essay for sharing is caring - eva van passel

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1 How open is open enough? A philosophy of cultural commons for the cultural heritage sector. Eva Van Passel (Researcher at iMindsSMIT, Vrije Universiteit Brussel) This essay is based on my keynote talk at the seminar “Sharing is Caring: Right to Remix?”, which was held in Copenhagen on 2 October 2015. The essay has been adapted somewhat, mainly to enable it to be read outside of the direct context of the seminar. The reader is advised to keep in mind that the talk this essay is based on addressed the cultural sector as its main audience. As such, the essay is not intended to be an academic research article. However, references to more detailed academic accounts of some of the issues discussed have been included, and the author can be contacted at [email protected] or at https://www.linkedin.com/in/evavanpassel. Introduction Cultural heritage institutions are redefining their roles in a context of digital access to culture. They are finding themselves in a world where they don’t just have visitors; they have users, learners, makers, and online experience seekers. Digital engagement is such an important part of many of these users’ lives. A key question many institutions in the GLAM sector are dealing with is: how can we, as a cultural sector, get involved in this all, and do this in a meaningful manner? The challenge will be to ensure that the mission of the cultural sector as a whole includes room for engagement, interaction and cocreation. In this essay, I do not wish to expand on this context further, though I have done so in previous articles. 1 Instead, I would mainly wish to focus on some insights and thoughts on strategies cultural institutions might like to consider within this context, based on my experiences as a researcher, and my collaborations with practitioners and policy makers from the sectors of cultural heritage and the arts. I started as a researcher at iMindsSMIT at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel in 2007, and I have worked with the cultural sector for many years now. My first encounters with arts and heritage institutions were all within Flanders (Belgium). I have been involved in a few consecutive research projects on the topic of joint digitisation of collections of a variety of institutions, including a focus on financing models, the issue of longterm preservation, and crucially the challenges related to making those digitised collections available to a variety of audiences. My focus was never on the technical or the legal (copyright) aspects, but on the strategic and policy challenges that these evolutions create for institutions and the people working within them. From that Flemish context, I then moved on to a wider European context. iMindsSMIT was involved in one of the projects aggregating content for Europeana, of which there have been many over the years. Again, I focused on ‘the strategic stuff’ within this project, and the requirements of institutions. In parallel with this, I also worked on a smallscale research project with a contemporary artist. This paragraph is not merely intended as a biographical note, but as a sketch of the context in which my views on the challenges facing the sector have taken shape. The first section of this essay will elaborate further on these research experiences.

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Page 1: Essay for Sharing is Caring - Eva Van Passel

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How  open  is  open  enough?    A  philosophy  of  cultural  commons  for  the  cultural  heritage  sector.    Eva  Van  Passel  (Researcher  at  iMinds-­‐SMIT,  Vrije  Universiteit  Brussel)    

This  essay  is  based  on  my  keynote  talk  at  the  seminar  “Sharing  is  Caring:  Right  to  Remix?”,  which  was  held  in  Copenhagen  on  2  October  2015.  The  essay  has  been  adapted  somewhat,  mainly  to  enable  it  to  be  read  outside  of  the  direct  context  of  the  seminar.  The  reader  is  advised  to  keep  in  mind  that  the  talk  this  essay  is  based  on  addressed  the  cultural  sector  as  its  main  audience.  As  such,  the  essay  is  not  intended  to  be  an  academic  research  article.  However,  references  to  more  detailed  academic  accounts  of  some  of  the  issues  discussed  have  been  included,  and  the  author  can  be  contacted  at  [email protected]  or  at  https://www.linkedin.com/in/evavanpassel.      

 Introduction    Cultural  heritage  institutions  are  redefining  their  roles  in  a  context  of  digital  access  to  culture.  They  are  finding  themselves  in  a  world  where  they  don’t  just  have  visitors;  they  have  users,  learners,  makers,  and  online  experience  seekers.  Digital  engagement  is  such  an  important  part  of  many  of  these  users’  lives.  A  key  question  many  institutions  in  the  GLAM  sector  are  dealing  with  is:  how  can  we,  as  a  cultural  sector,  get  involved  in  this  all,  and  do  this  in  a  meaningful  manner?  The  challenge  will  be  to  ensure  that  the  mission  of  the  cultural  sector  as  a  whole  includes  room  for  engagement,  interaction  and  co-­‐creation.  In  this  essay,  I  do  not  wish  to  expand  on  this  context  further,  though  I  have  done  so  in  previous  articles.1  Instead,  I  would  mainly  wish  to  focus  on  some  insights  and  thoughts  on  strategies  cultural  institutions  might  like  to  consider  within  this  context,  based  on  my  experiences  as  a  researcher,  and  my  collaborations  with  practitioners  and  policy  makers  from  the  sectors  of  cultural  heritage  and  the  arts.      I  started  as  a  researcher  at  iMinds-­‐SMIT  at  the  Vrije  Universiteit  Brussel  in  2007,  and  I  have  worked  with  the  cultural  sector  for  many  years  now.  My  first  encounters  with  arts  and  heritage  institutions  were  all  within  Flanders  (Belgium).  I  have  been  involved  in  a  few  consecutive  research  projects  on  the  topic  of  joint  digitisation  of  collections  of  a  variety  of  institutions,  including  a  focus  on  financing  models,  the  issue  of  long-­‐term  preservation,  and  crucially  the  challenges  related  to  making  those  digitised  collections  available  to  a  variety  of  audiences.  My  focus  was  never  on  the  technical  or  the  legal  (copyright)  aspects,  but  on  the  strategic  and  policy  challenges  that  these  evolutions  create  for  institutions  and  the  people  working  within  them.  From  that  Flemish  context,  I  then  moved  on  to  a  wider  European  context.  iMinds-­‐SMIT  was  involved  in  one  of  the  projects  aggregating  content  for  Europeana,  of  which  there  have  been  many  over  the  years.  Again,  I  focused  on  ‘the  strategic  stuff’  within  this  project,  and  the  requirements  of  institutions.  In  parallel  with  this,  I  also  worked  on  a  small-­‐scale  research  project  with  a  contemporary  artist.  This  paragraph  is  not  merely  intended  as  a  biographical  note,  but  as  a  sketch  of  the  context  in  which  my  views  on  the  challenges  facing  the  sector  have  taken  shape.  The  first  section  of  this  essay  will  elaborate  further  on  these  research  experiences.  

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 Fictional  institutions  and  institutional  frictions    The  project  Europeana  Inside  was  a  Best  Practice  Network  committed  to  reducing  and  removing  barriers  to  participation  in  Europeana  at  several  levels,  organisational,  legal,  technical  and  financial.2  However,  the  open  licensing  of  metadata  was  not  really  seen  as  a  barrier  in  the  early  stages  of  the  project.  During  one  of  the  early  meetings,  the  project  manager  in  fact  pointed  out  that  all  the  institutions  that  had  joined  the  project  had  fully  committed  to  open  data.  This  was  presumed  to  be  the  case,  as  Europeana’s  Data  Exchange  Agreement  (DEA)  implied  that  providers  have  to  authorise  the  publication  of  all  metadata  under  the  Creative  Commons  Universal  Public  Domain  Dedication  (CC0).  All  institutions  present  at  the  meeting  had  indeed  signed  up  to  the  project  and  as  such  to  the  principle  of  making  content  and  metadata  available  through  Europeana.  However,  when  they  were  being  confronted  with  the  implications  in  practice,  it  turned  out  some  of  them  were  suddenly  starting  to  reconsider  this  commitment  to  open  data,  and  to  think  carefully  about  what  they  wanted  to  share.  For  example,  many  museums  didn’t  want  to  share  the  full  scientific  descriptions  their  curators  wrote  about  certain  works  under  the  specific  CC0  conditions  of  the  DEA.3    So  while  from  Europeana’s  point  of  view,  it  made  a  lot  of  sense  to  try  and  streamline  the  metadata  they  aggregate  as  much  as  possible,  the  project  illustrated  that  a  one  size  fits  all  approach  can  be  scary  for  many,  and  that  needs  of  diverse  institutions  can  differ  widely.  I  am  glad  to  say  that  Europeana  was  always  available  to  listen  to  our  concerns,  and  by  means  of  their  recent  publishing  framework,  they  are  offering  a  lot  of  flexibility  and  guidance  when  it  comes  to  different  licensing  options  to  share  collection  items.4  The  reluctance  noted  in  Europeana  Inside  did  not  necessarily  mean  that  the  participating  institutions  were  not  willing  to  share  and  open  up.  In  many  cases,  they  were  very  positive  towards  the  idea,  but  they  were  simply  not  ready  to  do  so  to  the  extent  that  the  license  required.      In  parallel  to  Europeana  Inside,  I  also  started  working  with  the  filmmaker  and  contemporary  artist  called  Jasper  Rigole  on  a  small  research  project,  within  the  context  of  the  Art&D  programme  of  iMinds.5  Jasper  collects  8mm  films  that  he  finds  at  flea  markets,  so  mostly  home  movies,  and  remixes  and  reimagines  them  to  his  own  beautiful  and  often  nostalgic  works  of  art.    He  has  been  collecting  these  found  reels  of  tape  for  many  years,  and  based  on  this  collection,  he  has  founded  his  own  fictional  cultural  institute,  the  International  Institute  for  the  Conservation,  Archiving  and  Distribution  of  other  People’s  Memories  (IICADOM).  As  you  can  perhaps  tell  by  the  name,  it  was  started  somewhat  ironically,  and  it  involved  criticism  on  some  memory  institutions’  more  archaic  and  bureaucratic  tendencies.  However,  over  the  years  it  has  grown  to  the  extent  that  it  has  surpassed  fiction  and  has  become  a  veritable  archive.  Together  with  Jasper,  I  wrote  an  article  about  the  lessons  real  institutions  can  learn  from  this  example  from  fiction  –  the  title  of  this  section  of  the  essay,  ‘fictional  institutions  and  institutional  frictions’,  was  also  part  of  this  article’s  title.  6    

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A  big  distinctive  factor  of  IICADOM  is  of  course  that  as  a  ‘fake’  or  ‘fictional’  institution,  it  is  not  accountable  to  the  government,  to  its  users  or  to  an  authentic  preservation  of  the  past.  This  offers  some  opportunities,  but  it  also  means  Jasper’s  work  doesn’t  fall  under  a  lot  of  the  exceptions  to  copyright  that  cultural  institutions  can  benefit  from.  In  a  sense,  he  is  therefore  confronted  with  less  risk  –  due  to  the  lack  of  accountability  –  as  well  as  more  risk  –  due  to  the  lack  of  protective  exceptions.  His  collection  is  by  default  all  found  footage,  so  it’s  a  collection  of  only  orphaned  works.  There  is  no  easy  way  to  even  start  doing  a  diligent  search  for  rights  holders  of  reels  of  films  you  find  at  flea  markets,  so  there  is  still  some  risk  attached  to  using  the  footage.  Jasper  made  a  large  selection  of  footage  available  to  download  through  the  platform  https://archive.org/  under  a  Creative  Commons  license.  As  these  are  orphan  works  and  he  is  not  actually  the  rightsholder,  this  entails  a  certain  level  of  risk.  For  cultural  institutions,  lessons  can  perhaps  be  learned  on  attitudes  to  risk.  It  is  not  a  risk  free  approach,  but  I  believe  it  to  be  a  low  risk  strategy.  It  might  be  an  interesting  thought  exercise  to  just  consider  what  is  possible  at  a  low  risk  level.      Another  lesson  to  be  learned  is  that,  as  can  be  noted  from  the  example  of  archive.org,  IICADOM  interacts  with  existing  external  platforms.  This  remains  a  solid  recommendation  as  a  way  forward  to  memory  institutions  as  well:  find  the  users  where  they  are,  don’t  just  expect  them  to  come  and  find  you.  This  is  definitely  something  that  even  a  portal  the  size  of  Europeana  has  started  to  focus  on  more  and  more  over  the  years,  and  it  is  worth  repeating.  Finally,  on  his  own  website,  Jasper  also  wanted  to  create  mechanisms  for  creative  reuse  of  the  footage.  His  idea  was  to  set  up  a  section  on  the  website  where  users  could  adopt  memories,  interact  with  them,  base  new  works  on  them,  and  truly  make  them  their  own.  So  IICADOM  is  not  only  about  allowing  creative  reuse,  via  downloads  on  archive.org,  but  also  about  fostering  and  encouraging  it.  In  the  paper  we  wrote,  all  of  these  lessons  were  then  contrasted  with  some  of  the  more  reluctant  and  risk-­‐averse  attitudes  to  openness  that  I  have  encountered  at  a  lot  of  cultural  institutions  during  my  research,  certainly  not  only  within  Europeana  Inside,  but  also  notably  in  the  local  context  of  Flanders,  Belgium.    Towards  a  philosophy  of  cultural  commons    In  the  previous  section  of  this  essay,  I  explained  some  of  my  research  findings  from  the  last  few  years,  and  the  perspectives  I  gained  on  what  is  going  on  in  the  sector.  This  is  not  just  for  the  sake  of  talking  about  the  research,  but  it  illustrates,  in  my  view,  why  we  might  need  more  of  a  framework  to  deal  with  all  of  these  challenges,  this  philosophy  of  cultural  commons.  My  main  feeling  is  that  there  are  so  many  ad  hoc  challenges  crossing  the  path  of  cultural  institutions.  They  all  have  to  focus  on  the  latest  thing  or  the  newest  trend  –  sometimes  it’s  open  metadata,  openly  licensed  content,  APIs,  or  it  might  be  ideas  such  as  ‘we  must  be  on  Pinterest’,  ‘we  need  to  be  on  Instagram’,  ‘Tumblr  is  where  it’s  at  right  now’.  With  all  of  these  trends  that  institutions  are  faced  with,  for  which  they  have  to  come  up  with  an  approach  on  the  spot,  it’s  hard  to  know  where  to  start.  There  has  to  be  a  better  way.      

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This  is  why  we  considered  it  would  be  useful  to  move  towards  a  framework,  a  philosophy  that  takes  more  of  an  overarching  view,  and  as  such  can  be  much  more  about  the  missions  of  institutions  than  about  just  dealing  with  the  latest  trend.  To  stress  this  point  even  further,  I  would  like  to  show  this  wonderful  chart  made  by  Andrea  Wallace,  who  works  at  CREATe  Research  Centre  in  the  UK.  It  shows  a  number  of  institutions  in  the  UK  (each  row  is  one  institution),  and  what  they  allow,  or  do  not  allow,  their  visitors  or  users  to  do,  both  during  a  visit  or  with  content  they  might  find  on  the  website  (each  column  is  something  which  users  might  like  to  do).  It  immediately  and  very  visually  shows  that  institutions  often  take  different  approaches  to  opening  up.  She  used  this  chart  in  a  recent  presentation  on  surrogate  rights  many  institutions  create  for  themselves,  when  they  decide  to  make  available  works  that  are  in  the  public  domain.  In  my  view,  this  idea  of  surrogate  rights  illustrates  very  well  why  we  might  want  to  consider  a  wider  framework  for  sharing  and  opening  up,  and  why  cultural  commons  may  be  such  a  useful  approach.    

   I’ve  been  working  on  this  idea  together  with  two  colleagues  from  the  field  of  cultural  policy  in  Flanders,  not  within  a  research  project,  but  for  the  purposes  of  a  paper  we  wrote  together  for  a  conference.  This  paper  was  mostly  based  on  all  of  our  experiences  with  the  sector,  and  on  a  thought  exercise  to  try  and  make  sense  of  it  all  (van  der  Linden,  Van  Passel  &  Driesen,  2014).7  We  hope  to  be  able  to  build  on  this  further  in  research,  policy  and  practice  in  the  future.  We  are  by  no  means  the  first  to  consider  cultural  commons  as  an  option  for  the  cultural  heritage  sector.  We  wanted  to  further  our  thoughts  on  the  approach,  with  the  

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aim  of  coming  up  with  something  that  might  be  useful  for  policy  as  well  as  practice.  For  this,  and  in  the  paper  we  wrote,  we  looked  at  the  model  of  constructed  cultural  commons,  as  it  was  developed  by  Michael  Madison,  Brett  Frischmann  &  Katherine  Strandburg  (2010).  First,  it’s  worth  pointing  out  some  of  the  guiding  principles  behind  our  thoughts,  which  are  cultural  principles  at  heart  –  principles  I  believe  the  cultural  sector  can  get  behind,  and  which  should  underpin  a  cultural  commons  approach.8  Culture,  also  in  digital  form,  has  intrinsic  value.  Users  should  therefore  have  the  right  to  sustainable  access  to  these  valuable  assets  –  now  as  well  as  in  the  future  –  and  the  offer  needs  to  be  varied  and  inclusive.  The  latter,  inclusiveness,  in  the  context  of  this  essay  certainly  implies  that  focusing  only  on  public  domain  content  is  not  enough.  Openness  and  opening  up  is  really  not  only  a  principle  in  itself,  but  also  a  way  to  make  sure  the  other  guiding  principles  are  supported.    Madison  and  his  colleagues  break  the  approach  of  constructed  cultural  commons  down  into  some  key  factors.  In  my  talk  at  Sharing  is  Caring,  and  also  in  this  essay,  I  tried  to  steer  away  form  a  heavily  theoretical  approach.  A  crucial  thing  to  point  out  is  that  the  model  was  built  as  a  framework  to  analyse  cultural  commons,  but  that  we  tried  to  look  at  the  cultural  commons  framework  not  only  as  a  tool  for  research,  but  also  as  an  underlying  philosophy  for  cultural  policy  and  governance.  In  looking  at  cultural  commons,  Madison  et  al.  (2010,  pp.  688-­‐704)  propose  to  analyse  4  main  factors:  resources  and  community;  goals  and  objectives;  degrees  of  openness;  and  governance.  What  we  tried  to  do  is  look  at  these  factors  as  key  points  that  the  cultural  sector,  even  on  an  institutional  level,  can  think  about  to  build  a  cultural  commons.  Again,  the  paper  we  wrote  does  this  in  a  lot  more  detail  and  with  a  lot  more  references  than  I  want  to  burden  you  with  in  this  essay.      First,  it  might  be  fruitful  to  simply  take  a  moment  to  consider  what  our  resources  are,  and  who  our  community  is.  Of  course,  if  we  look  at  the  sector  as  a  whole,  this  is  almost  endless,  but  you  can  also  look  at  this  from  your  own  institution’s  point  of  view  as  well.  Who  are  your  users,  what  are  their  expectations,  and  what  can  you  offer  them  in  terms  of  cultural  resources?  The  goals  and  objectives  then,  in  a  simplified  and  general  manner,  might  simply  be  to  give  access  to  culture  to  as  many  people  as  possible.  In  an  age  of  (re)users  and  makers,  this  should  include  to  be  as  open  as  possible,  including  towards  reuse  and  remix  practices.  How  open  this  is,  however,  might  change  depending  on  specific  user  communities,  and  it  can  also  be  different  depending  on  the  content  being  shared.  This  is  where  the  model  really  shines:  it  allows  and  expects  different  degrees  of  openness.  An  approach  like  this  is  very  much  present  in  a  tool  such  as  the  Creative  Commons  licenses,  which  you  can  really  pick  and  choose  from  with  the  goal  of  being  more  or  less  open.  These  degrees  of  openness  are  part  of  the  reason  why  cultural  commons  need  governance.  This  is  not  only  to  be  understood  in  a  restrictive  way,  as  in  rules  that  tell  us  who  can  do  what,  but  especially  also  in  terms  of  guidance,  in  terms  of  making  sure  the  community  understands  what  they  can  do  with  the  resources  made  available  to  them.          

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And  in  practice?  Concluding  remarks  on  opening  up    I’d  like  to  end  with  what  this  can  mean  in  practice,  though  I  should  repeat  that  these  ideas  should  ideally  be  further  developed  in  research,  policy  and  practice.  This  is  nothing  earth-­‐shattering,  nothing  too  complicated,  nothing  perhaps  altogether  new,  but  these  are  things  that  merit  repeating.    The  first  point  is,  please  beware  of  the  black  hole  of  the  20th  century.  Public  domain  stuff  is  the  easiest  stuff,  at  least  from  a  licensing  point  of  view.  Newly  created  stuff  can  sometimes  be  given  more  internet-­‐appropriate  licensing,  for  example  through  Creative  Commons,  or  at  least  the  contracts  institutions  sign  now  with  rights  holders  can  take  the  digital  realm  into  account.  But  all  the  stuff  in-­‐between  is  hard  work.  However,  that  really  shouldn’t  mean  it  should  just  be  ignored.  Orphan  works  legislation  might  make  some  of  it  easier,  and  there  I’d  like  to  recall  the  idea  of  attitudes  to  risk.  But  it  can  also  be  possible  to  clear  rights,  and  clear  them  for  reuse  –  even  if  it  is  for  example  only  educational,  it’s  a  start.  If  you  know  of  a  20th  century  artist  with  a  very  approachable  estate,  I  would  encourage  you  to  approach  them.  In  order  to  continue  to  be  relevant  in  the  digital  age,  it’s  important  to  start  filling  at  least  some  of  this  black  hole.    I’d  like  to  remind  you  of  Michael  Peter  Edson’s  wonderful  tagline  ‘Think  big,  start  small,  move  fast’.9  Even  if  you  can  only  make  a  small  showcase  selection  of  works  available  right  now,  it  really  can  be  a  great  place  to  start.  So,  simply  put,  open  up  what  you  can,  as  soon  as  you  can,  to  the  audiences  you  can  open  it  up  to,  as  openly  as  you  can.  Just  like  Michael,  I  would  encourage  institutions  not  to  be  too  daunted  or  put  off  by  the  fact  that  they  cannot  fully  dedicate  everything  to  the  public  domain.  Look  at  what  is  possible,  and  open  up  in  a  layered  manner,  bit  by  bit.  It  is  far  better  than  simply  doing  nothing.    In  the  anthology  that  was  published  after  previous  Sharing  is  Caring  seminars,  Jill  Cousins  wrote  about  building  a  commons  for  digital  cultural  heritage.10  As  director  of  Europeana,  she  made  the  scope  of  her  essay  mostly  about  the  role  of  Europeana  within  a  cultural  commons,  but  she  also  stresses  the  responsibility  of  all  of  us.  I  would  like  to  believe  that  it  is  possible  to  move  towards  such  a  model,  and  I  hope  this  essay  has  encouraged  the  reader  to  think  about  what  this  may  mean.  Initiatives  such  as  Europeana  can  play  a  crucial  role,  but  aside  from  that,  every  small-­‐scale  initiative  –  every  single  time  something  is  made  available  for  reuse  to  someone  –  can  help  to  build  and  maintain  these  wonderful  resources  we  all  benefit  from.  Everything  that  is  made  and  created  from  our  commons  can  become  part  of  the  commons  as  well.      I  ended  my  talk  with  showing  a  photograph  I  took  on  holiday,  of  a  beautiful  wooden  walkway  through  the  dunes  towards  a  beach.  I  believe  there  are  no  monsters  at  the  end  of  the  tempting  path  that  lies  ahead  of  cultural  institutions,  and  I  would  encourage  you  all  to  consider  taking  it.        

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Notes    1. For  example,  in  Van  Passel  &  Rigole  (2014),  we  included  a  brief  section  on  the  participation  

paradigm  and  the  movement  towards  open  GLAMs  as  a  recent  incarnation  of  the  changing  institutional  paradigm.  

2. The  project  ran  from  April  2012  to  September  2014.  The  project’s  website  is  still  available  at  http://www.europeana-­‐inside.eu/home/index.html.  Europeana  Inside  was  coordinated  by  Collections  Trust  and  co-­‐funded  by  the  European  Union  under  the  ICT  Policy  Support  Programme  part  of  the  Competitiveness  and  Innovation  Framework  Programme  [grant  number  297292].    

3. Europeana  Inside  is  not  the  first  project  in  which  this  reluctance  was  noted.  In  the  projects  Athena  and  Linked  Heritage,  for  example,  the  DEA  introduction  already  had  a  large  impact,  as  many  museums  did  not  agree  with  being  required  to  allow  commercial  reuse  through  this  CC0  license  (Vassallo  and  Piccininno  2012).    

4. Harry  Verwayen,  deputy  director  of  Europeana  and  moderator  at  Sharing  is  Caring,  showed  a  video  that  clearly  illustrates  the  licensing  choices  and  their  implications:  https://vimeo.com/138177046.  

5. The  interdisciplinary  artistic  research  project,  Addenda,  took  place  within  the  Art&D  framework,  co-­‐funded  by  iMinds,  a  research  institute  founded  by  the  Flemish  Government.  Its  project  partners  were  the  artist  Jasper  Rigole,  iMinds  (iLab.o  and  iMinds-­‐SMIT,  Vrije  Universiteit  Brussel),  and  Rekall  Design.    

6. For  a  full  and  detailed  account  of  these  lessons  learned,  I’d  like  to  refer  you  to  the  paper  itself  (Van  Passel  &  Rigole,  2014).    

7. This  paper  (van  der  Linden,  Van  Passel  &  Driesen,  2014)  forms  the  basis  of  a  big  part  of  this  essay,  but  is  much  more  theoretical  in  scope.  It  can  be  found  at  http://iasckc.nyuengelberg.org/s/Hans-­‐van-­‐der-­‐Linden-­‐Eva-­‐Van-­‐Passel-­‐Leen-­‐Driesen.pdf    

8. With  regards  to  these  principles,  we  addressed  the  fact  that a  lot  of  initiatives  encouraging  institutions  to  open  up  emerge  more  from  a  context  of  EU  innovation  policy,  with  economic  and  competitive  connotations,  and  have  perhaps  for  this  reason  engendered  certain  controversies  in  the  cultural  sector.  This  essay  does  not  dwell  on  that  distinction,  but  in  this  endnote,  I’d  like  to  paraphrase  some  of  the  discussion  as  we  described  in  in  our  paper  (van  der  Linden,  Van  Passel  &  Driesen,  2014).  The  ‘economic  innovation  flavour’  is  applicable  to  some  extent  to  the  DEA,  which  takes  a  creative  industries  approach  towards  creative  industries,  but  it  is  certainly  seen  to  be  the  case  with  regards  to  the  implementation  of  the  new  version  of  the  Public  Sector  Information  Directive  (Directive  2013/37/EU).  Bottom-­‐up  OpenGLAM  tendencies  may  be  similar  in  approach,  but  they  may  very  well  be  based  on  very  different  motivations  and  principles.  Choosing  which  angle  to  take  in  the  long-­‐  standing  debate  on  the  balance  between  cultural  principles  and  economic  principles,  on  public  and  cultural  value  as  opposed  to  mere  economic  value  (see  e.g.  Holden,  2004;  Throsby,  2011)  may  well  impact  institutional  willingness  to  open  up.  The  principles  behind  a  cultural  commons  approach  are  only  very  briefly  discussed  in  this  essay,  but  in  the  paper  I  refer  to,  we  explored  to  which  extent  more  ‘intrinsically  cultural’  basis  could  be  used  to  motivate  the  commons.  We  looked  for  example  at  the  Framework  Convention  on  the  Value  of  Cultural  Heritage  for  Society  (the  FARO-­‐Convention;  Council  of  Europe,  2005),  UNESCO’s  Vancouver  Declaration  (2012)  and  the  UNESCO  Convention  on  the  Protection  and  Promotion  of  the  Diversity  of  Cultural  Expressions  (2005).  

9. A  great  summary  of  what  this  means  can  be  found  here:  http://dysartjones.com/2012/03/think-­‐big-­‐start-­‐small-­‐move-­‐fast/  Michael  Peter  Edson  has  also  contributed  an  energising  essay  –  simply  entitled  ‘Boom’  –  to  the  Sharing  is  Caring  anthology  (Edson,  2014).  

10. The  principles  outlined  in  this  essay  for  a  cultural  commons  are  slightly  different  than  the  ones  we’ve  put  forward  in  our  own  paper  (Cousins,  2014).  

         

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References    Council  of  Europe  (2005).  Framework  Convention  on  the  Value  of  Cultural  Heritage  for  Society.  Faro,  27.X.2005      Cousins,  J.  (2014).  Building  a  commons  for  digital  cultural  heritage.  In  M.  Sanderhoff  (Ed.),  Sharing  is  Caring,  Openness  and  sharing  in  the  cultural  heritage  sector  (pp.  132-­‐140).  Copenhagen:  Statens  Museum  for  Kunst.      Edson,  M.  P.  (2014).  Boom.  In  M.  Sanderhoff  (Ed.),  Sharing  is  Caring,  Openness  and  sharing  in  the  cultural  heritage  sector  (pp.  12-­‐19).  Copenhagen:  Statens  Museum  for  Kunst.      Holden,  J.  (2004).  Capturing  Cultural  Value.  London:  Demos.      Madison,  M.  J.,  Frischmann,  B.  M.,  Strandburg,  K.  J.  (2010).  Constructing  Commons  in  the  Cultural  Environment.  Cornell  Law  Review,  95  (4),  657-­‐709.      Throsby,  D.  (2001).  Economics  and  Culture.  Cambridge:  Cambridge  University  Press.      UNESCO  (2005).  Convention  on  the  Protection  and  Promotion  of  the  Diversity  of  Cultural  Expressions.  20  October  2005.  Paris:  UNESCO.      UNESCO  (2012).  Vancouver  declaration.  The  Memory  of  the  World  in  the  Digital  Age:  Digitization  and  Preservation.  26  to  28  December  2012.  Vancouver:  UNESCO.      van  der  Linden,  H.,  Van  Passel,  E.,  &  Driesen,  L.  (2014).  Towards  a  Cultural  Commons  Approach  as  a  Framework  for  Cultural  Policy  and  Practice  in  a  Network  Society.  Paper  presented  at  the  2nd  Thematic  Conference  on  Knowledge  Commons,  5-­‐6  September  2014,  New  York,  USA.      Van  Passel,  E.,  &  Rigole,  J.  (2014).  Fictional  Institutions  and  Institutional  Frictions:  Creative  Approaches  to  Open  GLAMs.  Digital  Creativity,  25  (3),  203-­‐211.  DOI:  10.1080/14626268.2014.904363      Vassallo,  V.,    &  Piccininno,  M.  2012.  “Aggregating  Content  for  Europeana:  A  Workflow  to  Support  Content  Providers.”  In  TPDL  2012.  LNCS,  vol.  7489,  edited  by  P.  Zaphiris,  G.  Buchanan,  E.  Rasmussen,  and  F.  Loizides,  445–454.  Heidelberg:  Springer.        Biography    Eva  Van  Passel  has  been  a  researcher  at  iMinds-­‐  SMIT,  Vrije  Universiteit  Brussel,  since  2007.  Broadly  speaking,  Eva’s  research  interests  include  the  many  challenges  and  opportunities  for  arts  and  heritage  in  a  networked  society,  but  her  research  mainly  focuses  on  the  changing  roles  of  cultural  (heritage)  institutions  in  the  context  of  digitisation,  digital  preservation,  and  distribution  and  sustainable  digital  access.  Topics  under  scrutiny  over  the  years  have  included  strategic  challenges  for  cultural  institutions,  digital  cultural  policy,  audience  strategies,  business  models,  the  European  digital  library  Europeana,  open  cultural  data  and  open  GLAM  initiatives,  and  financing  models  for  digital  cultural  heritage.  Eva  holds  Masters  degrees  in  Communication  and  Media  Studies  and  in  Film  Studies  and  Visual  Culture.        Suggested  reference    Van  Passel,  E.  (2015).  ‘How  open  is  open  enough?  A  philosophy  of  cultural  commons  for  the  cultural  heritage  sector.’  Essay  written  for  “Sharing  is  Caring:  Right  to  Remix?”,  Copenhagen,  2  October  2015.