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iz 'u 1- xzkeh.k Hkkjr es a uxjhdj.k osQ izHkko dk o.kZ u dhft,A mkj lkekftd ifjorZ u dh xfr dksqr djus esa if'pehdj.k] 'kgjhdj.k vkS j vkkqfudhdj.k tS lh f;k, lfEefyr gS a A 'kgjhdj.k dk Hkko

fn[kkbZ nsrk gSfd blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i O;fDr;ks a os Q }kjk xko ls 'kgj dh vks j oztu dh fujarj pyusokyh f;k xk o os Q lkekftd] vkFkd vkS j lka Lfr thou dks cM+ s iS ekusij Hkkfor dj jgh gSA blos Q vfrfjDr lkaLfrd fo'ks "krk, 'kgjksa ls fudydj xkoks a es a iS Qy jgh gSa A bys DVkWfud ehfM;k osxk o es a u, fopkjksa o flkUrks a dh igq p ck tk ldrk gksA

7- ;krk;kr o ifjoguvkt vfkdka 'k 'kgjks a es a ;krk;kr vkSj ifjogu os Q fy, tks cUk fd, x, gS a ] os vis{kko` Qr de gSa A uxjks a esa vkS |ksxhdj.k Q dkj.k tula [;k es a fnuks afnu o` f gksjgh gSA blls;krk;kr o ifjogu osQ lkkuks a dh vi;kZ Irrk dk la dV lkeus[kM+ k gks pq dk gSA

iz'u 2- Hkkjrh; tutkfr;ksa dh lkekftd vkSj Hkk"kk;h fo'ks"krkvks a dk o.kZu dhft,A mkjvkfFkZd O;oLFkk osQ vkkkj ij Hkkjrh; tutkfr;ksa dksfuEufyf[kr dkj ls oxhZ r fd;k tk ldrk gS1- [kk| laxzg.kdkkZ ,oa vk[ks Vd kjEHk es a tutkfr;ksa }kjk fr ls vuqowQyu cuk, j[kusosQ fy, [kk| oLrq vksa dk la xzg.k] vk[ks V ,oa tkuo

osQ idM+ us dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk FkkA ;g f;k gtkjksa o"kZ rd pyrh jgrh gSA ysfdu blosQ ckn f"k dh tkusyxh vkS j vkS|ksxhdj.k 'kq : gqvkA buos Q }

ESO-12Hkkjr esa lekt

(Societies in India)ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE - (2011-2012)

Disclaimer / Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the Assignments.These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Tutor for the help of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the questionsof the Assignments. Sample answers may be Seen as the Guide/Reference Book/assignment Guide. Any Omission or Error is highlyregretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/Solutions. Please consult you Teacher / Tutor beforeyou prepare a Particular Answer.

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tc [kk| lkexz h dk mRiknu djuk lh[k fy;k x;k] rkslekt es a ifjorZ u dh f;k 'kq: gks xbZ A vc tutkfr;ksa }kjk vk[ksV o [kk| laxz g.k dk dk;Z ug fd;k tkrk FkkA ys fdu os Qjy dh ,d tutkfr pkS ykuk&bdu os Q }kjk blh vFkZ O;oLFkk dk mi;ks x fd;k tkrk gSA

2- LFkkukUrfjr (>we) "kd bl dkj dh [ksrh fdlh ou {ks =k osQ ,d Hkw&Hkkx dkspqudj ogk os Q is M+&ikSkksa dksdkVdj vkS j lq [kkdj tykus Q ckn cht cks sdj dh tkrh gSA bl dkj dh [ks rh es a dbZ fof'k"V fofk;ksa dk mi;ks x fd;k tkrk gSA bles a ,d Hkw &[k.M ij dbZ lky rd f"k djusos Q c mlsNks M+dj nw ljs Hkw &Hkkx ij f"k dh tkrh gSA bl dkj dh [ks rh Hkkjr osQ mkj&iw ohZ Hkkx es a pfyr gSA fcgkj dh tutkfr;ks a }kjk bl dkj dh [ks rh d tkrh gSA

3- LFkk;h f"k ;g [ksrh e;] if'peh o nf{k.kh {ks =kks a dh tutkfr;ksa }kjk dh tkrh gSA bu tutkfr;ks a dh f"k rduhd vR;Ur ljy gSA4- dkjhxj (nLrdkj) bl dk;Z esa tutkfr;ks a }kjk gkFk ls oLrq vksa dkscuk;k tkrk gSA tSlsVksdjh cukuk] vkS tkj cukuk] drkbZ vkS j cq ukbZ A bl nLrd

osQ dk;Z osQ lkFk bu tkfr;ks a }kjk f"k dk;Z Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA nLrdkjh dk dk;Z ifjokj Lrj ij fd;k tkrk gSA bUgsa viuh cukbZ xbZ oLrqvks a dk fofu cktkj os Q ek;e lsdjuk iM+rk gSA bl dkj buosQ }kjk thfodks iktZ u osQ lkku tq Vkus iM+ rs gS aA

5- i'kq ikyd bl tutkfr dk eq [; O;olk; i'kq ikyu gksrk Fkk] ftles a HkSa lsa eq[; :i ls gksrh FkhaA ys fdu blls lEcfUkr oq QN dk;ks dh ns [k&js [k d dk;Z lkewfgd Lrj ij fd;k tkrk Fkk vkS j muos Q }kjk nq Xk mRiknksa os Q cnys es a f"k lEcUkh mRiknuksa dk fofue; fd;k tkrk FkkA i'kqikyu fo'ks "kr;k uhyf dh Vks Mk] fgekpy dh xw tj o cdjcky tutkfr;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj fofue; ^cnxk* tutkfr os Q yksxksa os Q }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA

6- yks d dykdkj bu tkfr;ks a dksviuk thou&fuokZg djus os Q fy, lkgfld dykckft;ksa dk n'kZ u djuk iM+ rk FkkA budks viusis'ksdh fr o Qvuq lkj txg&txg Hkz e.k djuk iM+rk FkkA ys fdu budk Hkz e.k O;ofLFkr o lq fu;ksftr gksrk FkkA bu tutkfr;ksa dh fo'ks"krk ;g gSfd ;s vius la lkkuk a o Q

fy, ekuoh; lewgksa ij fuHkZ j jgrs gS a A7- os ruHkksxh etnw j tc chloha 'krkCnh dk kjEHk gqvk] rc dbZ tutkrh; {ks =kks a dk Hkkx ckxkuks a os Q vUrxZr vk x;k vkS j [kuu o kS|ksfxdh dk

gq vkA blfy, bu tutkfr;ks a }kjk ijEijkxr O;olk;ksa dks Nks M+dj bu m|eksa esosruHkks xh etnw jksa osQ :i esa etcw ju dk;Z djuk iM+k_ tSlsfcgkj osQ laFkk }kjk dks ;ys dh [kkuks a esa dk;Z djukA

tkrh; oxhZdj.k tkrh; y{k.kks a os Q vkkkj ij Hkkjrh; tutkfr;ksa dks rhu Hkkxks a es a ckVk x;k gS

1- ks VksvkW LVs yk;M bl tkfr os Q yksxks aa osQ 'kkjhfjd y{k.kks a es a Ropk dk ja x dkyk] ukd piVh rFkk NksVk ekFkk ik;k tkrk gSA ;sy{k.k e; ns'k xkas M vkS j Nks Vk ukxiqj dh eq .Mk tutkfr;ksa esa ik, tkrs gS aA2- ea xks ykHk ;g tkfr ,f'k;k dh ew y tkrh; lew g dh ekuh tkrh gSA ea xks ykHk tkfr es a mkjh vkSj iwohZ ,f'k;k os Q yksx Hkh 'kkfey gSa_ tS lsphu

tkikuh] cehZ ] ,LdheksvkS j k;% lHkh bl vesfjdu bafM;u blh tkfr esa vkrsgS a A bl tkfr dh 'kkjhfjd fo'ks"krk, gYos Q ihysjax dh [kky] lhk piVh ukd] yEcsflj] e;e dn] vk[kqyh vk [ks a gS a A

3- uhxzhVks uhxz hVkstkfr es a dkysja x:i okys iz tkrh; lew g osQ yks x ik, tkrs gS aA mudh Ropk dk jax xgjk dkyk vkS j cky Nks Vs] ?kq a?kjkys,oa gk a eksVsgks rs gSa A ukd pkS M+ h o piVh gks rh gSA bl dkj dh tkfr;k vQhdk esa s fuokl djrh gS aA

Hkk"kk os Q vkkkj ij oxhZ dj.k Hkkjrh; tutkfr;ka s }kjk cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kkvksa dks eq[;r% pkj eq [k Hkk"kk ifjokjks a esa ckVk x;k gS] vFkkZ dks Hkk"kk;h vkkkj ij pkj Hkkxks a esa ckVk x;k gS

1- vkLVks&,f'k;kfVd ifjokj bl tkfr dh bl Hkk"kk osQ vUrxZ r nks Hkk"kk,eks u[eks j rFkk eq.Mkjh cks yh tkrh gS a ] ftlesa eksu[eksj Hkk"kk fudks ckj dh tutkfr;ks a }kjk cksyh tkrh gSvkS j eq .Mkjh Hkk"kk fcgkj os Q la Fkky] xksa M rFkk [kkfj;k tutkfr;ksa }kjk cks yh tkrh gSA

2- frCcrh&phuh ifjokj ;g ifjokj Hkh nks'kk[kkvksa es a caVk gq vk gSLFkk;h phuh vkS j frCcrh cehZA LFkk;h phuh Hkk"kk iw oksZ kj {ks=k dh tutkf a }k cksyh tkrh gSA vle rFkk iwoks Z kj lhekUr {ks =k dh tutkfr;ks a }kjk frCcrh&cehZ Hkk"kk cks yh tkrh gSA bles a HkksfV;k] [kEckrh] pEck] Loka xyh] Vks Vksvkfn tutkfrvkrh gSa A

3- ba Mks&;w jksih; ifjokj bl Hkk"kk os Q vUrxZ r mkjh Hkkjr dh eq [; Hkk"kk, vkrh gSa A lkFk gh glks ax vkS j Hkhyh Hkk"kk, Hkh lfEefyr aA4- nzfoM+ ifjokj ;g Hkk"kk Hkkjr osQ nf{k.k rFkk e; Hkkx dh eq[k Hkk"kk gSA nz foM+ Hkk"kk cksyusokyh tutkfr;k xkS M+] VksM+k] eys j] iksfy;k] dks jk] dks

vkS jkao] loj] b#yk rFkk eSlw j dh ;s#ck gSA iz'u 3- Hkkjr esa lkaLo` Qfrd ,dhdj.k osQ fofHkUu f;k fofk;ka (ra=kksa ) dh ppkZdhft,A mkj ;g rks loZ fofnr gS fd Hkkjr es a fofHk keZ o lEnk; os Q yksx fuokl djrs gSa ] fiQj Hkh Hkkjr os Q fuokfl;ks a dh kke

lfg".kq rk] HkkbZ pkjk] tkfrxr lg;ksx rFkk ikjLifjd se o lkSgknZ dh Hkkouk us lEiw .kZ fo'o dks ,drk os Q lw =k es a ckk j[kk A tc ge Hkkjrh; lekt es a O;kIr fofokrkvksa dk voyksdu djrs gS a] rks ,slk rhr gksrk gS fd Hkkjr es a ,dhdj.k ,d dfBu leL;k gSA okLrfod

gSfd ;s lHkh fofHkrk, ck gS aA ;gk dh tula[;k esa fofHk tkfr;ksa ] Hkk"kkvks a vkS j kked fo'oklksa ] ijEijkvks a vkS j O;ogkj gks rsgq , Hkh ewyHkwr ,d ns rh gSvkS j ;g Hkkjrh; lekt dh vuqie fo'ks"krk gSA Hkkjrh; ,drk ls lEcfUkr lw ph bl dkj gS

1- jktuhfrd ,drkHkkjr es a jktuhfrd ,drk os Q lUnHkZ es a bfrgkl ij vxj n` f"V Mkys a ] rks;g Li"V gkstkrk gS fd Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd ,drk ik tkrh gSA tc Hkh fons 'kh vkUrkvks a usvke.k fd, rc tkfr] keZ vkS j oxZ Hksn dksHkq ykdj lHkh yks xksa us ,drk dk vn~ Hkq r ifjp; fn;kA chloha 'krkC es a LorU=krk vkUnks yu esa lHkh Hkkjrh;ksa us,dtqVrk fn[kkbZ FkhA muosQ chp tkfr] keZ] oxZ o tkfr os Q vkkkj ij dks bZ Hkh HksnHkko ugha FkkA LorU=krk tc Hkkjr dks,d keZ fujis{k jk"Vdk Lo:i feyk] rc Hkh ,d ,s lh jktuSfrd ,drk fodflr gq bZ fd dksbZ Hkh lew g Lo;a dks vfkd vfkdkj lEi dg ldrk FkkA vFkkZ r~ Hkkjr es a vkUrfjd :i ls ,drk fo|eku gSA

2- kked ,drkHkkjr esa fofHk keks vkS j lEnk;ksa osQ yks x jgrsgq , Hkh lHkh keZ o lEnk; ,d&nw ljs osQ iwjd gS aA ;gk ij lHkh kked leu ,d&nw ljs dh fo'ks"krkvksa dksxz g.k djusdk ;Ru fd;k gSA lHkh keks os Q yksx Hkkjrh; la Lfr esa bl dkj ?kqys&feysgq , gS a fd osHkkjrh; lekt lsi`Fk Q gksus dh lksp Hkh ugha ldrs gS a A vkt tkx:drk osQ mRi gksusls lHkh /eks os Q vuq ;k;h gks yh] nhokyh] n'kgjk] bZn] xq#ioZ] flel tS ls R;ksgkjks a dksjk"V R;ks gkj osQ :i es a eukrs gS a] ftlls Hkkjrh; ,drk dk n'kZu gksrk gSA

3- Hkk"kk;h ,drkHkkjr es a vusd Hkk"kk, cks yh tkrh gS aA vxj ge R;sd Hkk"kk dk xgjkbZ ls v;;u djsa ] rks,d gh fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd Hk lekt esa Hkk"kk;h vkkkj ij vuq ie ,drk os Q n'kZu gksrsgS a A D;ks afd lHkh Hkk"kkvks a dh ew y laLr Hkk"kk gSvkS j laLr Hkk"kk bZ lk ls yxHkx 400 o"kZ igysrd cksypky vkS j ys [ku dh Hkk"kk jgh gSA bl n` f"Vdks .k ls Hkkjr dh fofokrk es a ,drk Li"V gks rh gSA

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4- lkaLfrd ,drkHkkjr es a fuokl djus okysyksxksa us ;g n'kkZ fn;k gSfd oslHkh keks o leqnk;ks a dh la Lfr dksfny ls lEeku ns rs gS a ] vk ,d&nw ljs os Q mRloks a o R;ksgkjks a es a 'kkfey gksdj ,d vn~ Hkq r vkuUn dh vuq Hkw fr djrs gS aA vkt yks x ,d&nw ljs leq nk;ks a ls iFko~Q jgusdh Hkkouk dk dj pqosQ gS a A

5- rhFkkZVuks a dh la LFkk rhFkkZ Vuks a dh laLFkk lsrkRi;Z efUnj la Lfr lsgSA ;gk os Q vusd lq Unj euks je rhFkZ LFky yksxksa dksviuh vks j vkd"kr d gS aA ;gk kked ,drk >ydrh gSA kked ,drk dh vfHkO;fDr ns'k os Q vyx&vyx Hkkxksa esa jgus okysyks xks a osQ chp vUr%f;k vkS j cUkqrk dh Hk fodkl djuses a egoiw.kZ Hkw fedk fuHkkrh gSA

6- lek;ks tu Hkkjrh; laLfr esa lek;kstu] lgu'khyrk o yksp tS ls fof'k"V xq .k gS aA blfy, fgUnw keZ ,d ,slk keZ gSftlesa ns oh&nsorkvksaosQ v d :i gS a A vus d kked xzUFk gS a vkSj vus dks a ns oky; gSa A fiQj Hkh ;gk ,drk fo|eku gS vkSj blslekt'kkfL=k;ksa usnks :iks a esa foHkDr fd;k gS(1) y?k(2) o`gn~ ijEijk] ftles a o`gn~ ijEijk dkslqla Lr vkS j y?kq ijEijk dksyks df; dgk x;k gSA fgUnw keZ ,d mnkj keZ gSA ;gk ,d&nw ljs os Q keks dkslEek

fn;k tkrk gSA7- ijLij fuHkZjrkHkkjr ,d ,s lk ns 'k gS tgk dh la Lfr es a ijLij fuHkZ jrk dk vn~ Hkqr laxe gS] tksgesa lfn;ksa ls ,d lkFk ckksgq, gSA bldk e

mnkgj.k ttekuh O;oLFkk gS] ftlesa ,d tkfr nw ljh ij vkfJr jgrh gS] ftles a O;fDr ,d nw ljs osQ fy, ges 'kk rRij jgusosQ xq.k ls;q Dr gksrsgS a A ;g ,drk dh Hkkouk dksn'kkZ rk gS vkS j ;gh ,drk dh Hkkouk fdlh Hkh jk"V os Q ukxfjdks a dks,d lkFk jgusosQ fy, ck; djrh gSA

iz'u 4- bLyke keZ vkSj bZ lkbZ keZ es a efgykvksa dh iz frLFkfr dh rqyuk dhft,A mkj efgykvks a dh fLFkfr lsrkRi;Z gS fd ,d efgyk osQ vfkdkjks a dk ys [kk&tks[kkA efgyk osQ vus d :i ns[kusdks feyrs gS aA ,d efgyk ek ] iRu

ckophZ ] iq =kokw] ,d f'kf{kdk osQ :i esa viusifjokj es a bu Hkwfedkvks a dk fuokZ g djrh gSA mlsvusdks a mkjnkf;Roksa dks fuHkkuk iM+rk gSA blfy, ;gk ;g crkus dk ;kl fd;k x;k gSfd ,d efgyk osQ D;k vfkdkj gS a\ mlls D;k vis{kk, j[kh tkrh gSa \ bldk v;;u vusd igyq vksa os Q vUrxZr ;gkfd;k x;k gSA1- lekt'kkL=kh; la dYiukvks a dh iq u% tk p

blos Q vUrxZ r efgyk&iq#"k os Q chp Hks nHkko ls lEcfUkr ladYiukvksa dks cryk;k x;k gSA

ikjEifjd vis{kk, rFkk efgykvksa dh Hkw fedk vkSj fLFkfr blesa vkS dkr] bTtr] >xM+k] 'kfDr vkfn 'kCnksa dksbLrseky djos Q efgykvkss a dh LF dks le>kusdk ;kl fd;k x;k gSA muosQ lkFk ?kVusokyh ?kVukvksa dksn'kkZ ;k x;k gSA efgykvks a osQ lkFk NsM+ NkM+ dk mnkgj.k ns dj vis{kkvks a os Q fo"k crk;k x;k gSA ;g ekuk x;k gSfd efgykvks a osQ lkFk NsM+NkM+blfy, dh tkrh gSfd mulsvis{kk dh tkrh gS] blos Q fy, og cnyk ugha ysa xhA2- ledkyhu Hkkjr esa efgykvks a dh fLFkfr

;gk ;g crk;k x;k gSfd fdlh Hkh lekt es a O;fDr fo'ks "k dh fLFkfr os Q oqQN lw pd gksrsgSa A bu lwpdks a esa lekt osQ R;s d lnL; dk vfkdkj lek ugha gks rk gSA bl vlekurk os Q ihNssefgyk&iq#"k es a HksnHkko fd;k tkuk egoiw.kZ dkjd gSA blosQ vUrxZr vus d igyq vksa dkslfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA

ifjokj rFkk efgykvks a os Q dk;ZHkwfedk o vis{kk, efgyk&iq#"k dh chp Hks nHkko osQ fo"k; esa teh&tekbZ /kj.kkvksa dksmRi dj nsrh gS a A bldk rkR xq .k rFkk fo'ks"krkvksa ls gks rk gS] bu fo'ks "krkvks a lscgq r&ls dkjdksa dh va r%foz Q;k mRi gks rh gSA lkFk gh ;g Hkh crk;k x;k gSfd teh&tekbZ /kj.kk, vfLrR es a fdl iz dkj vkrh gS aA blos Q fy, oq QN egoiw .kZ fcUnqvks a dkslfEefyr fd;k x;k gS

(i) oa 'k&ijEijk] vkokl (ii) efgyk&iq q q#"k es a lekt }kjk fufeZ r vUrj osQ vuqlkj Hkwfedk dh teh&tekbZ kkj.kk, rFkk x` gLFkh os Q dk;Z A

efgyk rFkk losru jkstxkj bl igyw os Q vUrxZr efgykvksa osQ osru dksys dj jks txkj djus dh fLFkfr dk o.kZ u fd;k x;k gS vkSj blos Q fy, dq N egoiw.kZ fcUnqvks a dksv;;u osQ fy, Lrq r fd;k x;k gS

(i) efgykvksa dh dk;Z esa frHkkfxrk (ii) efgykvks a dk Lo;a os Q ckjs es a n`f"Vdks .k

(iii) fu;qfDr djusokyks a dk #[k (iv) xzkeh.k {ks =kksa es a ikjEifjd lkkkkjh

bLyke keZ fo'o dk eq[k keZ gSA ;g deZ rFkk vkpj.k kku keZ ekuk tkrk gSA eq fLye lekt es a ekuk tkrk gS fd euq"; dksvPNsdeks lstr(LoxZ ) o cq jsdeks ls nkst[k (ujd) kIr gksrk gSvkSj d;ker osQ fnu (U;k; fnol) euq "; os Q vPNs&cq jsdeks dk ys[kk&tks[kk ns [kk tkrk gSA vFkkZ r~ m

deZ &iQy kIr gks rk gSA ,slsgS a eqfLye lekt osQ fu;eA bLyke 'kCn dk vFkZ vYykg os Q fr LosPNk ls leiZ .k lsgSvkS j blesa vuq ;kf;;ks a dks gh eqfLye dgk tkrk gSA vFkkZ r~ bLyke keZ dk ikyu ftu O;fD

osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk gS] mUgs a bLykfed ;k eq fLye dgk tkrk gS vkS j budk buos Q ifo=k xza Fk dqjku es a fo'okl gks rk gSA budk fo'okl gS fd oqQjku xks a rd eksgEen iSxEcj os Q ek;e ls gh vk;h gSA bLyke vkS j eqlyekuks a osQ leq nk;ksa dk vkxeu Hkkjr esa dkiQh le; igysls gkspqdk Fkk vkS j vkt budh vkckHkkjr esa dkiQh ek=kk esa gkspq dh gSA

ifjokj] fookg vkSj mkjkfkdkj blos Q vUrxZr eqfLyeks a os Q ikfjokfjd v;;u vkSj oSokfgd v;;u dks'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjr esa nw ljs leqnk dh gh Hkk fr eqfLye leq nk;ksa es a Hkh ifjokjksa os Q dkj ik, tkrs gS a A eq fLye ifjokjks a os Q vUrxZ r fuEufyf[kr igyq vksa os Q v;;u dks lfEefyr fd;k t gS(v) fir`oa'k ijEijk rFkk ekr`oa'k ijEijk okysifjokj] (c) ifjokj&foPNs n] (l) ifr vkSj iRuh] (n) iq=k vkS j iq=kh] (k) L=kh&iq#"kks a osQ vyx&{ks =k gks ukA blh os Q lkFk gh fookg lEcfUkr v;;u es a fookg fu;eks a dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA eq fLye fookg i{kksa esa fuEufyf[kr dkseq [k :i ls lfEefy

fd;k x;k gS(d) fookg] ([k) fookg os Q le; vk;q] (x) fookg&fofk] (?k) es gj vkS j ngs t] () cgq iRuh fookg] (p) rykd vkSj nw ljk fookgA b foLr` r v;;u djds R;s d igyw dksLi"V fd;k x;k gS] ftlls eq fLye lkekftd laxBu dh fookg jhfr dksle>k tk ldrk gSA fookg osQ lk gh buos Q vuq "Bkuks a o mRloksa dk Hkh fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA thou ph; vuq "Bku vkS j mRlo

fdlh Hkh leqnk; esa kkfeZ d vuq"Bku egoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA blh dkj eq fLyeksa esa Hkh oq QN egoiw.kZ vuq "Bku laiUu fd, tkrs gS aA buesa bZ nqyfiQ bZnq ytq gk tS ls cM+ s o egoiw .kZ mRloks a dkseuk;k tkrk gSA eqfLyeksa ij ckgjh Hkko Hkh ns[kusdks feyrk gSA buosQ vkpj.k esa dkiQh cnyko vk;k gS dkj.k f'k{kk gSA vkt dk eq fLye f'kf{kr gSA

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eq fLye lkekftd vkpj.k ij ckgjh Hkko vkt eqfLye lkekftd la xBu esa dkiQh cnyko vk pq dk gSA dbZ fo}kuks a usvius v;;uksa }kjk bldk Li"Vhdj.k fd;k gSA vgen (1974) us f

osQ eq yekuksa osQ fo"k; esa crk;k fd ;gk tkseq fLye ik, tkrsgS a] muesa es gj dk ego de gksx;k gS vkSj muos Q }kjk ngs t&Fkk dksviuk;k tk pq dk g fMlw tk (1976) uscrk;k fd fgUnw fookg os Q dY;k.ke la Ldkj osQ fcuk eks iyk eq fLye viusleqnk; es a gq , fookgksa dks vkwjk ekurs gS aA dbZ {ks=kksainkZ & dks R;kx fn;k x;k gSA eq fLye efgykvks a os Q }kjk ukSdfj;ks a dksHkh viuk;k tk jgk gSA vkt dk eqfLye lekt f'kf{kr gSvkS j vius dM+sdkuwu o fu;ee f'kfFkyrk viuk jgk gS] ijUrq ;g cnyko 'kgjh e;e oxZ rd gh lhfer gSA

bZ lkbZ keZ dh LFkkiuk bZ lkg elhg }kjk dh xbZ FkhA bldk mn~ Hko bZlk osQ ,d f'k"; la r FkkWel os Q }kjk gq vk FkkA bZ lkbZ keZ os Q mn; os Q le; osQ fo es a ekuk tkrk gSfd bZ - lEor~ 345 easFkkW el vius iknjh dh vuq efr ls yksxksa dksbZlkbZ cukus os Q bjknsls osQjy vk;k FkkA ckn easla r FkkWel osQ f ij iq rZxkfy;ks a dk Hkq Ro gks x;kA iqrZ xkfy;ksa os Q keZ vuq "Bkuks a dksosQjy os Q fxjtk?kjks a es a LFkkfir fd;k x;kA Hkkjr ea s ,d:ih; bZ lkbZ leqnk; ugha ik gSA bZ lkbZ leq nk; la xBu fHk&fHk :iks a es a ik;k tkrk gSA ;g rksLi"V gS fd bZlkbZ keZ dk mn~ Hko os Qjy rFkk xks ok ls gq vkA

bZ lkbZ keZ esa fL=k;ks a dksi;kZIr vfkdkj vkSj Lora =krk izkIr gS(i) L=kh&iq#"k lekurk dk vfkdkjA

(ii) fL=k;ka iw jh rjg LoPN gS a vkS j Lo;a dk;Z jr gks dj ifjokj dh eq [;k lnL;rk gS aA(iii) keZ] vuq "Bku] mRlo] R;ksgkjksa es a iw js lEeku osQ lkFk iw #"kks a os Q oa Qksls oa Qkk feykdj lkFk nsrh gS aA(iv) 'kS f{kd Lrj iq #"kks a osQ cjkcj es a gh gSlkFk gh os Qjy Hkkjr dk ,s lk jkT; gStgka f'k{kk dk Lrj pk gSAvr% bZlkbZ keZ es a fL=k;ksa dksi;kZIr Lora =krk vkSj vfkdkj iz kIr gS aA

iz'u 5- Hkkjr es a o` Q"kd oxZla jpuk dh ppkZ dhft,A mkjHkkjr esa "kd oxZ&lajpuk (Peasents Class Structure in India) Hkkjrh; f"kd lekt dh fo'ks "krk, bl dkj gS%

(1) ikja ifjd Hkkjrh; lekt tkfr Fkk ij la xfBr jgk gSA(2) "kd la cak ttekuh O;oLFkk osQ fu;eksa osQ vuq lkj fuHkk, tkrs FksA ;|fi Hkkjrh; "kd lekt es a vkSifuos f'kd 'kkldks a }kjk ifjorZ u ykxw d

osQ ckn ttekuh lacak foyqIr gks us yxsFksA vkkq fudhdj.k ,oa fodkl f;k us iqu% ikja ifjd lkekftd la jpuk dksvkS j Hkh detks j cuk fn;kA(3) Hkwfefoghu oxks os Q lkFk muos Q laca ak tkfr izFkk os Q vuq lkj ykxw ugha gksrsA ;g bl ckr ls Li"V gS fd fuEu tkfr osQ Hkw fefoghu O;fDr vc fd

osQ lkFk f"k Jfed os Q :i esa dk;Z djrsgS a A bl dkj Hkkjrh; xk oksa esa vc tkfr;k oxZ O;oLFkk esa ifjofrZ r gks jgh gSa A(4) "kd lkekftd lajpuk esa vus d fHkUurk, n`f"Vxkspj gks rh gSa A Mh-,u- kkaxjsus crk;k gSfd Hkkjres a oxks vkS jlew gksa dhlkekftdjpukos Qchplca k

Hkwfe fu;a =k.k vkS j Hkwfe iz;ks x djus okyks a osQ e; fof'k"V laca k ga S aA osbrus vleku vkS j tfVy gSa fd mUgs afdlh ,d lkekU; ;kstuk es alfEefyr djuk dfBu gS A *Js.khr oxhZdj.k (Hierarchical Division) vFkZ 'kkL=kh Ms fu;y FkkuZ j us Hkkjrh; "kd lekt dkslkekftd oxks dh ,d O;oLFkk esa Js .khr dj

gs rq Lrjks a osQ vuq lkj foHkkftr fd;k gS(1) Hkw fe ls kIr vkenuh os Q dkj (tS ls^fdjk;k*] viuh [ksrh ls ykHk* ;k etnw jh*)A(2) Hkwfe laca kh vfk mnkgj.k osQ fy, LokfeRo* ;k ^iV~Vsnkjh* ;k ^iQly esa fgLlsnkjh os Q vfkdkj* ;k dksbZ vfkdkj ugha A (3) [ksr es a fd, x, dk;Z dh ek=kk tS ls(v) dq N Hkh dk;Z u djusokys] (c) vka f'kd dk;Z djusokys* (l) ikfjofjd Je ls fd;k x;k la iw .kZ dk;Z* (n) etnw jh osQ fy, nw ljks a os Q fy, dke dj okys*A

bu Lrjks a os Q vkkkj ij mUgks ausHkkjr es a f"k oxZ lajpuk dk fuEufyf[kr :i izLrqr fd;k%(i) ekfyd (Landlord or Owner of Land) budh vk; [ksrks a es a LokfeRo osQ vfkdkj lsgksrh gSA bldk eq[; LokFkZ ;FkklEHko fdjk;k

olw yuk vkS j etnwjh de ns uses a gksrk gSA ;siV~Vs nkjks a ] mi&iV~Vsnkjks a rFkk iQly os Q lk>hnkjksa ls fdjk;k olwy djrsgS a A(ii) fdlku (Peasants) dke djusokys fdlku ftuos Q ikl Nks Vs&Nks Vs[ks r gksrsgSa vkSj Lo;a rFkk viusikfjokfjd lnL;ks a osQ lkFk Je djr a(iii) etnwj (Labour) buos Q ikl dksbZ viuk [ks r ugha gksrk rFkk budh vkthfodk iV~Vsnkjh] iQly cVkbZ ;k nw ljs osQ lkFk etnw jh djusls pyrh

gSA mi;q Z Dr oxhZ dj.k Hkkjr esa "kd ifjorZ uks a dk v;;u djus okysfo|kfFkZ ;ks a es a vfkd iz pfyr ugha jgkA

"kdksa dk Js .khr oxhZ dj.k (Hierarchical Categorisation of Peasants)

,d vU; oxhZ dj.k tksfd loZ ekU; gS] fuEu dkj gS%(1) cM+s tehankj (Big Landlords) buosQ ikl vR;fkd Hkw fe gSA vus d os Q ikl ,d lkS,dM+ls Hkh vfkd Hkw fe gS] rFkkfi iq jkusteha nkjks a dh H

os lnS o viuh Hkw fe iV~Vs nkjh ;k iQly os Q lk>hnkjh dks ugha ns rsA dq Ns d usvius[ks rks a dks vkkqfud m|ksx dk Lrj z nku fd;k gS] ftles a mUgks ausca kd rFJfedks a dh fu;q fDr dh gS rFkk oscktkj os Q fy, iQlyksa dk mRiknu djrs gSa A

(2) cM+ s fdlku (Big Farmers) muosQ [ksrks a dk vkdkj 15 ,dM+ ls50 ,dM+rd ;k dq N {ks=kks a es a bllsvfkd Hkh gksrk gSA(i) osk;% vius [ksrksa dh Lo;a ns [kHkky djrsgS aA(ii) osJfedksa os Q lkFk dke djrs gS aA

(iii) osvius[ksrks a ea s [ksrh os Q dk;ks es a e'khuks a dk z;ksx djrs gS aA(iv) osvkkq fud lkeku] tS ls jklk;fud moZ jd rFkk la dj chtksa dk ;ksx djrs gS aA(v) osLFkkuh; :i lsvfkifr oxZ okysgks rs gS a rFkk LFkkuh; vfkdkj lajpuk es a mudk zHkq Ro gks rk gSA ;g xko esa rFkk jkT; Lrj ij Hkh gksrk

ns 'k os Q fodflr f"k {ks=k esa cM+ sfdlkuks a dh la[;k i;kZ Ir gSA(3) e; oxhZ; fdlku (Middle Class Peasants) buos Q ikl vis{kkr Nks Vs&Nks Vs [ks r ( 5 ,dM+ ls 10 ;k 15 ,dM+ os Q chp) gksrsgSa A lkekf

Lrj ij cM+sfdlkuks a dh rjg os Hkh LFkkuh; :i lsvfkifr tkfr oxZ os Q gks rs gSa A mudh izeq [k fo'ks "krk, fuEu izdkj gS a%(i) os[ksrks a es a vfkdka'k dk;Z Lo;a rFkk ifjokj os Q lnL;ksa os Q lkFk djrsgS aA

(ii) osJfedksa dksiQly dkVus rFkk iQly cks okbZ tS ls O;Lrre le; esa gh fu;q Dr djrs gS aA(iii) vc bl Js .kh osQ fdlku Hkh vkkq fud phts a] tS lsjklk;fud moZ jd rFkk ldj chtksa dk ;ksx djusyxs gSa A(iv) la [;k dh n`f"V ls fdlkuks a es a ;g lcls cM+ h Js .kh gSA

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(4) NksVs fdlku (Small Peasants) budh fo'ks "krk, fuEu dkj gS a%(i) muosQ [ks r dkiQh NksVs(ikp ,dM+ls de rFkk dgha&dgha ,d ,dM+ ls Hkh de) gks rs gSa A

(ii) osizk;% vius[ks r es a lHkh dke Lo;a djrs gSa A(iii) viuh vYi f"k vkenuh dks ck tkrk gSvkS j mldk ikyu&iks"k.k