eqspertis azri

vladimer papava

postkomunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis veqtoris Sesaxeb

ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÓÔÒÀÔÄÂÉÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÖÒÈÉÄÒÈÏÁÀÈÀ ÊÅËÄÅÉÓ ×ÏÍÃÉGEORGIAN FOUNDATION FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

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2013

publikacia daibeWda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saelCos finansuri mxardaWeriT.

redaqtori: rusudan margiSvili

teqnikuri redaqtori: artem meliq-nubarovi

saavtoro uflebebi daculia da ekuTvnis saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevis fonds. werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe wignis arc erTi nawili ar SeiZleba gadaibeWdos nebismieri,

maT Soris, eleqtronuli an meqanikuri formiT.

© saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa kvlevis fondi 2013 weli

ISSN 1512-4835 ISBN 978-9941-0-5762-5

Sesavali

erTiani xedva im sakiTxis Sesaxeb, Tu ra mimarTulebiT unda ganviTarebuliyo saqarTvelos ekonomika, ra models unda dafuZneboda is qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg, samwuxarod, dRemde ar aris sabolood Camoyalibebuli. erTgvari imedis momcemi iyo `vardebis revoluciis~ Semdgomi periodi, roca gaaqtiurda kidec am problemis kvleva da, Sesabamisad, gaCnda araerTi sayuradRebo publikacia.1

2012 wlis 1 oqtombris saparlamento arCevnebSi koalicia `qarTuli ocnebis~ gamarjvebam kvlav aqtualuri gaxada saqarTveloSi arCevanis problema, radganac dRis wesrigSi isev dadga sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ganviTarebis romeli veqtori unda iyos ganmsazRvreli `nacionaluri moZraobis~ cxrawliani mmarTvelobis Semdeg. am Temaze ukve gamoiTqva kidec pirveli mosazrebebi.2

`nacionaluri moZraobis~ cxrawliani mmarTvelobis Semdgom periods `postvardisfers~ vuwodebT,3 rac imiT aixsneba, rom mmarTvelobis avtoritarulma stilma, romelic despotizmis elementebiT iyo gaZlierebuli, saakaSvilis reJimi neobloSevikurad, xolo misi mTavroba „vardisfrad“ ori miziezis gamo aqcia: jer erTi, `vardebis revoluciiT~ mivida is xelisuflebaSi, meore ki _ gaxunebul bolSevikur „wiTels“ gvaxsenebda.4

arCevanis problemis gamwvavebas xels uwyobs mixeil saakaSvilisa da misi gundis wevrebis kritika axali mTavrobis misamarTiT, romlebmac TiTqosda uRalates demokratiul faseulobebs, qveynis dasavlur kurss da gezi ruseTisaken aiRes.5

samarTlianoba moiTxovs imis aRniSvnasac, rom amgvar kritikas Tavad biZina ivaniSvilis mier gakeTebuli gancxadebebic uwyobs xels, romelTac aSkarad dahkravs misi politikuri gamoucdelobis elferi. am gancxadebebis Semdeg biZina ivaniSvils araerTxel mouxda maTi uaryofa.

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ase, magaliTad, man jer eWvi Seitana baqo-yarsis rkinigzis mSeneblobis mizanSewonilobaSi,6 xolo sul mokle droSi Tavadve ukuagdo es eWvebi.7

calke unda aRiniSnos mTavrobis aSkarad moumzadebeli iniciativa transkavkasiuri rkinigzis (romelic ruseTs saqarTvelosTan, xolo Semdgom somxeTTan akavSirebs da romelmac 1992 wels afxazeTSi mimdinare saomari moqmedebebis Sedegad Sewyvita funqcionireba) gaxsnasTan dakavSirebiT,8 romelic prorusuli orientaciis konteqstSi mwvaved gaakritka mixeil saakaSvilma;9 mogvianebiT biZina ivaniSvilma nawilobriv Searbila Tavisi pozicia.10

yvelaze damafiqrebeli iyo premier-ministris somxeTSi vizitisas gakeTebuli gancxadeba, romlis Tanaxmadac, `somxeTi saqarTvelosTvis kargi magaliTia erTdroulad normaluri urTierTobebi iqonios natosTan da ruseTTan~, rasac nacionalebis mxridan mZafri kritika mohyva.11 miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos parlamentma, romlis umravlesobasac koalicia `qarTuli ocneba~ qmnis, miiRo rezolucia saqarTvelos sagareo politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb, romelSic kidev erTxel aris dadasturebuli saqarTvelos prodasavluri ganviTarebis kursi,12 `nacionaluri moZraoba~ yvelanairad cdilobs daamkvidros azri, rom mxolod is aris saqarTveloSi evropuli faseulobebis matarebeli erTaderTi prodasavluri Zala.13

imisaTvis, rom ukeT gaverkveT, Tu ra arCevanis winaSe dgas `postvardisferi~ saqarTvelo, aucilebelia gavaanalizoT `vardisferi~ xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli ekonomikur politika, gansakuTrebiT _ misi evropuli orientaciis kuTxiT.

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis evropuli gza

postkomunistur sivrceSi araerTi warmatebuli qveyanaa, romelmac SeZlo evropuli tipis sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla da evrokavSirSic aris gawevrianebuli. arian naklebwarmatebuli Tu saerTod warumatabeli qveynebic, sadac aseTi tipis sabazro ekonomikaze saubaric

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ki zedmetia.14 rac Seexeba maT evrokavSirSi wevrobas, es an saerTod ar warmoadgens maT mizans, an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba moiazrebodes SedarebiT Soreul perspeqtivaSi.

aSkaraa, rom saqarTvelo jerjerobiT ar aris mzad evrokavSirSi gasawevrianeblad, magram sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu realurad saiT mivdivarT, imisda miuxedavad, rom oficialur gancxadebebSi aqcenti swored evroatlantikur struqturebzea gakeTebuli, aqtualurobas sulac ar aris moklebuli. am maravalwaxnagovani kiTxvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis orientiria, radganac Tuki gvinda saqarTvelo odesme evropis ganuyofel nawilad iqces, aucilebelia qveynis ekonomikis evropuli tipis sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT transformacia.15

evrokavSiris ekonomikur modelze msjeloba arc ise advilia, radganac is Tavad aris formirebis procesSi. cnobili frangi ekonomistis miSel alberis Tanaxmad, evrokavSirSi erTmaneTs `upirispirdeba~ kapitalizmis ori, angloamerikuli da `reinis~ (anu germanuli-iaponuri), modeli16.

ekonomikis angloamerikul modelSi aqcioneruli sakuTrebis xelidan xelSi gadasvla swrafad da dabrkolebebis gareSe xdeba, birJa gadamwyvet rols asrulebs kompaniaTa dafinansebaSi, aqciaTa 40-60 procents instituciuri investorebi (kerZod, sadazRvevo da sapensio fondebi) floben. amasTan, saxelmwifo seqtori SedarebiT mcire masStabisaa, socialuri politika ki siRaribisa da uTanasworobis sakiTxis mimarT liberaluri midgomiT gamoirCeva, romlis Tanaxmadac, uTanasworoba konkurenciis xelSemwyob stimulad aRiqmeba, xolo siRaribe ara imdenad saxelmwifos, ramdenadac moralisa da mowyalebis problemaa da kerZo qvelmoqmedebis sferos ganekuTvneba.

reinis modelSi aqcioner mesakuTreTa Semadgenloba stabilurobiT gamoirCeva, aqcionerul sawarmoTa dafinansebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli sabanko seqtors aqvs, xolo safinanso bazrebi SedarebiT SezRuduli da naklebad aqtiuri arian. amasTan, saxelmwifo regulirebis sfero reinis

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modelSi sakmaod farToa, saxelmwifos roli mTliani Siga produqtis gadanawilebaSi, konkurenciis Tanabari pirobebis uzrunvelyofasa da socialur amocanaTa gadaWraSi Zalze didia.

sayuradReboa, rom evrokavSiris mTel rig qveynebSi angloamerikuli modelis reinis modelze zewolis pirobebSi xdeba maTi TandaTanobiTi Serwyma.

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom evrokavSiris qveynebs ar gaaCniaT erTiani ekonomikuri modeli da rom ufro koreqtulia vilaparakoT saerTo ekonomikur modelze, romelic ver uzrunvelyofs srul unifikacias.17 amasTan, xazgasasmelia, rom evrokavSirSi mimdinare integraciuli procesebi swored unifikaciis mniSvnelobis gafarToebazea orientirebuli, risi TvalsaCino magaliTia saerTo bazridan erTian bazarze gadasvla, rac, Tavis mxriv, ekonomikuri da savaluto kavSiris formirebis safuZveli gaxda.

evrokavSiris erT-erTi fuZemdebluri principia `miRweulis SenarCuneba~, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis kandidati qveynisaTvis: evrokavSirSi erTiani modelis formirebis gzaze yovelive, ra donezec aris unificirebuli kandidati qveynisaTvis, upirobodaa Sesasrulebeli.

formaluri niSniT Tanamedrove saqarTvelosaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia xsenebuli orive modelis elementebis Tanaarseboba da dapirispireba. kerZod, sawarmoTa dafinansebasa da maT mesakuTreTa formirebaSi aSkarad reinis models eniWeba upiratesoba, rac safinanso bazrebis SezRudulobasa da araaqtiurobaSi gamoixateba da rac saxelmwifos mier gatarebuli oficialuri kursis Sedegia.18 amasTan, saxelmwifo regulirebis sfero saqarTveloSi sakmaod SezRudulia da qmnis imis iluzias, TiTqos es angloamerikuli modelis sqemaSi jdebodes. yvelaze mkafiod es ikveTeba siRaribisa da uTanasworobis sakiTxis mimarT saxelmwifo politikaSi, rac garkveuli gulgrilobiT (rasac, yovlad gaumarTleblad, CvenSi ratomRac liberalizms uwodeben) gamoirCeva,19 roca uTanasworoba realurad arc aris xelisuflebis sazrunavi, xolo siRaribis daZleva

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ki umTavresad iZulebiTi (saxelmwifos mxridan) kerZo qvelmoqmedebis sferos ganekuTvneba.

2008 wlis agvistos ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg evrokavSirma saqarTvelosaTvis Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis SeTavazebis mzadyofna gamoxata,20 Tumca winaswar rigi pirobebis Sesrulebac moiTxova. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania bazris regulirebis evropuli tipis antimonopoliuri institutebis Seqmna da momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva, kerZod ki – sasursaTo usafrTxoebis nawilSi. samwuxarod, `vardisferma~ mTavrobam, am pirobebis dakmayofilebis Seferxebis gziT,21 evrokavSirTan molaparakebis procesis dawyebis gasaWianureblad Zala ar daiSura.

rogorc cnobilia, evrointegraciis pirveli etapi swored ekonomikur integracias efuZneba. samwuxarod, `vardisferma~ mTavrobam briuselis am mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebul SemoTavazebas faqtobrivad zurgi Seaqcia.

aseT viTarebaSi savsebiT logikurad ibadeba kiTxva, Tu saiT mihyavda `vardisfer~ mTavrobas qveyana. mTavrobis mier gadadgmuli ekonomikuri nabijebidan aSkarad ikveTeba moZraoba sami mimarTulebiT, razec calke unda SevaCeroT yuradReba.

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ruseTisken mimavali gza

postrevoluciur saqarTveloSi aSkarad gaZlierda e.w. ̀ rusuli veqtori~, rac saqarTvelos ruseTis ekonomikur sivrceSi integraciisakenaa mimarTuli.

problemis arsSi gasarkvevad aucilebelia imis aRniSvna, rom 2003 wlis 1 oqtombers ruseTis erT-erT wamyvan gazeTSi, `nezavisimaia gazetaSi~, daibeWda cnobili rusi politikosisa da ekonomistis, eleqtroenergetikuli gigantis, `rao e-es~-is xelmZRvanelis, anatoli Cubaisis werili saTauriT `ruseTis misia XXI saukuneSi~, romelSic gatarebulia azri postsabWoTa sivrceSi e.w. `liberaluri imperiis~ Seqmnis Sesaxeb.22 sityva ̀ liberalurs~ is datvirTva aqvs, rom axali imperiis Seqmna unda moxdes ara Zaladobis

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gziT, aramed rusulma msxvilma kompaniebma (sulerTia _ saxelmwifo Tu kerZo) xelT unda igdon yofili mokavSire respublikebis teritoriaze arsebuli strategiuli sawarmoebi, ramac saboloo jamSi am qveynebze moskovis politikuri zegavlenis zrda unda uzrunvelyos.

kavkasiaSi liberaluri imperiis Seqmna ruseTma daiwyo somxeTiT, roca ukanasknelma 93 milioni aSS dolaris valis sanacvlod 2002 wels (sayuradReboa, rom somxeTSi saprezidento arCevnebis win) ruseTs sakuTrebaSi gadasca Sesabamisi Rirebulebis obieqtebi. 2006 wlis dasawyisSi ki momdevno nabiji gadaidga, roca gazis gaormagebuli fasis Zvel doneze SenarCunebis mizniT ruseTis xelSi axali aqtivebi gadavida.23

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ruseTsa da somxeTs saerTo sazRvari ar gaaCnia erTiani ekonomikuri sivrcis Seqmnis gzaze, gansakuTrebuli roli, azerbaijansa da somxeTs Soris arsebuli konfliqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos eniWeba. saqarTvelos liberaluri imperiis qselSi moqcevis Semdeg ki gadawyvetili iqneba azerbaijanis bedic, vinaidan misi strategiuli ekonomikuri proeqtebi uSualodaa saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli.

saqarTvelos moqceva liberaluri imperiis qselSi jer kidev 2003 wlis zafxulSi daiwyo, roca gakotrebuli amerikuli kompaniis `ei-i-es silq roud~-is aqciebi `rao e-es~-ma SeiZina.

vardebis revoluciis Semdeg farTomasStabiani privatizaciis procesSi rusuli kapitalis Semosvlas saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi mTavrobisgan sruli mxardaWera hqonda. amis saukeTeso magaliTi iyo oqrosa da spilenZis mompovebeli da gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebis aqciebis sakontrolo paketis rusuli holdingis `promiSlennie investoris~ mier dafuZnebuli kompania `steton ekvitizisaTvis~ miyidva.24

rusuli kapitalisadmi saqarTvelos mTavrobis keTilganwyobiT gamxnevebulma, karga xnis win privatizebuli `gaerTianebuli qarTuli bankis~ mesakuTreebma aqciaTa sakontrolo paketi mihyides rusul `vneStorgbanks~,

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romlis aqciaTa 99 procenti ruseTis mTavrobis xelTaa. praqtikulad, ganxorcielda gaerTianebuli qarTuli bankis nacionalizacia, oRond ara saqarTvelos, aramed ruseTis mTavrobis sasargeblod. sayuradReboa, rom saqarTveloSi Semosvlamde cotaTi adre `vneStorgbankma~ somxuri `armsberbankis~ aqciaTa sakontrolo paketi SeiZina.25

gansakuTrebuli da Tanac aSkara agresiulobiT gamoirCeoda `gazpromi~, romelmac ruseT-somxeTis damakavSirebeli magistraluri gazsadenis xelSi Cagdeba gadawyvita. 2005 wlis bolos da 2006 wlis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam am gazsadenis viTomda privatizaciis konteqstSi molaparakebac ki daiwyo `gazpromTan~, Tumca absoluturad gaugebaria, rusuli saxelmwifo kompania `gazpromisaTvis~ gazsadenis miyidva ratom unda yofiliyo privatizaciad monaTluli.

saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da `gazpromis~ garigeba mxolod mas Semdeg CaiSala, rac am procesSi amerikelebi Caerien aqtiurad da amiT ruseTma pirveli seriozuli dartyma miiRo liberalur imperiaSi saqarTvelos srulad moqcevis gegmis ganxorcielebaSi.26

sayuradReboa, rom arc 2008 wlis agvistos ruseT-saqarTvelos oms SeuSlia xeli `vardisferi~ mTavrobisaTvis saqarTvelos ruseTis liberalur imperiaSi CarTvis procesis gagrZelebaSi. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia 2011 wlis 1 aprils saqarTvelos energetikis saministrosa da rusul kompania `inter rao e-es~-s Soris dadebuli axali xelSekruleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, `xramhesi-1~ da `xramhesi-2~ 104 milioni aSS dolaris sanacvlod rusul kompanias sakuTrebaSi gadaeca; garda amisa, kompania ̀ inter rao e-es~-s mieca ufleba mdinare xramze damatebiT kidev sami eleqtrosadguri aaSenos, risi jamuri investiciac 193 milion aSS dolars Seadgens.27

marTalia, saqarTvelos ruseTis liberalur imperiaSi moqcevis procesi vardebis revoluciamde daiwyo, magram gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT es procesi swored `vardisferi~ mTavrobis mier warimarTa.

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`vardisferi~ mTavrobis TviTSemoqmedeba

saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi gadadgmul calkeul nabijebs, romlebic ara marto ekonomikur Teorias, aramed elementarul saR azrs ewinaaRmdegeba, Znelia moeZebnos raime dasabuTeba da, miT ufro, gamarTleba.

am tipis ekonomikur nabijebSi gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva 2006 wels wamowyebuli dasaqmebis 50 aTasi kaciT gazrdis samTavrobo RonisZieba, romlis Tanaxmadac, mewarmeebs imperatiuli toniT eTxovaT sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi daesaqmebinaT umuSevrebi, romlebic amisaTvis saxelmwifo biujetidan dafinansdnen TveSi 150 laris odenobiT, anu saerTo jamSi am RonisZiebaze biujetidan gamoiyo 22,5 mln. lari. aSkaraa, rom nebismier mewarmes, Tuki survili aqvs gaafarTovos biznesi, ar esaWiroeba uSualo daxmareba biujetidan. mTavrobam ki xeli Seuwyos profesiuli momzadeba-gadamzadebis sistemis ganviTarebas, rac saqarTvelos mTavrobam savsebiT samarTlianad aiRo Tavis Tavze.

saxelmwifo biujetidan daxarjuli 22,5 mln. laris Sedegad erTeulebi marTla dasaqmdnen, umravles SemTxvevaSi ki moxda Cveulebrivi garigeba: mewarmeebi Tanaxma iyvnen xeli moeweraT nebismier dokumentze, TiTqosda konkretuli piri samsaxurSi dadioda da raRacas akeTebda. umuSevaric kmayofili darCa, radgan is 450 lars araferSi iRebda. ufro maxinji situaciebic dafiqsirda – zogi mewarme xels mxolod im SemTxvevaSi uwerda Sesabamis dokumentze, Tu umuSevari mas Tanxis naxevars miscemda.

saboloo jamSi, saxelmwifo biujetidan dasaqmebis zrdis xelSewyobisaTvis gamoyofili 22,5 mln. laris Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva umTavresad umuSevarTaTvis Semweobis gaRebiT gamoixata. maSasadame, am tipis ekonomikuri RonisZieba veranairad uzrunvelyofs dasaxuli miznis miRwevas, rac ar unda keTilSobiluri iyos es mizani.28 amgvari programa mTavrobam meorejer 2007 wlis bolos wamoiwyo, Tumca 2008 wlis dasawyisSi Tavadve SeaCera.

instituciuri xasiaTis gansakuTrebuli nonsensia

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saxelmwifo statistikis uSualo daqvemdebareba-damorCileba mTavrobisadmi, roca ukanaskneli srulad akontrolebda sajarod gamoqveynebul statistikur informacias. bunebrivia, mTavrobas yovelTvis aqvs cduneba, rom statistikam misTvis sasurveli informacia aCvenos. aqedan gamomdinare, statistikis departamentis mier mowodebuli informaciis obieqturobaze laparaki SeuZlebeli iyo.29

korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolis konteqstSi gauqmda araerTi mniSvnelovani instituti (magaliTad, antimonopoliuri samsaxuri an sakvebi produqtebis xarisxis kontrolis samsaxuri), ramac, erTi mxriv, mosaxleba daazarala, xolo, meore mxriv ki, saxelmwifo daaknina.

sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis konteqstSi gansakuTrebiT SemaSfoTebeli iyo deprivatizaciis procesi, roca privatizebuli obieqtebi privatizaciis procesSi daSvebuli (rac calkeul SemTxvevaSi arc ki iyo dasabuTebuli) Secdomebis gamosworebis sababiT CamoerTva kerZo mesakuTres da daubrunda saxelmwifos xelaxali privatizaciis mizniT.30 sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kerZo sakuTrebis institutis formireba Tavidan daiwyo, rac am institutis daucvelobaze metyvelebs. Tavis mxriv ki, sabazro ekonomikis Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis garantiebis gareSe SeuZlebelia.

samwuxaro faqtia, magaram amgvari tipis RonisZiebebi arcTu iSviaTi iyo ̀ vardisferi~ mmarTvelobis saqarTveloSi.31

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aRmosavluri gza

qveyanaSi gatarebul nebismier RonisZiebas yovlad dausabuTeblad ewodeba reforma, Tumca zemoT moyvanili magaliTebi TvalsaCino dadasturebaa imisa, rom zogierTi RonisZieba Tavisi arsiT ufro nonsensia.

yovelive zemoTqmulis fonze aSkarad TvalSisacemia iseTi RonisZiebebi, romlebic mkafiod Camoyalibebuli reformatoruli xasiaTisa iyo.32 es, uwinares yovlisa, exeba e.w. deregulirebis sferos, ris Sedegadac saxelmwifos biznesSi Carevis kanonieri safuZveli arsebiTad SeizRuda,

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rac sxvadasxva saxeobis nebarTvebisa da SemowmebaTa sferos mniSvnelovan SemcrebaSi gamoixata. Zalze didi mniSvneloba hqonda sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcirebasac, ramac mewarmeebs sagadasaxado tvirTi arsebiTad Seumsubuqa. qveynis konkurentunarianobis donis amaRlebis mimarTulebiT wingadadgmul nabijad unda CaiTvalos importze gadasaxadebis mxolod sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebsa da samSeneblo masalebze datoveba, da isic, Semcirebuli odenobiT.

revoluciuri datvirTvisa iyo Sromis kodeqsi, riTic daqiravebulTa uflebebis SezRudvis xarjze arsebiTad gaizarda damqiravebelTa uflebebi. marTalia, es biznesis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels, magram imavdroulad TiToeuli daqiravebuli Tavs aSkarad daucvelad grZnobs.33

Tuki Tvals gadavavlebT saerTaSoriso gamocdilebas, am tipis reformebi, pirvel rigSi, saqarTvelos samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziis (honkongi, singapuri), avstraliisa da axali zelandiis ekonomikur modelebTan aaxloebda. aq isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom `vardisferi~ mTavroba arc malavda imas, rom undoda saqarTvelo singapurs,34 dubaisa da honkongs35 damsgavseboda. prezident saakaSvilis gancxadebiT, saqarTvelo singapuris modeliT unda ganviTarebuliyo36 an, sul cota, SeiZleba yofiliyo evropul modelTan ̀ najvari~.37

aqedan gamomdinare gasakviri ar unda iyos, Tu ratom SeiZleba Sefasdes saqarTveloSi mimdinare es reformebi aRmosavleTisaken mimaval gzad.

liberalizmis `vardisferi~ versia

zemoCamoTvlili samive gza aSkarad gamoricxavda saqarTvelos evropul arCevans. imis gasagebad, Tu ra aerTianebs am sam gzas, aucilebelia e.w. liberalizmis `vardisferi~ gagebis gaazreba.

kidev erTxel xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom 2003 wlis „vardebis revoluciis“ Semdeg saqarTveloSi korufciasTan brZola daiwyo,38 ris Sedegadac sabiujeto da energetikuli krizisebi daiZlia. 2005 wlidan, axali sagadasaxado kodeqsis wyalobiT, sagadasaxado tvirTi

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mniSvnelovnad Semcirda, biznesis wamosawyebad saWiro procedurebi arsebiTad gamartivda, ZalaSi axali SromiTi kanonmdebloba Sevida, romelmac daqiravebulebTan urTierTobebSi damqiraveblebs sruli Tavisufleba mianiWa.39 aman saqarTvelos neoliberaluri reformebis gamtarebeli qveynis imiji Seuqmna.40

amavdroulad dafiqsirda sakuTrebis uflebis Selaxvis uamravi faqti,41 msxvili biznesis kontroli mTlianad mTavrobis xelSi gadavida;42 antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobisa da Sesabamisi samsaxuris gauqmebam ekonomikis mZlavri monopolizacia gamoiwvia,43 xolo masobrivi korufciis gaqrobas, rac ZiriTadad meqrTameobaSi gamoixateboda, elitaruli korufciis SemaSfoTebeli masStabebi mohyva.44

Tavisi xasiaTiT es darRvevebi neobolSevizmis sadaria da saqarTvelos ekonomika saakaSvilis mTavrobis xelSi „neoliberaluri fantazia“45, „avtoritaruli liberalizmi“46, „neoliberalizmisa da neobolSevizmis simbiozi“47 ufro iyo.

maSasadame, `vardisferi~ mTavrobis wevrebis liberalizmi ZiriTadad SemdegSi gamoixateba: erTni `liberalis~ saxels saxelmwifo institutebis ngrevisaTvis ixveWdnen, xolo meoreni (SeiZleba igivenic ki) `liberalis” tituls saqarTvelos ruseTis liberalur imperiaSi SeyvaniT imsaxurebdnen.

daskvnis magier

2012 wlis 1 oqtombris saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT, `vardisferi~ mTavrobis mier gatarebuli ekonomikuri politikis gagrZelebis albaToba faqtobrivad nuls gautolda. saarCevno kampaniisas koalicia „qarTuli ocneba“, akritikebda ra saakaSvilis mTavrobis ekonomikur politikas, aqcents, mosaxleobis Raribi fenis socialuri mxardaWeris paralelurad, ekonomikis realuri seqtoris ganviTarebis stimulirebaze akeTebda.48

dRevandeli gadasaxedidan ufro realisturad, evrokavSirTan Tavisaufali vaWrobis reJimis miRwevis

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mizniT, briuselTan molaparakebaTa procesis daCqarebis scenari gamoiyureba.49 amis imeds axali xelisuflebis mier antimonopoliuri regulirebisa50 da momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis evropuli tipis sistemis SemoRebis Taobaze gakeTebuli gancxadebebi iZleva.

antimonopoliuri regulireba konkurenciis ganviTarebas Seuwyobs xels. biznesis ganviTarebisTvis didi biZgis mimcemi, biznesSi araformalur Carevaze uaris TqmasTan erTad (rac „qarTuli ocnebis“ liderebma araerTxel ganacxades mkafiod)51, unda gaxdes saqarTvelos ekonomikis demonopolizacia.

saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTareba evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis damyarebis da evrokavSirSi eqsportis zrdis safuZvelze sakmaod realisturad gamoiyureba.

amavdroulad xazi unda gaesvas erT garemoebas, ramac SesaZloa sirTuleebi Seuqmnas saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis dasamyareblad, radganac erTob gaugebari situacia Seiqmna Sromis kodeqsSi Sesatan cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT: mTavrobam parlamentSi waradgina Sromis kodeqsSi Sesatani imgvari cvlilebebis kanonproeqti, romleTa Tanaxmadac daqiravebulTa uflebebi unda gazrdiliyo, Tumca mogvianebiT Tavadve gaakritika sakuTari gadawyvetileba da `vardisferi~ mTavrobis mier miRebuli SromiTi kodeqsis mxolod `kosmetikur Selamazebaze~ aiRo orientacia.52

gaurveveli rCeba ruseTTan urTierTobis momavali, rogorc zogadad,53 ise ekonomikuri kuTxiTac. marTalia, gamoikveTa qarTuli warmoebis produqciis ruseTis bazarze dabrunebis SesaZlebloba, magram sayuradReboa, rom naklebad eqvemdebareba prognozebs ruseTTan savaWro urTierTobebis sruli masStabiT aRdgenis SesaZlebloba,54 vinaidan es sakiTxi ufro politikuri xasiaTisaa, vidre ekonomikuri.55

aSkaraa, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobisTvis pirveli rigis amocana evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis miRweva da yvela im potenciuri SesaZleblobis amoqmedebaa, rasac evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia moitans.

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amisaTvis ki `postvardisfer~ xelisuflebas dasWirdeba ufro meti Tanmimdevruloba, rogorc zogadad politikaSi, ise, konkretulad, ekonomikur politikaSi.

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17 iqve.

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31 iqve.

32 iqve. gv. 4-5.

33 iqve. gv. 9.

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36 `saakaSvili mmarTveli partiis xedvaze~, Civil.Ge, 15 ivnisi, 2010, http://civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=22857.

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Tis sagareo saqmeTa saministros saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis saxelmwifo instituti (universiteti), 2012, gv. 41, www.mgimo.ru/georgiareport/i/Silaev-Sushentsov_MGIMO-Georgia-Report_Geo.pdf.

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