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Espacios para la Bioenergía en Chile

Jueves 9 de agosto 2012, Coyhaique, Chile

Large Scale Utilization of Biomass for Biofuels - European Experiences, Models, Forecasts and Projects

by

Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen, Ph.D. et al.

Head of Center for Bioenergy og Green Engineering

Department of Energy Technology,

Aalborg University, Denmark

Niels Bohrs vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg

Cell; +45 2166 2511

E-mail: jhn@et.aau.dk

www.et.aau.dk; www.aau.dk ~ search JBHN;

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Scenarios for the global mean temperature

Source: IPCC

Changes in the water balance in the 2050’ties

Growth Progress of a Conventional Silo Maize (SM)

and an Energy Maize (EM)

Clearly later harvest of the Energy Maize

GTM-

yield/ha

Flowering

SM

Flowering

EM

Harvest

SM

Harvest

EM

Time

Source: KWS

Cultivation target:

Stepwise increase of the energy yield to

approximately 100 % in 10 years

Nowadays silo

maize varieties

Energy Maize

15 - 18 t/ha

30 t/ha

Source:

KWS

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10

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12 Published by AAAS: J. A. Foley et al., Science 309, 570 -574 (2005)

Fig. Worldwide extent of human land-use and land-cover change

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“ We are what we are eating! ”

Food – Feed – Fuel considerations

Global food requirement for three diets: vegetarian: 2388 kcal cap-1 day-1 of

which 166 kcal cap-1 day-1 from animal products; moderate: 2388 kcal cap-1

day-1 of which 554 kcal cap-1 day-1 from animal products; and an affluent: 2746

kcal cap-1 day-1 of which 1160 kcal cap-1 day-1 from animal products. The actual

population size in 1998 (5.9∙109 people) and the estimated population size in

year 2050 (9.37∙109 people), as expressed in grain equivalents 109 tons dry

weight per year. Adapted from Wolf et al.

Diet type Vegetarian

diet

Quality diet

(Moderate)

Affluent

diet

Year 1998 2050 1998 2050 1998 2050

Food

requirement

[109tTS ∙year-1]

2.80 4.45 5.17 8.21 9.05 14.36

Wolf J., Bindraban P.S., Luijten J.C., Vleeshouwers L.M.: Exploratory study on the land area required for global food

supply and the potential global production of bioenergy. (2003) “Agricultural Systems”, Vol. 76, 841-861.

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Percentage of present agriculture and arable land required

for food production under moderate diet with crop yielding equal to

6 t TS grain∙year-1 (1998), and 9 t TS grain∙year-1 (2050)

EU-27 World

(1998)

World

(2050)

Population [people] 4.9∙108 5.9∙109 9.37 ∙109

Agricultural area [1000 ha] 19.7∙107 50.1∙108 50.1∙108

Arable land [1000 ha] 11.3∙107 14.0∙108 14.0∙108

Land requirement [ha∙year-1] 7.1∙107 8.6∙108 9.1 ∙108

Percentage of total agricultural area [%] 36.0 17.2 18.2

Percentage of arable land [%] 62.4 61.4 65.0

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a. Crop lands -green area

b. Pasturelands

- partly green

areas

c. Rain forests and

forests - no go!!!

d. Deserts areas

algal productions

Solar-biofuels refineries.!!!

e. More actions now -

What are we waiting fore?

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World energy scenarios – Future goals

No. Bioenergy potentials - terrestrial Predicted value Source

1. Non collected straw (50%) 75 000 PJ/year Sanders J.: Biorefinery, the bridge between

Agriculture and Chemistry. Wageningen

University and Researchcenter.

Workshop: Energy crops & Bioenergy.

2. Collected waste processing (50%) 45 000 PJ/year

3. Forest/pastures (50%) 150 000 PJ/year

4. 10% of arable land – World Wide

(20tTS/ha) 51 000 PJ/y

Holm-Nielsen J.B., Madsen M., Popiel P.O.:

Predicted energy crop potentials for

biogas/bioenergy. Worldwide – regions

– EU25. AAUE/SDU. Workshop: Energy

crops & Bioenergy.

5. 20% of arable land – World Wide

(20tTS/ha) 101 000 PJ/y

6. 30% of arable land – World Wide

(20tTS/ha) 152 000 PJ/y

Sum: 1+2+3+5 371 000 PJ/year

Total energy consumption forcast Predicted value Source

Total energy required year 2050 1 000 000 PJ/year

Sanders J.: Biorefinery, the bridge between

Agriculture and Chemistry. Workshop:

Energy crops & Bioenergy.

Total energy demand year 2050 1 300 000 PJ/year Shell’s World Energy Scenario

45EJ

90EJ

180EJ

360EJ

720EJ

0% 50% 100% 150% 200%

0,19%

0,38%

0,85%

1,54%

3,07%

The agricultural land employment and

primary energy consumption

World's

land area

devoted

for energy

crops

The share of current primary energy consumption (500 EJ)

Unit:

EJ yr-1 Wheat Corn Rice

Other

grain

Oil

crops

Sugar

crops

Misc

crops TOTAL

Global

Residu 5,58 4,16 6,51 2,01 7,41 6,17 3,89 35,72

Concluding biomass table

Biomass from Agriculture

Biomass from Forestry

175 – 402 EJ

21 – 128 EJ

Assumed primary bioenergy

potential in 2050 196 – 530 EJ

06-08-2012 17

Final summary of projections and

potentials of biomass resources

analysis.

• Energy crops today and land devoted for

cropping

• Residues in 2005, Greg J.S. 2010

Forestry potentials: • Wood including wood from forests, forest

plantations and trees outside forests 0 -

93 EJ/yr.

• Wood residues including wood harvest

residues (22 %), process residues (39

%) and wood wastes (39 %) to 21 - 35

EJ/yr.

• Residues in 2050 - 55-72 EJ, Smeets et al. 2004

• Energy crops in 2050 - 120 – 330 EJ, IEA

Bioenergy, 2009

Agriculture potentials:

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Comparison of the basic principles of the petroleum

refinery and the biorefinery, Source: Kamm et al. 2006 Two-platform biorefinery concept

Source: NREL 2006, Biomass Programm, DOE/US]

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Energy crops - Paradigm shift through land productivity and energy

balance; Crop productions needs large changes!

Biogas

Gas cleaning

Heat Electricity Fuel

Fermenter

Digested

plant residue

• The Sun as energy source

• Special energy crops that use the

entire vegetation period

• Total digestion of the whole plant

• Nutrient cycle possible

Low Input - High Output

• Large installations work efficiently

and are friendly towards

the environment

• Upgrading of biogas enables complete

utilisation of the crop (the gas can be

stored)

• Biorefineries;biothanol/biogas/

biodiesel and higher value products

Source: KWS, D

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Biogas for a sustainable clean environment

and renewable energy production

BIOFERTILISER

ANIMAL

MANURE

CHP-GENERATION

BIOGAS AS VEHICLE FUEL BIOGAS

PLANT ORGANIC WASTE

H2O

CO2

O2

LIGHT

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Source: JBHN/TAS

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Biogas and biogas + separation,

upgrading facilities

Animal manure

– from farming problems to

society resources!

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Biogas • Redistribution and treatment facilities

• Organic fertilizer plants

– Bioslurry, biofibres and other biomasses.

– Redistribution and surplus treatment as organic fertilizer sale products

– Electricity, heat and transportation fuels

– Water environment, Climate combat and odour reduction

– Further treatment of fibres

– Digested fibre incineration /gasification

• Increased utilisation of biogas

– Local and further distances from the biogas plants – gas

– CHP utilisation and the transport sector

* Biogas are biorefinery platforms step 1.

- This is the future challenge 2012-2020

- Need fast tracks, by all new projects

Joint biogas plants

New plants (examp.)

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AD Co-digestion -

heterogeneous

feedstock’s

- Manure

- Food waste

- Organic by-products

- Crops

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Estimated amounts of animal manure in EU-27 (based on Faostat, 2003)

Country Cattle Pigs Cattle Pigs Cattle

manure

Pig

manure

Total

manure

[1000Heads] [1000Heads] 1000livestock units 1000livestock units [106 tons] [106 tons] [106 tons]

Austria 2051 3125 1310 261 29 6 35

Belgium 2695 6332 1721 529 38 12 49

Bulgaria 672 931 429 78 9 2 11

Cyprus 57 498 36 42 1 1 2

Czech R. 1397 2877 892 240 20 5 25

Denmark 1544 13466 986 1124 22 25 46

Estonia 250 340 160 28 4 1 4

Finland 950 1365 607 114 13 3 16

France 19383 15020 12379 1254 272 28 300

Germany 13035 26858 8324 2242 183 49 232

Greece 600 1000 383 83 8 2 10

Hungary 723 4059 462 339 10 7 18

Ireland 7000 1758 4470 147 98 3 102

Italy 6314 9272 4032 774 89 17 106

Latvia 371 436 237 36 5 1 6

Lithuania 792 1073 506 90 11 2 13

Luxembourg 184 85 118 7 3 0 3

Malta 18 73 11 6 0 0 0

Netherlands 3862 11153 2466 931 54 20 75

Poland 5483 18112 3502 1512 77 33 110

Portugal 1443 2348 922 196 20 4 25

Romania 2812 6589 1796 550 40 12 52

Slovakia 580 1300 370 109 8 2 11

Slovenia 451 534 288 45 6 1 7

Spain 6700 25250 4279 2107 94 46 140

Sweden 1619 1823 1034 152 23 3 26

U.K. 10378 4851 6628 405 146 9 155

EU-27 91364 160530 58348 13399 1284 295 1578

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Energy potential of pig and cattle manure in EU-27

Total

manure Biogas Methane Potential Potential

[106 tons] [106

m3] [106 m3] [PJ] [Mtoe]

1,578 31,568 20,519 827 18.5 Methane heat of combustion: 40.3 MJ/m3; 1 Mtoe = 44.8 PJ

Assumed methane content in biogas: 65%

Actual 2008 production of biogas in EU 27: 7 Mtoe

2012-2015 EU forecast 15 Mtoe

Manure potentials 18.5-20 Mtoe

Organic waste and byproducts 15-20 Mtoe

Crops and crop residuals 20-30 Mtoe

Total long term forcast Biogas 60 Mtoe Biogas can cover 1/3 of EU’s total RES 20% demands year 2020

Biogas

Production

&

Forecast:

Source: T. Al Seadi, Department of Bioenergy, SDU, Denmark

Source: T. Al Seadi, Department of Bioenergy, SDU, Denmark

. Ribe Biogas; 15 years of production, 18.000 m3 biogas/day. Source J. B. Holm-Nielsen, Bioenergy Dept., SDU, Denmark.

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Ribe Biogas Plant; a full scale test facility for several R&D

projects. Sampling points for feedstock’s and inoculums

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Linkogas full scale trials, 2007 - 2008

- on-line PAT monitoring fermenter 3, 2400 m3

Biogas and separation

Big perspectives liquid and gaseous separation

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Enhacing biogas production from lignocelluloses and manure using steam explosion pretreatment

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Lignocellulosic biomass employed: Salix viminalis ”Christina”.

It is a high temperature treatment followed by a rapid

pressure drop, causing a mechanical disruption of the

lignocellulosic fibers.

Porosity increases and hemicelluloses and celluloses

become more available free from lignin for the

microorganisms to degrade.

No chemical addition is needed except H2O, no sample

pre-treatment and minimum handling, many biomasses

can be treated this way in the same unit.

Steam explosion Unit at UMB campus, Ås, Norway.

(CAMBI, Asker, Norway)

Source: Taherzadeh and Karimi, 2008. Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Wastes to

Improve Ethanol and Biogas Production: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 9, 1621-1651;

ISSN 1422-0067.

Biogas trials in batch and semi-continuous systems

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1st batch experiment-

Steam Exploded Salix

at different combinations

of Temp. and time.

2nd batch experiment-

Codigestion of best

Steam Exploded Salix +

cow manure at different

C/N ratio mixtures

future experiments-

Codigestion in CSTR of

pretreated Salix + cow manure

mixtures, monitoring of process

balance (stability) and methane

yield.

Best Salix

pretreatment?

Best mixture

ratio ?

Steam explosion proved to be an effective pre-treatment

for Salix , methane yield increased up to 50 %.

Higher and relatively similar methane yield values were

obtained for all the treatment temperatures above 210 ºC.

210 ºC - 10 minutes chosen as pre-treatment conditions.

Co-digestion gave an overall more stable process.

First 20 days = 82 % of total CH4 was produced, whilst in

no-codigestion 20 days = 69 %.

Up to 40% lignocellulosic biomass was possible to co-

digest giving a good methane yield (230 mLCH4 /gVS)

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Small scale (batch): Experiment 1.- Salix steam exploded at different temperatures and times

Steam explosion proved to be an effective

pre-treatment for Salix , methane yield

increased up to 50 %.

Methane content in the biogas throughout

the experiment varied from 45 to 56 %.

Higher and relatively similar methane yield

values were obtained for all the treatment

temperatures above 210 ºC.

210 ºC - 10 minutes were chosen as the pre-

treatment conditions for Salix in next

experiment.

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Co-digestion of steam exploded Salix and manure at different C/N ratios (%

VS of each substrate)

Co-digestion gave an overall more stable process.

First 20 days = 82 % of total CH4 was produced,

whilst in no-codigestion 20 days = 69 %.

23 % less methane produced with already digested

manure.

Up to 40% lignocellulosic biomass was possible to

co-digest giving a good methane yield (ca.230 mL

CH4 /gVS)

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Environmental and Nature Conservation considerations; Permanent

grassland and pastures – at such areas the nature has the highest priority.

- Ruman grasing or small amounts of biomass harvesting from extensive

grassland areas can take place if its in a strategy to support the management of

species-rich grassland, to maintain a high biodiversity.

The open landscape

Meadow, heather, marshland, moor, lakes…

Pressure from society:

– Intensive cultivation

– Urbanization

– Climate changes

– Nutrient pollution

– Lack of nature conservation

”Engen er agerens moder”

(Meadow - the ”mother” of arable land)

Meadow Livestock Manure Crops

Meadow Livestock Crops

Meadow Biogas plant Crops

Energy

Nature conservation-

Biogas projects

Energy

Environment Biodiversity

Benefits

• Production of Renewable Energy

• Alternative to fossil fuel

• Prevents leaching of nutrients

• Recycling of nutrients to croplands

• Potential for organic/ecological fertilizer

• Preserves the open landscape

• Increase in biodiversity

• Recreational value will increase

Large Scale Bioenergy Lab

Project focus 2012 -2015. New biomass, innovations technologies, lot’s of green jobs in the cross border region.

Identification, Analysis, Mapping and Management of Sustainable Biomass Resources in the Region of Southern Denmark-Sleswig-K.E.R.N., Germany:

• Biomass from nature conservation

– Protected nature: meadow, marshland

• Biomass from permanent grassland

• Agricultural residues

– Manure

• Biomass from other areas

– Airports

– Roadside grass

• Biomass from recreational areas

– Golf course

– Parks

– Football fields

• Others..

– Algae, seaweed

– Household waste

– Industrial waste

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BIOGAS PLANTS DEVELOPMENT

in operation

under construction

planned

49 „Budowa biogazowni rolniczej w Koczale„ - projekt współfinansowany ze środków Narodowego Funduszu Ochrony Środowiska i Gospodarki Wodnej

Production start: 04.2009 Power: 2 126 kWel Substrates: Manure – 150 t/day Silage – 110 t/day Other – 4 t/day Biogas production: ~ 25 000 m3/ day Annual energy production: ~ 16 600 MWh

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Utilization of the post-fermented mass as natural fertilizer, using the soil injection method

Highly efficient logistics, only spring application

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CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF A BIOGAS PLANT

- OBSTACLES

Organizational-

Technical

Legal

Financial

Thank you for your attention!

Q & A ‘s

R, D & D cooperation partners;

• AAU, Denmark: Bioenergy Research Group; - Ane Katharina Paarup Meyer, Ehiaze

Augustine Ehimen, Michael Madsen, Kim H. Esbensen, Felicia Nkem Ihunegbo (HIT),

Saqib Sohail Toor, Lasse A. Rosendahl

• UMB, Norway: Biogas and Bioenergy Center; - Kristian Fjørtoft, Maria Magdalena

Estevez, Magdalena Bruch, Zehra Sapci, John Morken.

• FHF, Germany; Biogas R&D group - Lars Jürgensen, Thorsten Philips, Jens Born

• Poldanor, Poland; Biorefinery test-platform – Benny Laursen, Pawel Krawat, Bjarne

Møller, Grzegorz Brodziak.

Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen, Ph.D., Associate Professor

Center for Bioenergy and Green Engineering,

Head of Energy Section – Esbjerg Campus,

Institute of Energy Technology,

Aalborg University

Cell: +45 2166 2511

E-mail: jhn@et.aau.dk

www.et.aau.dk;

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