estruturas secretoras - university of são paulo
TRANSCRIPT
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Estruturas secretoras
Prof. Dr. Diego Demarco
Assistam esta aula online em
http://eaulas.usp.br/portal/video.action?idItem=22769
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Primeiras descrições sobre as
plantas e suas secreções
• Primeiras descrições
morfológicas –
Theophrastus
(~ 300 a.C.)
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Plantas medicinais
• Dioscorides (~30 a.C.)
• De Materia Medica –
utilizado por mais de
7 séculos
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Glândulas vegetais
Secreções = produtos naturais
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Tricomas tectores e secretores
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Tricomas
• Apêndice epidérmico
• Podem ser tectores ou glandulares
- Unicelulares
- Multicelulares
Unisseriados
Multisseriados
Simples
Ramificados
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Tricomas glandulares
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Indumento
• Conjunto de tricomas
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Função
• Resinífero
• Oleífero
• Mucilaginoso
• Nectário
• Glândula de sal
• Hidropótio
• Glândula digestiva
• Coléter
• Tricoma urticante
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Urtica sp.
Tricomas urticantes
• Causam irritação, reação alérgica, morte
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Estrutura
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Modo de liberação da secreção
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Secreção
• Aminoácidos e proteínas
- acetilcolina, histamina e serotonina
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TRICOMAS SECRETORES
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Glândulas digestivas
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HIDATÓDIOS - gutação
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Hidatódios
Poro
Xilema
Epitema
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Solanum tuberosum
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Fuchsia
Begonia
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TRICOMA SECRETOR DE SAL
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Avicennia
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Glândulas de salAvicenia
Laguncularia
secreção
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Nectário
• Glândula que secreta néctar
• Estrutura variável: epiderme, tricoma,
emergência vascularizada ou
avascularizada
• Ocorrência: caule e folhas; flor e fruto
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Nectário
nupcial
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Nectário
extranupcial
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Tricomas nectaríferos
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Histoquímica
• Glicofita
• Histoquímica
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Estrutura
• Parênquima nectarífero
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Estrutura
• Epiderme
nectarífera
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vascularização
Epiderme secretora
NECTÁRIO
Epiderme nectarífera
Parênquima
nectarífero
VascularizaçãoParênquima nectarífero
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➢ Principalmente açúcares
• Glicose
• Frutose
• Sacarose
• Outros mossacarídeos
• Íons minerais
• Lipídeos
• Proteínas e aminoácidos etc.
Composição química do néctar
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DUCTOS RESINÍFEROS
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Schinus terebinthifolius – pimenta rosa
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Aspecto das células epiteliais e a
fase secretora
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Continuidade do sistema
Planta “inteira”
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Anastomose
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• Resina
- sensu stricto
(terpenos e/ou fenólicos)
- sensu lato(principalmente lipídeos)
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CAVIDADES SECRETORAS
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Cavidades secretoras
• Típico de várias famílias: Myrtaceae,
Rutaceae, algumas Malvaceae etc.
• As oleíferas conferem um aroma típico
(identificação)
• São constituídas pelo epitélio e o lume
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Lume
Epitélio
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Idioblastos secretores
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Células oleíferas no louro vermelho – Ocotea rubra
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Idioblastos secretores
• Estrutura secretora mais simples e mais comum dentre todos os grupos plantas
• Podem conter:
- Compostos fenólicos*
- Mucilagem
- Óleo
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LATICÍFEROS
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BORRACHA
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Falsa-erva-de-rato
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Látex
• Pode ser composto por:
- Terpenos (diterpenos, triterpenos, tetraterpenos, borracha)
- Ácidos graxos
- Compostos fenólicos incluindo flavonoides
- Alcaloides
- Proteínas (principalmente enzimas)
- Glicosídeos cianogênicos
- Carboidratos, incluindo amido
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Funções
• Proteção
- contra herbivoria (tóxico ou dissuasivo alimentar)
- sela ferimentos
- impede proliferação de micro-organismos
*muitas plantas são utilizadas como medicinais. Cuidado!
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• Nem todo látex é tóxico
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Ocorrência de estruturas
secretoras em outros
órgãos
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OSMÓFOROS
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Murraya paniculata – dama-da-noite
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Hesperídeo
• Endocarpo com tricomas suculentos (glandulares - suco)
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CASCA