eso musica i -ingles- ud01
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/27/2019 ESO Musica I -Ingles- Ud01
1/12
Pitch
Duration
Intensity
Timbre
it is produced by
vibrations
It propagates through
physical mediums
It is perceived by
the ear
High
Low
Long
Short
Loud
Soft
Voice
Instrument
Sound1qualities of sound
Music is made by sound. But, what is sound made of? What is it?
When we hit an object, when we pluck a tight string, when we blow through a tube, when we speak and
sing; we make sounds.
In order to turn sound into music, there must be an expressive intention.
The first step will be to work on the different qualities of sound, which have their own graphic representationson the staff: conventional notation symbols, as well as the so called alternative graphic notation.
Sound
-
7/27/2019 ESO Musica I -Ingles- Ud01
2/12
8 UNIT 1
1.1. How it is produced
Sound is produced when an object vibrates and that
movement travels through sound waves until it reachesour ears.
1.2. How it propagates
Sound propagates at high speeds. The waves travel
through the air at 340 meters per second, and they are
transmitted the same way waves spread on water when
we throw a stone.
Usually, sound travels through air, but it can also travel
through other mediums like water or solid objects. In
fact, sound travels faster through water (1.435 m/s) and
even faster through materials like wood (3.900 m/s) or
iron (5.000 m/s).
1.3. How we hear
Sounds are picked up by a very thin membrane in our
ear, the eardrum, which connects the outer and middle
ear. When sound waves hit the eardrum, the information
produced by its vibration is transmitted to the brain.
Reverb and echo
Reverb is produced when sound waves find
obstacles on their way. They are reflected or
bounced back in the opposite direction of the
sound source.
Echo is a kind of reverb that creates the repeti-
tion of sound. When the time-lapse between
the emitted and the reflected sounds is wide
enough, we perceive them both separately.
The echo and the reverb of sound are very
useful phenomena of nature. For example,
they allow bats find their way while flying;
and make it possible for sailors to measurethe depth of the sea or let them know where
a school of fish is.
aThe vibration of an object travels through sound waves.
1 Sound
1. If you put your ear to the table and hit the wood
gently with your ngers, youll notice how well
sounds propagate through solid objects. Try to make
it louder and softer putting your ear away from the
table. Write your conclusions in your notebook.
2. Investigate your surroundings and give examples
which prove the different speeds of sounddepending on the physical mediums.
ACTIVITIES
The eardrums vibrations are turned
into nerve impulses. They transmit
the information to the brain.
-
7/27/2019 ESO Musica I -Ingles- Ud01
3/12
9Sound. Qualities of sound
2.1. Silence in music: rest*
Silence is the absence of sound, the lack of hearing sensation.
Actually, there isnt such thing as absolute silence. Even if we couldisolate ourselves completely from outer sounds, we would still hear
our own bodys inner sounds.
When we talk about silence in music, we understand it, therefore, as
something relative; as the blank space of music.
Functions of rests in music:
Silence is an element as important as sound in music.
It is the indispensible previous condition to enjoy music: we begin
with silence when hearing and performing a composition.
It serves as a break, to catch ones breath.
It is a resource of great expressive energy: a rest at the right time can
have more meaning than the best of sounds.
It makes it possible to organize ideas and give structure to the whole
composition.
Rest is the term used in musicalnotation to indicate a period of
silence on the score.
2 Silence
1.J. S. Bach.Toccata and fugue in D minor
& b c .U # R U .U # R
U
& b .U
# r U # #
# (etc...)
r#
a. What instrument performs it?
b. This music sure sounds familiar to you, where did you hear it?
c. This fragment consists of several short musical phrases, how many?
d. Can you point out the phrases on the staff?
e. Can you recognise rest notes on the score?
f. What correspondance can you nd between rest notes in this piece and punctuation marks in written
languages?
g. What do these rests make you feel?
h. If you were a movie director, in what scene would you play this background music? Write a short
text describing the situation.
ACTIVITIES
11
Mosquitoes make their wings vibrate
around 510 times per second. That is
why their sound is more noticeable.
-
7/27/2019 ESO Musica I -Ingles- Ud01
4/12
10 UNIT 1
Sound has four qualities or parameters which allow us to identify it:
pitch, duration, intensity and timbre.
If we try to describe a sound with words, we have to point out:
If the sound is high or low, that is, the pitch.
If the sound is long or short; we point out the duration.
If the sound is loud or soft, that is, the intensity.
If the sound comes from a voice or an instrument; we point out the
timbre.
As we saw before, sound is produced by vibrating bodies. Therefore,
the different qualities of sound are due to the different shapes and
characteristics that those vibrations may have.
The pitch of sound depends on the wave frequency: the vibration
speed. It is measured in units called hertzes (Hz) which show the
number of vibrations per second.
The duration of sound depends on the wave persistence: how
long the wave lasts until fading out.
The intensity of sound depends on the wave amplitude: the
distance between the points of highest vibration and repose of
the object. It is measured in units called decibels (dB).
The timbre depends on the mixture of root and harmonicsounds, which are different in each voice or instrument.
QUALITIES DISTINCTION PRODUCED BY
low
PITCH wave frequency (Hz)
high
long
DURATION wave persistence
short
loud
INTENSITY wave amplitude (dB)
soft
voices
harmonic sounds
TIMBRE
instruments
Writing music
Musical notation consists of rep-
resenting as precisely as possible
all four qualities of sound: pitch,
duration, intensity and timbre.
The symbols we use today are
the result of a long evolution
throughout history, from the
need of preserving and being
able to perform music.
The color of sound
When we hear a sound, it is never
pure. It is a mixture of sounds with
different frequency and vibration
amplitude.
Just as the combination of differ-ent colours creates another col-
our, the combination of harmonic
sounds creates different timbres.
3 Qualities of sound
Look at this chart in which we
describe the qualities of soundby indicating the physical phe-
nomena that produce them.
-
7/27/2019 ESO Musica I -Ingles- Ud01
5/12
11Sound. Qualities of sound
We use musical notation to represent the different working possibilities
of sound; creating it, as well as performing and preserving it.
Currently, along with conventional notation (which we are about to
see in the following units), some alternative symbols are used too.
They are capable of meeting the needs of contemporary music and
its new sounds, in a more expressive and open way.
4.1. Pitch symbols
If we distinguish between high or low pitch, the simplest way of
representing these opposites would be:
low high
4.2. Duration symbols
If we distinguish between long and short duration of sound, we can
represent it with horizontal lines or rectangles for long sounds, and
dots or squares for short sounds.
long short
4.3. Intensity symbols
If we distinguish between loud or soft intensity sounds, we can
represent them by changing the size of the symbol or the color
intensity:
loud soft
4.4. Timbre symbols
In conventional notation, timbre does not have a specific symbol,
so it is represented by just writing the corresponding name of the
voice or instrument.
However, when using alternative symbols in graphic notation, it
is very common to represent the various timbres referring to the
material of the instrument or the way the sound is made:
Braille musical notation
Louis Braille (1809-1852), creatorof the reading system for blind
people, also invented a musical
notation based on raised dots.
It consists of grouping six dots in
two vertical columns of three, rai-
sing certain combinations so that
the reader can feel them.
For the names of the notes, he
combines the four upper dots:
For the duration, he combines the
two lower dots:
Accidentals, time signatures and
other elements are represented
using different combinations with
the whole group of six dots.
whole half quarter e ighthnote note note note
FC D E G A B
4 Alternative graphic notation
guitarra panderoflautaguitar flute tambourine
-
7/27/2019 ESO Musica I -Ingles- Ud01
6/12
-
7/27/2019 ESO Musica I -Ingles- Ud01
7/12
13
4 Copy in your notebook and complete the following chart summarizing the qualities of sound:
qualities distinction producedby
5 Find out the mistakes of the following statements and write them correctly in your notebook:
Sound is produced when the vibration of waves is transmitted as a body up to our ears.
Sound propagates through air at 340 kilometers per minute.
The ear picks up sounds with the vocal chords, which connect the inner and middle ear.
The qualities of sound are: pitch, duration, intensity and loudness.
The pitch of sound depends on the wave persistence, which is the vibration speed.
The intensity of sound depends on the wave frequency.
The pitch allows us to distinguish between low and soft sounds.
The timbre depends on the mixture of just one sound.
The duration allows us to distinguish between low and short sounds.
Conventional musical notation tries to represent the size of sound.
The duration of sound depends on the vibration frequency.
The intensity of sound allows us to distinguish between loud and high sounds.
The timbre allows us to distinguish between loud and soft sounds.
Echo is a kind of reverb which makes sound louder.
Sound propagates at a higher speed through air than through iron.
Sound. Qualities of sound
-
7/27/2019 ESO Musica I -Ingles- Ud01
8/12
14 UNIDAD 2
Audicin 1 Copia en tu cuaderno y resuelve el crucigrama contestando a las definiciones que se indican debajo:1. CopiTake a look at the indications seen in the cards below:s que se indican debajo:
Performance 1 Take a look at the indications seen in the cards below:
a. Your teacher will individually and secretly give you one of these cards to perform it.
b. In order, one at a time, using your voice or an instrument of the class, you will perform the sound
or the group of sounds your card indicates. Think twice if you decide to use an instrument, not all
instruments have the same acoustic possibilities. You have to choose the best one.
c. Your classmates will write it down to try to guess the card you perform.
1
A low sound
2
A high sound
3
A long sound
4
A short sound
5
A loud sound
6
A soft sound
7
A low and long sound
8
A high and short
sound
9
A loud and long
sound
10
A high and soft sound
11
A long and soft sound
12
A short and loud
sound
13
A low and soft sound
14
A short and soft
sound
15
A low and loud sound
16
A short and low
sound
17
A high, long and loud
sound
18
A low, short and soft
sound
19
Several short and soft
sounds
20
Several short and
loud sounds
21
Several short sounds
from soft to loud
22
Several short sounds
from loud to soft
23
Several short sounds
from high to low
24
Several short sounds
from low to high
14 UNIT 1
-
7/27/2019 ESO Musica I -Ingles- Ud01
9/12
Creation
Sound. Qualities of sound 15
1 Pay attention to the instructions of the chart bellow and perform this piece with the whole class.
seconds 5 10 15 20
21 25 30 35 40
41 45 50 55 60
VOICEXYLOPHONECYMBALCLAVESSLIDE
WHISTLE
TAMBOURINE
with marbles
Instrument
Sound
it is rotated
swinging
the instrument
approximate
pitch
and upward
or downward
design
intensity and
number
depending
on dot
density
duration
and
intensity
depending
on symbol
groups of
four
upward/downward
sounds
approximate
pitch and
intensity
depending
on size
-
7/27/2019 ESO Musica I -Ingles- Ud01
10/12
Audicin 1 Copiaentucuadernoyresuelveelcrucigramacontestandoalasdefinicionesqueseindicandebajo:
16 UNIT 1
Listening 1 Listen to these four musical pieces we present you:
Holst.The Planets. Jupiter.
Brahms.Symphony No. 3. Poco Allegretto.
Beethoven.Symphony No.7. Allegretto.
RichardStrauss.Thus spoke Zarathustra.
a.Which do you think is the predominant quality of sound in seach one of these fragments?
Match each track with its most highlighted quality.
b.Which of the following pictures would you choose to represent each track?
c.Choose some of the adjectives below to describe what the tracks make you feel or the mood
they put you in.
shiny monotonous surprising simple
energetic delicate bold clear
optimistic sad disturbing calm
12
13
14
15
a)
b)
c)
d)
-
7/27/2019 ESO Musica I -Ingles- Ud01
11/12
17
Challenge
Sound. Qualities of sound
1 Look at the following chart in which the different speeds of sound are expressed in meters per
second. Fill the right column in your notebook, calculating the speed of sound in kilometers
per hour.
Physical MediuM sPeedM/s sPeed KM/h
Oxygen 317
Air 340
Lead 1.190
Hydrogen 1.286
Water 1.450
Copper 3.810
Wood 3.900
Aluminum 5.100
Iron 5.190
Granite 6.000
Medio
2 Write your own musical composition using alternative graphic notation:
First, think about the environment you want to represent. You can compose a soundtrack that re-
flects, for example, the sounds of the city, the country, the sea, an action scene, etc.
Choose the timbre with which you are going to represent all the elements of your soundtrack. You
can choose among the instruments of your class, voice or instruments you can make with various
objects. Create a symbol for each instrument which identifies it clearly.
Draw two axes (vertical and horizontal) in order to write your score. On the vertical line you will in-
dicate the intervention of the different instruments or voices. On the horizontal line, you will indicate
the durations on a scale expressed in seconds.
Ask your classmates for help to be able to perform your score and dare to conduct your composition.
instrument
voice
instrument
voice
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-
7/27/2019 ESO Musica I -Ingles- Ud01
12/12
18 UNIDAD 1
To sum up
18 UNIT 1
Sound is a hearing perception
produced by the vibration of an elastic
body, and is transmitted through air,liquid or solids up to our ears.
1
Silence is as important as sound in music.
It is indispensible to enjoy music. It gives
structure to the musical discourse and can
be used as a resource of great expressive
energy.
2
Sound has four qualities or
parameters which allow us to identifyit: pitch, duration, intensity and
timbre.
3
The intensity allows us to distinguish
between loud and soft sounds.
It depends on the wave amplitude.
6
Musical notation consists of graphically
representing all four qualities of sound.
Alternative graphic notation is a non-
conventional notation which allows us
to write music in a more expressive and
open way.
8
The duration allows us to distinguishbetween long and short sounds.
It depends on the wave persistence.
5
The timbre allows us to distinguishbetween voices and instruments.
It depends on the mixture of root
sounds with its harmonics.
7
The pitch allows us to distinguish
between low and high sounds.
It depends on the wave frequency.
4