k dh xbZ gSA foVkfeu ch

6] Qksfyd

,flM o foVkfeu ch12 dh nSfud vko';drk,a eq[;r% ek¡ ds nw/k ij vk/kkfjr o x.kuk dh xbZ gSA

Hkkstu ds izdkj (Types of Food) %

Hkkstu xzg.k djus dk izk:Ik] Hkkstu dh rjQ O;ogkj o :[k c<+rh gqbZ vk;q o ifjofrZr voLFkk dk gh fgLlkgksrs gSaA bl ckjs esa ekrkvksa dks vo'; gh f'kf{kr djuk pkfg,A f'k'kqdky dh vis{kkdr bu NksVs ckydksa dh/kheh of) nj ds lkFk -lkFk Hkw[k Hkh de gks tkrh gSA blls ;g le>uk pkfg, fd mls vk;q ds vuqlkj ÞdeHkw[kß (small appetite) yxrh gS vr% bls Þ{kh.k Hkw[kß (poor appetite) ugha dguk pkfg,A ;g of) nj esa dkQh

13

deh ds dkj.k gksrk gS] blfy, Hkkstu dh de ek=kk esa vko';drk gksrh gSA bl vk;q esa og vkl-ikl ds tfaVyokrkoj.k ds ckjs esa lpsr gksrk tkrk gSA mls vius Hkkstu ds lkFk [ksyuk vkSj [kqqn gkFkksa ls [kkuk vPNk yxrkgSA ;fn ogh [kkuk pEep ds lkFk fn;k tk, rks [kkuk ilan ughs djrk gSA ;g le; vufHkK ekrk] tks ckydds f'k'kqdky dh yksyqirkiw.kZ Hkw[k dh vkfn gksrh gS] ds fy, fpUrkiw.kZ gks ldrh gSA ;fn ek¡ dk Bhd izdkj lsiFk izn'kZu u fd;k tk; rks Hkkstu xzg.k djuk ek¡ vkSj cPps dh chp esa ;q)Hkwfe cu tkrk gSA blds dkj.k dbZizdkj ds Hkkstu ls lacaf/kr {kqC/krk o Hkw[k u yxuk vkfn dh leL;k,¡ mRiUu gks tkrh gSa o ,slk Ldwy tkus lsiwoZ ckydksa dh vk;q esa cgqr ns[kus dks vkrk gSA mls ;g le>us dh vko';drk gS fd ;g ,d lk/kkj.k voLFkkgS ftlesa ls lHkh ckyd fudyrs gSaA ek¡ dks ckyd ds O;ogkj dks le>us ds fy, f'kf{kr fd;k tk, o vxjog mldh fofHkUu fØ;kvksa tSls nw/k fxjkuk] Hkkstu fc[ksjuk] elyuk vkfn esa vkuUn ysa] o tku ldsa] rks mlesadqaBk dh Hkkouk dh de laHkkouk jgsxhA vr% mlds cPps us Hkkstu fd;k gS ;k ugha blds ckjs esa mls fpUrk ughayxsxhA

,d ls nks lky ds ckyd dk vkgkj f'k'kq ds vkgkj ls cgqr de fHkUu gksrk gSA mlds fy, lCth] Qy vkfndks elydj ;k VqdM+ksa esa dkV ldrs gSa ;k tc t:jr gks uje djds ns ldrs gSaA og gkFk esa idM+dj [kkusokys Hkkstu tSls fcLdqV] jLd] Qy ;k xktj vkjke ls ys ysrk gSA rhu lky dh vk;q rd og ifjokj ds rhuckj Hkkstu ds izfr:i o chp-chp ds iks"k.k ls ifjfpr gks tkrk gSA dHkh-dHkh ;g ckyd dsoy ,d ;k nks izdkjds Hkkstu [kkus dks ilUn djrk gS] o ckdh lc [kkuk NksM+ nsrk gSA ysfdu tYnh gh lkekU; vkgkj ysuk 'kq:dj nsrk gSA T;knkrj ckyd idkbZ gqbZ lfCt;ksa dh vis{kk dPph lfCt;ka [kkuk ilUn djrs gSa ¼idh gqbZ xktjdh txg dPph xktj ilan djrs gSa½A cPpksa esa Hkkstu lEcU/kh vPNh vknrksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, lcls vPNk rjhdk;g gS fd lHkh ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dks foosdrk ls Hkkstu djuk pkfg,] pwafd cPps cM+ksa dh cgqr udy djrs gSaA

vkgkj vk;kstu djrs le; /;ku j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa

1. vkgkj iks"k.krk dh nf"V ls larqfyr gksuk pkfg,A ;g vkSj Hkh vko';d gS fd D;ksafd iwoZ fo|ky;xkehckyd dh Hkw[k de gksrh gS o iks"k.k vko';drk,a vf/kdA bu vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, vkgkjlarqfyr gksuk pkfg, rFkk tgka rd gks lds lkafnzr [kk| inkFkZ nsus pkfg,A

2. cPps dks /khjs-/khjs u, Loknksa dh tkudkjh gks jgh gSA ,d o"kZ ds i'pkr~ ckyd dks lHkh [kk| inkFkZnsus pkfg,] ftlls nks o"kZZ iwjs gksus rd og ifjokj ds eq[; Hkkstu ds le; ds <+kaps esa <y tk,A

3. ;fn gks lds rks fcuk nksckjk idk,] ifjokj ds fy, gh cus O;atuksa esa gsj-Qsj djds ckyd dks nsuk pkfg,A4. vklkuh ls miyC/k _rq vuqdwy [kk| inkFkksZa dk p;u djuk pkfg,A ;s lLrs] Lokfn"V o vf/kd iks"kd

gksrs gSaA5. cPps ds ifjokj dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A6. jax] izÑfr o Lokn esa fofHkUurk gksuh pkfg, Hkkstu dks vkd"kZd cukus ds fy, NksVs ik=kksa dks ijksluss ds

fy, pquuk pkfg,A7. ,slh ;kstuk cukuh pkfg, ftlls Hkkstu miyC?k le; esa cuk;k tk ldsA le; dh deh gksus ij ,d

O;atu tSls ngh ds lkFk ikSf"Vd jksVh ;k f[kpM+h nh tk ldrh gS] ftls ikSf"Vd gksus ds lkFk-lkFk idkukHkh vklku gSA

8. cPps ds Hkkstu ds le; rd Hkkstu rS;kj gksuk pkfg,A ,slk gks ldrk gS fd jkf=k dk Hkkstu rS;kj gksusls igys gh cPpk lks tk,A

9. vf/kd rys] lqxfU/kr rsy o fepZ-elkys ;qDr O;atuksa dk iwoZ fo|ky;xkeh ckyd ds ehuw esa lfEefyr ughadjuk pkfg, vU;Fkk ;s blds isV dks [kjkc dj ldrs gSaA

10. de le; vUrjky esa o de Hkkstu dh ek=kk nsdj mldh dqy vko';drk dks iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA11. VkWQh] pkWdysV vf/kd ugha nssus pkfg, D;ksafd ;s dsoy ÅtkZ iznku djrs jgrs gSa vkSj cPps dk isV Hkj

nsrs gSaA12. vkgkj ijkslrs le; okrkoj.k 'kkar gksuk pkfg,A

Lkarqfyr vkgkj

iwoZ fo|ky;xkeh ckyd ds fy, Lkarqfyr vkgkj rkfydk 2 esa fn;k x;k gS] ftl vkgkj vk;kstu djrs le;iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA

14

rkfydk 2

izLrkfor fd;k x;k Lkarqfyr vkgkj

vkgkjh; inkFkZ 1-3 o"kZ ds fy, 4-6 o"kZ ds fy,¼xzke½ ¼xzke½

vukt 120 210

nkysa 30 45

iÙksnkj lfCt;ka 50 50

vU; lfCt;ka 50 50

tM+ okyh lfCt;ka 50 100

nw/k 500 500

rsy vkSj ?kh 20 25

phuh vkSj xqM+ 25 30

ekalkgkfj;ksa ds fy, izLrkfor izfrLFkkiu(Suggested Substitution for Non-vegetarians)

og HkksT; inkFkZ tSls ekalkgkfj;ksa ds vkgkj esa vkgkj esa ls dVs gq;s HkksT; inkFkksZa dh txgls dkV@fudky ldrs gSa izLrkfor HkksT; inkFkksZa dk izfrLFkkiu

50 izfr'kr nkysa 1. ,d v.Mk ;k 30 xzke ehV ;k eNyhA2. vfrfjDr 5 xzke ?kh ;k rsyA

100 izfr'kr nkysa 1. nks v.Ms ;k 50 xzke ehV ;k eNyh ;k,d v.Mk ¼+½ 30 xzke ehV ;k eNyhA

2. vfrfjDr 10 xzke ?kh ;k rsyA

rkfydk 3 esa ,d iwoZ Ldwyxkeh ckyd ds fy, dqN ehuw fn;s x;s gSaA

rkfydk 3

1-3 o"kZ ds ckydksa ds fy, ^mnkgj.kr;k ehuw^

Hkkstu izLrkfor ehuw

lqcg dk Hkkstu • [kehjh vkVs dh pikrh] nw/k] xqM+• bMyh] ngh• lwth vkSj [khj] v.Mk• ikSf"Vd iksgk] nw/k• eD[ku yxk VksLV] mcyk v.Mk

uk'rs ds ckn • dsyk• vke• dLVMZ• lUrjs dk twl• fcLdqV

nksigj dk Hkkstu • ikSf"Vd f[kpM+h] ngh• pikrh] nky] vkyw&xktj dh lCth• ikSf"Vd jksVh] ngh] lykn

'kke dh pk; • fpM+ok]ngh• czsM@ fcLdqV] nw/k• vkWeysV] nw/k• miek] nw/k

jkf=k dk Hkkstu • pikrh@ pkoy] ewax dh nky o ikyd]• pikrh] ehV@lCth dk LV;w] [khj• f[kpM+h] ikyd dk jk;rk] lykn

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– 4

Ldwy t

kus o

kys c

kyd d

s fy,

izLrkfor

dh xb

Z fofHkU

u ikSf"V

d r

Ùoksa dh nSfud t

:jr

sa ¼vkbZ-l

h-,e-vkj-

19

90½

16

Ldwy tkus okys ckyd(School Going Child)

tc ckyd Ldwy tkuk izkjEHk djrk gS rks eka&cki dk /;ku mldh Ik<+kbZ dh vksj vf/kd tkrk gS o Hkkstudh vksj deA bldk ifj.kke ;s gksrk gS fd mldh ikSf"Vd vko';drkvksa dh vksj /;ku ugha fn;k tkrk gSA ;fnLdwy tkrs le; cPps dk iks"k.k Bhd ls Fkk rks gks ldrk gS fd oks dqN le; rd deh ds y{k.k izdV u gksaA

of) % Ldwy ds izkjfEHkd o"kksZa esa of) e/;e xfr ls gksrh gS] tcfd vf/kd xfrfof/k;ksa ds dkj.k ÅtkZ vko';drkdkQh c<+rh gSA yEckbZ esa okf"kZd 4.0 ls 7.7 ls- eh- yM+dksa esa o 4.9 ls 7.2 ls- eh- yM+fd;ksa esa gksrh gSA yM+fd;ksaesa 12 o"kZ ds i'pkr~ bl yEckbZ dh of) esa deh vk tkrh gSA Hkkj esa okf"kZd of) yM+dksa esa 2.5 ls 6.6 fd-xzk- rFkk yM+fd;ksa 2.3 ls 5.2 fd-xzk- gksrh gSA

iks"k.k vko';drk,a (Nutritional Needs)

rkfydk IV esa Ldwy tkus okys ckyd dh ikSf"Vd vko';drkvksa dk fooj.k fn;k gSA

Ldwy ds nkSjku ikSf"Vd vko';drkvksa esa fo'ks"k vUrj ugha vkrk] dsoy Hkkstu xzg.k djus dh dqy ek=kk esaof) gksrh gSA ijUrq Ldwy tkus dk vFkZ ;s t:j gks tkrk gS fd Hkkstu o fof+HkUu dk;ksZa dks Ldwy fnup;kZ dsvuqlkj j[kuk pkfg,A blh rjg ls cPpksa dks ?kj ls ckgj ,d Hkkstu djuk iM+rk gS] pkgs oks ?kj ls ys tk;kx;k fVfQu gks ;k Ldwy ls [kjhns x, vYikgkj gksA

ckyd dh ÅtkZ dh vko';drk fu;fer :Ik ls c<+rh tkrh gSA ;s vko';drk 7-9 ds ckyd ds fy;s 1950

dSyksjh ls ysdj 10-12 o"kZ ds yM+dksa ds fy, 2190 dSyksjh gS] tcfd blh mez dh yM+fd;ksa dks 1970 dSyksjhdh vko';drk gksrh gSA c<+ksÙkjh o fodkl ds fy, izksVhu dh t:jr Hkh c<+ tkrh gSA izksVhu dh vko';drk7-9 o"kZ ds ckyd ds fy, 41 xzke ls ysdj 10-12 o"kZ ds yM+dksa ds fy, 54 xzke rFkk yM+fd;ksa ds fy, 57

xzk- gks tkrh gSA dSfY'k;e dh t:jr iwjh vof/k esa ,d leku gh jgrh gS] ,slk ;g /;ku esa j[kdj fd;k x;kgS fd iwjh vof/k esa gfM~M;ksa dh yEckbZ o ?ksjko esa fu;fer o e/;e c<+ksÙkjh gksrh jgrh gSA Hkkjrh; fpfdRlkvuqla/kku fo'ks"kK lfefr us 400 ls 600 fe-xzk- dSfY'k;e dh flQkfj'k dh gSA c<+rh gqbZ jDr dh ek=kk o gheksXyksfcuesa of) ds dkj.k 10-12 o"kZ ds c<+rs gq;s yM+ds o yM+fd;ksa dh yksgs dh t:jr T;knk gksrh gSA 7-9 o"kZ dsckyd dks 26 fe-xzk- rFkk 10-12 o"kZ ds yM+ds dks 34 fe-xzk- o yM+fd;ksa dks 19 fe-xzk- gksrh gS foVkfeu , dhvko';drk Hkh vk;q ds lkFk c<+ tkrh gSA jsfVuksy dh vko';drk 7-12 o"kZ ds fy, 600 ekbØksxzke gksrh gSA Fkk;feu]jkbcks¶ysfou vkSj fu;kflu dh t:jr dSyksjh dh vko';drk ds vuqlkj c<+rh gSA foVkfeu ch

6 dh t:jr izksVhu

dh vko';drk ds vuqlkj gksrh gSA 40 fe-xzke foVkfeu lh dh flQkfj'k dh xbZ gS o blesa Hkkstu idkrs le;dh gkfu dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, 50 izfr'kr dh lhek (Margin) j[kh xbZ gS Hkkstu ls QkSfyd ,flM dh tSomiyC/krk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, 60-70 ekbØksxzke dh flQkfj'k dh xbZ gSA foVkfeu ch

12 pwafd dsoy eklkgkjh

Hkkstu esa gh gksrk gS vkSj Hkkjrh; vkgkj eq[;r% 'kkdkgkjh gh gksrh gSA vr% Hkkstu esa ,d ekbØksxzke@izfrfnu dhflQkfj'k dh xbZ gSA blesa Hkh Hkkstu idkus ds le; gksus okyh gkfu o vo'kks"k.k dh lhek ds ckjs fuf'prrkdks /;ku esa j[kk x;k gSA foVkfeu ch

12 QkSfyd ,flM dk p;kip; dkQh vkil esa tqM+s gksrs gSa vkSj nksuksa dh

deh ls vlekU; jDrksRifÙk gks tkrh gSA foVkfeu Mh ds fy, 200 vkbZ- ;w- dh flQkfj'k dh xbZ gSA Hkkjrh; cPpksaesa bl Lrj ls vf/kdre dSfY'k;e dk vo'kks"k.k gksrk gSA

vkgkj vk;kstu djrs le; /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrsa

1. vkgkj ikSf"Vd nf"V ls iw.kZ o larqfyr gksuk pkfg,A nw/k] gjs iÙksnkj lfCt;ksa o Qyksa dks lfEefyr djukvko';d gSA

2. le;&le; ij u, O;atuksa dks lfEefyr djuk pkfg,] ftlls cPpksa dks u, Loknksa dk irk yxsA

3. Ldwy tkus ds dkj.k cPpk ,d vkgkj ?kj ls ysrk gS] tks fd ,d egÙoiw.kZ ifjorZu gSA bldk vFkZ gSfd ,d vPNh lw>-cw> ds lkFk ,slh ;kstuk dh vko';drk gS] ftlls cPps dks ?kj ls ckgj Hkh Hkj-isVlarqfyr Hkkstu fey ldsA

4. ,d vklkuh ls ys tkus o [kkus okyk vYikgkj cPps dks ns nsuk pkfg, ftlls cPpk Ldwy esa dsoy ÅtkZiznk;d inkFkZ [kjhnus ds fy, ykykf;r u gksA

5. 'kke ds le; dk vkgkj] nksigj esa fy, vkgkj ds vk/kkj ij vk;ksftr djuk pkfg,A ;g bruk Hkh ughagksuk pkfg,] jkf=k ds Hkkstu dh cPps dh Hkw[k u jgsA

17

6. Hkkstu ds jax] :Ik izdfr esa fofHkUurk gksuh pkfg,A Ldwy esa ys tkus okys fVfQu dk ehuw cny -cnydj nsuk pkfg,A

7. Ikfjokj dh /kkfeZd o lkekftd ekU;rkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A

8. vkgkj dk vk;kstu] vkgkj ctV dh lhek esa gks tkuk pkfg,A lLrs ijUrq ikSf"Vd vkgkjksa dk p;u djukpkfg, tSls vadqfjr vukt okyh nkyksa] ewaxQyh] gjh lfCt;ka] Hkqus vukt bR;kfnA

9. ekSleh Qyksa o lfCt;ksa dk vkgkj esa lfEefyr djuk pkfg,A

10. cPps dh ilUn-ukilUn dks /;ku esa j[kk tk ldrk gS ijUrq bldk rkRi;Z ;s ugha fd fdlh ,d [kkllewg dks vkgkj esa lfEefyr gh u fd;k tk, cfYd bldk :Ik cny dj fn;k tk ldrk gS] mnkgj.kds fy, nw/k u ilUn gksus ij mlds jax o Lokn dks cnyk tk ldrk gS] tSls ckuZohVk ;k pkdysV MkydjA

11. vf/kd fepZ-elkyksa dk iz;ksx ugha djuk pkfg,A

12. vkgkj dk le; vkjkenk;d o 'kkUr gksuk pkfg,] vuq'kklu ds fy, ughaA

rkfydk 5 esa Ldwy tkus okys cPpksa dks fn;s tkus okys vkgkj ds dqN ehuw fn;s x;s gSaA

rkfydk – 5

Ldwy tkus okys ckydksa ds fy, mnkgj.k ehuw

Hkkstu IkzLrkfor ehuw

Lkqcg dk uk'rk • [kehj vkVs dh pikrh o ewaxQyh dh pVuh

• nfy;k o ewax dh nky dk nfy;k

• Ýsap VksLV] nw/k] larjk

• ikSf"Vd jksVh] VekVj dh pVuh o xqM+

e/;kUrj dk vYIkkgkj • vkVk o cslu dk yM~Mw• fcLdqV] ve:n

• dsyk] dsd dk VqdM+k

• iuhj] VekVj dk lSaMfop

• Hkquk puk] Hkquk pkoy

nksigj dk Hkkstu • ikSf"Vd f[kpM+h] lykn• U;wfVªxusV iqyko] ngh] lykn

• ewaxQyh] pkoy] VekVj dh pVuh

• f[kpM+h] vkyw eVj dh lCth o jk;rk

• Hkjoka ijkaBs] xktj dh lykn o ngh

'kke dh pk; • fpM+ok] ngh• miek] nw/k

• czsM @jLd] nw/k

• Hkquk puk o xqM+

• vadqfjr puk o nw/k

jkf=k dk Hkkstu • pikrh@ pkoy] nky&ikyd

• pikrh@ pkoy] v.Ms dh lCth] xktj dh lykn

• pikrh@ pkoy] d<+h]ÝwV dLVMZ

• ikSf"Vd f[kpM+h ikyd dk jk;rk

• pikrh@ pkoy] vadqfjr eawx nky o vkyw dh lCth]xktj dh lykn

ikB 10

xHkZorh L=kh vkSj Lruiku djkusokyh ekrk dk iks"k.k(Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation)

xHkkZoLFkk vkSj Lruiku dky] nks ,slh voLFkk,a gSa tcfd ,d L=kh dks vf/kd vkgkj dh vko';drk gksrh gSAmls xHkZ ds ukS eghus gh esa vius isV esa iy jgs cPps ds fy, vkgkj iagqpkuk gksrk gS vkSj ckn esa mls viuknw/k fiykuk gksrk gSA tc cPpk isV es iy jgk gksrk gS vkSj nw/k ihrk gS rks mldh ek¡ dks ikSf"Vd vkgkj vo';feyuk pkfg,A

XkHkkZoLFkk (Pregnancy)

XkHkkZoLFkk esa L=kh ds 'kjhj vkSj mlds eu ij cgqr cks> iM+rk gSA mu fnuksa L=kh dks u dsoy vius 'kjhjcfYd Hkzw.k ds fodkl ds fy, Hkh vkgkj dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA xHkZ ds fnuksa esa cPps ds fodkl ds fy, vf/kdvkgkj vko';d gS] ftlls fd xHkZorh L=kh ds 'kjhj esa olk dh rgsa te tk, tks ckn esa ek¡…ds 'kjhj esa nw/kmRiUu djus ds fy, ÅtkZ lafpr jgsA bl izdkj Årdksa ds la'ys"k.k ds fy, vko';d ikSf"Vd rÙoksa dks igqapkukvko';d gksrk gS]D;ksafd cPpk isV esa c<+ jgk gksrk gSA

Ikzkphu dky ls gh xfHkZ.kh fL=k;ksa ds fy, mfpr vkgkj dh vko';drk ij cy fn;k x;k gSA mu fnuksa ;gfo'okl fd;k tkrk Fkk fd xfHkZ.kh tks Hkkstu djrh gS mldk iy jgs cPps ds 'kkjhfjd fodkl ij vkSj mldsO;ogkj ij Hkh izHkko iM+rk gSA bl dkj.k bl ckjs esa dqN dBksj fu;e cuk fn;s x;s FksA fofHkUu lektksa esa ;gfo/kku Fkk fd xfHkZ.kh D;k [kk, ;k D;k u [kk,A vkt Hkh gekjs ns'k esa bl ckjs esa dbZ izdkj ds va/kfo'okl izpfyrgSaA

XkHkZk/kku ds ckn igys rhu eghus esa cPps ds fodkl dh nj cgqr de gksrh gS vkSj xfHkZ.kh vf/kd [kk ughaldrh] D;ksafd vf/kdrj fL=k;ksa dks bu fnuksa eryh vkus yxrh gS vxys N% efgus esa cPps dk fodkl rsth lsgksrk gSA vkSj ek¡ dh vkgkj vko';drk c<+ tkrh gSA tks fL=k;ka fd'kksjkoLFkk esa gh ek¡ cu tkrh gS mudk viukfodkl iwjk ugha gqvk gksrk vkSj blfy, mUgsa og vkgkj u feys rks muds LokLF; ij cqjk izHkko iM+rk gSA ;fnxHkkZ/kku ls igys L=kh dk Hkkstu Ik;kZIr gks jgk gks rks og xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku vkgkj dh c<+h gqbZ vko';drkvksadk lkeuk vf/kd vklkuh ls dj ldrh gSA

dksbZ Hkh ek¡ ;g ugha pkgsxh fd ?kfV;k Hkkstu djds cPps ds LokLF; dks gkfu igqapk;sA ;g ns[kk x;k gS fdtc vkgkj lEcU/kh v/;;u fd;s x;s rks ;g ik;k x;k fd fL=k;ka viuh vis{kk dj tkrh gSa vkSj ifjokj ds vU;lnL;ksa dh vko';drk,a iwjh djus ij vf/kd /;ku nsrh gSaA xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku Hkh ;g fLFkfr cnyrh ugha gSA

bl izdkj xfHkZf.k;ksa dks ifjokj ds vU; lnL;ksa dh vis{kk cgqr de Hkkstu feyrk gSA nwljksa dh lsok lqJq"kkdjus esa yxh gqbZ L=kh vkjke ls cSBdj Hkkstu ugha dj ikrh tc og cgqr Fkdh gqbZ gksrh gS rks dqN [kk ughaldrhA ;fn fuEu vk; oxZ dk ifjokj gks rks ogka Hkkstu dh oSls gh deh jgrh gS vkSj xfHkZ.kh ij lcls vf/kdcqjk izHkko iM+rk gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd og igys lkjs ifjokj dks f[kykrh gS vkSj fQj cpk [kqpk-Hkkstu Lo;a[kkrh gS bl ckr dk cM+k egÙo gS fd ifjokj okys cPps ds tUe ls igys ,slh O;oLFkk djsa fd xfHkZ.kh dks HkjisVvkSj ikSf"Vd vkgkj feysA xfHkZ.kh ds ifr dks pkfg, fd og bl ckr dh O;oLFkk djs fd mldh iRuh dks cf<+;kfdLe dk vkSj iwjk Hkkstu feys ftlls fd mlds 'kjhj esa iy jgs cPps ds LokLF; ij cqjk izHkko u IkM+sA

XkHkkZoLFkk esa 'kkjhfjd fØ;kvksa esa ifjorZu(Physiological Adjustments during Pregnancy)

XkHkkZoLFkk esa 'kjhj dh fØ;kvksa esa tks ifjorZu gksrs gSa] os fuEufyf[kr gSa %&

ÅtkZ dk p;kip; ¼eSVkcksfyte½ % XkHkkZoLFkk esa p;kip; dh nj¼csfld eSVkcksfyd jsV½ c<+ tkrk gS ftldsdkj.k xfHkZ.kh dks vf/kd ÅtkZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

Ikkpd fØ;k,a % bl ckr dk lk{; feyrk gS fd XkHkkZoLFkk esa vkek'k; nqcZy gks tkrk gS] mldh xfr'khyrkde gks tkrh gS vkSj mlesa fudyus okys lzko Hkh ?kV tkrs gSaA vkerkSj ij xfHkZf.k;ksa dks eryh vkSj dCt dsjksx gks tkrs gSaA bl vof/k esa xfHkZ.kh dh pwuk ¼dSfY'k;e½] yksgk ¼ykSg½] foVkfeu ch

12 vkSj vU; ikSf"Vd rÙoksa dks

19

vo'kksf"kr djus dh 'kfDr c<+ tkrh gSA

xqnksZa dh fØ;k % XkHkkZoLFkk esa xqnks± dh fØ;k c<+ tkrh gS vkSj ew=k dh ek=kk esa of) gksrh gSA blds lkFkgh dbZ vU; inkFkZ tSls fØ,Vhuhu] ;wfj;k vkSj ;wfjd ,flM vkfn dh ek=kk esa Hkh of) gks tkrh gSA xHkkZoLFkkds e/; esa ;g ek=kk cgqr de gks tkrh gSA

jDr dh lajpuk % jDr dh lajpuk esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrk gSA mlds rjy rÙo ¼IykTk+ek½ dh ek=kk yxHkx Ikpklizfr'kr vkSj yky dksf'kdkvksa dh ek=kk yxHkx chl izfr'kr c<+ tkrh gSA gheksXyksfcu dh ldy ek=kk esa of) gksusds ckotwn ghekXyksfcu vkSj dksf'kdkvksa dk vk;ke lkekU;r;k ?kV tkrk gSA

ikuh dk larqyu % 'kjhj esa ikuh dh dqy ek=kk es lkr yhVj rd dh of) gks ldrh gS vkSj xHkZ ds vfUrefnuksa rd ,slh fLFkfr vk ldrh gS fd xqnsZ ikuh dh vfrfjDr ek=kk dks 'kjhj ls fudkyus esa dfBukbZ vuqHko djsaA

otu esa of) % XkHkkZoLFkk esa otu c<+ tkrk gS vkSj gesa blds Lo:Ik vkSj egÙo ij fopkj djuk pkfg,Aftl LoLFk L=kh dk otu lkekU; gks] mldk xHkkZoLFkk esa otu ukS ls nl fdyks rd c<+uk pkfg,A ;qofr;ksa dkotu vf/kd c<+rk gS vkSj vf/kd vk;q okyh xfHkZf.k;ksa dk deA ftUgsa igyh ckj xHkZ jgrk gS] muds otu esa lclsvf/kd of) gksrh gSA ftl L=kh dk otu xHkZ ds igys rhu eghuksa esa vkB ls nl fdyks rd ls Hkh vf/kd gksldrk gS vxj ml otu dks de djus ds fy, vkgkj esa deh gks tk,xh rks mlds 'kjhj esa iy jgs cPps dksvko';d ikSf"Vd rÙo ugha igqap ik,axsA blds foijhr ftl L=kh dk otu xHkkZoLFkk es cgqr de c<+k gks og vfUrerhu eghuksa es vius otu dks c<+kdj mldh iwfrZ ugha dj ldrhA tks fL=k;ka eksVh o LFkwydk; gksa muds fy,vktdy ;g ugha dgk tkrk fd muds Hkkstu esa dSyksjh dh ek=kk de dj nh tkuh pkfg,A

XkHkkZoLFkk esa ikSf"Vd vko';drk,a(Nutritional Requirements during Pregnancy)

XkHkkZoLFkk esa fofHkUu ikSf"Vd rÙoksa dh vko';drkvksa dk C;kSjk lkfj.kh–1 esa fn;k x;k gS] mudh ppkZ la{ksiesa djsaxsA

ÅtkZ % Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk vuqla/kku ifj"kn~ us flQkfj'k dh gS fd xHkZ ds vfUre 6 efguksa esa xfHkZ.kh ds Hkkstuesa izfr fnu 300 vfrfjDr dSyksjh gksuh pkfg,A bl flQkfj'k esa bl ckr dk /;ku j[kk x;k gS fd cPps ds fodkldh vkoay of) vkSj ekrk ds ÅÙkdksa ds fodkl rFkk c<+s gq, p;kip; nj ds dkj.k ikap izfr'kr vf/kd ÅtkZigys N% efguksa esa vkSj ckjg izfr'kr vfrfjDr ÅtkZ vfUre rhu efguksa esa vko';d gksrh gSA bl vof/k esa cPpsdh c<+r cM+h rsth ls gksrh gS vkSj blfy, vko';d gS ÅtkZ dh c<+h gqbZ vko';drk iwjh dh tk,A vf/kd ikSf"Vdvkgkj nsuk pkfg,] ftlls Hkkstu esa izksVhu dh ek=kk bruh vf/kd gks fd u, ÅÙkdksasa dk fodkl gks ldsA blvfrfjDr ÅtkZ dh vko';drk xHkZ ds igys rhu efguksa esa 'kjhj dks 'kfDr iznku djus ds fy, ugha gksrh] D;ksafdxfHkZ.kh dk dk;Zdyki de gks tkrk gS vkSj mls vfrfjDr ÅtkZ dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA

izksVhu % 'kjhj esa iy jgs cPps] ekrk ds ÅÙkdksasa vkSj mlds 'kjhj esa nw/k mRiUu djs dh 'kfDr ds fodklds fy, vfrfjDr izksVhu vko';d gSA Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk vuqla/kku ifj"kn~ us ;g flQkfj'k dh gS fd xHkkZ/kku esalk<+s pkj efguksa esa xfHkZ.kh dks izfrfnu 15 xzke vfrfjDr izksVhu feyuh pkfg, tks vPNh fdLe dh gksuh pkfg,A

olk o vko';d olk vEy % Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk vuqla/kku ifj"kn~ us lq>ko fn;k gS fd xHkZorh L=kh dks izfrfnude ls de 30 xzke olk ysuh pkfg, ftlls mldh vko';d olk vEy dh iwfrZ gks ldsA bruh olk ysus lsvko';d ÅtkZ dh iwfrZ esa Hkh lgk;rk feysxhA

dSfY'k;e % XkHkkZoLFkk esa Hkzw.k dh gfM~M;ksa o nkarksa ds fodkl ds fy;s dSfY'k;e dh vfrfjDr vko';drk gksrhgS Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk vuqla/kku ifj"kn~ ds lq>ko ds vuqlkj ,d xzke dSfY'k;e ysus ls ek¡ vkSj Hkzw.k ds fodkl dsfy, vko';d dSfY'k;e dh iwfrZ vklkuh lss dh tk ldrh gSA ;fn ;g vko';drk iwjh ugha gqbZ rks ek¡ dh gfM~M;ksals dSfY'k;e fudyuk 'kq: gks tkrk gSA ,slk gksus ls gfM~M;ka dqjdqjh gks tkrh gSa vkSj vklkuh ls VwV ldrh gSaA

ftad % XkHkkZoLFkk esa ftad dk viuk egÙo gS dqN izeq[k ,Utkbe dk Hkkx gksus ds dkj.k lkFk-lkFk ftad U;wfDydvEy (DNA and RNA) cukus esa vg~e Hkwfedk j[krk gSA gky esa gh gq, dqN ijh{k.kksa ls irk pyrk gS fd ftaddh deh dk izHkko iSnk gksus okys f'k'kq ij iM+rk gSA

20

C;kSjk

ÅtkZ

izksVhu

dSfY'k;e

YkkSg

jsVhuksy

;k

dSjksVhu

Fkk;feu

jkbCkks¶

ysfou

fudksfV

fud

foVkfeu

,Ldksfc

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dfoVkfeu

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¼ekbØks xzk-½

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,flM

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22

25

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21

yksgk % cPps ds fodkl ds nkSjku jDr dh vfrfjDr ek=kk vkSj vU; ÅÙkdksa dh cukoV ds fy, ykSg dh vko';drkgSA xfHkZ.kh ds 'kjhj esa cPps ds tUe ls igys ykSg dh ek=kk bdV~Bh gks tkrh gSA tc cPps dks viuk nw/k fiykrhgS rks igys rhu-pkj efgus rd ykSg dh deh gks tkrh gSA vktdy MkWDVj xfHkZf.k;ksa dks vke rkSj ij ykSg-yo.kdh xksfy;ka nsrs gSaA ;g rks Bhd gS] ysfdu bl ckr ij cy nsuk pkfg, fd xfHkZ.kh ds Hkkstu es ,sls inkFkZ gksaftuesa ykSg dh ek=kk vf/kd gksA bl ckr dks ns[krs gq, ftruk yksgk 'kjhj esa iagqprk gS mldk dsoy vkB izfr'krgh ip ldrk gS] izfrfnu 38 feyhxzke ykSg nsuk pkfg, ftlls fd bl vof/k esa izfrfnu 3–4 feyhxzke ykSg dhvko';drk iwjh gks ldsA

vk;ksMhu % cPps thou ds bl dky esa vfrfjDr vk;ksMhu dh Hkh vko';drk gksrh gS ;fn ek¡ ds Hkkstu esavk;ksMhu dh ek=kk de gks rks laHko gS fd mldk cPpk ckSuk jg tk, vkSj mldk 'kkjfjd rFkk ekufld fodklvo:) gks tk,A c<+h gqbZ pikip; nj ds dkj.k ÅtkZ dh vko';drk c<+ tkrh gSA

foVkfeu % bl vof/k esa vfrfjfDr foVkfeu , dh flQkfj'k ugha dh xbZ gSA iz;ksxksa ds vk/kkj ij vkadM+ksads vHkko ds dkj.k vfrfjDr foVkfeu Mh dh Hkh flQkfj'k ugha dh xbZ gSA ysfdu tc 'kjhj ij cks> ds dkj.kdSfY'k;e iwjh rjg ip u lds rks xHkkZoLFkk esa foVkfeu Mh dh vf/kd vko';drk IkM+ ldrh gSA tgka rd foVkfeulh dk lacU/k gS] o;Ldksa ds fy, mldh ,slh ek=kk dk fo/kku gS ftlls 'kjhj dks gkfu u iagqpsA isV esa c<+rsgq, cPps ds dkj.k ek¡ dks cgqr de foVkfeu lh vko';drk gksrh gSA blfy, ;g flQkfj'k ugha dh tk jgh fdek¡ ds Hkkstu esa foVkfeu lh dh vfrfjDr ek=kk gksA tgka rd Fkk;feu] jkbcks¶ysfou vkSj fudksfVfud ,flM dklacU/k gS] muesa c<+h gqbZ dSyksfj;ksa ds vuq:i] Øe'k% 0.2 feyhxzke] 0.2 feyhxzke vkSj 2.0 feyhxzke esa of) dhtkuh pkfg,A vf/kd ÅtkZ mls vfrfjDr ch dkWEiySDl foVkfeu ns ldrh gSA ysfdu izfrfnu 2.5 feyhxzke vfrfjDrfoVkfeu ch

6 nsuk pkfg,A QkSfyd ,flM dh ek=kk c<+kdj izfrfnu 400 ekbØksxzke dj nsuh pkfg,A bruh vf/kd

ek=kk Hkkstu ds ek/;e ls nsuh dfBu gS vkSj gks ldrk gS fd nokb;ksa ds ek/;e ls ;g iwjh djuh IkM+sA foVkfeuch

12 dh vko';drk 1.5 ekbØksxzke gSA

larqfyr vkgkj (Balanced Diet)

Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk vuqla/kku ifj"kn~ us xfHkZf.k;ksa ds fy, ftl larqfyr Hkkstu dh flQkfj'k gS mldk C;ksjklkj.kh 2 d] [k] esa fn;k x;k gSA Hkkstu dh ;kstuk cukrs le; bu lkfjf.k;ksa ls lgk;rk yh tk ldrh gSA

Hkkstu dh ;kstuk cukrs le; fdu fdu ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[ksa?(Factors to be considered while Planning Diet)

1. ;g ckr cgqr vko';d gS fd xfHkZ.kh dks Bhd izdkj dk Hkkstu mfpr ek=kk esa feys ftlls fd mlds 'kjhjesa iy jgs cPps dh lsgr ij cqjk izHkko u IkM+s ikSf"Vd Hkkstu nsuk vko';d gSA ftlls fd izksVhu ls u,ÅÙkdksa dk fuekZ.k gks lds vkSj og ÅtkZ dh vko';drk iwjh djus esa dke u vk,A izksVhu ds fy, nw/k] v.Ms]eNyh ekal vkfn nsuk vko';d gSA ;fn izksVhu okyh 'kkd&Hkkth vkSj nw/k fn;k tk,] rks mlls vPNh fdLedh izksVhu fey ldrh gSA ;fn iÙrs okys 'kkd-Hkkth vkSj Qy leqfpr ek=kk esa fy, tk,a rks muls foVkfeuvkSj [kfut inkFkZ iz;kZIr ek=kk esa fey ldrs gSaA

2. ftu fnuksa feryh vk jgh gks ;k dS gks jgh gks rks ,slh ;kstuk cukuh pkfg, fd izkr%dky ds Hkkstu esa dkcksZgkMªsVdh mi;qDr ek=kk jgsA

3. xfHkZ.kh ,d le; iwjk Hkkstu ugha dj ldrh] blfy, mls fnu esa FkksM+s-FkksM+s le; ckn pkj-ikap ckj Hkkstunsuk pkfg,A dbZ fL=k;ka vf/kd ek=kk esa Hkkstu djuk ilUn djrh gSaA

4. Hkkstu dh ;kstuk bl izdkj cuk;h tk; fd mlesa NkaN] nw/k ;k f'kdath vkfn gksa vkSj nks Hkkstu ds chpdh vof/k esa [kkus ds fy, dqN u dqN fn;k tk,A ;fn izkr%dky vkSj [kkus ls igys uhacw ;k ukjaxh dk jlfn;k tk, rks mlls xzfHkZ.kh dh eryh de gks ldrh gSA

5. ykSg rÙo dh vfrfjDr ek=kk dh iwfrZ ds fy, lkcqr vukt o nkysa] gjs iÙksnkj lfCt;ka] ekal ehV] eNyh]v.Mk] lw[ks Qy] bR;kfn vkgkj esa lfEefyr djuk pkfg,A

6. Hkzq.k ds ncko ds dkj.k xHkkZoLFkk es dCt dh f'kdk;r gks ldrh gSA blfy, izpqj ek=kk esa rkts Qy vkSjlfCt;k¡] lkcqr vukt o nkysa vkSj dkQh ek=kk esa ty ysuk pkfg,A

22

7. bl ckr dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,] fo'ks"k :Ik ls xHkZ ds igys fnuksa esa] fd xfHkZ.kh fdl izdkj dk HkkstuilUn djrh gS vkSj fdruk [kk ldrh gSA

8. xfj"B] ehBs] rys gq, vkSj ?kh-;qDr vU; inkFkZ xfHkZ.kh dks ugha nsus pkfg,A D;ksafd mlls ykHk ds ctk; gkfugksus dk vf/kd [krjk jgrk gSA

9. gks ldrk gS fd xfHkZ.kh ds Hkkstu esa ued dh ek=kk de djuh iM+sA ;g vf/kd vko';d gS fd pVuh ovpkj tSls inkFkZ] ftuesa ued dh ek=kk vf/kd jgrh gS] u [kk;s tk,aA

10. bl ckr ij cy nsuk pkfg, fd ,d gh [kk| inkFkZ vf/kd ek=kk esa u [kk;k tk,A

11. ;fn xfHkZ.kh dks Hkw[k u yxrh gks rks ;g vko';d gks ldrk gS fd mls ukuk izdkj ds jax vkSj Lokn okys[kk| inkFkZ fn, tk,aA

12. xfHkZ.kh dh lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg, vkSj ;fn og fu/kZu gks rks lLrs ijUrq ikSf"VdinkFkZ fn, tk ldrs gSa tSls ewaxQyh] xqM+ vkSj iÙks okyh 'kkd-HkkthA buls xfHkZ.kh dks Ik;kZIr ek=kk esa ykSgizkIr gks ldrk gSA

13- Hkkstu lq[kn okrkoj.k es djuk vko';d gSA

23

e/;oxZ dh xfHkZ.kh L=kh ds fy, tks e/;e Je ifjJe dk dke djrh gks] ds fy,,d fnu dh Hkkstu rkfydk

vko';d ikSf"Vd ek=kk

ÅtkZ 2225+300=2525 dSSyksjhIkzksVhu 50+15=65 xzkedSfY'k;e 1 xzkeykSg 38 feyhxzke

Hkkstu O;atu lwph [kk| inkFkZ ek=kk (xzke)

Lkosjs dh pk; pk; nw/k 20

jLd phuh 5

jLd 50

uk'rk nw/k nw/k 200

phuh 5

VksLV McyjksVh 60

EkD[ku 12

mcyk v.Mk v.Mk 50

e/; lqcg dk Hkkstu ukjaxh dk jl ukjaxh dk jl 200

(uk'rk ds ckn) uedhu fcLdqV uedhu fcLdqV 20

nksigj dk Hkkstu pikrh xsagwa dk vkVk 80

?kh 10

vjgj dh nky vjgj dh nky 30

VekVj 25

?kh 5

esFkh vkSj esFkh 100

vkyw dh Hkkth vkyw 75

I;kt 25

?kh 5

ehBk jk;rk ngh 75

lsc 25

dsyk 25

phuh 10

lykn VekVj 30

[khjk 30

pk; pk; nw/k 20

phuh 5

iksgk fpM+ok 30

vkyw 50

ewaxQyh 10

?kh 5

jkr dk Hkkstu mcyk pkoy pkoy 70

jktek jktek 30

24

VekVj 25

I;kt 25

?kh 5

fHkaMh dh lCth fHkaMh 100

?kh 5

vke vke 75

Rkkfydk 2–dOk;Ld L=kh ds fy, larqfyr Hkkstu

(Balanced Diet for Adult Womaan)

Ok;Ld L=kh

[kk| inkFkZ Lkk/kkj.k Je e/;e ifjJe dk dke

Ekk=kk (xzke) Ekk=kk (xzke)

vukt 300 360

nkysa 60 75

iÙks okyh 'kkd Hkkth 100 100

vU; 'kkd Hkkth 100 100

dUn ewy 100 100

Qy 100 100

nw/k 300 300

rssy vkSj ?kh 20 30

phuh vkSj xqM+ 20 25

Rkkfydk – 2–[kEkkalkgkfj;ksa ds fy, vU; [kk| inkFkksZa dk lq>ko

(Substitution for Non-Vegetarians)

[kk| inkFkZ tks ekalkgkfj;ksa ds [kk| inkFkZ tks gVk, x, Hkkstu dsHkkstu ls gVk, tk ldrs gSa LFkku ij j[ks tk ldrs gSa

nkyksa dk 50 % 1. ,d v.Mk ;k 30 xzke ekal ;k eNyh(20- 30 xzke) 2. 5 xzke rsy ;k pchZ dh vfrfjDr ek=kk

nkyksa dk 'kr&izfr'kr 1. nks v.Ms ;k 50 xzke ekal ;k eNyh ;k

(40- 60 xzke) ,d v.Mk vkSj 30 xzke ekal ;k eNyh

2. pchZ ;k rsy dh 10 xzke vfrfjDr ek=kk

Lruiku(Lactation)

;|fi Lruiku ,d lkekU; izfØ;k gS] blds dkj.k ek¡ dks vf/kd ikSf"Vd vkgkj dh vko';drk gksrh gSA xHkkZoLFkkds nwljs Hkkx esa gh Lruiku dky ds fy, 'kjhj dk fodkl izkjEHk gks tkrk gSA Lruksa dh xzfUFk;ksa dh of) vkSjfodkl ds lkFk&lkFk ek¡ ds 'kjhj esa olk ds :Ik esa ÅtkZ dk HkaMkj cu tkrk gS vkSj mlh ds vk/kkj ij Lruikudh vof/k esa vfrfjDr ÅtkZ miyC/k jg tkrh gSA

Lruiku dh vof/k esa xHkkZ/kku dh rqyuk esa vf/kd ikSf"Vd vkgkj dh vko';drk gksrh gSA D;ksafd og iw.kZ:Ik

25

ls fodflr vkSj rsth ls c<+rs gq, cPps dks nw/k fiyk jgh gksrh gS] ftldh vkgkj dh vko';drk fnu-izfrfnuc<+rh pyh tkrh gSA blds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd mlds 'kjhj esa ikSf"Vd rÙoksa dk leqfpr HkaMkj tek gks x;kgks ftlls fd og vius f'k'kq dks nw/k fiyk ldsA ;fn xHkkZoLFkk esa L=kh dk Hkkstu nks"k-iw.kZ vkSj vi;kZIr jgk gksrks bldk eryc ;g gS fd mlds 'kjhj ds vUnj tek gq, ikSf"Vd rÙoksa dk HkaMkj cPps dh c<+r esa bLrsekygqvk gS vkSj tc rd og f'k'kq dks nw/k fiykrh jgxh] og mlh izdkj dke vkrk tk,xkA ,slh voLFkkvksa esa ;gvko';d gks tkrk gS fd og Hkkstu lq/kkjk tk, ftlls fd mls vkSj mlds f'k'kq ds fy, vkgkj-iks"k.k dh dehu jgs vkSj mu nksuksa dks mldk Qy u Hkqxruk iM+sA

Hkkjr ds fu/kZu ifjokjksa esa Lruiku djkus okyh ekrkvksa dk Hkkstu ml Hkkstu ls vf/kd fHkUu ugha gksrk tksmUgsa xHkkZoLFkk esa izkIr gksrk gSA vukt dks NksM+dj] tks igys dh vis{kk rfud vf/kd ek=kk esa [kk;k tkrk gS]mlds Hksktu esa dksbZ vkSj ifjorZu ugh gksrkA ,d losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj ,slh fL=k;ksa dk izfr'kr cgqr de gS tksnw/k ihrh gksaA Hkkjr esa Lruiku djkus okyh ek¡ ds Hkkstu esa ogh =kqfV jgrh gS tks xHkkoLFkk ds nkSjku ikbZ tkrhgSA ysfdu xHkkZoLFkk ds foijhr] Lruiku djkus okyh ek¡ dks u dsoy 'kjhj dk fodkl djus vkSj mls jksxksa lscpkus okys Hkkstu dh vf/kd ek=kk esa vko';drk gksrh gS] cfYd vf/kd ÅtkZ nsus okyk Hkkstu Hkh mlds fy, vko';dgks tkrk gS] ftlls fd mldh Nkfr;ksa esa nw/k leqfpr ek=kk esa curk jgsA nqHkkZX;o'k fupys vkSj dqN e/; oxksZaesa Hkh Hkkstu bl izdkj dk gksrk gS fd mlls u rks ÅtkZ izkIr gksrh gS vkSj u mlls jksxksa dh jksdFkke esa lgk;rkfeyrh gSA Hkkjr esa yEcs le; rd cPps dks Lruiku djkus dh izFkk gSA dbZ-dbZ cPps nks ;k rhu o"kZ rd ek¡dk nw/k ihrs gSaA bruh yEch vof/k rd nw/k blfy, fiyk;k tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g fo'okl gS fd ,slk djus ls fQjxHkZ ugha jgrkA ;g fo'okl xyr gS D;ksafd ,slh fL=k;ka fQj ls xfHkZ.kh jg tkrh gSaA ,slh ek¡ vxys cPps iSnkgksus rd nw/k fiykrh jgrh gSaA bl izdkj cgqr-lh Hkkjrh; ukfj;ka tc rd cPps turh jgrh gSa Lruiku djkrhjgrh gSaA Lruiku djkus okyh ekrkvksa ds ckjs esa tks v/;;u fd, x, gSa muls ;g irk pyrk gS fd tc mUgsa'kjhj dks iq"V djus okyk Hkkstu feyrk gS rks vf/kd ek=kk esa nw/k mRiUu gksrk gSA og nw/k fdruk gS mldk izR;{klk{; rks ikuk dfBu gS ijUrq nw/k dh vi;kZIrrk dk vizR;{k lk{; ;g gS fd pkSFks eghus ds ckn f'k'kq dk otumruk ugha c<+rk ftruk c<+uk pkfg,A vf/kdrj ekrk,a N% eghus ls ,d o"kZ rd izfrfnu N% lkS fefyfyVjnw/k mRiUu djrh gSa vkSj nwljs o"kZ esa mldh ek=kk lkS ls Ms<+ lkS fefyfyVj izfrfnu gks tkrh gSA nwljh vksj;g lkSHkkX; dh ckr gS fd mudk Hkkstu ?kfV;k vkSj vi;kZIr gksus ds ckotwn muds nw/k ds xq.kksa esa dksbZ fodkjugha vkrkA og yxHkx mruk gh vPNk gksrk gS ftuk fd nwljs ns'kksa esa vf/kd vPNk Hkkstu djus okyh ekrkvksadk gksrk gSA bldk dkj.k ;gh gks ldrk gS fd tks Hkkjrh; ekrk,a vius cPpksa dks viuk nw/k fiykrh gSa mudhgfM~M;k¡] jDr vkSj ekal-isf'k;ksa ls ikSf"Vd rÙo fudy tkrs gSa] D;ksafd mudk iz;ksx nw/k cuus ds fy, gksus yxrkgSA dkj.k ;g gS fd mudk Hkkstu bruk iz;kZIr ugha gksrk fd mlls nw/k mRiUu djus ds fy, leqfpr ek=kk esaikSf"Vd inkFkZ miyC/k gksA ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd ek¡ ds 'kjhj ls ikSf"Vd rÙoksa dk yxkrkj Ðkl Hkh fdlh lhekrd gh gks ldrk gS vkSj bldk ifj.kke ;g gks ldrk gS fd nw/k dh ek=kk de gks tk, vkSj og igys ftrukvPNk Hkh u jgsA ysfdu ;fn ek¡ dks vi;kZIr Hkkstu feys rks mlds nw/k ds xq.k de gks tkrs gSa D;ksafd i;kZIrHkkstu ikus okyh ekrkvksa dh rqyuk esa muds 'kjhj esa foVkfeu ,] ch vkSj lh de ek=kk esa gksrk gSA ysfdu ,slsekeyksa esa Hkh ykSg vkSj dSfY'k;e dh ek=kk lkekU; gh jgrh gSA

ekrk ds nw/k dh lajpuk (Composition of Breast Milk)

ek¡ ds nw/k dh lajpuk (I.C.MR., 1990)

iks"kd rÙo ek=kk@100 fe-fy-

ÅtkZ 65 dyksjhtizksVhu 1.1 xzkedkcksZt+ 7.4 xzkeolk 3.4 xzkedSfY';e 28 fe0xzk0yksgk u ds cjkcjfoVkfeu *,* 49 - 50 ekbØks xzk0Fkk;feu 0.02 ekbØks xzk0jkbcks¶ysfou 0.02 ekbØks xzk0fu;kflu &foVkfeu *lh* 3 fe0xzk0

26

ek¡ dk nw/k dsoy ikSf"Vdrk dh nf"V ls gh iw.kZ ugha gS vfirq ;g vklkuh ls uotkr f'k'kq }kjk ipk;k tkrkgSA izkjfEHkd nw/k] ckn ds fnuksa ls FkksM+k fHkUu gksrk gS vkSj bls dksyksLVªkWe (Colosturm) dgrs gSaA ;g xk<+s ihysjax dk nzo gS tks jksxksa ls yM+us dh {kerk j[krk gS vkSj foVkfeu *,* ls Hkjiwj gksrk gSA ,d nks fnu ckn dexk<+k] lQsn jax dk nw/k vkuk 'kq: gks tkrk gS ftls ifjiDo nw/k (mature milk) dgrs gSaA uhps nh xbZ rkfydkesa ek¡ ds nw/k ls feyus okys iks"kd rÙoksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA

Lruiku djkus okyh ekrkvksa ds fy, ikSf"Vd rÙoksa dh vko';drk,a(Nutritional Needs During Lactation)

fo'o LokLF; laxBu dh fo'ks"kK lfefr us ;g eku fy;k Fkk fd ek¡ ds nw/k dk mRiknu vf/kdkf/kd lk<s

vkB lkS fefyyhVj izfrfnu gks ldrk gSA blls N% lkS dSyksjh] 10.2 xzke izksVhu] 290 fe- xzke dSfY'k;e] 0.25

ls 3.1 fefyxzke rd ykSg] 420 ekbØks xzke rd foVkfeu ,] 22 ls 44 fefyxzke rd foVkfeu lh] 1.6 fefyxzke fu;kflu]

0.52 fefyxzke jkbcks¶ysfou] 0.12 fefyxzke Fkk;feu] 9 ekbØksxzke Qksfyd ,flM vkSj 0.2 ekbØksxzke foVkfeu ch12

miyC/k gks ldrk gSA ;g fo'okl fd;k tkrk gS fd yxHkx 80 izfr'kr ÅtkZ tks [kk| ls feyrh gS og nw/k esa

ifjofrZr gks ldrh gSA bldh rqyuk esa yxHkx ipkl izfr'kr izksVhu vkSj rhl izfr'kr dSfY'k;e nw/k ds mRiknu

esa dke vkrk gSA ;g ugha irk fd Hkkstu esa tks foVkfeu gksrs gSa mudk vo'kks"k.k nw/k ds fy, fdl gn rd gksrk

gSA ysfdu ;g ckr Li"V gS fd Lruiku djkus okyh ek¡ dks lHkh Lrjksa ij lkjs ikSf"Vd rÙoksa dh mlls dgha

vf/kd vko';drk gksrh gS ftrus fd nw/k esa gksrs gSaA ;g bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd Hkkstu esa tks ikSf"Vd

rÙo gSa budk fdruk Hkkx nw/k esa fn[kk;h iM+rk gSA Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk vuqla/kku ifj"kn dh ikSf"Vd vkgkj fo'ks"kK

lfefr dk dguk gS fd Hkkjr vkSj vU; fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa Lruiku djkus okyh ek¡ dks mlls de ikSf"Vd vkgkj

dh vko';drk gS] ftldh flQkfj'k fo'o LokLF; laxBu dh fo'ks"kK lfefr us dh gSA Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk

vuqla/kku ifj"kn~ us Lruiku djkus okyh ekrkvksa ds fy, ikSf"Vd vkgkj dh ftu vko';drkvksa dh ppkZ dh gS]

mudk o.kZu uhps fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj os rkfydk 1 esa Hkh nh xbZ gSaA

ÅtkZ % Lruiku djkus okyh ek¡ dks igys N% eghuksa esa izfrfnu 550 vfrfjDr dSyksjh dh vko';drk gksrh gS

vkSj vxys N% eghuksa esa izfrfnu 400 vfrfjDr dSyksjh dhA ;g vfrfjDr ek=kk] vukt] nkyksa] nw/k] ngh vkSj iuhj]

Qyksa ds jlksa] lwi vkSj 'kkd-Hkkth ls izkIr gks ldrh gSA

izksVhu % tc nw/k dh ek=kk lcls vf/kd gksrh gS] ml le; lcls vf/kd izksVhu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ysfdu

bl vko';drk ij igys ls vuqeku yxk ysuk pkfg, vkSj xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku gh bldh O;oLFkk dj ysuh pkfg,A

Lruiku djkus okyh ek¡ dks mldh lkekU; vko';drk ls yxHkx chl ls rhl xzke vf/kd izksVhu dh vko';drk

gksrh gSA ;g vko';drk vf/kd izksVhu okys [kk| inkFkZ 'kkfey djds tSls fd nw/k] ngh] iuhj] vaMs] ekal] eNyh

vkSj vukt rFkk nkyksa ls gks ldrh gSA

[kfut yo.k % Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk vuqla/kku ifj"kn~ dh ikSf"Vd vkgkj fo'ks"kK lfefr us flQkfj'k dh gS fd

nw/k fiykus okyh ek¡ dks 0.6 xzke dSfY'k;e dh vfrfjDr ek=kk nh tk,A nwljs 'kCnksa esa vFkkZr~ de vo'kks"k.k dks

ns[krs gq, mls izfrfnu de ls de 1 xzke dSfY'k;e feyuk pkfg,A ;fn mls nw/k] ngh] vukt vkSj iÙkksa okyh

gjh lfCt;ka nh tk,a] rks dSfY'k;e dh ;g ek=kk fey ldrh gSA ;fn Hkkstu esa dSfY'k;e vkSj izksVhu leqfpr ek=kk

esa gks rks QkLQksjl dh ek=kk Hkh mi;qDr gh gksxhA nw/k esa ykSg Hkh dqN ek=kk esa gksrk gS] ysfdu lkekU;r;k

nw/k ls mruk ykSg izkIr ugha gksrk ftruk fd 'kjhj ds fy, vko';d gSA fQj Hkh Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk vuqla/kku ifj"kn~

us bldh vfrfjDr ek=kk dh flQkfj'k ugha dh gSA dkj.k ;g gS fd Lruiku djkus ds fnuksa esa ekfld /keZ ds

nkSjku jDr dk lzko de gks tkrk gS vkSj ml jDr lzko ds ek/;e ls ,d fefyxzke ykSg dk fudkl ugha gksrkkA

blls ml ykSg dh deh iwjh gks tkrh gSA tks nw/k ds ek/;e ls ekrk ds 'kjhj ls fudy tkrk gSA

foVkfeu % nw/k fiykus dh vof/k ls foVkfeu *,* dh ftruh vfrfjDr ek=kk dh vko';drk gksrh gS mldk vuqekubl vk/kkj ij yxk;k x;k gS fd nw/k esa fdruk foVkfeu , fudy tkrk gSA ;g vko';drk 350 ekbØksxzke foVkfeu, dh gSA bl vof/k esa foVkfeu Mh dh vfrfjDr ek=kk dh vko';drk gks ldrh gS] ysfdu bl ckjs esa dksbZ iz;ksxugha fd, x, vkSj blfy, ;g flQkfj'k ugha dh xbZ fd fdruk vfrfjDr foVkfeu Mh ekrk dks fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

27

foVkfeu lh dh vko';d vfrfjDr ek=kk pkyhl fefyxzke gSA bl flQkfj'k dk vk/kkj ;g gS fd mfpr Hkkstudjus okyh ekrk] ftlds 'kjhj esa 850 fefyyhVj nw/k izfrfnu mRiUu gksrk gks] mlds ek/;e ls fdruk foVkfeulh fudy tkrk gSA Fkk;ehu] jkbcks¶ysfou vkSj fudksVhfud ,flM dh vfrfjDr vko';drk dk vuqeku vfrfjDrÅtkZ dh ek=kk ij fuHkZj gSA ;g flQkfj'k dh xbZ gS fd foVkfeu ch

6] QkSfyd ,flM vkSj foVkfeu

12 dh vfrfjDr

ek=kk Øe'k% 0.5 fefyxzke] 50 ekbØksxzke vkSj 0.5 ekbØksxzke gksuh pkfg,A

Lruiku djkus okyh ek¡ ds Hkkstu dh ;kstuk cukus ij izHkko Mkyus okys dkjd(Factors affecting the diet planning of a Lactating mother)

1. Lruiku djkus okyh ek¡ dks D;k Hkkstu fn;k tk,] mldh ;kstuk cukrs le; bl ckr dk /;ku j[kukiM+rk gS fd mlds 'kjhj dks LoLFk cuk, j[kus ds fy, Hkkstu dh fdruh ek=kk vko';d gSA Lruikudjkus okyh ek¡ ds fy, lkekU; Hkkstu esa dqN ifjorZu djuk iM+rk gSA mlesa izksVhu vkSj ÅtkZ nsus okys[kk| inkFkksZa dh vfrfjDr ek=kk gksuh vko';d gSA Hkkjr ds vf/kdrj {ks=kksa esa Lruiku djkus okyh ekrkvksadks vf/kd ?kh nsus dh izFkk gS ftlls ÅtkZ Hkh izkIr gksrh gS vkSj foVkfeu , HkhA dbZ ckj mUgsa esFkhds yM~Mw] ewax ;k gkfye ds chtksa ls cuk O;atu fn;k tkrk gS ftlesa izksVhu] ykSg] dSfY'k;e vkSj foVkfeu&chgksrk gSA blds vfrfjDr ;fn iÙkksa okyh gjh lfCt;ksa nh tk,a vkSj Hkkstu esa de ls de nks [kV~Vs Qyfn, tk,a rks vU; foVkfeuksa dh vko';drk iwjh gks tkrh gSA

2. Hkkstu esa elkyksa dh ek=kk cgqr de gksuh pkfg,] D;ksafd ,d rks ;g gkfudkjd gS vkSj nwljk ;fn budhek=kk vf/kd gks tk, rks ek¡ ds nw/k esa ,slk Lokn vk tk,xk ftls cPpk ilUn ugha djsxkA

3. fnu esa rhu ckj leqfpr ek=kk esa Hkkstu feyuk pkfg, vkSj mlds vfrfjDr nks ckj dqN u dqN [kkusdks fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

4. rjy inkFkksZa dh mi;qDr ek=kk gksuh pkfg, ftlls fd nw/k ds fuekZ.k esa dksbZ dfBukbZ u gksA

5. Hkkstu dk fo/kku djrs le; ifjokj dh lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk Hkh /;ku j[kuk vko';d gSvkSj mldh vk; ds vuqlkj gh [kk| inkFkZ dk pquko gksuk pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy, izksVhu ekal vkSjnw/k dh ctk; ewaxQyh] nkyksa vkSj vukt ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA mlh izdkj v.Ms vkSj ekal ds LFkkuij gjs iÙks okyh lfCt;ka nh tk ldrh gSa] ftu ij [kpZ de gksrk gSA

6. Hkkstu esa mlds Lokn] jax vkfn dh fofo/krk gksuh pkfg,A

7. ek¡ dks dksu-lk Hkkstu ilUn gS dkSu-lk ugha] bldk Hkh /;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg,A

8. bl ckr dk Hkh /ku j[kk tk, fd ek¡ dh vk;q D;k gSA ;fn dksbZ L=kh fd'kksjkoLFkk esa gh ek¡ cu xbZgS vkSj mlds vius 'kjhj dk fodkl gh iwjk u gqvk gks rks mlds vius fodkl ds fy, Hkh vfrfjDrHkkstu dh vko';drk iM+ ldrh gSA

9. Hkkstu lq[kn okrkoj.k esa fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

larqfyr Hkkstu (Balanced Diet)

nw/k fiykus okyh ek¡ ds fy, larqfyr Hkkstu dk C;kSjk rkfydk 2 - d] [k esa fn;k x;k gSA mlds Hkkstu dh;kstuk cukrs le; ml lkfj.kh dk lgkjk fy;k tk ldrk gSA

e/; vk; oxZ dh vkSj dBksj ifjJe djus okyh] nw/k fiykus okyh ek¡ dk ,d fnu dk Hkkstu vkSj nSfudikSf"Vd vko';drk

ÅtkZ 2925+550=3475 dSyjh

izkVhu 50+25=75 xzke

dSfY'k;e 1000 fe0xzke

28

Hkkstu O;atu [kk| inkFkZ ek=kk ¼xzke½

uk'rk pk; nw/k 25

phuh 5

ikSf"Vd jksVh xsgwa dk vkVk 160

cslu 40

?kh 10

/kfu;s dh pVuh /kfu;k 100

I;kt 25

gjh fepZ 10

xqM+ 50

e/; nksigj ve:n ve:n 100

vkVk] cslu cslu 20

yM~Mw xsgwa dk vkVk 30

?kh 20

xqM+ ;k phuh 30

nksigj dk esFkh dh jksVh xsgwa dk vkVk 200

Hkkstu esFkh 80

?kh ;k rsy 10

pus dh nky pus dh nky 40

I;kt 30

NkN NkN 200

jkr dk Hkkstu pkoy pkoy 100

pikrh xsgwa dk vkVk 100

?kh ;k rsy 5

ewax dh nky ewax 40

I;kt 30

vkyw dh lCth vkyw 100

I;kt 30

?kh ;k rsy 5

lykn VekVj 100

v/;;u lkexzh1. [kk| ,oa iks"k.k foKku] mPprj d{kkvksa ds fy,] ,T;wds'ku Iykfuax xzqi }kjk] vk;kZ ifCyf'kax gkml

2. iks"k.k ,oa vkgkj foKku ds ewy fl)kar] ,l-ih- lqf[k;k( f'koyky vxzoky ,aM da-

3. Fundamentals of Foods and Nutrition; Mudambi and Rajagopal; Wiley Eastern Limited

4. Applied Nutrition: R. Rajalakkshmi; Oxford and IBH

5. Recommended Allowances for Indians, ICMR Publications, 1989.

ikB 11

Hkkstu idkus dh fof/k;ka(Methods of Cooking)

vkfn dky ls euq"; viuh Hkq[k 'kkUr djus ds fy, dUn-ewy [kkrk ;k tkuojksa dk f'kdkj djrk FkkA vpkudtc dHkh ,d f'kdkj vkx esa Hkqu x;k rks euq"; us vuqHko fd;k fd ;g idk gqvk ekal T;knk Lokfn"V FkkA mldsckn ls euq"; vkerkSj ij idk gqvk Hkkstu gh xzg.k djus yxkA lHkh {ks=kksa esa rjDdh ds lkFk-lkFk euq"; us [kkukidkus dh Hkh fofHkUu fof/k;ka [kkst fudkyh vkSj blh ds QyLo:i vkt ge viuk Hkkstu fofHkUu rjhdksa ls idkrsgSaA bu lHkh fof/k;ksa ds ckjs esa foLrr tkudkjh gkfly djus ls igys ;g Hkh tkuuk t:jh gS fd ge Hkkstudks D;ksa idkrs gSaA gkykafd bldk eq[; mís'; rks Hkkstu dks [kkus ;ksX; cukuk gh gS] ijUrq Hkkstu dks idkus dsvkSj Hkh dkj.k gSa] tSls &

(i) Hkkstu dk vkd"kZd o Lokfn"V cukuk & idk gqvk Hkkstu] dPps [kk|-inkFkksZa dh vis{kk vf/kd vkd"kZd vkSjLokfn"V gksrk gS dksbZ Hkh Hkyh izdkj idk;k x;k Hkkstu ns[kus ls gh gekjs ikpd-jl mÙksftr gksus yxrs gSavkSj bl izdkj gekjh Hkw[k dks c<+krs gSaA

(ii) Hkkstu dks idus ;ksX; cukuk & idkus ls Hkkstu uje o gYdk gks tkrk gS ftlls mls ipkus esa vklkuh gksrhgSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij [kk|-inkFkksZa esa ik;k tkus okyk dkcksZt+ idkus ij dqN gn rd tYnh ipus ;ksX;gks tkrk gSA blh izdkj izksVhu Hkh idkus ij LdfUnr (Coagulate) gks tkrh gS] vkSj ipus esa vklku gks tkrhgSA blh dkj.k chekjh dh voLFkk esa rks fo'ks"krkSj ij Hkyh izdkj idk;k x;k uje Hkkstu nsus dh gh lykgnh tkrh gS] D;kasfd ,sls yksxksa dk ikpu laLFkku detksj gh gksrk gSA

(iii) Hkkstu esa fofHkUurk ykuk & fofHkUu ikd-fof/k;ksa ds bLrseky ls vkgkj esa vklkuh ls fofHkUurk ykbZ tk ldrhgSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij *vkyw* dgus dks rks ,d [kk|-inkFkZ gS] ijUrq mlh vkyw dks idk dj fofHkUu :iksaesa ifjofrZr dj ldrs gSa tSls vkyw dh lCth] vkyw ds fpIl] vkyw dh pkV] vkyw dk gyok] vkyw ds dVysVvkfnA

(iv) dqN ikSf"Vd rÙoksa dh miyfC/k dks c<+kuk & dqN izksVhu ;qDr [kk|-inkFkksZa esa fVªiflu uked vehuksa vEydh miyfC/k esa #dkoV Mkyus okys dqN inkFkZ ik, tkrs gSa] ijUrq ;s inkFkZ Hkkstu ds idkus ls u"V gks tkrsgSa vkSj bl izdkj ;g vehuks-vEy 'kjhj esa vo'kksf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA blh izdkj [kk|-inkFkksZa esa mifLFkr'kdZjk Hkh idkus ds i'pkr~ vklkuh ls vo'kksf"kr dh tk ldrh gSA

(v) dhVk.kq u"V djuk & [kk|-inkFkksZa dks idkus ls muesa ik, tkus okys dhVk.kq dkQh gn rd u"V gks tkrsgSaA bl izdkj idk;k gqvk Hkkstu 'kjhj ds fy, vf/kd lqjf{kr gksrk gSA dbZ ,d [kk|-inkFkZ] tSls & nw/k]ekal] eNyh vkfn esa dqN ,sls dhVk.kq gks ldrs gSa tks 'kjhj dks dbZ chekfj;ksa dk f'kdkj cuk ldrs gSaA dPpsnw/k esa Vh-ch- vkSj Vk;QkbM ds dhVk.kq ik, tk ldrs gSa] vkSj ;fn ,sls nw/k dks dPpk gh xzg.k dj fy;ktk, rks ;g 'kjhj dks jksx-xzLr cuk ldrk gSA ehV] [kkl rkSj ij lqvj ds ekal esa dhM+s ;k muds vaMs ik,tk ldrs gSa] vkSj bl izdkj euq"; ds isV esa dhM+s gks ldrs gSaA lkSHkkX;o'k ;s dhVk.kq vkerkSj ij iz;ksx esaykbZ] tkus okyh ikd-fof/k;ksa }kjk u"V gks tkrs gSa vkSj bl izdkj Hkkstu lqjf{kr jgrk gS] mnkjgj.k ik'pqjhÑrnw/kA dhVk.kq u"V djus dk nwljk ykHk ;g gS fd ge idk, x, Hkkstu dks vf/kd nsj rd j[k ldrs gSa vFkkZr~;g T;knk le; rd [kjkc ugha gksrkA

(vi) Hkkstu ds miHkksx dks c<+kuk & Hkkstu idkus ls Hkkstu dk Lo:i cny tkrk gS vkSj [kkus ;ksX; gks tkrkgSA Lo:i o [kq'kcw esa cnyko ls Hkkstu vf/kd ek=kk esa xzg.k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj gekjs iks"kd rÙoksa dh iwfrZgks ldrh gSA

(vii)iks"kd rRoksa dk laxzghdj.k gksuk & ;g ueh dh deh ds dkj.k] Hkkstu idkus dh fof/k ds dkj.k ;k Hkkstudks fefJr djds ysus ls gks ldrk gSA

vr% Hkkstu dks idkuk cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gS] D;ksafd blls Hkkstu dh ikpdrk vkSj Lokn rks c<+rk gh gS vkSj lkFkgh dhVk.kq u"V gks tkrs gSaA

30

Hkkstu idkus dh fofHkUu fof/k;ksa dks rki ds lzksr ds vk/kkj ij eksVs rkSj ij rhu oxksZa esa ckaVk tk ldrkgS] ;kfu & ikuh ds ek/;e ls izkIr dh xbZ m"ek vkSj lw[kh m"ekA

Hkkstu idkus dh fof/k;ka

ueh fy, m"ek lw[kh m"ek }kjk

(i) mckyuk (i) ryuk

(ii) Hkki }kjk ¼izR;{k o vizR;{k½ v½ lksfVax

(iii) izs'kj }kjk idkuk c½ mFkyh fof/k

(iv) LVwf;ax l½ xgjh fof/k

(v) de vkap ij idkuk (ii) csfdax

(v) iksfpax (iii) Hkwuuk

(vi) fxzfyax

A. ikuh ds ek/;e ls izkIr dh xbZ m"ek }kjk & bl lHkh ikd fof/k;ksa esa ikuh ds ek/;e ls izkIr dh xbZ m"ekdks fdlh u fdlh :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa blds vUrxZr vkus okyh fofHkUu fof/k;ka fuEufyf[kr gSa &

(1) mckyuk (Boiling) & bl fof/k esa [kk|-inkFkksZa dks ikuh esa Mkydj idk;k tkrk gSA vr% Hkkstu ikuh dslh/ks lEidZ esa vkrk gSA ,d mfpr crZu esa ikuh ysdj mlesa [kk|-inkFkZ dks j[k fn;k tkrk gSA bl crZu dks<d fn;k tkrk gS vkSj vc bls xeZ fd;k tkrk gSA tc ,d ckj ikuh rsth ls mcyus yxrk gS] rks uhps lsvkap de dj nh tkrh gS vkSj [kk|-inkFkZ dks uje gksus rd idk;k tkrk gSA bl fof/k }kjk idk;k x;k HkkstugYdk gksrk gS( vr% chekj O;fDr;ksa dks vklkuh ls fn;k tk ldrk gSA nky] pkoy] v.Ms] vkyw] ehV] lkcwnkukbR;kfn dks mckydj idk ldrs gSaA mckyus dh izfØ;k vf/kd ikuh esa Hkh dh tk ldrh gS ¼v.Ms½ vkSj i;kZIrikuh esa Hkh dh tk ldrh gS ¼nky] miek½A

/;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrsa &

(i) [kk|-inkFkZ dks mckyus ds fy, ikuh mruk gh ysa ftruk vko';d gks rkfd [kk|-inkFkZ mls iwjh rjglks[k ysaA ;fn vko';drk ls vf/kd ikuh dk iz;ksx fd;k tk,] rks ,slh voLFkk esa vfrfjDr ikuh QsadukiM+rk gS] ftlls ikuh esa ?kqyu'khy ikSf"Vd rÙo vkSj [kk|-inkFkksZa dk jl bl ikuh ds lkFk fudy tkrkgSA

(ii) mcyrs gq, [kk|-inkFkZ dks <d dj idk,a] rkfd [kkuk tYnh ids vkSj bZa/ku Hkh de yxsA

(iii) rsth ls mckyus ls Hkkstu tYnh ugha idrkA okLro esa rst mckyus ls bZa/ku gh u"V gksrk gS vkSj [kk|-

inkFkZ dk jax-:i fcxM+ tkrk gSA vr% ,d ckj ikuh mckyuk 'kq: gks tk, rks xSl ges'kk de dj nsuhpkfg,A

mckyus ls ykHk

(i) ;g Hkkstu idkus dh lcls vklku fof/k gSA blesa dksbZ fo'ks"k dkS'ky ;k midj.k dh vko';drk ughagksrhA

(ii) Hkkstu ,dlkj idrk gSA

(iii) bl fof/k }kjk idk;k x;k Hkkstu gYdk o vklkuh ls ipk;k tk ldus okyk gksrk gSA

(iv) ;fn mckyus ds fy, ikuh dh lgh ek=kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tk, vkSj [kkus dks <d dj idk;k tk,] rks[kkus esa ikSf"Vd rÙo dkQh ek=kk esa lqjf{kr jg tkrs gSaA

mckyus ls gkfu

(i) vf/kd le; ysus okyh fof/k gS vkSj b±/ku Hkh vf/kd O;; gksrk gSA

(ii) ikuh esa ?kqyu'khy jax fudy tkrs gSa tSls pqdUnj esaA

(iii) mcyk gqvk Hkkstu vf/kd Lokfn"V ugha gksrk D;ksafd Hkkstu dh izkÑfrd lqxU/k ikuh esa fudy tkrh gSA

31

vf/kd mckyuus ls Hkkstu xy tkrk gSA

(iv) ;fn Hkkstu dks vko';drk ls vf/kd ikuh esa mckyk tk, vkSj mls ckn esa Qsad fn;k tk,] tks bllsikuh esa ?kqyu'khy ikSf"Vd rÙo] fo'ks"kr;k foVkfeu lh] ch&xqV ds foVkfeu vkSj [kfut yo.k ikuh esa fudytkrs gSaA

gkykafd ;fn dHkh mckyus ds i'pkr vfrfjDr ikuh cp tk, vkSj mls fudkyuk iM+s rks mls fdlh vkSj [kk|-

inkFkZ tSls nky ;k lwi vkfn esa iz;ksx dj ysuk pkfg,] rkfd mlesa fudys ikSf"Vd rÙo u"V u tk,A

(2) Hkki esa idkuk (By Steam) & ;g Hkh [kk|-inkFkksZa dks ikuh }kjk idkus dh ,d fof/k gSA ij blfof/k esa [kk|-inkFkZ ikuh ds lh/ks lEidZ esa ugha vkrk] cfYd ikuh }kjk mRiUu dh xbZ Hkki esa idk;k tkrk gSAbl fof/k }kjk mckyus dh vis{kk vf/kd le; yxrk gSA

Hkki }kjk Hkkstu nks fof/k;ksa ls idk;k tkrk gSA

¼d½ izR;{k Hkki esa idkuk

¼[k½ vizR;{k Hkki esa idkuk

¼d½ izR;{k Hkki esa idkuk (Direct Steaming) & bl fof/k ls [kkuk Hkki ds lh/ks lEidZ esa vkdj idrk gSAbl fof/k ls Hkkstu idkus ds fy, ,d lk/kkj.k *LVhej* (Steamer) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ;k fQj *LVhej* tSlkmidj.k cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ,d irhys esa FkksM+k ikuh Mkydj vkx ij j[k fn;k tkrk gS rkfd mlesa ikuh mcydj Hkki cu ldsA [kk|-inkFkZ dks ,d yksgs dh Nyuh esa j[k dj bl irhys ds Åij j[kdj <d fn;k tkrkgSA Åij ls dksbZ Hkkj j[k nsuk pkfg, rkfd vf/kd ls vf/kd Hkki vUnj jgsA bl izdkj ikuh ls mB jgh HkkiNyuh esa j[ks [kk|-inkFkZ ds lh/ks lEidZ esa vkrh gS vkSj bldh m"ek ls [kkuk id dj rS;kj gks tkrk gSA uhpsds crZu esa ikuh gj le; mcyrs jguk pkfg, rkfd Hkki yxkrkj curh jgsA bl fof/k ls idk, tkus okys HkkstugSa & lfCt;ka] vadqfjr nkysa] eNyh] bMyh] <ksdyk vkfnA

¼[k½ vizR;{k Hkki esa idkuk (Indirect Steaming) & bl fof/k esa [kk|-inkFkZ Hkki ds lh/ks lEidZ esa ugha vkrk]D;ksafd ;g ,d cUn fMCcs esa gksrk gS vkSj ;g fMCck tc Hkki ls pkjksa rjQ ls f?kj tkrk gS rks mldh m"ekls Hkkstu id dj rS;kj gks tkrk gSA ,d irhys esa FkksM+k lk ikuh Mkydj vkx ij j[k fn;k tkrk gSA idk,tkus okys [kk|-inkFkZ dks ,d NksVs crZu esa j[k fn;k tkrk gS] tks Åij ls cUn gks lds] vkSj bl crZu dks ikuhokys crZu ds vUnj j[k fn;k tkrk gSA vc ikuh okys crZu dks Hkh Åij <Ddu ls <d dj dqN Hkkj j[k fn;ktkrk gS rkfd Hkki ckgj u fudysA tSls-tSls ikuh ds mcyus ls Hkki mRiUu gksrh gS] og bl vUnj okys crZudks pkjksa rjQ ls ?ksj ysrh gS vkSj [kk|-inkFkZ dks idkus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA bl fof/k }kjk Hkkstu idkus esaFkksM+k le; vf/kd yxrk gSA iwjh izfØ;k ds nkSjku Hkki curh jguh pkfg,] ;kfu ikuh mcyrk jguk pkfg,A blfof/k }kjk cuk, x, O;atu ds mnkgj.k gSa& dLVMZ] iqfMax vkfnA

/;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrsa &

(i) uhps okys crZu esa ikuh mcyrs jguk pkfg, rkfd Hkki cuus dh izfØ;k cuh jgsA

(ii) crZu dk <Ddu dl dj cUn j[ksa rkfd Hkki ckgj u fudysA

(iii) vizR;{k Hkki ls idkus dh fof/k esa ftl crZu esa [kk|-inkFkZ j[kk gks mls Bhd ls cUn dj nsuk pkfg,;k fQj mldks fpdukbZ ;qDr dkxt dks dl dj cka/k nsa] rkfd ok"i [kk|-inkFkZ ij u fxjsA

(iv) dqN mcyk gqvk ikuh rS;kj j[ksa] rkfd ;fn crZu esa ikuh lw[kus yxs rks rqjUr Mkyk tk ldsA

ykHk &

(i) Hkki }kjk Hkkstu fdlh Hkh fof/k ls cuk;k tk,] og lnk uje] gYdk vkSj lqikP; gksrk gS] vr% chekjO;fDr;ksa ds fy, cgqr mi;ksxh gSA

(ii) Hkkstu Lokfn"V gksrk gS vkSj mldh [kq'kcw Hkh cuh jgrh gSA

(iii) Hkkstu ds ikSf"Vd rÙo lokZf/kd ek=kk esa lqjf{kr jgrs gSa] fo'ks"krkSj ij ;fn Hkkstu vizR;{k Hkki esa idk;ktk,A gkykafd izR;{k Hkki esa idkus ls ty esa ?kqyu'khy ch&xqV ds foVkfeu vkSj foVkfeu lh dh dqN

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ek=kk u"V gks tkrh gS] ijUrq fQj Hkh ;g uqdlku mckyus dh fof/k dh vis{kk de gh gksrk gSA

(iv) Hkkstu dks yxkrkj /;ku nsus dh t:jr ugha iM+rhA

(v) Hkkstu dk Lo:i vPNk gksrk gS vkSj ns[kus esa gYdk vkSj lgh vkdkj fy, yxrk gSA

gkfu;ka &

(i) [kkuk cukus dh ;g /kheh izfØ;k gS] vr% dkQh le; ysrh gS dsoy vklkuh ls idus okys [kk|-inkFkZgh bl fof/k }kjk idk;s tk ldrs gSaA

(ii) ;fn fupys crZu esa ikuh dh mfpr ek=kk u Mkyh tk,( rks gks ldrk gS fd ikuh tYnh lw[k tk, vkSj[kk|-inkFkZ ds idus ls igys gh crZu tyus yx tk,A

(3) izS'kj }kjk idkuk (Pressure Cooking) & bl fof/k esa Hkkstu dks lkekU; ls vf/kd ncko esa idk;k tkrkgS] D;ksafd ncko c<+kus ls rkieku c<+ tkrk gS] vkSj Hkkstu tYnh id tkrk gSA bl fof/k }kjk Hkkstu idkus dsfy, *iSz'kj-dqdj* uked ;U=k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vkerkSj ij iSz'kj dqdj esa nks-rhu fMCcs gksrs gSa] ftlls,d gh le; esa ,d ls vf/kd [kk|-inkFkZ idk, tk ldrs gSaA vr% blls bZa/ku Hkh de [kpZ gksrk gS vkSj le;dh Hkh cpr gksrh gSA ;fn dsoy ,d gh [kk|-inkFkZ idkuk gks] rks bu fMCcksa dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrkA blfof/k }kjk vkerkSj ij ik, tkus okys dksbZ Hkh Hkkstu vklkuh ls cuk;k tk ldrk gS] tSls nky] pkoy] ehV] lfCt;kavkfnA

/;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrsa &

(i) iSz'kj-dqdj dks nks&frgkbZ ls vf/kd ugha Hkjuk pkfg,A

(ii) ml ij <Ddu yxkdj FkksM+h Hkki fudyus ds ckn gh izS'kj (Weight) j[kuk pkfg,A

(iii) ,d ckj iSz'kj cuus ij vkap /kheh dj nsuh pkfg, vkSj VkbZe uksV dj ysuk pkfg,A

(iv) [kk|-inkFkZ ds vuqlkj fu/kkZfjr le; rd gh idkuk pkfg,A

(v) <Ddu [kksyu ls igys izS'kj-dqdj dks ikuh ds uhps ;k oSls gh BaMk gksus nsuk pkfg,A

ykHk &

(i) bl fof/k }kjk bZa/ku vkSj le; nksuksa dh gh cpr gksrh gS] vr% Hkkstu idkus dk ,d de [kpZ okykrjhdk gSA

(ii) izS'kj dqfdax esa ikSf"Vd rÙo lokZf/kd ek=kk esa lqjf{kr jgrs gSaA

(iii) vyx fMCcksa dk iz;ksx djus ls ,d gh le; esa ,d ls vf/kd [kk|-inkFkZ idk, tk ldrs gSaA

gkfu;ka &

(i) ;fn izS'kj-dqdj esa Hkkstu cukrs le; /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrksa ij iwjk vey u fd;k tk, rks ;g cgqr [krjukdgks ldrk gS] D;ksafd dbZ ckj izS'kj-dqdj ds QVus dk Mj jgrk gSA

(ii) ;fn [kk|-inkFkZ ds vuqlkj fu/kkZfjr le; ls vf/kd le; ds fy, Hkkstu idk fy;k tk, rks ogvR;f/kd uje gks tkrk gS vkSj mldk jax-:i fcxM+ tkrk gSA

(4) LVwf;ax (Stewing) & bl fof/k esa [kk|-inkFkZ dks ,d <ds gq, crZu esa ikuh dh de ek=kk esa eUnh vkapij idk;k tkrk gSA ,d ikuh esa mcky vkus ij vkap eUnh dj nh tkrh gS vkSj [kk|-inkFkZ dks /khjs-/khjs idusfn;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ;g ,d /kheh xfr dk T;knk le; ysus okyk rjhdk gSA ikuh mruh gh ek=kk esa Mkyktkrk gS ftruk fd cuus ds ckn [kk|-inkFkZ ds lkFk FkksM+k-lk rjy :i esa jg tk, ¼,d-nks pEep½ tks mlhHkkstu ds lkFk ijksl fn;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj Hkkstu dh [kq'kcw iwjh rjg ls mlh esa jg tkrh gSA bl fof/k}kjk vkerkSj ij idk, tkus okys [kk|-inkFkZ gSa] Qy] lCth] ehV vkfnA

/;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrsa &

(i) crZu dk <Ddu dl dj cUn gksuk pkfg,A

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(ii) [kk|-inkFkZ esa ikuh mruk gh Mkysa ftruk fd vko';d gks ¼[kk|-inkFkZ ikuh esa djhc vk/kk Mwc tk,½A

(iii) ikuh esa ,d ckj mcky vkus ij mls cgqr eUnh vkap ij uje gksus rd idk,aA

(iv) cpk gqvk rjy inkFkZ Hkkstu ds lkFk gh ijksl nsaA

ykHk &

(i) bl fof/k }kjk lLrh fdLe ds l[r ehV vkSj de ids Qy o lCth vkfn idk, tk ldrs gSa] D;ksafdikuh esa /kheh-/kheh vkap ij idus ls blesa mifLFkr js'ks uje iM+ tkrs gSa vkSj [kk|-inkFkZ id tkrk gSA

(ii) ehV vkSj lCth dks bDV~Bk Hkh idk;k tk ldrk gS] tks fd ,d Lokfn"V O;atu cu tkrk gSA

(iii) Hkkstu esa vf/kdrj ikSf"Vd-rÙo o mlds jl] [kq'kcw vkfn lqjf{kr jg tkrs gSa vkSj bl izdkj Hkkstu Lokfn"Vcurk gSA

gkfu;ka &

(i) Hkkstu idkus dk ;g ,d cgqr gh /khek rjhdk gSA

(ii) iwjh izfØ;k ds nkSjku yxkrkj /;ku j[kus dh vko';drk gSA

(iii) Hkkstu esa mifLFkr foVkfeu *lh* dkQh ek=kk esa u"V gks tkrk gSA

(5) /kheh vkap ij idkuk (Simmering) & tc Hkkstu dks iw.kZ :i ls cUn gksus okys midj.k esa iw.kZ :i ls <ddj]mcys ikuh ds rkieku ls de vFkkZr~ 82°c ls 99°c rd ds rjy esa] ftlesa Hkkstu Mkyk x;k gS] idk;k tk,] mlfof/k dks /kheh vkap ij idkuk dgrs gSaA ftu [kk| inkFkksZa dks idkus esa vf/kd le; yxrk gS] muds fy, ;gmi;qDr fof/k gSA tSls & ehV] eNyh] dLVMZ] [khj] lfCt;ka] xktj dk gyok bR;kfnA ;g fof/k lwi cukus dsfy, Hkh mi;qDr gSA

ykHk &

(i) [kk| inkFkZ iw.kZ :i ls id tkrk gSA

(ii) Hkkstu dks tyus ls cpk;k tk ldrk gSA

(iii) ikuh esa iks"kd rÙo] jax bR;kfn cgqr de fudyrk gSA

gkfu;ka &

(i) vf/kd rki ij u"V gksus okys iks"kd rÙo] yEcs le; rd idkus ls u"V gks tkrs gSaA

(ii) vf/kd le; o vf/kd b±/ku yxrk gSA

(6) iksfpax (Poaching) & mcyrs ikuh ds rkieku ls de] 80°c ls 85°c ij] de ls de rjy esa idkus dhfof/k dks iksfpax dgrs gSaA v.Mk] eNyh o Qy vf/kdrj iksfpax fof/k }kjk idk, tkrs gSaA v.Ms dks iksfpaxfof/k }kjk idkrs le; mlesa ued o fljdk Mkyk tkrk gSA

ykHk &

(i) ;g Hkkstu idkus dh cgqr rhoz fof/k gSA

(ii) Hkkstu vklkuh ls iprk gS D;ksafd olk dk iz;ksx ugha gksrkA

gkfu;ka &

(i) Hkkstu vf/kd Lokfn"V ugha gksrkA

(ii) ikuh esa /kqyu'khy iks"kd rÙo ikuh esa fudy ldrs gSaA

B. feyh&tqyh fof/k & dqN [kk| inkFkZ ,d fof/k }kjk ugha idk, tkrs vfirq ,d ls vf/kd fof/k;ksa }kjk idk,gkrs gSaA tSls &

rjh okyh lCth % lksfVax o /kheh vkap ij idkuk

miek % Hkwuuk o mckyuk

34

dVysV % mckyuk o xgjh fof/k }kjk ryuk

(1) czsftax (Braising) & bl fof/k esa Hkkstu dks nks fof/k;ksa ds feJ.k ls idk;k tkrk gS tks gSa *Hkwuuk* vkSj *LVwf;ax*Ablds fy, Bhd izdkj ls <ds tk ldus okys crZu dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA bl fof/k ls vf/kdrj ehV ghidk;k tkrk gSA ftls igys vPNh rjg ls Hkwu fy;k tkrk gSA blesa fQj ikuh ;k cuh gqbZ *rjh* Mkyh tkrhgS tks ehV dks djhc nks-frgkbZ <d ysrh gSA fQj blesa elkys vkfn Mkydj <Ddu dl dj cUn dj fn;k tkrkgS vkSj bls eUnh vkap ij *LVwf;ax* dh Hkkafr idk;k tkrk gSa vkap dh ctk, bl crZu dks *vksou* esa Hkh j[kktk ldrk gS] ftlesa ehV /khjs-/khjs idrk jgrk gSA tc ehV id dj uje iM+ tkrk gS rks bls FkksM+h lh ek=kkesa cps gq, rjy inkFkZ ds lkFk ijksl fn;k tkrk gSA

/;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrsa &

(i) Hkwurs le; /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd ehV pkjksa rjQ ls ,d tSlk Hkwjs jax dk gks tk,A

(ii) LVwf;ax djrs le; crZu dk <Ddu dl dj cUn djuk pkfg, vkSj ikuh lgh ek=kk esa Mkyuk pkfg,A

ykHk &

(i) Hkkstu cM+k Lokfn"V vkSj [kq'kcw ls Hkjiwj gksrk gSA T;knkrj ikSf"Vd-rÙo Hkh lqjf{kr jgrs gSaA

gkfu;ka &

(i) bl fof/k }kjk Hkkstu idus esa dkQh le; yxrk gS vkSj yxkrkj /;ku Hkh j[kuk iM+rk gSA

C. lw[kh m"ek }kjk iduk

(1) ryuk (Frying)

[kk|-inkFkksZa dks xeZ ?kh ;k rsy esa idkus dh fof/k dks ryuk dgrs gSaA ?kh ;k rsy vf/kd rkieku rd xeZfd, tk ldrs gSa] ftlds QyLo:i tc [kk| mlds lEidZ esa vkrk gS rks og 'kh?kz gh id tkrk gSA blfof/k }kjk idk;k x;k Hkkstu Lokfn"V gksus ds dkj.k gekjs Hkkstu esa vkerkSj ij iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

ryus dh fof/k rhu izdkj ls lEiUu dh tkrh gS &

(i) lksVsf;ax (Sautering)

(ii) de ?kh esa ryuk

(iii) T;knk ?kh esa ryuk

(i) lksVsf;ax (Sautering)

bl fof/k esa FkksM+h-lh ek=kk esa ?kh xje djds [kk|-inkFkZ dks mlesa yxkrkj fgykrs gq, ryk tkrk gS] tcrd og ml ?kh dks lks[k ysA vkerkSj ij bl fof/k dk iz;ksx Hkkstu dh iwoZ-rS;kjh ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gS]tSls lfCt;ksa dk iqyko cukus esa igys lfCt;ksa dks de ?kh esa bl fof/k }kjk ryk tkrk gSA blh izdkj uwMyl;k ehV ds irys VqdM+s vkfn Hkh rys tkrs gSaA

(ii) mFkyh fof/k }kjk ryuk (Shallow Frying)

bl fof/k esa [kk|-inkFkks± dks ,d de xgjs crZu] tSls fd ÝkbZax iSu (Frying pan) ;k ros ij FkksM+k-?kh ;krsy Mkydj ryk tkrk gSA ryus dh izfØ;k ds nkSjku [kk|-inkFkZ dks ,d-nks ckj iyV fn;k tkrk gS rkfd ognksuksa rjQ ls ,d tSlk Hkwjs jax dk gks tk,A bl fof/k esa Hkh vkerkSj ij mruk gh ?kh ;k rsy Mkyk tkrk gS]ftruk fd [kk|-inkFkZ lks[k ysA bl fof/k }kjk idk, tkus okys [kk|-inkFkZ gSa & ijkaBs] vkeysV] vkyw dh fVDdh]iwM+k bR;kfnA

dqN [kk|-inkFkks± esa viuh gh olk dkQh ek=kk esa gksrh gS] tSls fd lkslsftl (Saussages) o *csdu* (Bacon)

¼,d izdkj ds ehV½A ;s [kk|-inkFkZ xeZ crZu esa gh viuh gh olk NksM+ nsrs gSa vkSj mlh esa rys tk ldrs gSaA

(iii) xgjh fof/k }kjk ryuk (Deep Fat Frying)

bl fof/k esa [kk|-inkFkZ xeZ ?kh ;k rsy esa iwjh rjg Mqcks fn;k tkrk gS] vkSj blhfy, ?kh ;k rsy dks xeZdjus ds fy, ,d xgjs crZu] tSls fd d<+kgh dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA d<+kgh dks djhc 1/2 ls 2/3 rd rsy

35

;k ?kh ls Hkj dj vkap ij j[k fn;k tkrk gS] vkSj tc ;g vPNh rjg xje gks tk,] rks rys tkus okys [kk|-

inkFkZ dks blesa Mky fn;k tkrk gS] tks xeZ olk ds lEidZ esa vkrs gh rqjUr id tkrk gSA bl fof/k }kjk vkerkSjij idk, tkus okys [kk|-inkFkZ gSa - iwjh] idkSMs+] dVysV] leksls bR;kfnA ryrs le; bl ckr dk /;ku j[kukpkfg, fd olk vko';drk ls vf/kd xje u gks] vFkkZr~ tys ughaA D;skafd ,slk djus ls olk dk [k.Mu gks tkrkgS] ftlls u dsoy Lokn gh fcxM+ tkrk gS ijUrq ,slh olk gekjs 'kjhj ds fy, Hkh gkfudkjd gksrh gSA bldsfoijhr ;fn olk vko';drk ls de xeZ gks rks rys tkus okyk [kk|-inkFkZ VwV ldrk gS vksj olk Hkh T;knklks[k ysrk gSA vr% ryus ls iwoZ ;g ns[kuk t:jh gS ?kh ;k rsy mfpr rkieku rd xeZ gqvk fd ugha] ftldsfy, fuEufyf[kr rjhdksa dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa &

(i) mfpr rkieku rd xeZ ?kh ;k rsy esa ,d izdkj dk gYdk uhyk /kqvka-lk fudyus yxrk gS vkSj mlesauhps cqycqys ugah gksrsA

(ii) ;fn xeZ ?kh ;k rsy esa ,d bap dk pkSdksj VqdM+k Mkyus ij og ,d feuV esa lqugjs jax dk dqjdjkgks tk, rks mldk rkieku ryus ds fy, mfpr gSA

(iii) blh izdkj ,d vklku rjhdk gS fd tks Hkh [kk|-inkFkZ ryk tkuk gS] mldk NksVk lk VqdM+k xeZ ?khesa Mkydj ns[ksaA ;fn og Bhd ryk tkrk gS rks ckdh Hkh ry ysaA

ehBs vkSj uedhu nksuksa izdkj ds gh O;atu ryus dh izfØ;k }kjk cuk, tkrs gSaA [kk|-inkFkZ de ?kh esa rysx, [kk|-inkFkZ dh vis{kk vf/kd vkd"kZd gksrk gS] D;ksafd pkjksa rjQ ls ,d tSlk lqugjk vkSj vf/kd dqjdjk gksrkgSA gkykafd bl fof/k ds fy, vkjEHk esa ?kh ;k rsy vf/kd ek=kk esa pkfg, gksrk gS] ijUrq de ?kh esa ryus dhvis{kk bl fof/k ls rys x, [kk|-inkFkZ dqy olk de gh lks[krs gSaA

/;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrsa &

(i) ryus ds fy, lnk ,sls ?kh ;k rsy dk iz;ksx djsa] ftls vf/kd rki rd xje fd;k tk ldrk gks] mnkgj.kr;knslh ?kh dh vis{kk ouLifr ?kh ;k rsy fcuk tys vf/kd rki rd xje fd, tk ldrs gSa] vr% ;s ryusds fy, mÙke gSA

(ii) ryus ls iwoZ ns[k ysuk pkfg, fd ?kh ;k rsy mfpr rki rd xeZ gks x, gSa vkSj ryus dh izfØ;k dsnkSjku /;ku j[ksa fd ;s tys ughaA

(iii) rys tkus okys [kk|-inkFkZ dks lgh vkdkj nsa rkfd mldh lrg dgha ls VwVh-QwVh u gksA

(iv) dVysV vkfn ryrs le; mu ij McyjksVh dk pwjk yxk;k tkrk gS] /;ku j[ksa fd ;g pwuk pkjksa rjQ,d tSlk yxk gS vkSj dVysV ds lkFk Bhd ls fpidk gksA Qkyrw pwjs dks ryus ls igys dVysV ijls >kM+ nsa ugha rks ;s d<+kgh ds rsy esa fudy tkrk gS vkSj tyus yxrk gSA

(v) ryrs le; cgqr lkjs VqdM+s ,d lkFk u Mkysa] ugah rks rsy ;k ?kh BaMk iM+ tkrk gSA

(vi) ryrs le; [kk|-inkFkZ dks cjkcj myVrs-iyVrs jguk pkfg,] rkfd pg pkjksa rjQ ls vPNh rjg lsfld tk, vkSj jax Hkh Hkwjk gks tk,A

(vii) ryus ds ckn cps gq, ?kh ;k rsy dks vPNh izdkj ls Nkudj vkSj <ddj BaMh txg ij j[kuk pkfg,A

(viii) nqckjk ryus ds fy, mlh olk dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa] ijUrq csgrj ;gh gS fd mlesa FkksM+k lk u;k?kh ;k rsy Mky ysaA

ykHk &

(i) bl fof/k ls Hkkstu 'kh?kz gh id tkrk gSA

(ii) rys gq, [kk|-inkFkZ vkd"kZd vkSj Lokfn"V gksrs gSaA

(iii) rys gq, Hkkstu vf/kd le; rd lqjf{kr j[ksa tk ldrs gSa mnkgj.kr;k% pikrh ds eqdkcys esa *iwjh*vf/kd nsj rd j[kh tk ldrh gS] vkSj mldk Lokn Hkh [kjkc ugah gksrkA

(iv) ryus dh fof/k ds iz;ksx ls Hkkstu esa fofHkUurk vkrh gS] D;ksafd ;s [kk| inkFkZ dqjdqjs gksrs gSaA

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(v) rys gq, [kk|-inkFkZ [kkus ds i'pkr~ T;knk nsj rd Hkw[k ugha yxrhA

(vi) bl fof/k }kjk ids Hkkstu ls vf/kd dSyksjh feyrh gSA

(vii)mFkyh fof/k }kjk ryus esa olk dh ek=kk dks fu;fU=kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

gkfu;ka &

(i) rys gq, [kk|-inkFkZ ipkus eqf'dy gksrs gSa] D;ksafd bu ij olk dh ijr gksrh gS] ftls igys ipkuk iM+rkgSA

(ii) ryrs le; rki vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k dqN ikSf"Vd rÙo] fo'ks"kdj olk esa ?kqyu'khy foVkfeu dkQh ek=kkesa u"V gks tkrs gSaA

(iii) ?kh o rsy egaxs gksrs gSa] vr% ;g Hkkstu idkus dh ,d eagxh fof/k gSA

(iv) vf/kd olk lks[k ysus ds dkj.k Hkkstu xyk gqvk lk yxrk gSA

(v) idkrs le; vf/kd /;ku nsus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

(vi) ckj-ckj mlh olk esa ryus ls dqN gkfudkjd rÙo olk esa cu tkrs gSaA

bu fof/k;ksa esa m"ek ikuh ds vfrfjDr fdlh vU; ek/;e ls mRiUu dh tkrh gSA

(2) csfdax (Baking) & bl fof/k esa [kk|-inkFkZ dks ,d cUn vksou ds vUnj j[kdj mlesa mRiUu gksus okyh lw[khm"ek esa idk;k tkrk gSA idk, tkus okys [kk|-inkFkZ dks igys ls xje fd, x, vksou esa j[kk tkrk gS] tgka;g pkjksa vksj ls xje ok;q ls f?kj tkrk gS vkSj id tkrk gSA tks [kk|-inkFkZ idk;k tkuk gks] mlh dh vko';drkuqlkjHkkstu dks ,d mfpr rki rd xje dj fy;k tkrk gS vkSj ;g rkieku csfdax dh iwjh izfØ;k ds nkSjku cuk,j[kk tkrk gSA bl fof/k }kjk vkerkSj ij idk, tkus okys [kk|-inkFkZ gSa & dsd] fcLdqV] McyjksVh] iqfMax vkSjlfCt;ka vkfnA

/;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrsa &

(i) [kk|-inkFkZ dks ges'kk igys ls xje fd, x, vksou esa j[ksaA

(ii) iwjh izfØ;k ds nkSjku vksou dk rkieku cuk, j[ksaA

(iii) vksou dks Bhd ls cUn dj nsuk pkfg, vkSj bls ckj-ckj ugah [kksyuk pkfg,A ,slk djus ls ckgj dhBaMh ok;q vUnj izos'k ik tkrh gS vkSj vksou dk rkieku de gks tkrk gSA

(iv) [kk|-inkFkZ vksou esa rc rd lsduk pkfg,] tc rd og gYds Hkwjs jax dk u gks tk, vkSj gkFk ls fpidsugahaA

ykHk &

(i) csfdax dh fof/k }kjk idk;k x;k Hkkstu ipkus esa vklku gksrk gSA

(ii) ,sls HkksT;-inkFkZ vkgkj esa fofHkUurk ykrs gSaA

gkfu;ka &

(i) ;g Hkkstu idkus dh ,d /kheh izfØ;k gS] vr% vf/kd le; ysrh gSA

(ii) bl fof/k }kjk Hkkstu vkerkSj ij *vksou* esa gh idk;k tk ldrk gS] tks fd gj ?kj esa ugah ik;k tkrkA

(3) Hkwuuk (Roasting) & bl fof/k esa [kk|-inkFkZ dks fcuk <ds lw[kh m"ek }kjk idk;k tkrk gSA ;g izfØ;k ^rUnwj*esa *vksou* esa ;k fQj fdlh Hkkjh ryh ds crZu esa lEiUu dh tk ldrh gSA dqN [kk|-inkFkZ] tSls& *eqxkZ* ;kfQj mÙke fdLe ds ehV vkfn dks Hkwurs le; mu ij chp-chp esa FkksM+h fi?kyrh gqbZ olk Mkyrs jgrs gSaA bllsbudh lrg lw[krh ugah vkSj budh [kq'kcw Hkh csgrj gks tkrh gSA blds foijhr dqN] lfCt;ka] tSls& vkyw] 'kdjdUnvkSj cSaxu vkfn dks fcuk olk Mkys gh [kqyh vkap ij ;k fQj vksou esa j[kdj Hkwuk tkrk gSA blh izdkj lwth]nfy;k] lsfo;ka vkfn dks Hkkjh ryh ds crZu tSls d<+kgh esa Mkydj lw[kk ;k fQj FkksM+h lh olk dh lgk;rk lsHkwuk tkrk gSA olk Mkyuk ;k lw[kk Hkwuuk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd mlls D;k O;atu cukuk gSA

dqN [kk|-inkFkZ fdlh vkSj mfpr ek/;e esa] Hkh Hkwus tk ldrs gSa] tSls fd *ued* ;k *jsr* tks fd vklkuh

37

ls 'kh?kz gh xje gks tkrs gSa vkSj vius vUnj m"ek dks cuk, j[krs gSaA ftlls Hkwuus ds fy, lgh rkieku cukjgrk gSA mnkgj.kr;k dqN vukt tSls& eDdk ¼ikidkuZ½ ;k eqjejs vkfn cukus esa tc bl fof/k }kjk ;s vuktHkwus tkrs gSa rks ;s ,dne Qwy dj id tkrs gSa vkSj [kkus ds fy, rS;kj gksrs gSaA

bl izdkj *Hkwuus* dh izfØ;k }kjk Hkkstu idkus esa *csfdax* dh izfØ;k dh vis{kk vf/kd rkieku cuk, j[kusdh vko';drk gksrh gSA

/;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrsa &

(i) vksou esa Hkwurs le;] /;ku j[ksa fd vksou iwjh rjg ls lkQ gks] ugah rks [kk|-inkFkZ dh [kq'kcw [kjkcgks tkrh gSA

(ii) iwjh izfØ;k ds nkSjku mfpr rkieku cuk, j[ksaA

(iii) ehV ;k eqxkZ Hkwurs le; fo'ks"k rkSj ij /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd bu esa ckj-ckj pkdw ;k lykbZ vkfn pqHkksdj u ns[kk tk,] D;ksafd ,slk djus ls buds dqN jl ckgj fudy tkrs gSaA

(iv) [kqyh vkap ij Hkwurs le; [kk|-inkFkZ dks ckj-ckj iyVrs jguk pkfg,A

ykHk &

(i) *csfdax* dh vis{kk bl fof/k }kjk Hkkstu tYnh idrk gSA

(ii) Hkquus dh izfØ;k ls dbZ rjg ds O;atu rS;kj fd, tk ldrs gSaA

(iii) bl fof/k esa olk ugah pkfg,A

(iv) idk gqvk Hkkstu vf/kd [kq'kcw vkSj Lokn fy, gksrk gSA

(v) ;g fof/k Hkkstu esa ueh dks de djrh gS] ftlls Hkkstu dks vf/kd le; rd j[kk tk ldrk gSA

gkfu;ka &

(i) Hkwurs le; [kk|-inkFkZ dk yxkrkj /;ku j[kuk iM+rk gS] rkfd og tys ugahaA

(ii) tc Hkkstu Hkwjk gks tkrk gS rks iks"kd rÙo u"V gks tkrk gSA tSls& vehuks vEyA

(4) rst [kqyh vkap ij idkuk (Grilling) & bl fof/k }kjk [kk|-inkFkZ dks rst [kqyh vkap ij ;k fQj fctyh;k xSl dh *fxzy* ds uhps idk;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ;g Hkh lh/kh vkap }kjk idk, tkus dh gh ,d fof/k gSAvkerkSj ij [kk|-inkFkZ dks ,d yksgs dh NM+ esa fijks fn;k tkrk gS vkSj fQj bls rst [kqyh vkap ij lsdk tkrkgSA lsdrs le; chp-chp esa fi?kyh gqbZ olk yxkuk Hkh t:jh gSA vkap dksbZ Hkh gks ldrh gSa] tSls dks;yk] fctyh;k fQj xSlA rkieku vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k [kk|-inkFkZ dkQh tYnh id tkrk gSA bl fof/k }kjk dsoy csgrjfdLe ds ehV] eqxsZ] eNyh ;k dqN lfCt;ka] tSls& VekVj o [kqEch vkfn cuk, tkrs gSaA mnkgj.kr;k bl izfØ;k}kjk cuk;k tkus okyk lcls vf/kd izpfyr O;atu gS& *lhd dcko*A

/;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrsa &

(i) [kk|-inkFkZ ij chp-chp esa fi?kyh gqbZ olk Mkyrs jguk pkfg,A rkfd bldh lrg lw[ks ugah vkSj [kq'kcwHkh vPNh gks tk,A

(ii) [kk|-inkFkZ dks cjkcj ?kqekrs jguk pkfg,] rkfd og tys ugha vkSj pkjksa rjQ ls cjkcj fld tk,A

ykHk &

(i) bl fof/k ls idk;k x;k Hkkstu Lokfn"V gksrk gSA

(ii) bl fof/k }kjk Hkkstu cgqr tYnh idrk gSA

(iii) bl fof/k }kjk ids Hkkstu esa [kq'kcw gksrh gSA

gkfu;ka &

(i) bl fof/k }kjk dsoy csgrj fdLe ds [kk|-inkFkZ gh idk, tk ldrs gSa] vr% Hkkstu idkus dk ;g ,deagxk rjhdk gSA

(ii) bl fof/k ls Hkkstu idkrs le; cjkcj /;ku j[kuk iM+rk gSA

38

fof/k

lw[kh m"ek }kjk

Hkwuuk

csfdax

rst [kqyh vkap ij idkuk(Grilling)

ryuk

vf/kd ?kh esa ryuk

de ?kh esa ryuk

lksVsf;ax

ikuh ds ek/;e ls izkIr dh xbZm"ek }kjk-mckyuk

Hkki }kjk idkuk

izR;{k Hkki esa idkuk

ikd fof/k;ksa dk ,d laf{kIr voyksdu

;g D;k gS\

[kk|-inkFkZ dks fcuk <ds lw[kh m"ek}kjk rUnwj esa vksou esa ;k Hkkjh ryhds crZu esa idk;k tkrk gSA bldkiz;ksx O;atu dh iwoZ rS;kjh ds fy,¼tSls Hkjrk cukus esa cSaxu Hkwuuk½ ;kfQj O;atu dh iwjh rS;kjh esa ¼tSls&Hkwus gq, vkyw ;k eqxkZ vkfn½ fd;k tkldrk gSA

[kk|-inkFkZ dks ,d cUn *vksou* dsvUnj j[kdj mlesa mRiUu gksus okyhm"ek }kjk idk;k tkrk gSA

[kk|-inkFkZ dks rst [kqyh vkap ij ;kfQj fxzy ds uhps idk;k tkrk gSA

[kk|-inkFkZ dks xje ?kh ;k rsy esaidk;k tkrk gSA

[kk|-inkFkZ dks ,d xgjs crZu tSlsd<+kgh esa olk dh vf/kd ek=kk esa ryktkrk gSA

[kk| inkFkZ dks ,d de xgjs crZuesa olk dh mruh gh ek=kk esa ryktkrk gS ftruh [kk|-inkFkZ }kjkvo'kksf"kr gks ldsA

[kk| inkFkZ dks ,d ÝkbZax iSu esa FkksM+hlh ek=kk esa ?kh xje djds yxkrkjfgykrs gq, ryk tkrk gSA

[kk|-inkFkZ dks mcyrs gq, ikuh esaidkukA idkus ds fy, crZu dks <ddj j[kuk pkfg, vkSj ikuh dh mruhgh ek=kk bLrseky djuh pkfg,] ftruhvko';d gks] rkfd Qkyrw ikuh fudkyuku iM+sA

[kk|-inkFkZ dks mcyrs gq, ikuh }kjkmRiUu dh xbZ Hkki esa idk;k tkrkgSA

[kk|-inkFkZ dks ,d lk/kkj.k *LVhej*(Steamer) esa ;k fQj ,d yksgs dhNyuh esa j[k dj mcyrs gq, ikuh dscrZu ds Åij j[k dj dl dj <dfn;k tkrk gS] vkSj og Hkki dslh/ks lEidZ esa vkdj id tkrk gSA

fdl fy, iz;ksx dh tkrh gS\

vPNh fdLe ds ehV] eqxkZ] lfCt;ka]tSls& vkyw] 'kdjdUn] cSaxu vkSj vukttSls&lwth] nfy;k] lsafo;k vkfnA

McyjksVh] dsd] fcLdqV] iqfMax] lfCt;kavkfn

csgrj fdLe ds ehV] eNyh] dysth]eqxkZ vkSj lfCt;ka tSls VekVj vkSj[kqEch vkfnA

iwjh] dpkSjh] dks¶rs] dVysV] idkSM+s]leksls] eBM+h] cM+k] fpIl] eNyh vkfnA

ijkaBs] Mkslk] fVDdh] phyk vkfnA

dVh gqbZ lfCt;ka] tSls&cUnxksHkh] chUl]xktj] f'keyk fepZ] I;kt o vadqfjrnkysa vkfnA

lfCt;ka] tSls ikyd] vkyw] vjch vkSjpkoy] vaMk vkfnA

eNyh] bMyh] <ksdyk vkSj dbZ lfCt;k¡vkfnA

39

vizR;{k Hkki esa idkuk

izS'kj dqfdax

LVwf;ax

czsftax ¼fefJr fof/k½

[kk|-inkFkZ dks ,d cUn fMCcs esaj[kdj mls mcys gq,s ikuh ds crZuesa j[k fn;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ogpkjksa rjQ ls Hkki esa f?kj dj idtkrk gSA

[kk|-inkFkZ dks ,d izS'kj-dqdj esavf/kd ncko esa idk;k tkrk gS] ftllsrkieku c<+ tkrk gS vkSj Hkkstu tYnhid tkrk gSA

[kk|-inkFkZ dks ,d <ds gq, crZu esaikuh dh de ek=kk esa eUnh vkap ijidk;k tkrk gSA

[kk|-inkFkZ dks nks fof/k;ksa ds feJ.kls idk;k tkrk gS] tks gSa *Hkwuuk* vkSj*LVwf;ax*A

iqfMax] dLVMZ vkfnA

gj izdkj dk [kk|-inkFkZA

lLrh fdLe ds ehV] de ids QylfCt;k¡ vkfnA

fofHkUu izdkj ds ehV vkSj lfCt;kaA

ikB 12

Hkkstu ij idkus dk izHkko oHkkstu idkus es ikSf"Vd rÙoksa ds laj{k.k ds rjhds

(Effect of cooking on food and ways &

means of conservation of nutrients while cooking)

Hkkstu idkus ij mlesa dbZ izdkj ds ifjorZu vkrs gSaA vklkuh ls LohÑr fd;k tkus okyk O;atu cukus dsfy, bu ifjorZuksa dks le>uk vko';d gSA okLro esa ;s ifjorZu Hkkstu ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa vkus okys ifjorZuksads QyLo:i gksrs gSa] mnkgj.kr;k Hkkstu esa ik, tkus okys ikSf"Vd rÙo] tSls dkcksZt] olk] izksVhu vkfn esa vkusokys ifjorZuA buds vfrfjDr [kk|-inkFkZ esa mifLFkr [kfut yo.k] izkÑfrd jax] [kq'kcw] vEyh; inkFkZ o ,atkbElvkfn esa ifjorZu vkrs gSaA vkb, vc bu ifjorZuksa ds ckjs esa foLrkjiwoZd tkudkjh izkIr djsaA

¼v½ jax (Color) & idkrs le; [kk|-inkFkksZa ds izkÑfrd jaxksa esa dbZ ifjorZu vkrs gSa] ftuesa ls dqN rks Hkkstudh vkd"kZdrk rks c<+k nsrs gSa tcfd dqN mls de Hkh dj nsrs gSaA Qy o lfCt;ksa esa dqN izkÑfrd jax gksrsgSa] tks fd idkrs le; rki ds izHkko ls vkSj iz;ksx esa yk, tkus okys vEyh; ;k {kkjh; okrkoj.k ls izHkkforgks tkrs gSa vkSj bl izdkj bu [kk|-inkFkksZa ds jaxksa esa ifjorZu vk tkrs gSaA [kk|-inkFkksZa ds izkÑfrd jaxksa esa ifjorZuokaNuh; ¼csfdax ds nkSjku Hkwjk jax½ Hkh gks ldrs gSa vkSj vokaNuh; ¼iÙkkxksHkh dks yEcs le; rd idkus ds nkSjku½HkhA Hkkstu idkus ds okrkoj.k dks bl izdkj fu;af=kr j[kuk pkfg,] ftlls okaNuh; jax ids Hkkstu esa vk ldsA[kk|-inkFkksZa esa ik, tkus okys ;s izkÑfrd jax fuEufyf[kr gSa&

1. DyksjksfQy (Chlorophyll) & ;g gjs jax dk inkFkZ gjh iÙksnkj lfCt;ksa o dqN vU; Qy o lfCt;ksa esaik;k tkrk gSA Hkkstu idkus esa iz;ksx esa yk, tkus okys rki dk rks bl ij dqN [kkl vlj ugha iM+rk ijUrq;fn bUgsa vEyh; ;k {kkjh; okrkoj.k esa idk;k tk, rks bl jax ij cgqr izHkko iM+rk gSA vEyh; okrkoj.k esagjh lfCt;ksa ds jax esa ihykiu lk vk tkrk gS] ftlls budk jax ns[kus esa Hkn~nk yxus yxrk gS] vkSj ;fn bUgsaT;knk nsj blesa j[kk tk, rks budk jax Hkwjk gksus yxrk gSA ;s vEyh; okrkoj.k bu lfCt;ksa esa uhacw ;k fljdkvkfn Mkyus ls mRiUu gksrk gSA vr% DyksjksfQy ;qDr [kk|-inkFkksZa dks idkrs le; ;fn dksbZ vEyh; inkFkZ Mkyukgks rks mls [kk|-inkFkZ ds djhc iddj rS;kj gksus ij gh Mkyuk pkfg,A blds foijhr {kkjh; okrkoj.k esa] mHkjvkrk gS vFkkZr~ pednkj gjk gks tkrk gSA ;g jax ns[kus esa rks vkd"kZd yxrk gS] ijUrq {kkjh; okrkoj.k esa idkusls buesa mifLFkr foVkfeu *lh* vkSj *Fkk;feu* dkQh gn rd u"V gks tkrs gSaA vr% gjh lfCt;ksa dk jax vPNkcuk, j[kus ds fy, lcls vPNk gS fd blesa dksbZ vEyh; ;k {kkjh; inkFkZ u Mkyk tk, vkSj lkFk gh bUgsa vkjEHkesa dqN nsj ds fy, fcuk <ds idkuk pkfg,A

2. dSjksfVukW;M~l (Carotenoids) & ;g ihys ukjaxh jax dk inkFkZ eq[;r% ihys] ukjaxh o yky jax ds Qyo lfCt;ksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA tSls & iihrk] xktj] VekVj o gjh iÙksnkj lfCt;ka vkfnA bl jax ij rki] vEyh;;k {kkjh; okrkoj.k dk dksbZ [kkl izHkko ugha iM+rkA vr% bu Qy-lfCt;ksa dks idkus ij Hkh budk jax-:i cukjgrk gSA

3. ,suFkkslkbfuUl (Anthocyanins) & ;g yky-tkequh jax dk inkFkZ eq[;r% pqdUnj] dkyh xktj] tkequ oQkyls tSls Qy o lfCt;ksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA rki dk rks bl ij T;knk izHkko ugha iM+rk] ijUrq vEyh; okrkoj.kesa ;g gYds jax dk gks tkrk gS tcfd {kkjh; okrkoj.k esa ;g uhys jax esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA

4. ¶ysoksUl (Flavons) & ;g lQsn jax dh lfCt;ka tSls & vkyw] QwyxksHkh] I;kt vkfn esa ik;k tkrk gSAbl ij rki o vEyh; okrkoj.k dk rks [kkl izHkko ugha iM+rk ijUrq {kkjh; okrkoj.k esa ;s ihys jax ds iM+ tkrsgSaA Hkkstu ij fofHkUu dkjdksa ¼ty esa ?kqyu'khyrk] vEyh;] {kkjh; o yEcs le; rd idkuk½ ds izHkko lkj.kh 1

esa laf{kIr esa n'kkZ, x, gSaA

41

lkj.kh 1

fofHkUu dkjdksa dk Hkkstu ds jax ij izHkko

jax dk lzksr jax ikuh esa vEy dk izHkko {kkj dk izHkko yEcs le;

?kqyu'khyrk rd idkus dk

izHkko

DyksjksfQy gjk gydk lk Hkwjs-gjs jax esa vf/kd xgjk (olive) gjk

ifjorZu gjk jax

dsjksfVukW;Ml ihyk ;k lUrjh gydk lk cgqr de cgqr de de izHkko

izHkko izHkko

,UFkkslk;fuu yky vf/kd yky tkeuh ;k gydk izHkko

?kqyu'khy ¼ifjorZu ugha½ uhyk

¶ysoksUl lQsn vf/kd lQsn ihyk vf/kd idus

?kqyu'khy ij ihyk

bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd vkkerkSj ij Hkkstu idkrs le; rks [kk|-inkFkksZa ds izkÑfrd jaxksa ij dksbZ [kklvlj ugha iM+rk] ijUrq ;fn bUgsa vEyh; ;k {kkjh; okrkoj.k esa idk;k tk, rks ;s jax [kjkc gks ldrs gSaA vr%gesa idkrs le; vEyh; ;k {kkjh; inkFkksZa dk iz;ksx ugha djuk pkfg,A Qy o lfCt;ksa ds jaxksa esa vkus okys buifjorZuksa ds vfrfjDr dqN vU; [kk|-inkFkksZa ds jaxksa esa idkus ds i'pkr~ dqN [kkl ifjorZu vk tkrs gSaA mnkgj.kds rkSj ij idkus ds i'pkr~ ehV dk jax Hkwjk gks tkrk gS] tks fd dPph voLFkk esa xqykch yky ls jax dk gksrkgSA blh izdkj xsgwa ds vkVs ;k eSnk ls cus inkFkZ Hkwjs jax ds gks tkrs gSa vkSj phuh dh pk'uh igys lqugjs jaxdh vkSj fQj xk<+s Hkwjs jax dh gks tkrh gSA

¼c½ izÑfr (Texture) & Hkkstu idkus ls mlds izÑfr o vkdkj esa Hkh ifjorZu vk tkrk gSA mlesa mifLFkr lSY;wykst+ds uje iM+ tkus ds dkj.k Hkkstu Hkh uje iM+ tkrk gSA mnkgj.kr% idh gqbZ lfCt;ka dPph lfCt;ksa dh vis{kkvf/kd uje gksrh gSA vEyh; okrkoj.k esa lsY;wykst+ bruh tYnh uje ugha iM+rkA vr% ,sls esa Hkkstu dks ujedjus ds fy, vf/kd le; rd idkuk iM+rk gS tcfd {kkjh; okrkoj.k esa lSY;wykst+ ds tYnh gh uje iM+ tkusds dkj.k dbZ ckj rks Hkkstu vf/kd uje iM+ tkrk gSA

dPps [kk|-inkFkksZa esa mifLFkr LVkpZ ds d.k ikuh vkSj rki dh mifLFkfr esa ikuh lks[k dj Qwy tkrs gSa vkSjuje iM+rs jgrs gSaA vUr esa rks dqN d.k QV tkrs gSa vkSj ikuh esa LVkpZ fudy vkrh gS vkSj bl izdkj ;s [kk|-

inkFkZ vklkuh ls ipk, tk ldrs gSaA ;s ifjorZu vDlj nkysa] pkoy vkSj vkyw vkfn dks idkus esa ns[ks tkrs gSa]D;ksafd ;s lHkh LVkpZ ;qDr [kk|-inkFkZ gSaA idkus ls izksVhu LdfUnr gks tkrh gSA tSls vaMs dh lQsnh dks mckyusij ;fn izksVhu ;qDr [kk|-inkFkksZa dks T;knk idk fn;k tk, rks os l[r gks tkrs gSa vkSj ,sls izksVhu dks ipkusesa eqf'dy gksrh gSA

idkus ds ckn [kk|-inkFkZ dh izÑfr dSlh jgrh gS] ;g idkus ds fy, bLrseky dh xbZ fof/k ij cgqr gnrd fuHkZj djrk gS] ikuh ds ek/;e ls izkIr dh xbZ m"ek }kjk idk, x, rjhdksa] ;kfu mckyuk Hkki }kjk idkuk;k izS'kj dqfdax djus ls lHkh [kk|-inkFkZ uje iM+ tkrs gSa] tcfd ryus dh izfØ;k ds QyLo:i [kk|-inkFkZdqjdqjs gks tkrs gSaA blh izdkj csfdax ;k rst [kqyh vkap ij idkus ls Hkh [kk|-inkFkZ dqN uje gks tkrs gSa vkSjlkFk gh dqN gn rd dqjdqjs HkhA

¼l½ [kq'kcw o Lokn (Flavour & Taste) & Hkkstu idkus ls [kk|-inkFkksZa esa ikbZ tkus okyh izkÑfrd [kq'kcw oSlsrks dqN de gks tkrh gS] ijUrq mlesa mfpr ek=kk esa fepZ-elkys vkfn Mkydj mls [kq'kcwnkj rFkk vius Loknkuqlkjcuk;k tk ldrk gSA idkus esa elkys o [kq'kcwnkj inkFkksZa dk iz;ksx vkSj [kk|-inkFkksZa dh izkÑfrd [kq'kcw ds vkilhfeyu ls ids gq, Hkkstu esa ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh [kq'kcw o Lokn vk tkrk gSA Hkkstu dh [kq'kcw dk vUnktk mls

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p[kus vkSj lwa?kus ls yxk;k tk ldrk gSA vPNk [kq'kcwnkj Hkkstu gekjs eqag esa ykj (Saliva) cukus dh izfØ;k dksmÙksftr djrk gS tks fd Hkw[k yxus vkSj Hkkstu ipkus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA

¼M½ ikSf"Vd rÙo (Nutrients)

(1) dkcksZt (Carbohydrates) & dkcksZt eq[;r% LVkpZ] phuh] iSDVhu] xe o lSY;wykst ds :i esa Hkkstu esa ikbZtkrh gSA idkus ij LVkpZ ds nkus ikuh lks[kdj Qwy tkrs gSaA bl izfØ;k dks ftysfVukbt+s'ku (gelatinization)

dgrs gSa rFkk lwi] rjh bR;kfn dks xk<+s djus ds fy, eSns ;k dksuZ LVkpZ ds ?kksy dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA;g izfØ;k LVkpZ fy, lHkh [kk| inkFkksZa esa gksrh gSA lw[kh m"ek nsus ls LVkpZ NksVh bZdkb;ksa esa VwV tkrh gS ftlsMsdfLVªu (Dextrin) dgrs gSa( tSlk pikrh cukus ;k czsM VksLV djus esa gksrk gSA Dextrin ls ehBh [kq'kcw vkrh gSAphuh dks ikuh ds lkFk idkus ls xk<+h pk'kuh cu tkrh gS rFkk vkSj vf/kd idkus ij ;g pk'kuh vkSj xk<+h gkstkrh o mldk jax cny tkrk gSA bl izfØ;k dks dSjseykbts'ku (Caramelization) dgrs gSaA bl xk<+h Hkwjs jaxdh pk'kuh dks dSjsey (Caramel) dgrs gSa rFkk cgqr ls idokuksa esa dke vkrh gS] tSls dLVMZ] dsd bR;kfnA lk/kkj.kidkus ls dkcksZt+ dk Ðkl ugha gksrkA

lsY;wykst gekjs 'kjhj esa [kf.Mr ugha fd, tk ldrs ijUrq idkus ij uje gks tkrs gSa o ikpu laLFkku dkslqpk: :i ls dke djus essa lgk;d gksrs gSaA

(2) izksVhu (Protein) & izksVhu idkus ij tedj l[r gks tkrk gS] ftls LdUn (Coagulate) dgrs gSaA bl izfØ;kdks LdUnu dgrs gSa (Coagulate) A nw/k ds izksVhu dks NksM+dj lHkh izksVhu ters gSaA vr,o vf/kd izksVhu fy,[kk|-inkFkksZa dks T;knk ugha idkuk pkfg,] vU;Fkk izksVhu tedj jcM+ tSls gks tkrk gS vkSj ipus ;ksX; ugha jgrkA

vf/kd idkus ls izksVhu 'kdZjk o ySDVksl ds lkFk ;kSfxd cuk ysrs gSaA tks izksVhu dks rksM+us okys ,UtkbElls Hkh ugha VwVrsA bl izdkj ls ;s izksVhu Hkkstu esa ysus ds ckotwn 'kjhj ds fy, miyC/k ugha jgrkA

dqN nkyksa tSls puk o lks;kchu esa izksVhu ds ikpu esa ck/kd rÙo gksrs gSaA Hkkstu idkus ls ;s rÙo (trypsin

inhibitors) u"V gks tkrs gSaA vr,o bu [kk|-inkFkks± dks fcuk idk, xzg.k ugha djuk pkfg,A lkekU; idkus dhizfØ;k ls vf/kdrj izksVhu dh ikpu'khyrk c<+rh gS] ;fn rkieku cgqr vf/kd ugha gSA

(3) olk (Fats) & lk/kkj.k rki dk olk ij dksbZ vlj ugha gksrk] ijUrq yEcs le; ds fy, vf/kd rki ij j[kusls] tSls ryrs le; olk xk<+h o xgjs jax dh gks tkrh gSA ,sls esa olk dk [k.Mu gks tkrk gS dqN vfuok;ZQSVh ,flM u"V gks tkrs gSa rFkk dqN gkfudkjd inkFkZ Hkh mRiUu gks tkrs gSaA ,sls ifjorZu Hkkstu dh [kq'kcw vkSjLohÑfr ij vlj Mkyrs gSaA ok;q ¼vkDlhdj.k½ Hkh ikuh o ,Ut+kbEt+ dh fØ;k ls olk [kjkc gks tkrh gSA olkesa ,sls ifjorZuksa dks jksduk pkfg,] rkfd olk [kjkc u gks vkSj blds iz;ksx ls cus Hkkstu dh LohÑfr Hkh cuhjgsA

(4) [kfut yo.k (Minerals) & Hkkstu idkus ds fy, vkerkSj ij iz;ksx esa ykbZ tkus okyh fof/k;ksa ls] [kfut yo.kksaij dksbZ [kkl izHkko ugha iM+rkA ;fn idkus ds fy, iz;ksx fd, x, ikuh dks Qsad fn;k tk, rks ;s [kfut-yo.kty esa ?kqyu'khy gksus ds dkj.k dqN ek=kk esa u"V gks tkrs gSaA

(5) foVkfeUl (Vitamins) & Hkkstu idkus esa lcls vf/kd izHkkfor gksus okys nks foVkfeu gSa *Fkk;feu* vkSj foVkfeu*lh*A ;s foVkfeu Hkkstu idkrs le; rki ds izHkko ls vkSj idkus ds fy, iz;ksx esa yk, tk, tkus okys ikuhdks Qsad nsus ds dkj.k u"V gks tkrs gSaA ;s fdruh ek=kk esa u"V gksrs gSa] ;g bl ckr ij gh fuHkZj djrk gS fdHkkstu dks fdrus rki ij idk;k x;k vkSj ikuh Qsadk x;k ;k ughaA ;fn idkus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k x;k ikuhQsad fn;k tk, rks Fkk;feu dh 20% ls 50% ek=kk u"V gks tkrh gS] tks bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS] fd idkusds fy, fdruk vf/kd ikuh] iz;ksx fd;k x;kA ;fn idkrs le; *lksMs* dk iz;ksx fd;k tk,] tSls & nky vkfnesa rks Fkk;feu dh yxHkx lkjh ek=kk u"V gks tkrh gS] tcfd Hkki }kjk idkus dh izfØ;k ls Fkk;feu de ek=kkesa u"V gksrh gSA

foVkfeu *lh* rks vkSj Hkh vklkuh ls u"V gks tkrk gSA ;s Hkkstu dh rS;kjh dh fofHkUu voLFkkvksa esa vlko/kkuhcjrus ls] tSls & lfCt;ksa dks dkVus ds i'pkr /kksus ls] dVh gqbZ lfCt;ksa ;k Qyksa dks idkus ;k [kkus ls igys

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vf/kd le; rd ds fy, gok esa [kqyk NksM+ nsus ls ;k fQj idk, x, Hkkstu esa ls ikuh Qsad nsus ls] yxHkx10% ls 60% rd u"V gks tkrk gSA

Hkkstu idkus dh izfØ;k ls izHkkfor gksus okyk ,d vkSj foVkfeu gS jkbZcks¶ysfcuA bl foVkfeu dh ek=kk esapkj dkj.kksa ls deh vk ldrh gS &

(i) [kk|-inkFkksZa ds vf/kd jks'kuh ;qDr LFkku ij iM+s jgus ls]

(ii) idkrs le; iz;ksx gksus okys rki ls]

(iii) idkus ds fy, iz;ksx esa yk, x, ikuh dks Qsadus ls] vkSj

(iv) idkrs le; *lksMs* ds bLrseky lsA

;fn nw/k dh cksryksa dks vf/kd jks'kuh-;qDr LFkku ij NksM+ fn;k tk, rks mlesa mifLFkr jkbcks¶ysfou dh dqNek=kk u"V gks tkrh gSA

ikuh esa ?kqyu'khy vU; foVkfeUl eq[;r% Hkkstu idkus ds fy, iz;ksx esa yk, x, ikuh dks Qsad nsus ls dqNek=kk esa u"V gks tkrs gSaA

foVkfeu *,* vkSj dSjksfVu] pwafd ty esa ?kqyu'khy foVkfeu ugha gSA vr% Hkkstu idkus ds fy, iz;ksx esa yk,x, ikuh dks Qsadus ls budk dksbZ uqdlku ugha gksrkA gkykafd ryus vkSj Hkwuus vkfn dh izfØ;k ls ;g foVkfeudqN ek=kk esa u"V gks tkrk gSA

Hkkstu idkus esa ikSf"Vd rÙoksa ds laj{k.k ds rjhds

(Ways and Means of Preservation of Nutrients during Cooking)

tSlk fd igys Hkh crk;k tk pqdk gS] fd ge Hkkstu fofHkUu dkj.kksa vkSj fofHkUu rjhdksa ls idkrs gSa vkSj idsgq, Hkkstu dk ,d viuk gh Lokn] jax o [kq'kcw gksrh gSA Hkkstu idkus ls gksus oksys bu ykHkdkjh izHkkoksa ds vfrfjDrHkkstu idkus dh izfØ;k ds nkSjku dbZ ikSf"Vd rÙo] fo'ks"kdj foVkfeUl vkSj [kfut yo.k dkQh ek=kk esa u"Vgks tkrs gSA fQj Hkh ;fn [kkuk idkus esa iwjh lko/kkuh cjrh tk, rks ikSf"Vd rÙoksa ds bl uqdlku dks dkQhgn rd de fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Hkkstu idkus dh iwjh izfØ;k esa [kk|-inkFkksZa dks idkus ls igys dh rS;kjh Hkh 'kkfey gS] tSls Nhyuk] /kksuk]dkVuk vkfnA gkykafd bu izfØ;kvksa esa [kk|-inkFkksZa dk fdlh izdkj ls vkap ij ugha j[kk tkrk vFkkZr~ bl iwoZrS;kjh ds nkSjku rki dk bu ij dksbZ izHkko ugha gksrkA vr% Hkkstu idkus esa ikSf"Vd rÙoksa ds laj{k.k ds rjhdksadks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS&

(1) Hkkstu idkus ls iwoZ-rS;kjh ds nkSjku ikSf"Vd rÙoksa dk laj{k.kA

(2) Hkkstu idkrs le; ikSf"Vd rÙoksa dk laj{k.kA

(1) Hkkstu idkus ls iwoZ-rS;kjh ds nkSjku ikSf"Vd rÙoksa dk laj{k.k &(Conservation of Nutrients lost before Cooking)

(i) lfCt;ksa dks Nhyus vkSj dkVus ls igys /kks ysaA ;fn lfCt;ksa dks Nhydj vkSj dkVdj /kks;k tk, rks bllsty esa ?kqyu'khy foVkfeu o [kfut yo.k Hkh ikuh esa fudy tkrs gSaA

(ii) lfCt;ksa dk fNydk ckjhd gh mrkjsaA vkyw] 'kdjdUn vkSj pqdUnj tSlh lfCt;ksa dks mckyus ds i'pkrgh NhysaA

(iii) Qy o lfCt;ksa dks t:jr ds le; gh dkVsa D;ksafd mUgsa dkVus ds ckn vf/kd nsj rd j[kus ls mudsok;q ds lEidZ esa vkus ls muesa mifLFkr dqN foVkfeUl vkDlhtu dh fØ;k }kjk u"V gks tkrs gSaA lkFkgh ;g Hkh t:jh gS fd dkVrs le; cM+s&cM+s VqdM+ksa esa gh dkVsa rkfd dVh gqbZ Qys ;k lCth dk dels de fgLlk ok;q ds lEidZ esa vk,A bl izdkj Hkh vkDlhdj.k }kjk gksus okys uqdlku ls cpk tk ldrkgSA

(iv) lw[ks [kk|-inkFkZ] tSls & pkoy] nky vkfn dks Hkh cgqr T;knk u /kks,a] ugha rks dqN ikSf"Vd rÙo ikuhesa fudy tkrs gSaA

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(v) blh izdkj ekal] eNyh vkfn dks Hkh cgqr vf/kd ugha /kksuk pkfg,A

(vi) tgka rd gks lds vuktksa dks ifjLrj ¼Åijh fNydksa½ lfgr bLrseky djsaA mnkgj.kr;k xsgwa dk vkVk pksdjlfgr iz;ksx djsa D;ksafd ;g vf/kd ikSf"Vd gksrk gSA

(vii)lykn esa [kV~Vs inkFkksZa ds iz;ksx ls mlds foVkfeu lh dh ek=kk dks cpk;k tk ldrk gSA tSls uhacw dkjl] VekVj] fljdk bR;kfnA

(2) Hkkstu idkrs le; ikSf"Vd rÙoksa dk laj{k.k(Conservation of nutrients lost during Cooking)

(i) tgka rd gks lds [kkuk Þizs'kj dqdjß esa cuk,a & blesa ikSf"Vd rÙo vR;f/kd ek=kk esa lqjf{kr jgrsgSa vkSj le; rFkk bZa/ku Hkh de yxrk gSA

(ii) [kk|-inkFkksZa dks mckyus ds fy, vko';drk ls vf/kd ikuh dk iz;ksx u djsaA ;fn dHkh ikuh cp tk,rks mls Qsaduk ugha pkfg,] vfirq fdlh vkSj O;atu dks cukus esa iz;ksx dj ysuk pkfg,A mnkgj.k dsrkSj ij pkoy mckyrs le; cpk gqvk ikuh nkyksa esa Mkyk tk ldrk gS vkSj ;fn lfCt;ka mckyus esaikuh vf/kd gks tk, rks mls lwi cukus esa ;k jlk vkfn cukus esa iz;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA

(iii) Hkkstu idkrs le; lksMs dk bLrseky ugha djuk pkfg,] D;ksafd blls Fkk;feu o foVkfeu *lh* u"V gkstkrs gSaA

(iv) lfCt;ksa dks idkrs le; de ls de nsj rd idk,aA blds fy, csgrj gS fd bUgsa [kkSyrs gq, ikuhesa Mkydj vkSj <Ddu yxk dj idk,aA

(v) fdlh Hkh [kk|-inkFkZ dks ryrs le; ?kh ;k rsy dk rkieku vko';drk ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,A

(vi) tgka rd gks lds] Hkkstu bruh gh ek=kk esa cuk,a ftruh vko';drk gks] rkfd cpk gqvk Hkkstu [kjkcu gksA ;fn dHkh idk gqvk Hkkstu cp tk, rks mls B.Ms LFkku ij] tSls fd fÝt esa j[ksa rkfd mldsikSf"Vd-rÙoksa dk de ls de uqdlku gksA

(vii) [kkuk ijkslus ls igys gh rS;kj djsa] rkfd ckj-ckj xje u djuk iM+sA ckj-ckj xje djus ls Hkh Hkkstuds ikSf"Vd rÙo dqN ek=kk esa u"V gks tkrs gSaA

(viii) nw/k dks lw;Z dh rst jks'kuh ls cpk,a] ugha rks blesa mifLFkr jkbZcks¶ysfou dh dkQh ek=kk u"V gks tkrhgSA

bl izdkj crkbZ xbZ lko/kkfu;ka cjrus ls Hkkstu idkrs le; gksus okys ikSf"Vd rÙoksa ds uqdlku dks dkQhgn rd de fd;k tk ldrk gSA u dsoy Hkkstu idkrs le; iksf"Vd-rÙoksa ds laj{k.k ls Hkkstu dh ikSf"Vdrkdks c<+k;k tk ldrk gS] vfirq [kk|-inkFkksZa esa mifLFkr ikSf"Vd-rRo dh ek=kk o miyfC/k dks Hkh vklku rjhdksals c<+k dj [kk|-O;atuksa dks vf/kd ikSf"Vd cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

;s rjhds gSa&

(1) vadqjhdj.k (Germination)

(2) [kehjhdj.k (Fermentation)

(3) QkjVhfQds'ku (Fortification)

buesa ls igyh nks fof/k;ka] ;kfu vadqjhdj.k vkSj [kehjhdj.k rks vklkuh ls ?kj ij gh dh tk ldrh gS] ijUrqQkWjVhfQds'ku dsoy vkS|ksfxd Lrj ij gh dh tk ldrh gSA

(1) vadqjhdj.k (Germination) & ;g ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS] ftlesa cht esa ls u;k ikS/kk fudyrk gSA bl izfØ;kls lkcqr vukt o nkyksa dk vadqjhdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds fy, lkcqr nkyksa dks /kksdj jkr Hkj fHkxksnsa rFkk blds i'pkr bUgsa xhys diM+s esa cka/k dj vadqfjr gksus ds fy, j[k nsaA bu ij chp-chp esa FkksM+k ikuhfNM+drs jgs rkfd ueh cuh jgsA djhc 24 ls 48 ?kaVs ds vanj blesa ls vk/kk bap yEck vadqj fudy vkrk gSAvadqfjr fd, gq, bu nkyksa o vuktksa dk iz;ksx ikSf"Vdrk dh nf"V ls vfr egÙoiw.kZ gSA

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vadqjhdj.k dk ikSf"Vdrk ij izHkko

(i) vadqjhdj.k dh izfØ;k ftlesa foVkfeu *lh* dk fuekZ.k gksus ds dkj.k bl foVkfeu dh ek=kk dks tkslk/kkj.kr;k nkyksa vkSj vuktksa esa u ds cjkcj gh gksrh gS] dbZ xq.kk c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA tSls 100 xzke lkcqrewax ¼ftl esa foVkfeu *lh* djhc ugaha ds cjkcj gksrh gS½ dks nks&rhu fnu rd vadqfjr djus ij blls gesa yxHkx60 - 60 fe-xzk- foVkfeu *lh* izkIr gks ldrh gSA

(ii) vadqfjr vuktksa o nkyksa esa *ch* xqV ds foVkfeUl Hkh c<+ tkrs gSaA

(iii) lk/kkj.kr;k nkyksa o vuktksa esa dqN ,sls inkFkZ Hkh gks gSa] tks buls izkIr gksus okyh ikSf"Vdrk esa ck/kdgksrs gSaA ;s inkFkZ gSa & QkbZVsV~l (Phytates)] VSfuUl (Tannins) vkSj VªhfIlu jks/kd (Trypsin Inhibitor) vkfnA igysnks inkFkZ rks yksgs vkSj dSfY'k;e ds vo'kks"k.k esa ck/kk Mkyrs gSa vkSj ÞVªhfIlu jks/kdÞ izksVhu ds vo'kks"k.k esa :dkoVMkyrs gSaA ;s lHkh inkFkZ vadqjhdj.k dh izfØ;k ls u"V gks tkrs gSa vkSj bl izdkj bu ikSf"Vd rÙoksa dhmiyfC/k c<+ tkrh gSA QkbZVsV~l vkSj VSfuUl ds u"V gksus vkSj foVkfeu *lh* dh ek=kk c<+ tkus ls [kk|-inkFkksZaesa mifLFkr yksgs dh miyfC/k vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrh gSA

(iv) vadqfjr nkyksa vkSj vuktksa dh ikpdrk Hkh dkQh gn rd c<+ tkrh gSA vDlj dqN yksxksa dks nkysa [kkusls xSl dh f'kdk;r gksrh gS] tcfd vadqfjr nkyksa ds iz;ksx ls mUgsa blls Hkh eqfDr fey tkrh gSA

(v) ikpu'khyrk dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd tfVy inkFkZ VwV tkrs gSa( tSls LVkpZ ,ekbysl esa ifjofrZrgks tkrh gSA

(vi) izksVhu o vehuksa vEy dh miyC/krk c<+ tkrh gSA

vadqfjr nkyksa dks ge vklkuh ls vius vkgkj esa lfEefyr dj ldrs gSaA bUgsa lykn ;k pkV ds :i dPpk[kk;k tk ldrk gS] ;k fQj ge budk iz;ksx vU; O;atu cukus esa dj ldrs gSa] tSls & iqyko] fVDdh] HkjokaijkaBs vkfnA

(2) [kehjhdj.k (Fermentation) & [kehjhdj.k fd, gq, [kk|-O;atu lalkj Hkj esa cgqr gh izpfyr gSaA Hkkjro"kZesa nf{k.kh fgLlksa esa vkerkSj ij [kk, tkus okys Mkslk] bMyh] mÙkie vkfn [kehjhdj.k ds i'pkr~ gh cuk, tkrsgSa ,sls gh McyjksVh] [kehjh jksVh] uku] <ksdyk vkfn Hkh nwljs [kehjhdj.k fd, [kk|-O;atu gSa tks lc yksx pkols [kkrs gSaA

[kehjhdj.k dh izfØ;k esa cSDVhfj;k dh fØ;k ls dkcksZt dk [k.Mu gks tkrk gSA bl fØ;k ds fy, vko';dcSDVhfj;k ;k rks [kk|-inkFkZ esa izkÑfrd :i ls gh gksrs gSa ;k fQj Åij ls Mkys tkrs gSa tSls [kehj (Yeast)

ds :i esaA dkcksZt ds [k.Mu dh fØ;k ds nkSjku dkcZu-MkbZ-vkDlkbM xSl Hkh mRiUu gksrh gS] ftlls [kehjdj.kfd;k gqvk [kk|-inkFkZ gYdk Hkh gks tkrk gSA bu inkFkksZa esa ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk [kV~Vk Lokn Hkh gksrk gSA

[kehjhdj.k dk ikSf"Vdrk ij izHkko

(i) [kehjhdj.k fd, gq, [kk|-inkFkksZa esa *ch* xqV dh foVkfeUl dh ek=kk dkQh c<+ tkrh gS] fo'ks"kdj Fkk;feu]jkbcks¶ysfou vkSj uk;flu dhA

(ii) blls *QkbVsV~l* vkSj fVªiflu *jks/kd* Hkh u"V gks tkrs gSa( vkSj bl izdkj yksgs] dSfY'k;e vkSj izksVhu dhmiyfC/k c<+ tkrh gSA

(iii) [kehjhÑr [kk|-O;atu gYdk vkSj lqikP; gksrk gSA D;ksafd [kehjhdj.k ls v?kqyu'khy rÙo VwV tkrs gSavkSj ?kqyu'khy gks tkrs gSa rFkk 'kjhj esa vo'kks"k.k ds fy, miyC/k jgrs gSaA

(iv) Hkkstu dk Lo:i LoPN vkSj vPNk gks tkrk gSA

(v) izksVhu dh xq.koÙkk c<+ tkrh gS D;ksafd dqN vehuksa vEy ?kqyu'khy voLFkk esa vk tkrs gSaA

(vi) dqN [kk|-inkFkZ [kehjhdj.k ds ckn vf/kd le; rd [kjkc ugha gksrs tSls nw/k ls ngh cukus esaA

bl izdkj vadqjhdj.k vkSj [kehjhdj.k fd, x, [kk|-O;atu ikSf"Vdrk dh nf"V ls cgqr gh vPNs gksrs gSa vkSjvklkuh ls ?kj ij gh cuk, tk ldrs gSaA

46

(3) QkWjVhfQds'ku (Fortification) & QkjVhfQds'ku dk vFkZ gS] [kk|-inkFkksZa esa ,sls ikSf"Vd rÙoksa dk feJ.kgks tks muesa lhfer ek=kk esa gksA tSls vuktksa esa ykbZflu dh deh ds dkj.k dbZ ckj McyjksVh vkfn cukrs le;vkVs esa ykbZflu feykbZ tkrh gS] rkfd mldh izksVhu dh mi;ksfxrk dks c<+k;k tk ldsA blh izdkj ued esa vk;ksMhufeykbZ tkrh gS] vkSj ouLifr ?kh esa foVkfeu *,* vkSj foVkfeu *Mh* feyk;k tkrk gSA tSlk fd mijksDr mnkgj.kksals irk py jgk gS fd QkjVhfQds'ku ,sls [kk|-inkFkksZa esa gh dh tkrh gS tks fd vkerkSj ij [kk, tkrs gSa vkSjbl izdkj ls vke turk ds Hkkstu dh ikSf"Vdrk c<+kbZ tk ldrh gSA

bl izdkj bu izfØ;kvksa }kjk ge [kk|-inkFkksZa dh ikSf"Vdrk dks vklkuh ls c<+k ldrs gSaA QkjVhfQds'ku rksvkS|ksfxd Lrj ij gh dh tk ldrh gS] ijUrq [kehjhdj.k vkSj vadqjhdj.k dh izfØ;k,a vklkuh ls ?kj ij dhtk ldrh gSaA bl izdkj cuk;k gqvk Hkkstu u dsoy ikSf"Vdrk ;qDr gS] vfirq vf/kd Lokfn"V vkSj :fpiw.kZ HkhgksxkA

ikB 13

ihus ds fy, lqjf{kr ikuh dk forj.k(Safe Drinking Water Supply)

thou ds fy, ikuh cgqr gh vko';d gS] D;ksafd gekjs 'kjhj dk djhc 60 - 70% Hkkx] ikuh ls gh cuk gSAvko';d ;g Hkh gS] fd ikuh lqjf{kr gksA gekjs ns'k o vU; vfodflr ns'kksa esa turk dk LokLF; [kjkc gksuk]ikuh dh LoPNrk esa deh gksus ds dkj.k gh gksrk gSA 1975 esa *fo'o LokLF; laxBu* (W.H.O.) }kjk fd, x, losZ{k.kls bl rF; dk irk yxk gS fd Hkkjro"kZ esa 'kgjksa esa jgus okys yksxksa esa ls rks djhc 70% dks lkQ ikuh feytkrk gS] tcfd xkaoksa esa jgus okys yksxksa esa ls flQZ 18% dks gh lkQ ikuh fey ikrk gSA

lkQ o lqjf{kr ikuh ds fcuk fdlh Hkh leqnk; ds yksxksa dk LokLF; vPNk ugha jg ldrkA ;g ns[kk x;kgS fd] ikuh dh LoPNrk csgrj gksus ls chekfj;ksa dh nj de gks tkrh gSA losZ{k.k }kjk ;g ik;k x;k gS fd mÙkjizns'k esa ikuh dh LoPNrk c<+us ls gSts ls gksus okyh eR;q nj esa 63% isfp'k ls gksus okyh eR;q nj esa 23.1%

vkSj vfrlkj ls gksus okyh eR;qnj esa 42.7% dh deh vkbZA vr% ;g /kkj.k xyr ugha gksxh fd turk dk LokLF;csgrj cukus ds fy, ikuh dk LoPN miyC/k djkuk gh lcls vPNk rjhdk gSA

lqjf{kr ikuh D;k gS\

vc iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd ge *lqjf{kr ikuh* fdls dg ldrs gSa\ *lqjf{kr ikuh* og gS] ftldks yEcs le;rd xzg.k djus ij Hkh miHkksDrk dks dksbZ gkfu u gksA dbZ ckj ikuh lqjf{kr gksrs gq, Hkh mlesa dqN vuSfPNdLokn ;k xU/k gks ldrh gS] ftlds dkj.k gks ldrk gS fd miHkksDrk nwljs lzksrksa dh vksj tkus yxs] tks fd delqjf{kr gksaA vr% ihus dk ikuh dsoy lqjf{kr gksuk gh dkQh ugha gS vfirq] mldk Lokn vkfn Hkh lgh gksuk pkfg,Abl izdkj ds ikuh dks ge *ekU;* dg ldrs gSaA vr% ÞekU;Þ ikuh dks ge fuEufyf[kr ifjHkk"kk ns ldrs gSa &

(i) mlesa dksbZ Hkh gkfudkjd thok.kq u gksaA

(ii) mlesa dksbZ Hkh gkfudkjd jklk;fud rÙo u gksa] mnkgj.k ftad] lhlk bR;kfnA

(iii) mldk Lokn vPNk gksA

(iv) mls ?kjsyw dkeksa ds fy, vklkuh ls iz;ksx esa yk;k tk ldsA

blds foijhr ;fn ikuh esa dksbZ gkfudkjd thok.kq] dhM+s] fo"kSys jklk;kfud inkFkZ] vkS|ksfxd&dkj[kkuksa ;k vU;LFkkuksa dk xUnk ikuh ;k ey-ew=k vkfn feyk gqvk gks] rks mls ge Þv'kq)Þ ;k ÞgkfudkjdÞ ikuh dg ldrs gSaA

ty dk ?kjsyw 'kqf)dj.k (Domestic Purification of Water)

ikuh ds 'kqf)dj.k ds fy, fuEu rhu fof/k;ksa dks vyx-vyx ;k feykdj iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS(

¼v½ mckyuk (Boiling)

¼c½ jlk;fud thok.kquk'kdksa }kjk (Chemical Disinfectants)

¼l½ Nkuuk (Filtration)

¼v½ mckyuk (Boiling) : ;g ty dks 'kq) djus dk dkQh vPNk] ?kjsyw rjhdk gS] ysfdu blesa ikuh 5 - 10

feuV yxkrkj [kksyuk pkfg,A mckyus ls ty esa mifLFkr lHkh izdkj ds thok.kq rFkk muds vaMs vkfn u"V gkstkrs gSa rFkk ty dhVk.kqjfgr gks tkrk gSA mckyus ij ty ls dkcZuMkbvkWDlkbM vkfn xSl fudy tkrh gS rFkkdSfY'k;e dkcksZusV uhps cSB tkrk gSA blls ty dh dBksjrk tkrh jgrh gS] ijUrq mcys gq, ty dk Lokn cnytkrk gS]tks gkfudkjd ugha gksrkA bldh gkfu ;gh gS] fd blesa thok.kq iqu% izos'k ik ldrs gSaA ikuh dks mlhcrZu esa mckysa] ftlesa] mls laxzg djuk gks] rkfd mls laxzg ds le; thok.kqvksa ls nwf"kr gksus ls cpk;k tk ldsA

¼c½ jklk;fud fØ;kvksa }kjk 'kqf)dj.k (Chemical Disinfectants)

(i) Cyhfpax ikmMj (Bleaching Powder) : ;g ,d lQsn jax dk ikmMj gksrk gS] tks Dyksjhu xSl dks pwus dslkFk feyk nsus ls curk gSA rkts Cyhfpax ikmMj esa de ls de 33% i;kZIr Dyksjhu xSl ikbZ tkrh gSA ;g ,d

48

vfLFkj jklk;fud inkFkZ gSA vr% jks'kuh] gok rFkk ueh ds lEidZ esa blesa ls Dyksjhu xSl fudy tkrh gSA vr%mls BaMs] lw[ks rFkk va/ksjs LFkku ij j[ksaA bls ,sls crZu esa j[ksa ftlesa vklkuh ls tax (Corrosion) u yxsA ikuhdks Dyksjhu;qDr djus dk eq[; fl)kUr ;g gS] fd ,d ?kaVs ds jklk;fud inkFkZ ds lEidZ ls mlesa 0.5 fe-xzk-Dyksjhu vk tk,A vf/kd xanys ikuh dk Dyksfju }kjk 'kqf)dj.k ugha fd;k tk ldrkA rkfydk 1 esa ikuh dks thok.kqjfgrdjus ds fy, fdrus ikuh esa fdrus Cyhfpax ikmMj dh vko';drk gksrh gS] fn;k gSA

(ii) Dyksjhu dk ?kksy (Chlorine Solution) : bldks cukus ds fy, 4 fdyks-xzk- Cyhfpax ikmMj ¼ftlesa 25% Dyksjhufeyh gks½ dks 20 yhVj ikuh esa feyk;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ls rS;kj fd, x, feJ.k esa 5% Dyksjhu gksrh gSAcktkj esa fofHkUu lkeF;Z (Strength) ds Dyksjhu ds ?kksy miyC/k gksrs gSa bl feJ.k dk j[kus ij rFkk jks'kuh dslEidZ ls] xSlsa fudy tkrh gSaA vr% bls B.Ms] lw[ks rFkk can crZu esa va/ksjs esa j[kuk pkfg,A

(iii) gkbZ VSLV gkbZiksDyksjkbV (High Test Hypochlorite) : ;g pwus ls cuk ,d feJ.k gksrk gS] ftlesa 60 -

70% Dyksjhu ikbZ tkrh gS ;g vf/kd fLFkj gksrk gS] vr% laxzg djus ij [kjkc ugha gksrkA gkbZiksDyksjkbV ls cus?kksy ds ikuh dks thok.kqjfgr djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA rkfydk 1 esa ikuh dks thok.kqjfgr djusds fy, fdrus ikuh esa fdruh gkbZiksDyksjkbV feykbZ tk,] fn;k gSA

rkfydk - 1

ihus ds ikuh dks dhVk.kq jfgr djus ds fy, jklk;fud inkFkksZa dh ek=kk

ikuh Cyhfpax ikmMj vf/kd lkeF;Z rjy CyhpdSfY'k;e gkbZiksDyksjkbV (5%) lksfM;e gkbiksDyksjkbV

(70%) ¼xzk-½ ¼fe-fy-½

1 2.3 1 14

1.2 3 1.2 17

1.5 3.5 1.5 21

2.0 5 2 28

2.5 6 2.5 35

3 6 3 42

4 9 4 56

5 12 5 70

6 14 6 84

7 16 7 98

8 19 8 110

10 23 10 140

20 50 20 280

30 70 30 420

40 90 40 560

50 120 50 700

60 140 60 840

70 160 70 980

80 190 80 1100

100 230 100 1400

200 470 200 2800

250 580 250 3500

300 700 300 4200

400 940 400 5600

500 1170 500 7000

49

vuqekfur ek=kk - 0.7 fe-xzk- eqDr Dyksjhu izfr fyVj ikuh esa(Source : Social & Preventive Medicine by Park & Park)

(iv) Dyksjhu ;qDr fVfd;k (Chlorine Tablets) : cktkj esa fofHkUu ukeksa ls csph tkrh gSA ;s fVfd;k FkksM+s ikuhds 'kqf)dj.k ds fy, cgqr vPNh gSA ysfdu ;g egaxh gksrh gSaA

National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur us ,d izdkj dh fVfd;k fudkyh gS tks fdcktkj esa fofHkUu lkeF;Z esa feyrh gS] vkSj ;g gksykstu fVfd;k ls 15 xq.kk csgrj gksrh gSA ,d 0.5 xzk- dh fVfd;k20 yhVj ikuh dks thok.kq jfgr djus ds fy, i;kZIr gksrh gSA

dsr;kfou fQYVjfp=k 1

(v) vk;ksMhu }kjk % 2% bFkuhy vk;ksMkbZM ds feJ.k dh nks cwans 20 - 30 feuV esa 1 yhVj ikuh dks thok.kqjfgr dj nsrh gSaA bldh eq[; rkSj ij ;gh gkfu gS( fd bldh ykxr vf/kd gS vkSj ;s 'kkjhfjd :i ls lfØ;(Thyroid activity) gksrh gSaA

(vi) iksVsf'k;e ijesaxusV (Potassium Permengnate) : ikuh dks dhVk.kqjfgr djus ds fy, fdlh le; bldkcgqr iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA ijUrq vc bldk bruk vf/kd mi;ksx ugha fd;k tkrkA blds eq[; dkj.k gSa¼v½ vkDlhdj.k ds fy, cgqr izHkko'kkyh gS ijUrq thok.kquk'kd ugha gSA ¼c½ ;g ikuh dk jax] xa/k o Lokn cnynsrh gSA

¼l½ Nkuuk (Filtration) : vktdy ?kjksa esa ty dks 'kq) djus ds fy, dqN ;U=kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSAblesa ls iS'p;ksj psEcjysu fQYVj] cdZQhYM fQYVj rFkk *dRkkfn;u* (Katadyn) fQYVj eq[; gSaA bl fQYVj dkeq[; vax ,d cÙkh gksrh gS] tks fd psEcjysu fQYVj esa ikslZyhu feV~Vh dh] cdZQhYM fQYVj esa bu¶;wlksfj;y(Infusiorial) feV~Vh dh cuh gksrh gSA *drkfn;u* fQYVj esa fQYVj dh lrg ij pkanh ds mRizsjd dh ijr p<+kbZtkrh gS] rkfd tks thok.kq blds lEidZ esa vk, os pkanh ds vk;u dh fØ;k ls u"V gks tkrs gSa vkSj fQYVj dhcfÙk;ka cSDVhfj;k dks fudkyus esa enn djrh gSa ysfdu ok;jl dks de ugha djrhaA bu cfÙk;ksa esa cSDVhfj;k #dtkrs gSaA vr% bUgsa le;&le; ij ¼g¶rs esa de ls de ,d ckj½ l[r czq'k ls jxM+dj [kqys ikuh esa lkQ djsarFkk mckysaA vr% ikuh ds 'kqf)dj.k ds fy, ;s fQYVj dkQh vPNs gSa] ysfdu gekjs ns'k ds fy, ;g cgqr mi;ksxhugha gSA

ikB 14

vkgkj laj{k.k(Food Preservation)

vusd [kk| inkFkZ] tSls Qy o"kZ esa ,d ckj gksrs gSaA T;knkrj Qlysa o"kZ esa ,d ckj yxkbZ tkrh gSaA vr%;s lHkh [kk| inkFkZ ,d fo'ks"k ekSle esa izpqj ek=kk esa miyC/k gksrs gSa] tcfd vU; ekSle esa ;s miyC/k ugha gksrsAekuo tkfr us fofHkUu [kk|-inkFkksZa dks iwjs o"kZ miyC/k djkus ds rjhds [kkst fudkys gSaA bu lHkh fof/k;ksa vkSjrjhdksa dk ewy fl)kar ,d gh gS & [kk| inkFkksZa dks lM+us ls cpkuk] ftlls os yEcs le; rd iz;ksx esa yk,tk ldsaA

vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd [kk| laj{k.k ,d foKku gS] ftlesa vyx-vyx fof/k;ksa o rduhfd;ksa dk iz;ksxdjds Hkkstu dks lM+us ls cpk;k tk ldrk gSA Hkkstu dks ,d fnu] nks fnu ;k iwjk o"kZ ljaf{kr j[k ldrs gSavkSj ;g fuHkZj djrk gS Hkkstu lajf{kr j[kus dh fof/k ijA

Hkkstu dk lM+uk (Spoilage of Food)

gekjs efLr"d esa lcls igys iz'u vkrk gS fd Hkkstu lM+rk D;ksa gS\ ,sls vusd dkj.k ftlls Hkkstu lM+rkgSA budk fooj.k uhps fn;k gSA

(1) fd.ou dh izfØ;k (Action of Enzymes) : [kk| inkFkZ esa gh miyC/k fd.ou Hkkstu esa dqN okafNr vkSjdqN vokaf/kr ifjorZu ykrs gSaA VekVj dk jax gjs ls yky gksuk] Qy dk iduk] Qy esa feBkl vkuk bR;kfn dqNokafNr ifjorZuksa ds mnkgj.k gSaA ijUrq fd.ou dh ;g izfØ;k Qy ds idus ds ckn Hkh pyrh jgrh gS] ftllsQy vf/kd id tkrk gS vkSj lM+ tkrk gSA Hkkstu esa miyC/k vf/kdrj bUtkbe 10° - 60°c esa lfØ; gksrs gSa vkSj80°c ds Åij u"V gks tkrs gSaA

(2) lw{e thok.kqvksa dh izfØ;k (Action of Micro-organisms) : lw{e thok.kq tSls cSDVhfj;k] QQwan o [kehjdh izfØ;k ls Hkkstu esa okafNr o vokafNr] nksuksa rjg ds ifjorZu gksrs gSaA iko jksVh dks cukus ds fy, vkVs dk[kehjhdj.k] nw/k ls ngh dk cukuk bR;kfn okafNr ifjorZuksa ds dqN mnkgj.k gSaA [kk|&inkFkZ esa ekStwn 'kdZjk dk,Ydksgy esa ifjorZu ls [kk| inkFkZ lM+ tkrk gS rFkk ;g vokaNuh; ifjorZu dk mnkgj.k gSA ;s lw{ethoh cgqrlw{e gksrs gSa vkSj uaxh vka[kksa ls ugha ns[ks tk ldrsA lw{ethfo;ksa dh izfrfØ;k ds fy, vuqdwy rkieku 25° -

40°c gS rFkk ;s ueh feyus ij vkSj vf/kd c<+rs gSaA rkieku esa ifjorZu djus ls lw{ethfo;ksa dh c<+ksÙkjh vkSjizfØ;k nksuksa ij vlj c<+rk gSA blh rjg Hkkstu esa ueh dh ek=kk dks de djus@[kRe djus ls bUtkbe o lw{ethfo;ksadh izfØ;k dks de djrs gSa ;k iwjh rjg jksd ldrs gSaA ;s lw{ethoh Hkkstu esa gkfudkd VkWfDlu NksM+rs gSaA lw{ethfo;ksa}kjk Hkkstu dk laØe.k jksduk dfBu gS D;ksafd gok o feV~Vh bu lw{ethfo;ksa ls Hkjh gSA

vkgkj laj{k.k ds fl)kar (Principles of Food Preservation) %

(1) lw{e thoh dks nwj j[kuk (Principle of Asepsis) : tgka rd laHko gks lw{ethok.kq dk Hkkstu esa izos'k jksdukpkfg,A ued] phuh] rsy] fljdk dk vkgkj laj{kd ds :i esa bLrseky] fMCckcan [kk| inkFkksZa esa ukbVªkstu xSldk ek/;e ds :i essa iz;ksx bl fl)kar ds iz;ksx ds dqN mnkgj.k gSaA

(2) ueh dks gVkuk (Removal of Moisture) : lw{ethfo;ksa vkSj ,Ut+kbe dks c<+ksÙkjh vkSj izfØ;k ds fy, ueh dhvko';drk gksrh gSA ueh dh ek=kk dks dkQh gn rd de djus ls lw{ethfo;ksa dh c<+ksÙkjh o ,Ut+kbe dh izfØ;kdks cgqr de dj ldrs gSa ;k [kRe dj ldrs gSaA bl fl)kar dks iz;ksx esa ykus okyh fof/k gS & lfCt;ksa] Qyksa]nw/k] vukt] nkyksa bR;kfn dks lq[kkukA

(3) lw{e thok.kqvksa dks ekjuk rFkk ,Ut+kbe dks [kRe djuk (Killing of Micro-organism and Destruction of

Enzymes) : lw{e thok.kqvksa o bUt+kbe dks [kRe djds Hkh Hkkstu dks lajf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl fl)kar dksiz;ksx esa ykus okyh fof/k;ka gSa & mckyuk] ik'pqjhdj.k vkfnA

(4) lw{e thfo;ksa dh of) o ,Ut+kbe dh izfØ;k dks jksduk (Retarding the growth of microorganisms and activity

of enzymes) : lw{ethfo;ksa dh of) dks de rki 1° - 6°C ls de dj ldrs gSa rFkk Ýhftax rkieku 0°C ls uhps

51

ij jksd ldrs gSaA bl fl)kar dks iz;ksx esa ykus okyh fof/k;ka gSa & jsÝht+js'ku] Ýhftax] [kk| laj{kd dk iz;ksxtSls ued] fljdk] phuh o jklk;fud laj{kdA

vkgkj laj{k.k ds ykHk (Advantages of Preservation)

(1) miyC/krk & vkgkj laj{k.k ls [kk|-inkFkZ iwjk o"kZ miyC/k jgrs gSaA

(2) lLrk vkgkj & ftl ekSle esa [kk|-inkFkZ izpqj ek=kk esa miyC/k jgrk gS] og lLrk iM+rk gSA ml le; mlslajf{kr j[kus ls vU; ekSle esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] tc cktkj esa og egaxk gksrk gSA

(3) Hkkstu esa fofHkUurk & Hkkstu lajf{kr j[kus ls vkgkj esa fofHkUurk vkrh gSA tSls vpkj] pVuh] ikiM+ o 'kcZrdk mi;ksxA

(4) izkÑfrd foinkvksa ds le; & izkÑfrd foink ds le; fMCckcUn [kk|-inkFkZ o lw[ks [kk| inkFkksZa dks ys tkuk]o forj.k djuk vklku gksrk gSA

(5) ys tkus esa lqfo/kk & Qly ds le; lajf{kr [kk| inkFkksZa dks ys tkuk vklku gksrk gSA tSls vpkj] pVuh]lw[ks [kk|-inkFkZ] fMCckcUn [kk| inkFkZ bR;kfnA

vkgkj laj{k.k dh fof/k;ka

(Methods of Food Preservation)

(1) vf/kd rki }kjk vkgkj laj{k.k (Food Preservation by Heat)

rki }kjk thok.kqvksa dk u"V gksuk fuHkZj djrk gS] rki dh rhozrk o rki ds le; ijA T;knkrj thok.kq 60°

ls0 ls vf/kd rki ij u"V gks tkrs gSaA

v½ ik'pqjhdj.k (Pasteurization) : lHkh [kk| inkFkksZa esa nw/k lcls tYnh [kjkc gksus okyk [kk| inkFkZ gSAnw/k dk ik'pqjhdj.k djus ls nw/k esa gkfudkjd thok.kq u"V gks tkrs gSaA ik'pqjhÑr nw/k dks jsÝhtjsVj esa j[kusls fcuk mckys bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA ik'pqjhdj.k ls nw/k es Lo:i o [kq'kcw esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrkAik'pqjhdj.k fuEu nks fof/k;ksa }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(i) de rki dh fof/k (Holding Method) bl fof/k esa nw/k dks 62° ls0 (143° Qs0) rd xeZ djds nw/k dks 15

lsd.M rd blh rkieku ij j[kk tkrk gSA

(ii) vf/kd rki dh fof/k (High Temperature Method) & bl fof/k esa nw/k dks 71° ls0 (160° Qs0) rd xeZ djdsnw/k dks 15 lsds.M rd blh rkieku ij j[kk tkrk gSA

c½ mckyuk (Boiling) : mckyus dh izfØ;k ls yxHkx lHkh thok.kq u"V gks tkrs gSaA ?kj ij ikuh dks 5 feuVmckyus ij (100° ls0) ikuh lqjf{kr gks tkrk gSA mckyus ls thok.kq rks u"V gks tkrs gSa] ijUrq Liksjl o thok.kq}kjk mRiUu fo"kk.kq u"V ugha gksrsA mckyrs le; ;fn izs'kj dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk, rks DyksLVªhfM;e ls LiksjlHkh u"V gks tkrs gSaA

l½ fMCckcan (Canning) : ftl [kk| inkFkZ dks fMCckcan fof/k }kjk lajf{kr fd;k tkrk gS] mldh xq.koÙkk vPNhgksuh pkfg,A [kk| inkFkZ dk p;u djds] mls CykUp fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fdlh ek/;e esa tSls uedhu] flji;k vEyh; ek/;e esa j[kk tkrk gSA ;g ek/;e thok.kq dks vUnj izos'k djus ls jksdrs gSaA ftl cksry ;kfMCcs esa lajf{kr [kk|-inkFkZ j[kk tkrk gS mls Hkh thok.kqjfgr fd;k tkrk gSA

bl fof/k }kjk [kk|-inkFkZ lajf{kr djrs le; ;g vko';d gS fd cksry] fMCck] <Ddu] midj.k ¼tSls idM+]cksMZ bR;kfn½ igys ls gh thok.kq jfgr (Sterlized) gksaA lkWl o ÝwV twl tSls [kk|-inkFkksZa dks ftu cksryksa esa lajf{krfd;k tkrk gS] mUgsa mcyrs ikuh esa rc rd j[kuk pkfg,] tc rd mudk iz;ksx u djsaA

tSe vkSj vpkj tSls [kk|-inkFkksZa ds fy, cksry dks xeZ ikuh o lkcqu ls lkQ dj /kwi esa cgqr vf/kd xeZgksus rd j[kuk pkfg,A tSe ;k vpkj dks bu cksryksa esa rS;kj gksrs gh Mky nsuk pkfg,A vius gkFk Hkh ges'kkthok.kqjfgr j[kus pkfg,A cksry bR;kfn ds fdukjs dks lkQ djus ds fy, bLrseky diM+k Hkh lkQ gksuk pkfg,Abl izdkj dh lko/kkfu;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,] Hkkstu dks lM+us ls cpk;k tk ldrk gSA

52

(2) de rki }kjk vkgkj laj{k.k (Preservation at Cold Temperature)

v½ jsÝhtjs'ku (Refrigeration) : jsÝhtjs'ku bl fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gS fd de rki ij thok.kq o ,Ut+kbe dhizfØ;k :d tkrh gS ;k mldh xfr cgqr /kheh gks tkrh gSA bl izdkj tYn lM+us okys [kk|-inkFkZ tSls nw/k]iuhj] lfCt;ka o Qy dks vf/kd le; rd jsÝhtjsVj esa j[k ldrs gSaA

jsÝhtjsVj dk rkieku fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS tks 6°c ;k blls uhps gksrk gSA ;fn [kk| inkFkZ dks [kqyk j[ksa]de rkieku ds dkj.k [kk| inkFkZ esa ekStwn ueh cQZ dh rg ds :i esa lrg ij vk tkrh gSA vr% Hkkstu ges'kk<ddj j[kuk pkfg,A <ddj j[kus ls Hkkstu jsÝhtjsVj esa j[ks vU; [kk| inkFkZ dh [kq'kcw Hkh xzg.k ugha djrk]mnkgj.k ds fy, [kqys nw/k o ikuh esa *Qy dh* [kq'kcw vk ldrh gSA Qy o lCth tSls iÙkk xksHkh dks v[kckjesa yisV dj j[kus ls mUgsa yEcs le; rd rktk j[kk tk ldrk gSA xeZ [kk| inkFkksZa dks B.Mk djds gh jsÝhtjsVjesa j[kuk pkfg,A Åij ds 'ksYol esa rkieku ds uhps ds 'ksYol esa tYn [kjkc gksus okys [kk| inkFkZ j[kus pkfg,]tSls&nw/kA

O;kolkf;d dksYM LVksjst dh lgk;rk ls dbZ [kk| inkFkksZa dks yEcs le; rd j[kk tkrk gS vkSj ;s iwjs lkyns'k dks Hkkafr-Hkkafr ds [kk| inkFkZ ekSle-fcu ekSle miyC/k djkrs gSaA blh rjg ls xg.kh ds cktkj ds pDdjdks cpkrk gSA

c½ Ýhft+x (Freezing) : dgrs gSa tYn Ýht ¼rkieku 0°F½ okyh rduhd esa thok.kq dh c<+ksÙkjh o ,Ut+kbe dhizfØ;k fcYdqy :d tkrh gSA tes gq, [kk| inkFkksZa esa thok.kq o ,Ut+kbe fuf"Ø; voLFkk (dormant stage) esa iM+sjgrs gSaA vr% ;g vko';d gks tkrk gS fd tc rd [kk| inkFkZ dks iz;ksx esa u ykuk gks] mls Ýht+j ls ckgjugah fudkyuk pkfg,A tSls gh Ýht+j ls Hkkstu dks ckgj fudkyrs gSa] og xeZ gksuk 'kq: gks tkrk gS vkSj thok.kqdh c<+ksÙkjh o ,Utkbe dh izfØ;k vkjEHk gks tkrh gSA ,d ckj Ýht fd;k gqvk [kk| inkFkZ] ;fn dejs ds rkiekuij ys vk, gksa rks nksckjk Ýht+ ugha djuk pkfg,A

(3) lq[kkdj vkgkj laj{k.k (Dehydration) : [kk|-inkFkZ dh ikSf"Vd xq.koÙkk dks de fd, fcuk Hkkstu dh ueh dks[kRe djus dh izfØ;k dks lq[kkuk (Dehydration) dgrs gSaA ;g ,d cgqr gh iqjkuh fof/k gSA lfn;ksa ls fo'o esaQyksa] lfCt;ksa] eNyh bR;kfn dks lq[kkdj j[kus dk pyu FkkA /kwi esa j[kdj [kk| inkFkZ dh ueh cgar de gkstkrh gSA ftlls cSDVhfj;k o QQwanh dh c<+ksÙkjh :d tkrh gSA Qy tSls dPp vke] fd'kfe'k] vkoWyk] [kqekuh]gj iÙks] elkys] dPph nkysa bR;kfn dks bl fof/k }kjk lajf{kr j[kk tkrk gSA

dHkh-dHkh [kk| inkFkksZa dks gYdk lk idk dj ;k cYkUp djds Hkh lq[kk;k tkrk gSA ;s [kk|-inkFkZ gSa ikiM+]dUnewy] cSxu] djsyk bR;kfnA ehV o eNyh esa ued Mkyk tkrk gS] ftlls ueh dks ckgj fudkyus esa enn feysAO;kolkf;d rkSj ij lq[kk, gq, [kk| inkFkksZa esa 4 ls 5 izfr'kr ls vf/kd ueh ugha gksrhA lw[ks gq, [kk| inkFkZgYds gksrs gSa] de txg ?ksjrs gSa o vklkuh ls mUgsa LFkkukarfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

tekdj lq[kkus (freeze Drying) dh izdkj esa Hkkstu dks fcuk ok;q esa o ukbVªkstu dh mifLFkfr esa lq[kk;k tkrkgSA

(4) laj{kd inkFkksZa ds iz;ksx }kjk vkgkj laj{k.k (Food Preservation by the use of preservatives) : jklk;fud inkFkksZads vfrfjDr ?kjsyw ued] phuh] uhacw] fljdk] rsy] elkys bR;kfn laj{kd ds :i esa bLrseky fd, tkrs gSaA

tSe] tSyh o eqjCcs esa vf/kd lkanzrk esa phuh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA phuh dh ekStwnxh ds dkj.k thok.kqvksa dksueh ugha feyrh vkSj Hkkstu lM+us ls cp tkrk gSA ;fn ,sls [kk| inkFkZ dks <ax ls thok.kqjfgr (Sterlize) u fd;kx;k gks] rks lrg ij QQwanh vk ldrh gSA

vpkj bR;kfn esa ued dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA vkaoyk] [kV~Vs Qy] vke o lfCt;ksa dks lajf{kr j[kus esa ued dsxk<+s ?kksy dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA bl izdkj thok.kqvksa dks viuh c<+ksÙkjh ds fy, ueh ugha feyrh] D;ksafd cSDVhfj;kds vUnj ued dh lkanzrk ls ckgj ds ?kksy esa ued dh lkanzrk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gS vkSj cSDVhfj;k ls gh ikuhckgj fudy tkrk gSA vke bR;kfn dks tc ued ds ?kksy esa j[kk tkrk gS] rc os Hkh fldqM+ tkrs gSaA

;fn lajf{kr [kk|&inkFkZ dk ek/;e vEyh; gks] rc vf/kdrj thok.kq thfor ugha jgrsA vkpkjh lfCt;ka] VekVjdh pVuh bR;kfn lHkh inkFkksZa esa fljdk Mkydj Hkkstu dk ek/;e vEyh; cuk;k tkrk gSA

53

vpkj bR;kfn esa rsy dk iz;ksx Hkh gksrk gSA ;fn Hkkstu ds Åij rsy dh lrg gks rks ok;q ls thok.kq vkgkjds lEidZ esa ugha vkrs vkSj mUgsa lajf{kr j[kk tk ldrk gSA dqN lkcqr Qyksa tSls uhacw ij rsy dh ijr p<+kbZtkrh gS ftlls uhacw dks yEcs le; rd rktk+ j[k ldsaA

jklk;fud laj{kd inkFkZ & lksfM;e cSut+ksLV] lYQj MkbZvkDlkbM tSls jklk;fud inkFkZ&lko/kkuh ls iz;ksxesa ykus pkfg,A D;ksafd ;fn vkgkj esa budh ek=kk 0.1% ls vf/kd gks] rks og 'kjhj ds fy, gkfudkjd gksrh gSAlYQj MkbZvkWDlkbM Qyksa dks lq[kkrs le; dkykiu de djus ds fy, iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA

54

ch-,- izksxzke izFke o"kZ v/;;u lkexzh 2

Nk=k&mÙkj&i=k 1 LokLF; vkSj iks"k.k foKku

vuqØekad -----------------

iz'u&i=k iwjk gks tkus ij fuEufyf[kr irs ijykSVk nsaAeqDr f'k{kk fo|ky;

fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;]5, dsosyjh ysu]fnYyh - 110 007

f'k{kk&l=k 2007 - 2008

1. *LokLF;* dh ladYiuk ds fo"k; esa vius fopkj fyf[k,A

2. 1 ls 5 o"kZ ds cPpksa ds 'kkjhfjd fodkl vkSj iks"k.k Lrj dk fu/kkZj.k fdl izdkj fd;k tkrk gS\

3. O;fDr ds LokLF; dks izHkkfor djus okys laHko ?kVd D;k gSa\

izkIrkad ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

izk/;kid ds gLrk{kj -----------------------------------------------------------------

uke ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

irk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fiu dksM ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

55

ch-,- izksxzke izFke o"kZ v/;;u lkexzh 2

Nk=k&mÙkj&i=k 2 LokLF; vkSj iks"k.k foKku

vuqØekad -----------------

iz'u&i=k iwjk gks tkus ij fuEufyf[kr irs ijykSVk nsaAeqDr f'k{kk fo|ky;

fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;]5, dsosyjh ysu]fnYyh - 110 007

f'k{kk&l=k 2007 - 2008

1. fuEu 'kCnksa dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k, &

vkgkj] iks"k.k vkSj vk/kkjh p;kip; nj

2. Þvkgkj 'kjhj dks dsoy ÅtkZ gh iznku ugah djrk] cfYd vU; 'kkjhfjd fØ;k,a Hkh lEiUu djrk gSAß bl dFkudks lksnkgj.k le>kb,A

3. dqy ÅtkZ vko';drk dks izHkkfor djus okys ?kVd rÙoksa dks la{ksi esa foospu dhft,A

4. fdUgha pkj ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k, &

¼v½ 50 xzke olk ls izkIr dSyksjh dh x.kuk dhft,

¼vk½ izksVhu ds lzksr

¼b½ dkcksZgkbMªsV ¼dkcksZt½ ds lzksr

¼bZ½ vfuok;Z olk vEy

¼m½ olk ds dk;Z

¼Å½ dkcksZgkbMªsV ds izksVhu cpkus okys dk;Z

izkIrkad ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

izk/;kid ds gLrk{kj -----------------------------------------------------------------

uke ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

irk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fiu dksM ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

56

ch-,- izksxzke izFke o"kZ v/;;u lkexzh 2

Nk=k&mÙkj&i=k 3 LokLF; vkSj iks"k.k foKku

vuqØekad -----------------

iz'u&i=k iwjk gks tkus ij fuEufyf[kr irs ijykSVk nsaAeqDr f'k{kk fo|ky;

fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;]5, dsosyjh ysu]fnYyh - 110 007

f'k{kk&l=k 2007 - 2008

1. olk ?kqyu'khy foVkfeuksa vkSj ty esa ?kqyu'khy foVkfeuksa esa D;k vUrj gS\

2. jsfVuksy rFkk chVk dSjksfVu ds :i esa foVkfeu *,* fdruh ek=kk esa vko';d gksrk gS\

3. izR;sd vk;q oxZ ds fy, Fkk;ehu] jkbcks¶ysfou vkSj fu;kflu dh vko';drk dh ek=kk esa rqyukRed fooj.kdhft,A

4. foVkfeu *lh* dh deh gksus ij D;k gksrk\ fofHkUu vk;q oxZ ds fy, foVkfeu *lh* fdruh ek=kk esa vko';dgksrk gS\

izkIrkad ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

izk/;kid ds gLrk{kj -----------------------------------------------------------------

uke ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

irk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fiu dksM ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

57

ch-,- izksxzke izFke o"kZ v/;;u lkexzh 2

Nk=k&mÙkj&i=k 4 LokLF; vkSj iks"k.k foKku

vuqØekad -----------------

iz'u&i=k iwjk gks tkus ij fuEufyf[kr irs ijykSVk nsaAeqDr f'k{kk fo|ky;

fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;]5, dsosyjh ysu]fnYyh - 110 007

f'k{kk&l=k 2007 - 2008

1. 'kjhj ds fy, fdruk dSfY'k;e vko';d gksrk gS vkSj D;ksa\

2. 'kjhj esa yksgs dh fdruh ek=kk vko';d gksrh gS\ vkSj yksgs dk vHkko gksus ij D;k ifj.kke gksrs gSa\

3. thou ds fy, ty D;ksa t:jh gksrk gS\ xzghr ty vkSj fulr ty esa larqyu crkb,\

4. gekjs thou esa vk;ksMhu vkSj ¶Y;wjkbM dk D;k egÙo gS\

5. lksfM;e vkSj iksVkf'k;e ds dk;Z] vkSj mudh vko';d ek=kk lfoLrkj crkb,\

izkIrkad ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

izk/;kid ds gLrk{kj -----------------------------------------------------------------

uke ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

irk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fiu dksM ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

58

This question paper contains 1 printed page

1014-A

Roll No...............................

vuqØekad % ___________

B.A. Prog./I/(NS) G

(S)

NUTRITION AND HEALTH EDUCATION

Paper 1 - (Elements of Food Nutrition & Health)

(For admissions of 2004 and onwards)

Time : 2 hours Maximum Marks : 38

le; : 2 ?k.Vs iw.kkZad : 38

(Write your Roll No. on the top immediately on receipt of this question paper.)

¼bl iz'u&i=k ds feyrs gh Åij fn, x, fu/kkZfjr LFkku ij viuk vuqØekad fyf[k,A½

Note :- Answers may be written either in English or in Hindi; but the same medium should be used throughout

the paper.

fVIi.kh%& bl iz'ui=k dk mÙkj vaxszt+h ;k fgUnh fdlh ,d Hkk"kk esa nhft,( ysfdu lHkh mÙkjksa dk ek/;e ,d gksukpkfg,A

Attempt THREE question in all. Q. No. 1 is compulsary.

dqy rhu iz'uksa ds mÙkj fyf[k,A iz'u la[;k 1 vfuok;Z gSA

1. (a) Fill in the blanks:

(i) Deficiency of iodine causes _____________.

(ii) The main source of calcium is _____________.

(iii) The mineral required for the synthesis of haemoglobin is _____________.

(iv) Name two sources of vitamin C : _________, _____________.

(v) Name two essential amino acids : _________, _____________.

(vi) 1 gm of fat provides ___________k cal of energy. (½x8=4)

(b) Explain briefly any five of the following :

(i) Safe drinking water

(ii) Food

(iii) BMR

(iv) Germination

(v) Fluorosis

(vi) Sources of Vitamin A (2X5=10)

¼d½ fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsa %&

(i) vk;ksMhu dh deh ls _______________ gks tkrk gSA

(ii) dSfY'k;e dk eq[; lzksr gS _______________ A

(iii) gheksXyksfcu ds fuekZ.k ds fy, _______________ uked [kfut yo.k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

(iv) foVkfeu C ds nks lzksr % __________, ________ A

(v) nks vko';d vehuks vEyksa ds uke %__________, ________ A

(vi) 1 xzke olk ls _______________ fd- dSyksjh izkIr gksrh gSA

59

¼[k½ fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdUgha ik¡p dk la{ksi esa foospu djsa %

(i) lqjf{kr is; ty

(ii) Hkkstu

(iii) BMR

(iv) vadqjhdj.k

(v) ¶yksjksfll

(vi) foVkfeu A ds L=kksr

2. What are the factors affecting meal planning? Discuss the nutritional requirements of a labourer man.

(12)

vkgkj vk;kstu dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd dkSu ls gSa\ ,d et+nwj iq#"k dh iks"k.k laca/kh vko';drkvksadk foospu djsaA

3. Describe briefly the methods of cooking on moist heat. How can nutrients be conserved during food preparation?

(12)

ueh lfgr xehZ ij vk/kkfjr ikd dyk fof/k;ksa dk foospu djsaA Hkkstu rS;kj djus ds nkSjku iks"kd rÙoks dksdSls lqjf{kr j[kk tk ldrk gS\

4. What are the advantages of food preservation? Briefly discuss some common household methods of food

preservation. (12)

[kk| laj{k.k ds D;k ykHk gSa\ ?kjsyw Lrj ij [kk| laj{k.k ds dqN ljy rjhdksa dk o.kZu djsaA

5. Write short notes on any three of the following :-

(i) Advantage of cooking food

(ii) Weaning

(iii) Functions of food

(iv) Physiological changes during old age

(v) Sources of protein (4X3=12)

fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdUgha rhu ij laf{kIr fVIif.k;k¡ fyf[k, %&

(i) Hkkstu idkus ds ykHk

(ii) LrU;ekspu ¼ohfuax½

(iii) Hkkstu ds dk;Z

(iv) o)koLFkk esa gksus okys 'kkjhfjd ifjorZu

(v) izksVhu ds lzksr

60

This question paper contains 1 printed page

1015-A

Roll No...............................

vuqØekad % ___________

B.A. Prog./I/(NS) G

(T)

NUTRITION AND HEALTH EDUCATION

Paper 1 - (Elements of Food Nutrition & Health)

(For admissions of 2004 and onwards)

Time : 2 hours Maximum Marks : 38

le; : 2 ?k.Vs iw.kkZad : 38

(Write your Roll No. on the top immediately on receipt of this question paper.)

¼bl iz'u&i=k ds feyrs gh Åij fn, x, fu/kkZfjr LFkku ij viuk vuqØekad fyf[k,A½

Note :- Answers may be written either in English or in Hindi; but the same medium should be used throughout

the paper.

fVIi.kh%& bl iz'ui=k dk mÙkj vaxszt+h ;k fgUnh fdlh ,d Hkk"kk esa nhft,( ysfdu lHkh mÙkjksa dk ek/;e ,d gksukpkfg,A

Attempt THREE question in all. Q. No. 1 is compulsary.

dqy rhu iz'uksa ds mÙkj fyf[k,A iz'u la[;k 1 vfuok;Z gSA

1. (a) Fill in the blanks:

(i) Milk is deficient in the nutrients _____________ and _____________.

(ii) Name two soruces of complete protein _____________ and _____________.

(iii) Deficiency of iron leads to _____________.

(iv) The two main energy giving nutrients are _________ and _____________.

(v) One method to enhance the nutritive value of food _____________.

(b) Explain briefly any five of the following :

(i) Roasting

(ii) Nutrition

(iii) Scurvy

(iv) Functions of vitamin A

(v) Sources of calcium

(vi) Boiling - a method of water purification (2X5=10)

¼d½ fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsa %&

(i) nw/k esa __________ o _________ iks"kd rÙoksa dk vHkko gksrk gSA

(ii) iw.kZ izksVhu ds nks lzksr % _________ , ________ A

(iii) yksgs dh deh ls _______________ gks tkrk gSA

(iv) mtkZ iznku djus okys eq[; iks"kd rÙo gSa __________ o ________ A

¼[k½ fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdUgha ik¡p dk la{ksi esa foospu djsa %

(i) Hkwuuk

(ii) iks"k.k

61

(iii) LdohZ

(iv) foVkfeu A ds dk;Z

(vi) mckyuk - ty dh 'kqf) dk ,d rjhdk

2. What are the nutritional requirements of a nine month old infant? How can weaning foods be introduced in

an infant's diet? (12)

ukS eghus ds f'k'kq dh iks"k.k laca/kh vko';drk,¡ D;k gSa\ ,d f'k'kq ds Hkkstu esa iwjd vkgkj fdl izdkj lfEefyrfd, tk ldrs gSa\

3. (a) Discuss the determinants of health. (8)

(b) What are the advantages of cooking food? (4)

¼d½ LokLF; ds fu/kkZjdksa dk foospu djsaA

¼[k½ Hkkstu idkus ds D;k ykHk gSa\

4. What causes food spoilage? Describe the methods for home level storage of foods. (12)

Hkkstu fdu dkj.kksa ls [kjkc gksrk gS\ ?kjsyw Lrj ij Hkkstu inkFkksZa ds laxzg ds rjhdksa dk foospu djsaA

5. Write short notes on any three of the following :-

(i) Factors affecting energy requirements

(ii) Convenience foods

(iii) Role of Dietry Fibre

(iv) Food groups

(v) Pressure cooking (4X3=12)

fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdUgha rhu ij laf{kIr fVIif.k;k¡ fyf[k, %&

(i) mtkZ dh vko';drk dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd

(ii) lqfo/kktud Hkkstu inkFkZ

(iii) vkgkjh; Qksd (fibre) dk egÙo

(iv) [kk| oxZ

(v) izs'kj dqfdax