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CLARK SPENCER LARSEN

E S S E N T I A L S O FPHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGYS ECOND E DITION

CHAPTER

:;&



Copyright ©2013 W.W. Norton, Inc.

Early Hominid Origins: The Roots of

Humanity




Early Hominid Origins: The Roots of

Humanity• Ques2ons addressed in

this chapter: – What is a hominid?

– Why did hominidsevolve?

– Who were the rsthominids?

– What was theevolu2onary fate of therst hominids?




What is a Hominid?

• What is differentabout humans?

– Speech – Cogni2on

– Culture

– Upright walking

– Non-honingchewing




What is a Hominid?




Non-honing Chewing

• Honing versus apical

wear• Shearing versus grinding

• Male-male aggression




Non-honing Chewing




Why Did Hominids Evolve?

• Hun2ng Hypothesis – Charles Darwin

• Hominids evolved inAfrica

• Hun2ng meat = tooluse

• Tool use = large brain

• Tool use = smallcanine

• Tool use = free hands

• Free hands =bipedalism





• Patchy ForestHypothesis

– Peter Rodman &Henry McHenry

– African savanna

– Two-legsenerge2cally

more efficientthan four?





• Provisioning Hypothesis – Owen Lovejoy

– More food supports more infants, which canlower IBI. – Suite of anatomies and behaviors co-evolve

• Food provisioning• Pair bonding

– Reduced canine size

• Coopera2on• Bipedalism




Who Were the First Hominids?




Who Were the First Hominids?Sahelanthropus

• Sahelanthropustchadensis – Chad, Central Africa

–

6–7 million years old• Forest near lake – M. Brunet – Anatomies:

• Small brain (350 cc)• Bipedal? Foramen

magnum• Non-honing chewing – Smallish canines

• Massive browridge




Who Were the First Hominids? Orrorin

• Orrorin tugenensis – Tugen Hills, Kenya,

Africa – 6 million years old

• Forest – M. Pickford & B. Senut – Anatomies:

• Bipedal – Based on femur

• Tree climber based onhand bones

• Par2ally honingcanines





Ardipithecus and the Middle Awash




Who Were the First Hominids? Ardipithecuskadabba

• Ardipithecus kadabba – Middle Awash Valley,

Ethiopia, Africa

– 5. –5.8 million yearsold

• Forest

– T. White & Y. Haile-Selassie

– Anatomies:• Bipedal

– Based on toe bone

• Perihoning complex




Who Were the First Hominids? Ardipithecusramidus

• Ardipithecus ramidus – Middle Awash Valley,

Ethiopia, Africa

– 4.4 million years old• Forest

– Interna2onal team led by T.White & Y. Haile-Selassie

– Anatomies:• Bipedal

– Based on pelvis, femur, foot

• Climbing based on hand andfoot

• Non-honing canines




Australopithecus




Australopithecus anamensis

• Australopithecusanamensis – Kenya & Ethiopia, Africa – ~4 million years old

• Woodland – M. Leakey & T. White – Anatomies:

• Bipedal – Based on shin bone

• Non-honing canines




Australopithecus afarensis




Australopithecus afarensis

• Australopithecusafarensis – Tanzania &Ethiopia,

Africa – 3 –3.6 million years old

• Woodland & grassland

– D. Johanson & others

– Anatomies:• Bipedal (some

climbing?)

• Non-honing, smallcanine

• Large molars




Australopithecus (Kenyanthropus)

platyops• Australopithecus

platyops – Kenya, Africa

– 3.5 million years old• Woodland

– M. Leakey – Anatomies:

• Flat face• Small molar teeth




Diversica2on of the Hominidae




Australopithecus garhi

• Australopithecusgarhi – Ethiopia, Africa

– .5 million years old• Woodland

– T. White & Y. Haile-Selassie

– Anatomies:• Large teeth

(premolars andmolars)

• Long legs• Stone tools?




The First Tool Makers

• Oldowan stone tools( .6 million years)

• Australopithecus rststone tool makers; notHomo




The Robust Australopithecines(Paranthropus )

• Australopithecusaethiopicus – Ethiopia & Kenya, Africa

– .5 million years old• Woodland & grassland

• Sagi al crest & large molars

• Australopithecus boisei – Ethiopia, Tanzania, & Kenya,

Africa – 1. – .3 million years old

• Grassland

• Sagi al crest & large molars




South African Australopithecines

• Australopithecusafricanus

• Australopithecus(Paranthropus)robustus

• Australopithecussediba





• Australopithecus africanus – –3 million years ago

– Small, non-honing canines; largepremolars and molars

– Bipedal

• Australopithecus robustus – 1.5– million years ago

– Small, non-honing canines; very

large premolars and molars – Bipedal





• Australopithecussediba – million years old

(Malapa Cave) – Forest andgrassland

• Ea2ng C3 foods

– Anatomy

•

Small brain, smallteeth• Human-like hand

and pelvis• Mosaic foot




The Australopithecines




Australopithecine to Early Homo




For more learning resources, please visit theStudySpace site for Essentials of Physical Anthropology http://books.wwnorton.com/studyspace

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11/7/12

Clark • Spencer • Larsen

Essentials of Physical AnthropologySecond Edition

CHAPTER

This concludes the Lecture

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