estudio gramatical aplicado a un texto turÍstico en alemÁn: stadtgeschichten. entlang der grand...
TRANSCRIPT
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7/24/2019 ESTUDIO GRAMATICAL APLICADO A UN TEXTO TURSTICO EN ALEMN: STADTGESCHICHTEN. ENTLANG DER GRAND
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AGIPLZGJ J@ ZPRKYNM [ AKEGEVGY
CRGJM @E ZPRKYNM
@YZPJKM CRGNGZKIGL GXLKIGJM G PE Z@TZM ZPRYZKIM@E GL@NE6 YZGJZC@YIDKIDZ@E. @EZLGEC J@R CRGEJ
ZMPR MA YSKZV@RLGEJ
Zrgbgfm Ake j` Crgjm pr`s`etgjm pmr Fms Lp`z Nmetkfgem, sk`ejm lg tutmrg j`lnksnm lg prma`smrg Idrkstkge` Lknbgid.
Q. B. j` lg Zutmrg6 Glunem6
Jrg. Jg Idrkstkge` Lknbgid J. Fms Lp`z Nmetkfgem
Y`vkllg. 20 j` Fuekm 2870
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CRGJM @E ZPRKYNM
AGIPLZGJ J@ ZPRKYNM [ AKEGEVGY
ZRGBGFM AKE J@ CRGJM
IPRYM GIGJNKIM 287:-2870
ZZPLM6
@YZPJKM CRGNGZKIGL GXLKIGJM G PE Z@TZM ZPRYZKIM @E GL@NE6YZGJZC@YIDKIDZ@E. @EZLGEC J@R CRGEJ ZMPR MA YSKZV@RLGEJ
GPZMR6
FMY LX@V NMEZKFGEM
ZPZMR6
JRG. JG. IDRKYZKGE@ LKNBGID
J@XGRZGN@EZM6
AKLMLMCG GL@NGEG
R@G J@ IMEMIKNK@EZM6
AKLMLMCG GL@NGEG
R@YPN@E6
@l pr`s`et` prmy`itm gbmrjg `l gelksks crgngtkigl j` ue t`xtm turstkim gl`ne,`xtrgjm j` ue igtlmcm prmnmikmegl smbr` lgs ikujgj`s ns gtrgitkvgs j` Yukzg. Gtrgvs j` ueg n`tmjmlmcg bgsgjg `e lg `xgnkegike j` lms `l`n`etms crgngtkigl`s
prkeikpgl`s j`l t`xtm y ime lg gyujg j` ueg bkblkmcrgag `sp`ikglkzgjg, s` pr`t`ej`r`glkzgr ue `stujkm c`e`rgl j` lg nmramsketgxks gl`ngeg. @l trgbgfm `st jkvkjkjm `esk`t` igptulms t`ntkims, ime su imrr`spmejk`et` subigptulms.
XGLGBRGY ILGQ@6
Gelksks nmramsketitkim? igtlmcm prmnmikmegl? gl ne? turksnm?
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ZAC-ZPR. @stujkm Crgngtkigl Gplkigjm g ue Z`xtm Zurstkim Gl`ne6 Ytgjtc`sid kidt`e. @etlgec j`r Crgej Zmurma Ywktz`rlgej
-K-
EJKI@
8. KEZRMJPIIKE...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................7
8.7. MBF@ZKQMY .........................................................................................................................................................................................................7
8.2. N@ZMJMLMCG ...........................................................................................................................................................................................7
8.9. R@QKYKE BKBLKMCRAKIG [ IP@RXM Z@RKIM....................................................................7
8.:. FPYZKAKIGIKE J@ LG R@L@QGEIKG J@L Z@NG @[email protected]
7. @L GRZIPLM ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9
7.7. @L GRZIPLM J@Z@RNKEGJM .....................................................................................................................................9
7.2. @L GRZIPLM KEJ@Z@RNKEGJM .............................................................................................................................97.9. LG MNKYKE J@L GRZIPLM .........................................................................................................................................:
2. @L EMNBR@ .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................0
2.7. @L CE@RM J@ LMY EMNBR@Y ..............................................................................................................................0
2.7.7. @l ce`rm j` lms emnbr s imnpu`stms ............................................................................................................3
2.2. @L EN@RM J@ LMY EMNBR@Y ...........................................................................................................................3
2.9. LMY XRYZGNMY LKECYZKIMY ......................................................................................................................4
2.:. @L GL@NE YPKVM ...........................................................................................................................................................................4
9. @L XRMEMNBR@ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................;
9.7. LMY XRMEMNBR@Y X@RYMEGL@Y ...................................................................................................................;
9.2. LMY XRMEMNBR@Y KEJ@AKEKJMY .................................................................................................................78
9.9. LMY XRMEMNBR@Y R@LGZKQMY .......................................................................................................................77
9.:. LMY XRMEMNBR@Y R@AL@TKQMY ..................................................................................................................77
:. @L GJF@ZKQM ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................79:.7. @L GJF@ZKQM @E APEIKE GZRKBPZKQG ...........................................................................................79
:.2. @L GJF@ZKQM @E APEIKE XR@JKIGZKQG..................................................................................... 79
:.9. LG J@ILKEGIKE J@L GJF@ZKQM .....................................................................................................................7:
:.9.7. J`ilkegike au`rt` .............................................................................................................................................................................7:
:.9.2. J`ilkegike jbkl .................................................................................................................................................................................70
:.9.9. J`ilkegike nkxtg ...............................................................................................................................................................................71
0. LGY XR@XMYKIKME@Y .....................................................................................................................................................................................................7;0.7. @L RCKN@E J@ LGY XR@XMYKIKME@Y ...............................................................................................7;
0.7.7. Xr`pmskikme`s qu` sk`npr` rkc`e giusgtkvm .........................................................................................7;
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ZAC-ZPR. @stujkm Crgngtkigl Gplkigjm g ue Z`xtm Zurstkim Gl`ne6 Ytgjtc`sidkidt`e. @et lgec j`r Crgej Zmurma Ywktz`rlgej
-KK-
0.7.2. Xr`pmskikme`s qu` sk`npr` rkc`e jgtkvm .....................................................................................................7;
0.7.9. Xr`pmskikme`s qu` rkc`e giusgtkvm m jgtkvm .........................................................................................28
0.7.:. Xr`pmskikme`s qu` rkc`e c`ektkvm gj`ns j` mtrms igsms........................................... 27
0.2. IMEZRGIIKME@Y J@ XR@XMYKIKE [ GRZIPLM J@Z@RNKEGJM................... 27
1. @L Q@RBM ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................29
1.7. AMRNGY KEAKEKZGY ...................................................................................................................................................................29
1.7.7. @l pgrtkikpkm KK .............................................................................................................................................................................................29
1.2. AMRNGY AKEKZGY...........................................................................................................................................................................29
1.2.7. Q`rbms r`culgr`s krr`culgr`s ....................................................................................................................................2:
1.2.2. @l pr`s`et` ....................................................................................................................................................................................................21
1.9. LMY Q@RBMY DGB@E, Y@KE [ S@RJ@E................................................................................ 21
1.9.7. Dgb`e ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................21
1.9.2. Y`ke ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................231.9.9. S`rj`e ................................................................................................................................................................................................................23
1.:. LMY Q@RBMY NMJGL@Y ......................................................................................................................................................24
3. LG MRGIKE ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................97
3.7. MRGIKME@Y IMMRJKEGJGY ....................................................................................................................................97
3.2. MRGIKME@Y YPBMRJKEGJGY ................................................................................................................................92
4. IMEILPYKE ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................99
BKBLKMCRGAG [ R@A@R@EIKGY .........................................................................................................................................................................90
GE@TM ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................93
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ZAC-ZPR. @stujkm Crgngtkigl Gplkigjm g ue Z`xtm Zurstkim Gl`ne6 Ytgjtc`sid kidt`e. @etlgec j`r Crgej Zmurma Ywktz`rlgej
-7-
IGXZPLM 8
KEZRMJPIIKE
@l pr`s`et` prmy`itm s` `xgnkeg lms gsp`itms crgngtkigl`s j` ue t`xtm turstkim `egl`ne sukzm. @e imeir`tm s` trgtg j` ue t`xtm `xtrgjm j`l igtlmcm Ytgjtc`sidkidt`e.@etlgec j`r Crgej Zmur ma Ywktz`rlgej, qu` s` mbtk`e` j` lg pckeg w`b j` Zurksnmj` Yukzg, llgngjg Ny Ywkz`rlgej, publkigjg pmr lg Gsmikgike Crge Rutg j` Yukzg `edttp6//www.nyswktz`rlgej.imn/j`/u`b`r-jk`-sidw`kz/brmsidu r`e.dtnl. @l igtlmcmprmpmrikmeg g lms turkstgs crge igetkjgj j` keamrngike smbr` ikujgj`s imnm Bgskl`g,B`reg, Lui`reg, Vurkid m Sket`rtdur. @l argcn`etm j`l igtlmcm `l`ckjm r`e` lmsngymr`s gtrgitkvms j` Yukzg g trgvs j` ue r`imrrkjm pmr lms pgksgf`s ns b`llms.
8.7. MBF@ZKQMY
@l mbf`tkvm prknmrjkgl `s `xgnkegr lms imnpme`et`s crgngtkigl`s j`l t`xtm turstkim `el`ecug gl`ngeg grrkbg n`eikmegjm pgrg pmj`r sgb`r qu n`igeksnms j`mrcgekzgike, grtkiulgike y imd`ske s` utklkzge. Jgjm qu` s` trgtg j` ue t`xtm `egl`ne sukzm, trgtgnms gj`ns glcuems gsp`itms j`l gl`ne sukzm. @st` `stujkm emsskrv` gj`ns `e `l auturm, yg qu` p`rs`cuknms, `l mbf`tkvm pgrg eu`strm auturmprmy`itm j` ir`gr ueg pckeg w`b.
8.2. N@ZMJMLMCG
Xgrg gbmrjgr `st` `stujkm, s` dge j` geglkzgr lms gsp`itms ns r`l`vget`s j` lg
crgntkig gl`ngeg, tgetm g ekv`l nmramlckim imnm g ekv`l sketitkim. Xmr `llm, s`jkvkjkr `l prmy`itm `e sk`t` t`ngs prkeikpgl`s6 `l grtiulm, `l emnbr`, `l prmemnbr`, `lgjf`tkvm, lgs pr`pmskikme`s, `l v`rbm y lg mrgike. Igjg t`ng s` jkvkjkr, g su v`z, `evgrkms subt`ngs j`p`ejk`ejm j` su r`l`vgeikg `e `l t`xtm prmpu`stm. J`etrm j` igjgt`ng/subt`ng s` `npl`gr lg nksng n`tmjmlmcg, `s j`ikr, s` `xplkigre lms gsp`itmst`rkims, utklkzgejm tgblgs `xplkigtkvgs y, s`cukjgn`et`, s` r`al`fgre lms `f`nplms`xtrgjms j`l imrpus, bk`e, g trgvs j` `eun`rgikme`s, m bk`e, g trgvs j` tgblgs`xplkigtkvgs. Zmjms lms `f`nplms qu` s` n`eikmege s` trgjuikre gl `spgml imnmr`clg c`e`rgl.
8.9. R@QKYKE BKBLKMCRAKIG [ IP@RXM Z@RKIM
Imnm au`et` prkeikpgl j` eu`strm `stujkm d`nms `l`ckjm `l t`xtm turstkim `xtrgjm j`ligtlmcm Ytgjtc`sidkidt`e. @etlgec j`r Crgej Zmur ma Ywktz`rlgej,qu` s` mbtk`e` j`lg pckeg w`b j` Zurksnm j` Yukzg, llgngjg Ny Ywkz`rlgej, publkigjg pmr lgGsmikgike Crge Rutg j` Yukzg, jkspmekbl` `edttp6//www.nyswktz`rlgej.imn/j`/u`b`r-jk`-sidw`kz/brmsidu`r`e.dtnl. Lgs au`et`s bkblkmcrakigs qu` s` utklkzge imnmd`rrgnk`etgs n`tmjmlckigs pgrg `st` `stujkm sme, `e su ngymrg, ngeugl`s j`crgntkig j` l`ecug gl`ngeg. Igb` j`stgigr, lg mbrg j`l Jr. Gejr`u Igst`ll (2887),ueg j` lgs crgntkigs ns imnpl`tgs j` lg l`ecug gl`ngeg `e `spgml.
http://www.myswitzerland.com/de/ueber-die-schweiz/broschueren.htmlhttp://www.myswitzerland.com/de/ueber-die-schweiz/broschueren.htmlhttp://www.myswitzerland.com/de/ueber-die-schweiz/broschueren.htmlhttp://www.myswitzerland.com/de/ueber-die-schweiz/broschueren.htmlhttp://www.myswitzerland.com/de/ueber-die-schweiz/broschueren.htmlhttp://www.myswitzerland.com/de/ueber-die-schweiz/broschueren.htmlhttp://www.myswitzerland.com/de/ueber-die-schweiz/broschueren.htmlhttp://www.myswitzerland.com/de/ueber-die-schweiz/broschueren.htmlhttp://www.myswitzerland.com/de/ueber-die-schweiz/broschueren.html -
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Lp`z Nmetkfgem, Fms
-2-
8.:. FPYZKAKIGIKE J@ LG R@L@QGEIKG J@L Z@NG @L@CKJM
@l nmtkvm prkeikpgl j` lg r`glkzgike j` `st` tkpm j` `stujkm, `s `l ket`rs pmr imemi`r `kev`stkcgr lgs `struiturgs crgngtkigl`s qu` s` usge gitugln`et` `e lms t`xtms j`lnbktm turstkim pgrg pmj`r ir`gr, `e ue auturm, ueg `npr`sg, iuyg pckeg w`b
imet`ecg t`xtms j` lg nksng ejml`. Y` mptg pmr ue t`xtm `e l`ecug gl`ngeg pmr s`rstg lg l`ecug ns dgblgjg `e Yukzg, y pmr `l veiulm p`rsmegl ime `st` pgs.Gsknksnm, s` busig lg mpmrtuekjgj j` trgesnktkr ueg vkske c`e`rgl j` lg crgntkiggl`ngeg pgrg auturms `stujkget`s j` gl`ne, y j` amn`etgr `l ket`rs turstkim yiulturgl.
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ZAC-ZPR. @stujkm Crgngtkigl Gplkigjm g ue Z`xtm Zurstkim Gl`ne6 Ytgjtc`sid kidt`e. @etlgec j`r Crgej Zmurma Ywktz`rlgej
-9-
IGXZPLM 7
@L GRZIPLM
@l grtiulm `s ue prmemnbr` j`nmstrgtkvm qu` skrv` pgrg kejkigr lg aueike sketitkig j`lms emnbr`s j`etrm j` lg mrgike, gj`ns j` `xpr`sgr su ce`rm, en`rm y igsm. Glimetrgrkm qu` `e `spgml, `e gl`ne pu`j` usgrs` j` amrng kej`p`ejk`et` j`lemnbr`. @xkst`e jms vgrkget`s j` grtiulms6 `l grtiulm j`t`rnkegjm y `l grtiulmkej`t`rnkegjm.
7.7. @L GRZIPLM J@Z@RNKEGJM
Y`ce `l Jr. Gejr`u Igst`ll (2887), lg aueike prknmrjkgl j`l grtiulm j`t`rnkegjm `s lggituglkzgike j`l emnbr`.
Lgs amrngs j`l grtiulm j`t`rnkegjm `e gl`ne sme lgs skcuk`et`s6
YKECPLGR XLPRGLIgsms Ngsiulkem A`n`ekem E`utrm Zmjms
Emnkegtkvm
Giusgtkvm
Jgtkvm
C`ektkvm
j`r Y``(`l lgcm)
j`eY``
j`n Y``
j`s Y``s
jk`Ytgjt(lg ikujgj)
jk`Ytgjt
j`r Ytgjt
j`r Ytgjts
jgsR`stgurget(`l r`stgurget`)
jgsR`stgurget
j`n R`stgurget
j`s R`stgurgets
jk`Nus``e(lms nus`ms)
jk` Nus``e
j`eNus``e
j`r Nus``e
Zgblg 7. Grtiulm j`t`rnkegjmAu`et`6 @lgbmrgike prmpkg g pgrtkr j` Brkcktt` y Rmb`rtm Imrimll (2878, p.714)
G imetkeugike s` r`imc`e lms skcuk`et`s `f`nplms `xtrgjms j` eu`strg au`et`prkeikpgl6
- Emnkegtkv6 j`rS`c(`l ignkem), jk` Ytgjt (lg ikujgj), jgs Bgj(`l bgm), jk` Cst`(lms dusp`j`s)?
- Goousgtkv6 j`e Omnamrt (`l imeamrt), jk` Ogrt` (`l ngpg), jgs Oulturlmogl (`llmigl), jk` Ytgjtadr`r (lms cugs turstkims)?
- Jgtkv6 j`n Ckpa`l (lg ikng/iunbr`),j`r Ed` (lg prmxknkjgj/i rigeg), j`n Dgus (lgigsg), j`e @kewmde`rkee`e(lgs dgbktget`s)?
- C`ektkv6 j`s Dgllwkl`rs``s (j`l Lgcm Dgllwkl`r), j`r @urmpgs (j` @urmpg), j`sR`stgurgets (j`l r`stgurget`), j`r B`kspk`l` (j` lms f`nplms)?
7.2. @L GRZIPLM KEJ@Z@RNKEGJM
Kcugln`et`, kejkig `l Jr. Gejr`u Igst`ll (2887), qu` `l grtiulm kej`t`rnkegjm tk`e`tgnbke imnm aueike prkeikpgl lg j` gituglkzgr `l emnbr`. Em pms`` plurgl y `e `l
skeculgr gjmptg lgs nksngs t`rnkegikme`s qu` `l grtiulm j`t`rnkegjm, `xi`ptm `e `lemnkegtkvm ngsiulkem y e`utrm y `e `l giusgtkvm e`utrm, `e lms qu` igr`i` j`j`ske`eikgs.
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Lp`z Nmetkfgem, Fms
-:-
@e gl`ne, lgs amrngs j`l grtiulm kej`t`rnkegjm sme lgs skcuk`et`s6
YKECPLGR XLPRGLIgsms Ngsiulkem A`n`ekem E`utrm Em `xkst`
Emnkegtkvm
Giusgtkvm
Jgtkvm
C`ektkvm
`ke Oekc(ue r`y)
`ke`e Oekc
`ke`n Oekc
`ke`s Oekcs
`ke`Oid`(ueg imikeg)
`ke` Oid`
`ke`r Oid`
`ke`r Oid`s
`ke Oulturz`ntrun(ue i`etrm iulturgl)
`ke Oulturz`ntrun
`ke`n Oulturz`ntrun
`ke`s Oulturz`ntruns
Zgblg 2. Grtiulm kej`t`rnkegjmAu`et`6 @lgbmrgike prmpkg g pgrtkr j` Brkcktt` y Rmb`rtm Imrimll (2878, p.71;)
Gt`ejk`ejm g lgs amrngs j`l grtiulm kej`t`rnkegjm, s` `xtrg`e j`l t`xtm lms `f`nplmsskcuk`et`s6
- Emnkegtkv6 `keNkx (ueg n`zilg), `ke` Gltstgjt (ue i`etrm dkstrkim/igsim getkcum),`ke @rl`beks (ueg `xp`rk`eikg)?
- Goousgtkv6 `ke`e Y``cgec (ueg iubk`rtg j` bgrim), `ke` S`ktskidt (ueg vkske), `keSmid`e`ej (ue ake j` s`ngeg)?
- Jgtkv6 `ke`n Dd`pueot (ueg ikng), `ke`r O`tt` (ueg igj`eg),`ke`n Oulturz`ntrun(ue i`etrm iulturgl)?
- C`ektkv6 `ke`s Ytios(j` ueg pk`zg), `ke`s Goustkoj`skces(j` ue jks`m gistkim)?
7.9. MNKYKE J@L GRZIPLM
Imnm yg s` dg n`eikmegjm get`rkmrn`et`, em `xkst` grtiulm kej`t`rnkegjm `e plurgl.Iugejm s` usge lms sustgetkvms j` ueg amrng c`e`rgl y `e plurgl, stms gpgr`i`e skegrtiulm.
@l t`xtm r`al`fg lgs skcuk`et`s ikriuestgeikgs `e lgs qu` s` mnkt` `l grtiulm6
- J`lget` j` emnbr`s qu` j`skcege prma`skme`s- Jkr`itmr (jkr`itmr), Amtmcrga`e(amtcrgam),Nusko`r (nskim),Omid (imike`rm), Dmt`ljkr`otmrke (jkr`itmrg j` dmt`l)?
- Ime lms emnbr`s prmpkms j` p`rsmegs, iugejm em s` dgllge imnpl`n`etgjms, pmr lm
qu` r`sp`itg g emnbr`s j` sgetms y nmegrigs - Ygn O`ll`r, Glb`rt @kest`ke, RkidgrjSgce`r, Ngri Iuim Jk`trkid? Ngrikg Ek`tlkspgid?
- J`lget` j` lg ngymrg j` emnbr`s j` ikujgj`s, r`ckme`s y pgs`s Bgs`l, Luz`re,Vrkid, Sketd`rtur, Yt. Cgll`e, B`re? Furg? J`utsidlgej, Argeor`kid? `xkst`e`xi`pikme`s j` `stg r`clg - jk` Yidw`kz?
- Iugejm gpgr`i`e `eun`rgikme`s Ouest (Grt`), C`euss (plgi`r), Gridkt`otur(Grqukt`iturg) uej Ygvmkr-vkvr` (y sgb`r vkvkr)?
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ZAC-ZPR. @stujkm Crgngtkigl Gplkigjm g ue Z`xtm Zurstkim Gl`ne6 Ytgjtc`sid kidt`e. @etlgec j`r Crgej Zmurma Ywktz`rlgej
-0-
IGXZPLM 2
@L EMNBR@
@l Jr. Gejr`u Igst`ll (2887), kejkig qu` lms emnbr`s sme pglgbrgs n`jkget` lgs qu`pmj`nms j`skcegr imsgs imeir`tgs, a`en`ems gbstrgitms y s`r`s vkvms, yg s`ge`stms p`rsmegs, gekngl`s m v`c`tgl`s.
@e gl`ne, lms emnbr`s s` jkvkj`e prkeikpgln`et` `e imnue`s y prmpkms, y sk`npr`imnk`ezge e l`trg ngysiulg.
2.7. @L CE@RM J@ LMY EMNBR@Y
Y` jkstkecu`e tr`s ce`rms j` lms emnbr`s (ngsiulkem, a`n`ekem y e`utrm), qu` lgngymrg j` lgs v`i`s pu`j`e r`imemi`rs` g trgvs j`l grtiulm j`t`rnkegjm qu` lmsgimnpgg. G imetkeugike s` `eun`rge glagbtkign`et` glcuems `f`nplms `xtrgjmsj`l t`xtm6
YKECPLGRNGYIPLKEM (j`r) A@N@EKEM (jk`) E@PZRM (jgs)Gpplgus (gplgusm)Bgu (imestruiike)B`suid (vksktg)Blkio (vkstgzm)
Bruee`e (au`et`)Jkr`otmr (jkr`itmr)@kewmde`r (dgbktget`)Amous (amim)Ar`ktgc (vk`re`s)Auss (pk`)C`euss (plgi`r)C`sngio (sgbmr/custm)Ckpa`l (ikng)Dgllwkl`s`` (Lgcm Dgllwkl`r)Dguptbgdedma (`stgike j`tr`e`s)Dmidc`euss (j`lkikg)
Knpr`skmeksnus (Knpr`skmeksnm)Krid`lpgro (Xgrqu` j` Krid`l)Fuc`ejstkl (Nmj`reksnm)Fuek (fuekm)Omnamrt (imeamrt)Oekc (r`y)Oestl`r (grtkstg)Ouestlk`bdgb`r (gnget` j`l grt`)Lrn (rukjm)Nmjus (nmjm)Nusko`r (nskim)Egn` (emnbr`)Mrt (lucgr)
Xgro (pgrqu`)Rgjjgnpa`r (vgpmr j` ru`jg)R`kidtun (rkqu`zg)Rd`keagll (Igsigjg j`l Rd`ke)
Garkoggelgc` (Fgrje Garkigem)Gridkt`otur (Grqukt`iturg)Grt (ilgs`/tkpm)Gtnmspdr` (gtnsa`rg)
Gtrgotkvktt (gtrgitkvm)Gusskidt (vkstgs)Gusst`lluec (`xpmskike)Bgde (tr`e)Bgdedmastrgss` (igll` j` lg`stgike j` tr`e`s)Bgr (bgr)Bk`rbrgur`k (abrkig j`i`rv`zg)Brgss`rk` (bgr-r`stgurget`)Brmsidr` (amll`tm)Brio` (pu`et`)Imn`jysz`e` (`si`eg j`
imn`jkg)@keoguatstrgss` (igll`imn`rikgl)@etwkioluec (j`sgrrmllm)@rl`bekss` (`xp`rk`eikgs)Agdrrgjstgjt (ikujgj j` lgsbkiks)Adrt (vkgf`)Amtmcrgak` (Amtmcrgag)Argc` (pr`cuetg)Ar`uj` (gl`crg, sgtksagiike)Cgstrmemnk` (cgstrmemng)C`rkidt` (imnkjg/plgtm)
C`sidkidt` (Dkstmrkg)Dec`brio` (pu`et`imlcget`)Dguptstgjt (igpktgl)
Bgs`l (Bgs`l)B`kspk`l (`f`nplm)B`re (B`reg)Igskem (igskem)
J`utsid (gl`ne)J`utsidlgej (Gl`ngekg)@kecgecstmr (pu`rtg j``etrgjg)@rl`b`e (`l vkvkr)@rl`beks (`xp`rk`eikg)@urmpg (@urmpg)Agdrrgj (bkikil`tg)Argeor`kid (Argeikg)C`buj` (`jkakikm)C`ea (Cke`brg)C`side`tz`lt` (`sp`ik` j`rgc ime sglsg `sp`sg)
Clio (su`rt`)Crmssnest`r(Crmssnest`r)Cre (v`rj`)Dknn`l (ik`lm)Fgdrduej`rt (skclm)Omecr`ssz`etrun (i`etrm j`imecr`sms)Oulturlmogl (lmigl iulturgl)Oulturprmcrgnn (prmcrgngiulturgl)Oulturz`etrun (i`etrmiulturgl)
Lgusgee` (Lgusgeg)Lkidt (luz)Lucgem (Lucgem)Luz`re (Lui`reg)
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Ruejw`c (ignkem ikriulgr)Yidnuio (fmygs,bksut`rg)Y`` (lgcm)Ytgjtadr`r (cug turstkim)Z`kl (pgrt`)Zksid (n`sg)Zmurksnus (turksnm)
Zurn (tmrr`)Prvgt`r (get`pgsgjm)Q`ro`dr (trakim)Qkgjuo (vkgjuitm)Sgss`ragll (igsigjg)S`c (ignkem)Vmm (zmmlckim)Vrkids`` (Lgcm Vrkid)
Dmlzbrio` (pu`et` j`ngj`rg)Dmt`ljkr`otmrke (jkr`itmrg j`dmt`l)Kejustrk`stgjt (ikujgjkejustrkgl)
Keskj`rtkpps (imes`fms)Kespkrgtkme (kespkrgike)Ogpp`llbrio` (pu`et` j`Ogrt` (ngpg)Oid` (imikeg)Oulkss` (bgstkjmr`s)Oultur (iulturg)Oulturn`trmpml` (n`trpmlksiulturgl)Ouest (Grt`)Ouestar`uej` (gnkcms j`lgrt`)Oestl`rsz`e` (`si`eg j`grtkstgs)Ouestv`rlgc` (`jktmrkgl`s j`grt`)Lec` (lmecktuj)L`b`esar`uj` (gl`crg j`vkvkr)L`ut` (p`rsmegs)Luat (gkr`)Lust (cgegs)Ngdlz`kt (imnkjg)Nmbklktt (nmvklkjgj)Nmj` (nmjg)Nusko (nskig)Egidt (emid`)Ed` (prmxknkjgj/i`rigeg)Egs`lec` (j`lget`rg)Egtur (Egturgl`zg)Emstglck` (emstglckg)X`rl` (p`rlg)Wu`ll` (au`et`)R`ks` (vkgf`)Rstk (pgtgtgs imikjgs,rgllgjgs y sglt`gjgs imetmikem, tpkigs sukzgs)Ygnnluec (iml`iike)Yidlgidt (bgtgllg)Yidw`kz (Yukzg)Y``prmn`egj` (pgs`mngrtknm)Y`kt` (lgjm)Ymnn`rbde` (`si`egrkm j`v`rgem)Ymee` (sml)Yprgid` (L`ecug)Ytgjt (ikujgj)Ytgjt-Mgs` (ikujgj mgsks)Ytgjtc`sidkidt` (dkstmrkg j`lg ikujgj)
Ytrgss` (igll`)Ytr`io` (trgy`itm)Zgc`smrjeuec (mrj`e j`l jg)Z`rrgss` (t`rrgzg)
Egtursidutzc`bk`t (Xgrqu`Egikmegl)Xmrtnmeegk` (nme`j`rm)Xrmcrgnn (prmcrgng)Rgun (sglg)R`stgurget (r`stgurget`)
R`stgurgetomez`pt(imei`ptm j` r`stgurget`)Rd`keua`r (mrkllg j`l Rke)Yidlmssgnbk`et` (gnbk`et`pglgik`cm)Ydmppkec (imnprgs)Ymnn`rtd`gt`r (t`gtrm j`v`rgem)Yt. Cgll`e (Yge Cglm)Zd`gt`r (t`gtrm)Zd`n`esidkaa (buqu`t`ntkim)Zr`ejqugrtk`r (bgrrkm j`nmjg)Q`ro`drsdgus (Nus`m j`lms Zrgespmrt`s)Sgss`r (gcug)Sgss`rsidlmss (igstkllmrmj`gjm j` gcug)Sketd`rtur (Sketd`rtur)Smid`e`ej` (ake j`s`ngeg)Suej`r (ngrgvkllg)V`etrun (i`etrm)Vrkid (Vurkid)
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ZAC-ZPR. @stujkm Crgngtkigl Gplkigjm g ue Z`xtm Zurstkim Gl`ne6 Ytgjtc`sid kidt`e. @etlgec j`r Crgej Zmurma Ywktz`rlgej
-3-
Zd`n`egelgc` (fgrjet`ntkim)Zmur (tmur)Q`rcgec`ed`kt (pgsgjm)Qkllg (igsg j` ignpm)
Qmrsidlc`(r`imn`ejgikme`s /prmpu`stgs)Sgdl (`l`iike)S`bs`kt` (pckeg w`b)S`ktskidt ( vkstg j` lgrcgjkstgeikg)
Zgblg 9. Ce`rm j` lms emnbr`s `e skeculgrAu`et`6 @lgbmrgike prmpkg
2.7.7. @l ce`rm j` lms emnbr`s imnpu`stms
@e lg amrngike j` lms emnbr`s imnpu`stms, s` tk`e` `e iu`etg `l ce`rm j`l ltknmnk`nbrm. @e `l t`xtm gpgr`i`e lms skcuk`et`s `f`nplms6
- J`r Ytgjtadr`r(`l cug turstkim) > jk` Ytgjt + j`r Adr`r, j`r Nktt`lpueot (`l puetmn`jkm) > jgs Nktt`l + j`r Xueot, j`r A`k`rgb`ejjrkeo ( lg impg j`spus j`l trgbgfm) >jk` A`k`r + j`r Gb`ej + j`r Jrkeo, j`r V`ktclmio`eturn (lg tmrr` j`l r`lmf j`lignpgegrkm) > jk` V`kt + jk` Clmio` + j`r Zurn, j`r Wugjrgtn`t`r (`l n`trm iugjrgjm)> jgs Wugjrgt + j`r N`t`r, j`r Fuc`ejstkll ( `l nmj`reksnm) > jk` Fuec`ej + j`r Ytkll?
- Jk` Oestl`rsz`e` (`l `etmrem grtstkim) j`r Oestl`r + jk` Yz`e`, jk` S`bs`kt` (lgpckeg w`b) > jgs S`b + jk` Y`kt`, jk` Garkoggelgc` (`l fgrje garkigem > jgs Garkog +jk` Gelgc`, jk` Dguptstgjt (lg igpktgl) jgs Dgupt + jk` Ytgjt, jk` Dmlzbrio` (`l pu`et`
j` ngj`rg) > jgs Dmlz + jk` Brio`, jk` Grnbgejudr (`l r`lmf j` puls`rg) > j`r Grn +jgs Bgej + jk` Pdr, jk` Bgdedmastrgss` (lg igll` j` lg `stgike j` tr`e`s > j`rBgdedma + jk` Ytrgss`, jk` Zgc`smrjeuec (`l mrj`e j`l jg) > j`r Zgc + jk` Mrjeuec,jk` Dmt`ljkr`otmrke (lg jkr`itmrg j` dmt`l) > jgs Dmt`l + jk` Jkr`otmrke, jk`Ymnn`rbde` (`l `si`egrkm j` v`rgem) > j`r Ymnn`r + jk` Bde`?
- Jgs Omecr`ssz`etrun (`l i`etrm j` imecr`sms) > j`r Omecr`ss + jgs V`etrun, jgsSmid`e`ej` (`l ake j` s`ngeg) > jk` Smid` + jgs @ej`, jgs Rd`keua`r (lg mrkllg j`lRke) > j`r Rd`ke + jgs Pa`r, jgs Alussbgj (`l bgm aluvkgl) > j`r Aluss + jgs Bgj, jgsOulturprmcrgnn (`l prmcrgng iulturgl) > jk` Oultur + jgs Xrmcrgnn?
2.2. @L EN@RM J@ LMY EMNBR@Y
@e gl`ne, lms emnbr`s s` pu`j`e utklkzgr `e skeculgr y `e plurgl.
Y` utklkzge slm `e skeculgr6 - lms emnbr`s qu` j`skcege ngt`rkgs m sustgeikgs,- lmsemnbr`s prmpkms, - lms emnbr`s qu` j`skcege ueg iml`itkvkjgj, - lms emnbr`s qu`j`skcege imei`ptms gbstrgitms y - lms keakektkvms sustgetkvgjms. G imetkeugike s``eun`rge lms `f`nplms `xtrgjms j`l t`xtm6 Bruee`e (au`et`), Knpr`skmeksnus(Knpr`skmeksnm), Fuek(fuekm), Omnamrt (imeamrt), Zurksnus (Zurksnm), Q`ro`dr (trakim),Gridkt`otur (Grqukt`iturg), Cgstrmemnk (cgstrmemng), Ed`(prmxknkjgj, i`rigeg),Egtur(Egturgl`zg), Emstglck`(emstglckg), Rstk(pgtgtgs imikjgs, rgllgjgs y sglt`gjgs
ime tmikem, tpkigs sukzgs), Yidw`kz (Yukzg), Q`rcgec`ed`kt (pgsgjm), S`ktskidt( vkstgj` lgrcg jkstgeikg), Bgs`l (Bgs`l), B`re (B`reg), J`utsidlgej (Gl`ngekg), @urmpg(@urmpg), Argeor`kid (Argeikg), C`ea (Cke`brg), Clio (su`rt`), Crmssnest`r(Crmssnest`r), Dknn`l (ik`lm), Omecr`ssz`etrun (i`etrm j` imecr`sms),
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Oulturz`etrun (i`etrm iulturgl), Lgusgee (Lgusgeg), Lucgem (Lucgem), Luz`re(Lui`reg), Nusko (Nskig), Ymnn`rtd`gt`r(t`gtrm j` v`rgem),Yt. Cgll`e (Yge Cglm),Zgez (Bgkl`), Zd`gt`r (Z`gtrm), Sgss`r (gcug), Sket`rtdur (Sket`rtdur), V`etrun(i`etrm),Vrkid(Vurkid)?
Y` utklkzge slm `e plurgl6 - lms emnbr`s j` iml`itkvms j` p`rsmegs, -j`t`rnkegjms
emnbr`s c`mcrakims (prkeikpgln`et` j` kslgs y j` igj`egs nmetgmsgs). @e `l t`xtm ggeglkzgr, slm gpgr`i` ue `f`nplm j` `llm6 L`ut` (p`rsmegs)?
2.9. LMY XRYZGNMY LKECYZKIMY
Y`ce Ngrg Nmlke`r (2887), ue prstgnm lkecstkim `s ue `l`n`etm qu` ueg l`ecugtmng j` mtrg.
Zmjg l`ecug, pmr nuy rkig y `xpr`skvg qu` s`g, tk`ej` g usgr `xtrgef`rksnms, qu` sme`l`n`etms lxkims m sketitkims j` mtrgs l`ecugs. Lg amrng `e lg qu` ueg l`ecugketrmjui` `stms `l`n`etms pu`j` s`r ime m ske gjgptgikme`s g lg mrtmcrgag prmpkg.
@l t`xtm qu` s` geglkzg, r`imc` eun`rmsms `f`nplms j` `xtrgef`rksnms em gjgptgjms6 Geclkiksnms6 Dkcdlkcdts(tktulgr`s), S`bs`kt` (pckeg w`b), Keskj`rtkpps (imes`fm
prkvkl`ckgjms), Yngrtpdme` (t`lamem ket`lkc`et`), Kpdme` (le`g j` t`lamemsket`lkc`et`s jks`gjg y imn`rikglkzgjg pmr Gppl`) Gejrmkj (gejrmkj`), GpplGpp Ytmr` (tk`ejg j` gplkigikme`s j` Gppl`) , Cmmcl`-ngps (ngpgs j`Cmmcl`), Cmmcl`-plgy (plgtgamrng j` jkstrkbuike j` gplkigikme`s pgrg nvkl`s), maalke`-Nmjus (nmjm au`rg j` le`g), S`bimj` (ijkcm w`b), Ymeetgcsbrueid(j`sgyuem-glnu`rzm j` lms jmnkecms), sdmppkec (imnprgs), Mutakt (trgf`),Zr`ejs (t`ej`eikgs), Cukj` (cug)?
J`l argeis6 Zmur (vu`ltg/rutg), R`stgurget (r`stgurget`), Brgss`rk` (iga-r`stgurget`), Ygvmkr-vkvr` (sgb`r vkvkr), Igas (iga`t`rgs), Bmutkqu` (tk`ejg),Rgil`tt` (tkpm j` qu`sm j` mrkc`e sukzm), Ameju` (auejkjm), Cmurn`ts (p`rsmegime custm j`lkigjm y `xquksktm pglgjgr, `npl`gjm vktkvkekimlg) , Idgrn`(`eigetm), Xmrtnmeegk` (nme`j`rm), B`ll` @pmqu` (pmig b`llg) , Dmt`l (dmt`l)?
J`l ktglkgem6 geem (gm)?
J`l crk`cm6 Bgr (bgr)?
J`l `spgml6 Zgpgs , bml`rm?
2.:. @L GL@NE YPKVM
@l gl`ne sukzm (Yidw`kz`rj`utsid, Yidwyz`rjtsid) em s` imeskj`rg imnm uegl`ecug, skem imnm ue jkgl`itm m vgrkget` j` lg l`ecug gl`ngeg. Xmr tgetm, s` utklkzgpgrg lg `xpr`ske mrgl y em pgrg `xpr`ske `sirktg. Em mbstget`, `e `l t`xtm s``eiu`etrge glcuems `f`nplms j` pglgbrgs, `sp`ikgln`et` emnbr`s, prmv`ek`et`s j`lgl`ne sukzm. G imetkeugike s` kejkige glcuems `f`nplms `xtrgjms j`l t`xtm6
Cr`zk6 (sglujms)
Rgil`tt` (rgil`tt`, qu`sm j` mrkc`e sukzm)
Rstk ( pgtgtgs imikjgs, rgllgjgs y sglt`gjgs (ime tmikem) tpkigs sukzgs)
c`spkiot 5 c`spkiot s`ke (`stgr ll`em/r`pl tm)
c`tga`le 5 tga`le (imn`r)
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ZAC-ZPR. @stujkm Crgngtkigl Gplkigjm g ue Z`xtm Zurstkim Gl`ne6 Ytgjtc`sid kidt`e. @etlgec j`r Crgej Zmurma Ywktz`rlgej
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IGXZPLM 9
@L XRMEMNBR@
Y`ce `l Jr. Gejr`u Igst`ll (2887), lms prmemnbr`s sme pglgbrgs ime eulm m `sigsmvglmr s`netkim qu` skrv`e pgrg s`glgr glcm j`l imet`xtm sktugikmegl `e c`e`rgl, pgrgr`nktkr glcm qu` s` gigbg j` `eueikgr y pgrg `xpr`sgr r`lgikme`s j` p`rt`e`eikg m lgkj`g j` kej`akekike, iunplk`ejm, pmr emrng c`e`rgl, lg nksng aueike qu`j`s`np`grg ue sketgcng emnkegl. Em gimnpgge, pu`s, imnm lms j`t`rnkeget`s, glemnbr`, skem qu` s` utklkzge `e su lucgr, g n`eujm pgrg `vktgr su r`p`tkike.
Lms prmemnbr`s p`rsmegl`s sme j` vgrkms tkpms6 p`rsmegl`s, pms`skvms,j`nmstrgtkvms, kej`akekjms, r`lgtkvms, ket`rrmcgtkvms y r`al`xkvms. @e `l gelksks j`l t`xtmg trgtgr, s` `eiu`etrge `f`nplms j` slm iugtrm tkpms j` prmemnbr`s.
9.7. XRMEMNBR@Y X@RYMEGL@Y
Lms prmemnbr`s p`rsmegl`s `e gl`ne eueig s` mnkt`e iugejm aueikmege imnmsuf`tm, nk`etrgs qu` `e `spgml, s` su`l`e mnktkr.
Lgs amrngs j`l prmemnbr p`rsmegl sme lgs skcuk`et`s6
X@RYMEG Emnkegtkvm Giusgtkvm Jgtkvm C`ektkvm
YKECPLGR
729 (ngsi.)
9 (a`n.)9 (e`utrm)
kid (ym)ju (t)`r (l)
sk` (`llg)`s (...)
nkid (n`)jkid (t`)kde (l`,lm)
sk` (lg)`s (...)
nkr (n`)jkr (t`)kdn(l`, s`)
kdr (l`, s`)kdn (...)
n`ke`rj`ke`rs`ke`r
kdr`rs`ke`r
XLPRGL729
wkr(emsmtrms/-gs)kdr (vmsmtrms/-gs)sk` (`llms/-gs)
ues (ems)`uid (ms)sk` (l`s,lms,lgs)
ues(ems)`uid (ms)kde`e (l`s, s`)
ues`r`u`rkdr`r
Amrng j`imrt`sg
Yk`(ust`j/ust`j`s)
Yk` (l`/-s, lm/-s,lg/-s)
Kde`e (l`/-s, s`) Kdr`r
Zgblg :. Xrmemnbr s p`rsmegl`sAu`et`6 @lgbmrgike prmpkg g pgrtkr j` Gejr`u Igst`ll (2887, p.984)
Z`ek`ejm `e iu`etg lgs amrngs j` lms prmemnbr`s p`rsmegl`s, s` `eun`rge lmsskcuk`et`s `f`nplms `xtrgjms j`l t`xtm, qu` sme `e su ngymrg amrngs j` imrt`sg6
- C`wkee`e Yk` `ke Smid`e`ej`(Cge` _ust`j^ ue ake j` s`ngeg)
- Yk` bk`t`e `ke` All` ge Ouest... (@llgs mar`i`e igetkjgj j` Grt`...)
- ...ogee nge `rl`b`e,... (...uem pu`j` `xp`rkn`etgr,...)
- Jk` Ytjt`, jk` wkr Kde`e ed`r vmrst`ll`e,... (Lgs ikujgj`s, qu` emsmtrms l`
pr`s`etgnms...)- Yk` adrt Yk` jurid jk` sidest`e Yidw`kz`r Lgejsidgat`e... (_Pst`j^ s`r cukgjm gtrgvs j` lms pgksgf`s ns b`llms j` Yukzg...)
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- B`gidt`e Yk`... (Xr`st` _ust`j^ gt`eike...)
- ...`ragdr`e Yk`... (...s`pg _ust`j^...)
-wkrj Kde`e j`r S`c zu `ke`r Y`d`eswrjkco`kt jkr`ot gec`z`kct... (l` s`rjkr`itgn`et` nmstrgjm l ignkem dgikg ue nmeun`etm...)
- Jgzu ckbts Qmrsidlc`...(Xgrg `llm dgy r`imn`ejgikme`s...)
- l`bt` `r keB`re. ( _l^ vkvg `e B`reg)
- Kid b`suid` c`re`... (_ym^ vksktm ime nuidm custm)
- @s ckbt side` Ytgjt`. (Dgy b`llgs ikujgj`s)
- Jgra `s .....s`ke= (Xu`j` s`r....=)
- Nk`t`e Yk` `ke Agdrrgj uej ngid`e Yk` `ke` Zmur...(Glqukl` _ust`j^ ueg bkikil`tg ydgcg _ust`j^ ue tmur...)
9.2. XRMEMNBR@Y KEJ@AKEKJMY
Imnm kejkige Rujmla y Prsulg Dmb`rc (288:), lms prmemnbr`s kej`akekjms dgi`er`a`r`eikg g ue imefuetm ske `sp`ikakigrlm ns.
Lms prmemnbr`s kej`akekjms ns knpmrtget`s sme6gl l (tmjms), b`kj (gnbms),`k e (uem),o`ke (ekecuem),`ke bkssid `e/`ke w`ekc(ue pmim), `kekc(glcuem), ke pggr(uems iugetms), `twgs(glcm), ekidts (egjg), c`euc (bgstget`/suakik`et`),f`j `r (igjguem),f`n ge j (glcuk`e), ek`ngej (egjk`), nge (uem). G imetkeugike s` `eun`rge`f`nplms `xtrgjms j`l t`xtm g geglkzgr6
- Jk` Ytjt`,........., lk`c`e brkc`es gll` ge j`r Crgej Zmur ma Ywktz`rlgej. (Lgsikujgj`s,......, s` `eiu`etrge pmr ik`rtm tmjgs `e `l Crge Zmur j` Yukzg)
- Dk`r kst gll`s `twgs r`lgxt`r-kj`gl, un jk` Y`d`eswrjkco kt`e zu c`ek`ss`e. (Gqu `stmjm glcm ns r`lgfgjm-kj`gl pgrg jksarutgr lms nmeun`etms)- B`smej`rs side c`ek`ss`e lsst skid gll`s gua j`r Z`rrgs` j`s R`stgurgets...(@sp`ikgln`et` bmektm ems j`fg jksarutgr tmjm `e lg t`rrgzg j`l r`stgurget`...)- Jgs Q`ro`drsdgus j`r Yidw`kz z`kct gua spgee`ej` Grt gll`s b`r jk` @etwkioluec....(@l Nus`m j` lms Zrgespmrt`s j` Yukzg nu`strg j` amrng agsikeget` tmjm smbr` `lj`sgrrmllm.)- Jk` Ygnnluec wkjn`t skid vmr gll`n j`n Knpr`sskmeksnus. (Lg `xpmskike s`j`jkig get` tmjm gl Knpr`skmeksnm)- ... - b`kj` ogee nge Ymeetgc`e c`ek`ss`e- ( , -gnbms s` pu`j`e jksarutgr lmsjmnkecms, -)- sm `twgs wk` Bgs`ls idgrnget` ol`kev`rskme vme Q`rsgkll`s. (glcm gs imnm lg
p`qu`g v`rske ime `eigetm j` Q`rsgll`s j` Bgskl`g)- ke ekidts egidst`d`e.(. egjg qu` `evkjkgr)- , ge j`n nge skid wmdladlt- (, `e jmej` uem s` `eiu`etrg g custm-)- c`ek`sst nge `ke` gusc`z`kide`t` Oid`- (...uem jksarutg j` ueg `stup`ejgimikeg)- , ogee nge . b`wuej re... (.uem pu`j` gjnkrgr .)- , wm nge skid zun Ymee`ebgj trkaat... (jmej` uem qu`jg pgrg ue bgm j` sml....)- adlt nge skid... (...uem s` sk`et`...)- nuss nge c`s`d`e dgb`e. ( uem j`b` dgb`r vkstm.)- D`ut` c`ek`sst nge(Dmy uem jksarutg...)
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9.9. XRMEMNBR@Y R@LGZKQMY
Lms prmemnbr`s r`lgtkvms ime`itge lg mrgike prkeikpgl ime lg submrjkegjg, aueikmegeimnm imnpl`n`etms j` stgs ltkngs y, emrngln`et`, dgi`e r`a`r`eikg g ueget`i`j`et` sktugjm `e lg mrgike prkeikpgl.
Lms prmemnbr`s r`lgtkvms ns j`stgigbl`s sme6 j`r, jk`, jgs (qu`, quk`e/quk`e`s,`l/lg iugl, lms/lgs iugl`s). @e `l t`xtm pr`jmnkege prkeikpgln`et` `f`nplms j` lgsamrngs plurgl`s6- Jk` Ytjt`, jk` wkr Kde`e ed`r vmrst`ll`e,... (Lgs ikujgj`s, qu` emsmtrms l`pr`s`etgnms...)- L`ut`, jk` c`re` sdmppkec c`d`e. (c`et`, qu` vg ime custm j` imnprgs)- 17; Zk`rgrt`e, jk` grtc`r`idt c`dglt`e w`rj`e. ( 17; `sp`ik`s j` gekngl`s, qu`sme nget`ekjms imrr`itgn`et`)- Ke j`r Gltstgjt, jk` zu j`e PE@YIM-S`lt`rb`sttt`e c`drt,... (@e `l igsim getkcum,qu` p`rt`e`i` gl Xgtrknmekm j` lg Dungekjgj j` lg PE@YIM,...)- Jk` B`re`r Sgpp`etk`r`, jk` sidme s`kt j r Yidlgidt vme .... (Lms gekngl`s
d`rljkims b`rekgems, qu` j`sj` lg Bgtgllg j`....)- cre`e Mgs`e, jk` zu Q`rw`kl`e `kelgj`e. ( v`rj`s mgsks, qu` kevktge glj`sigesm)
9.:. XRMEMNBR@Y R@AL@TKQMY
@e gl`ne slm `xkst` ue ekim prmemnbr` r`al`xkvm, qu` s` r`pr`s`etg g trgvs j` lgamrng kevgrkgbl` skid. Aueikmege prkeikpgln`et` imnm mbf`tm jkr`itm m kejkr`itmiugejm gpgr`i`e ime v`rbms usgjms `e nmjm r`al`xkvm m r`iprmim. Gsknksnm,gpgr`i`e ime v`rbms prmemnkegl`s imnm pgrt` ket`crget` j` `llms.
G imetkeugike s` `eun`rge lms `f`nplms `xtrgjms j`l t`xtm6
- lgss`e skid... (... s` j`fge...)- tr`aa`e skid (...s` eiu`etrge/ qu`jge...)- skid wmdladlt( s` sk`et` g custm...)- b`akej`t skid...( sktugrs`/dgllgrs`/`eimetrgrs`...)- jgra skid... ( s` j`b`...)- wkjn`t skid...( s` j`jkig...)
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ZAC-ZPR. @stujkm Crgngtkigl Gplkigjm g ue Z`xtm Zurstkim Gl`ne6 Ytgjtc`sid kidt`e. @etlgec j`r Crgej Zmurma Ywktz`rlgej
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IGXZPLM :
@L GJF@ZKQM
Zgl y imnm kejkig `l Jr. Gejr`u Igst`l (2887), lms gjf`tkvms pu`j`e s`r j`akekjms, `etrnkems c`e`rgl`s, imnm gqu`llgs pglgbrgs qu` skrv`e pgrg gtrkbukr ueg iuglkjgj m uegiikj`et` g lg r`glkjgj `xpr`sgjg pmr ue emnbr`.
Lms gjf`tkvms pu`j`e j`s`np`gr jkv`rsgs aueikme`s sketitkigs6 imnpl`n`etmgtrkbutkvm j`l emnbr`, imnpl`n`etm pr`jkigtkvm j`l v`rbm, imnpl`n`etm pr`jkigtkvmj`l emnbr` m j`l prmemnbr`, gpmskike y nmjkakigjmr j` ue v`rbm, ue gjf`tkvm m uegjv`rbkm. @e tmjgs `stgs aueikme`s, `l gjf`tkvm em s` j`ilkeg, `xi`ptm `e lg aueike j`imnpl`n`etm gtrkbutkvm j`l emnbr`.
:.7. @L GJF@ZKQM @E APEIKE GZRKBPZKQG
@l gjf`tkvm iugejm aueikmeg imnm imnpl`n`etm gtrkbutkvm j`l emnbr`, sk`npr` s`sktg pr`i`jk`ejm g st`. Gsknksnm, j`b` j`ilkegrs`, sglvm `xi`pikme`s, t`ek`ejm `eiu`etg `l igsm, ce`rm y en`rm j`l emnbr` gl qu` imnpl`n`etg.
G imetkeugike s` `eun`rge glcuems `f`nplms qu` gpgr`i`e `e `l t`xtm6- jk` p`ra`ot eYtgjtadr`r (lms cugs p`ra`itms / lms p`ra`itms cugs)- `ke`r wuej`rside`e Gltstgjt (ue igsim getkcum ngrgvkllmsm / ue ngrgvkllmsm igsimgetkcum)- `ke` gusc`z`kide`t Oid` (ueg imikeg `stup`ejg / ueg `stup`ejg imikeg)- `ke` dkstmrksid`Dmlzbrio` (ue pu`et` j` ngj`rg dkstrkim / ue dkstrkim pu`et` j`ngj`rg)
- `ke` d`rrlkid`Mgs`(ue mgsks ngrgvkllmsm / ue ngrgvkllmsm mgsks)- `ke` w`ltb`rdnt @keogusastrgss`(ueg igll` imn`rikgl nuejkgln`et` imemikjg/ uegnuejkgln`et` imemikjg igll` imn`rikgl)- jk` wklj Egtur(lg egturgl`zg sglvgf` / lg sglvgf` egturgl`zg)- `ke kjyllksid`sEgtursidutzc`bk`t (ue Xgrqu` Egikmegl kjlkim / ue kjlkim Xgrqu`Egikmegl)- uet`r ar`k nDknn`l (bgfm `l ik`lm j`sp`fgjm / bgfm `l j`sp`fgjm ik`lm)- pridtkc Bgrmiookrid`e (kcl`skgs bgrrmigs mst`etmsgs / mst`etmsgs kcl`skgs bgrrmigs)
:.2. @L GJF@ZKQM @E APEIKE XR@JKIGZKQG
@l gjf`tkvm pu`j` aueikmegr imnm imnpl`n`etm pr`jkigtkvm j`l v`rbm, j`l emnbr` m j`lprmemnbr`. @e tmjms `stms igsms, lms gjf`tkvms em j`b`e j`ilkegrs`, sme kevgrkgbl`s ys` sktge gl akegl j` lg args`.
@e `l t`xtm s` mbs`rvge glcuems `f`nplms6- Cr`zk uej d`rzl kidwk l lomnn`e!(Yglujms y bk`ev`ekjms j` imrgze!)- Jgs Lui`re` A`stkvgl kn OOL Luz`re ngidts s`kt n`dr gls 30 Fgdr`e nclkid.(@lA`stkvgl j` Lui`reg `e `l I`etrm Iulturgl y j` Imecr`sms j` Lui`reg s` dgi` pmskbl`j`sj` ns j` 30 gms)- Jgeo j`r `xi`ll`et`e Cgstrmemnk` w`rj`e dk`r guid Cmurn`ts cliol kid.(Crgikgsg lg `xi`l`et` cgstrmemng, lms Cmurn`ts gqu tgnbke s`re a`lki`s)
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- J`r Blkio ke jk` Ogrt` kst `rar`ul kid, jk` Ykidt gua Lknngt uej Crmssnest`ragetget ksid. (@l vkstgzm g lg igrtg j` n`es `s crgtkakiget`, lgs vkstgs gl Lknngt y glCrmssnest`r, agetstkigs)- Jk` crsst` Yidw`kz`r Ytgjt kst guid dids t vk `ls`ktkc. (Lg ikujgj ns crgej` j`Yukzg `s tgnbke sungn`et` jkv`rsg/gnplkg)- kst jk` Gusskidt gua jk` Gltstgjt `kezkcgrtkc. (Lg vkstg dgikg `l igsim getkcum `s
ekig)- Nkt 988888 Grt`agot`e zun Clio cgezfdrk c maa`e6 (Ime 988888 grtiulms, gbk`rtmpmr su`rt` jurget` tmjm `l gm)- S`r `s a l`ksidlms ngc, omnnt kn Dkltl... (Wuk`e pr`ak`rg v`c`tgrkgem, qu` v`ecg glDkltl)
:.9. LG J@ILKEGIKE J@L GJF@ZKQM
Y`ce `l Jr. Gejr`u Igst`ll (2887), lg j`ilkegike j`l gjf`tkvm j`p`ej`auejgn`etgln`et` j` lg gus`eikg m pr`s`eikg j` j`t`rnkeget`s, gs imnm j`l tkpm j`
j`t`rnkeget` qu` l` pr`i`jg.
:.9.7. Lg j`ilkegike au`rt
Lg j`ilkegike au`rt` `s gqu`llg `e lg qu` `l gjf`tkvm em vg pr`i`jkjm j` ekecegrtiulm. Gsknksnm, s` usg iugejm vg pr`i`jkjm j` eun`rgl`s ske j`ske`eikg y lgsamrngs ske t`rnkegike j` `twgs, n`dr, smlid, w`lid, vk`l yw`ekc.@e `stg j`ilkegike, `l gjf`tkvm gjmptg lgs nksngs t`rnkegikme`s qu` `l grtiulmj`t`rnkegjm (`xi`ptm `e c`ektkvm ngsiulkem y e`utrm skeculgr). G imetkeugike s`keiluy` ueg tgblg imnm nu`strg j` lm n`eikmegjm6
YKECPLGRIgsms Ngsiulkem A`n`ekem E`utrmEmnkegtkvm
GiusgtkvmJgtkvmC`ektkvm
side`rXgro(bmektm pgrqu`)side`e Xgroside`n Xgroside`e Xgro
side` Amtmcrgak`(b`llg amtmcrgag)side` Amtmcrgak`side`r Amtmcrgak`side`r Amtmcrgak`
side`s Agdrrgj(lbmektg bkikil`tg)side`s Agdrrgjside`n Agdrrgjside`e Agdrrgj
XLPRGL (n/a/e)EmnkegtkvmGiusgtkvmJgtkvm
C`ektkvm
side`Ytrgss`e (b`llgs igll`s)side`Ytrgss`eside`eYtrgss`e
side`r Ytrgss`e
Zgblg 0. J`ilkegike au`rt`Au`et`6 @lgbmrgike prmpkg
@e `l t`xtm gpgr`i`e lms skcuk`et`s `f`nplms6
- `rstolgsskc eR`stgurgets (r`stgurget`s j` prkn`rg ilgs`)
- spgee`ej Cgl`rk`e (cgl`rgs agsikeget`s / agsikeget`s cgl`rgs)
- a`ke` J`lkogt`ss`elj`e (r`akegjgs tk`ejgs j` j`lkigt`ss`e/ tk`ejgs j` j`lkigt`ss`er`akegjgs)
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- d`rrlkid`n Blkio (vkstg ngrgvkllmsg/ ngrgvkllmsg vkstg)
- r`kzvmll nBlkio (vkstg gtrgitkvg/ gtrgitkvg vkstg)
- r`kzvmll rYtr`io` (r`imrrkjm gtrgitkvm/ gtrgitkvm r`imrrkjm)- `etwmra`e`eC`buj` (`jkakikms jks`gjms)
- side`Ytjt` (ikujgj`s bmektgs / bmektgs ikujgj`s)
-pridtkc Bgrmiookrid`e (Kcl`skgs Bgrrmigs mst`etmsgs / mst`etmsgs Kcl`skgs Bgrrmigs)
- olgssksid`eOlgecw`tt`e (pgksgf`s ilskims / ilskims pgksgf`s)
-Ouestvmll r Dmidc`euss (jksarut` grtstkim)
- kezkcgrtkc r Gusskidt (vkstg ekig / ekig vkstg)
- spgee`ej Grt (amrng agsikeget`/ agsikeget` amrng)
- stklvmll nGnbk`et (gnbk`et` r`akegjm/ r`akegjm gnbk`et`)- emstglcksid`eIdgrn` (`eigetm emstlckim / emstlckim `eigetm)
- dkstmrksid` Bguw`ro`(imestruiikme`s dkstrkigs / dkstrkigs imestruiikme`s)
- cre`e Mgs`e (mgsks v`rj` / v`rj` mgsks)
- wmdelkid`rGtnmspdr` (gtnsa`rg gimc`jmrg / gimc`jmrg gtnsa`rg)
- omet`epmrt eOuest (Grt` Imet`npmre`m)
- ar`k nDknn`l (ik`lm j`sp`fgjm / j`sp`fgjm ik`lm)
- aea v`rsidk`j`e`Gnbk`et` (ikeim gnbk`et`s jka`r`et`s / ikeim jka`r`et`s gnbk`et`s)
- kjyllksid`e Ytgjtpgro (pgrqu` urbgem kjlkim / kjlkim pgrqu` urbgem)- j`utsid`ruej st`rr`kidksid` Oestl`r (grtkstgs gl`nge`s y gustrgims)
- ngrotarksid`eC`rkidt` (plgtm j`l jkg)
:.9.2. Lg j`ilkegike jbkl
Lg j`ilkegike jbkl `s gqu`llg `e lg qu` `l gjf`tkvm vg pr`i`jkjm j`l grtiulmj`t`rnkegjm (j`r/jk`/jgs). Y` usg kcugln`et` iugejm vg pr`i`jkjm pmr gll-, b`kj-, f`j-,j`r-/jk`-/jgss`lb-, j`r-/jk`-/jgsf`ekc-, jk`s-, f`e-, ngeid- m w`lid-.@e `stg j`ilkegike `l gjf`tkvm slm pms`` jms j`ske`eikgs jkstketgs6 -` pgrg `l
emnkegtkvm skeculgr j` tmjms lms ce`rms y `l giusgtkvm skeculgr a`n`ekem y e`utrm, y -`e`e lms j`ns igsms. Y` pu`j` mbs`rvgr `e lg skcuk`et` tgblg6
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YKECPLGRIgsms Ngsiulkem A`n`ekem E`utrmEmnkegtkvm
GiusgtkvmJgtkvm
C`ektkvm
j`r e`u` Jkr`otmr(`l eu`vm jkr`itmr)j`e e`u`e Jkr`otmrj`n e`u`e Jkr`otmr
j`s e`u`e Jkr`otmr
jk` e`u` Brio`(`l eu`vm pu`et`)jk` e`u` Brio`j`r e`u`e Brio`
j`r e`u`e Brio`
jgs e`u` Igskem(`l eu`vm igskem)jgs e`u` Igskemj`n e`u`e Igskem
j`s e`u`e Igskem
XLPRGL (n/a/e)EmnkegtkvmGiusgtkvmJgtkvmC`ektkvm
jk` e`u`e Ygnnluec`e (lgs eu`vgs iml`iikme`s)jk` e`u`eYgnnluec`ej`e e`u`e Ygnnluec`ej`r e`u`e Ygnnluec`e
Zgblg 1. J`ilkegike jbklAu`et`6 @lgbmrgike prmpkg
Gt`ejk`ejm g lgs amrngs j` lg j`ilkegike jbkl, `e `l t`xtm s` dge `xtrgjm lmsskcuk`et`s f`nplms6
- J`r e`u`eCrgej Zmur (`l eu`vm crge tmur)
- jk` p`ra`ot e Ytgjtadr`r (lms cugs turstkims p`ra`itms / lms p`ra`itms cugsturstkims)
- j`r r`kiddgltkc Ymeetgcsbrueid (`l vgrkgjm j`sgyuem-glnu`rzm j` lms jmnkecms)
- jgs dkstmrksid`uej r`emvk`rt Dmt`l (`l dmt`l dkstrkim y r`emvgjm dmt`l)
- jk` n`jkt`rrge`Oid` (lg imikeg n`jkt`rre`g)
- j`r b`rdnt @nn`etgl`r (`l agnmsm @nn`etgl)
- jk` w`ltb`rdnt nktt`lglt`rlkid`Ogpp`llbrio` (`l nuejkgln`et` imemikjm pu`et`n`jk`vgl j` lg igpkllg)
-j`r `xz`ll`et eCgstrmemnk` (lg cgstrmemng xi`l`et`/ lg xi`l`et` cgstrmemng)
- jk` wklj Egtur (lg egturgl`zg sglvgf` / lg sglvgf` egturgl`zg)
- jgs c`wgltkc`Egtursidguspk`l (`l ken`esm `sp`itiulm egturgl)
- jk` dkstmrksid`e Run` (lgs sglgs dkstrkigs / lgs dkstrkigs sglgs)
- j`r `kejriolkid` dkstmrksid` Bgu (lg knpr`skmeget` ` dkstrkig imestruiike)
- jk` w`ids`lej e Gusst`lluec`e (lgs `xpmskikme`s ignbkget`s / lgs ignbkget`s`xpmskikme`s)
- jk` d`knksid`e Xalgez`e (lgs plgetgs gutitmegs)
- kn l`b`ejkc e E`ustgjtqugrtk`r (`e `l eu`vm bgrrkm ll`em j` vkjg)
:.9.9. Lg j`ilkegike nkxtg
Lg j`ilkegike nkxtg `s gqu`llg `e lg qu` `l gjf`tkvm vg pr`i`jkjm pmr `l grtiulmkej`t`rnkegjm (`ke-), `l j`t`rnkeget` e`cgtkvm (o`ke-) m pmr lms prmemnbr`s pms`skvms(n`ke-,j`ke-,s`ke-,`ti). Lgs amrngs j` `stg j`ilkegike sme ueg n`zilg `etr` lgj`ilkegike au`rt` y lg jbkl y s` pu`j`e mbs`rvgr `e lg skcuk`et` tgblg6
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YKECPLGRIgsms Ngsiulkem A`n`ekem E`utrmEmnkegtkvm
Giusgtkvm
Jgtkvm
C`ektkvm
n`ke agetgetksid`r
Bruee`e (nk agetstkigau`et`)
n`ke`e agetgetksid`eBruee`e
n`ke`n agetgetksid`eBruee`e
n`ke`s agetgetksid`eBruee`e
n`ke` agetgetksid`Oid`
(nk agetstkig imikeg)
n`ke` agetgetksid` Oid`
n`ke`r agetgetksid`eOid`
n`ke`r agetgetksid`eOid`
n`ke agetgetksid`s
Smid`e`ej` (nkagetstkim ake j`s`ngeg)n`ke agetgetksid`sSmid`e`ej`
n`ke`n agetgetksid`eSmid`e`ej`
n`ke`s agetgetksid`eSmid`e`ej`
XLPRGL (n/a/e)Emnkegtkvm
Giusgtkvm
Jgtkvm
C`ektkvm
n`ke` agetgetksid`e C`rkidt`(nks agetstkims plgtms)
n`ke` agetgetksid`e C`rkidt`
n`ke`e agetgetksid`e C`rkidt`
n`ke`r agetgetksid`e C`rkidt`Zgblg 3. J`ilkegike nkxtgAu`et`6 @lgbmrgike prmpkg
Z`ek`ejm `e iu`etg lgs amrngs j` lg j`ilkegike nkxtg, `e `l t`xtm s` dge `xtrgjm lms
skcuk`et`s f`nplms6- `ke`r wuej`rside`e Gltstgjt (ueg ikujgj ngrgvkllmsg/ ueg ngrgvkllmsg ikujgj)
- `ke` gusc`z`kide`t Oid` (ueg imikeg `xi`l`et`/ ueg `xi`l`et` imikeg)
-kdr`e argezskid`e Cgrt`e (su fgrje argeis)
- `ke` guawejkc kesz`ek`rt Gusst`lluec (ueg `xpmskike `sp`ikgln`et` `lgbmrgjg)
- s`ke` l`b`ejkc Nusko- uej Oestl`rsz`e` (su `si`eg nuskigl y grtstkig `e vkvg)
- `ke oulturr`ll s@rl`beks (ueg `xp`rk`eikg iulturgl)
- `ke` dkstmrksid`Dmlzbrio` (ue dkstrkim pu`et` j` ngj`rg)
- `ke ode`s, gvgetcgrjkstksid`s Oultur-uej Omecr`ssz`etrun (ue gtr`vkjmvgecugrjkstg i`etrm iulturgl y j` imecr`sms)
- `ke` oulkegrksid` Zd`n`eagdrt (ue vkgf` t`ntkim iulkegrkm / ue iulkegrkm vkgf`t`ntkim)
- `ke` d`rrlkid`Mgs` (ue ngrgvkllmsm mgsks / ue mgsks ngrgvkllmsm)
- `ke` sidw`kz rGrnbgejudr (ue r`lmf j` puls`rg sukzm)
- `ke `l`cget sMutakt (ue trgf` `l`cget` trgf` /ue trgf` `l`cget`)
- `ke`n `rst eDd`pueot (ueg prkn`rg ikng)
- `ke` agetgstksid`S`ktskidt (ueg agetstkig vkstg)
- `ke` w`ltb`rdnt @keogusastrgss` (ueg igll` imn`rikgl nuejkgln`et` imemikjg)
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- @ke` wuej`rbgr Ytgjt-Mgs`(ue ngrgvkllmsg ikujgj mgsks)
- `ke`n s`d`esw`rt eOulturz`etrun (ue i`etrm iulturgl jkcem j` v`rs`)
- `ke b`smej`r rC`euss (ue plgi`r `sp`ikgl)
- `ke kjyllksid`s Egtursidutzc`bk`t (ue Xgrqu` Egikmegl kjlkim / ue kjlkim Xgrqu`Egikmegl)
- `ke`r l`b`ejkc eGltstgjt (ue bgrrkm ll`em j` vkjg)
- `ke a`stlkid`e Rgdn`e (ue gnbk`et` a`stkv`)
- `ke b`lk`bt r Zr`aapueot (ue puetm j` `eiu`etrm pmpulgr / ue pmpulgr puetm j``eiu`etrm)
- `ke`n w`ltmaa`e`e uej guss`rc`wdelkid`e R`stgurgetomez`pt (ue imei`ptm j`r`stgurget` gbk`rtm y xi`pikmegl /gbk`rtm y `xi`pikmegl imei`ptm j` r`stgurget`)
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ZAC-ZPR. @stujkm Crgngtkigl Gplkigjm g ue Z`xtm Zurstkim Gl`ne6 Ytgjtc`sid kidt`e. @etlgec j`r Crgej Zmurma Ywktz`rlgej
-7;-
IGXZPLM 0
LGY XR@XMYKIKME@Y
Lgs pr`pmskikme`s sme pgrtiulgs kevgrkgbl`s, pms``jmrgs j` r`iike, qu` gpgr`i`eprkeikpgln`et` `e imnpgg j` sketgcngs emnkegl`s y j` prmemnbr`s, `e migskme`stgnbke j` gjv`rbkms, imestktuy`ejm ime `llms ue sketgcng `e aueike j`imnpl`n`etm j` ue v`rbm, ue emnbr` m ue gjf`tkvm.
0.7. @L RCKN@E J@ LGY XR@XMYKIKME@Y
J`l rckn`e j` lg pr`pmskike j`p`ej`r `l igsm `e qu` gpgr`zig `l sketgcng emnkeglm `l prmemnbr` qu` lm gimnpg`. J` `st` nmjm, jkstkecuknms : crupms qu` gpgr`i`e`e `l t`xtm6
0.7.7. Xr`pmskikme`s qu` sk`npr` rkc`e giusgtkvm6
@e gl`ne, lgs pr`pmskikme`s qu` sk`npr` rkc`e giusgtkvm sme bks , jurid , ar, c`c`e,mde`, un ywk`j`r. @e `l t`xtm g geglkzgr gpgr`i`e lms skcuk`et`s `f`nplms6
- bks (dgstg) - bks Ar`ktgc (dgstg `l vk`re`s), b ks 29. Gucust 2870 (dgstg `l 29 j`gcmstm j` 2870)? bksd`ut` (dgstg dmy)? bks27. Fgdrduej`rt(dgstg `l skclm TTK)?
-jurid (pmr, g trgvs j`) - jurid jk` sidest`e Yidw`kz`r Lgejsidgat`e(g trgvs j`lms d`rnmsms pgksgf`s sukzms)? juridj`e Furg kes nktt`lglt`rlkid` Yt-Prsgee` (g trgvsj`l Furg dgikg lg n`jk`vgl Yt-Prsgee`)?
- ar (pgrg, pmr, g ignbkm j`) - arspgee`ej` @etj`iouecsr`ks`e (pgrg `nmikmeget`s
vkgf`s j` `xplmrgike) ? ar Kdr Yngrtpdme` (pgrg su sngrtpdme`)? ar Oultur- uej@keoguastmur`e (pgrg tmurs iulturgl`s y imn`rikgl`s) , ar Dmt`ls (pgrg dmt`l`s), arOuestlk`bdgb`r (pgrg gnget`s j`l grt`)?ar jgs `ke` mj`r gej`r` Nktbrkecs`l (pgrg uemu mtrm r`iu`rjm/r`cglktm)? ar omst`elms` Zrkeowgss`r`rarksiduec (pmr lg r`ar`siget`gcug pmtgbl` crgtuktg) ? ars`ke` l`b`ejkc` Nusko- uej Oestl`rsz`e` (pmr su `si`egnuskigl y iulturgl `e vkvm), ar gll` Ouestar`uej` (pgrg lms gnget`s j`l grt`)? arf`j`eC`sidngio(pgrg igjg custm)? arPdr`e (pgrg lms r`lmf`s)? ar`ke pggr Ytuej`e (pmrue pgr j` dmrgs) ? ar Amtmcrgak` (pgrg lg amtmcrgag), arcrmss`e Gplguss (pmr ue crgegplgusm)? ar`ke Nus`un (pgrg ue nus`m)?
- un (glr`j`jmr j`) - , un jk` Y`d`eswrjkco`kt`e (glr`j`jmr j` lms nmeun`etms)?
0.7.2. Xr`pmskikme`s qu` sk`npr` rkc`e jgtkvm6
Lgs pr`pmskikme`s qu` sk`npr` rkc`e jgtkvm `e gl`ne sme gus, guss`r, b`k,`etc `c`e, `etspr `id`ej , c`c`eb`r, c`nss, nk t, egid, sgnt, s`kt, vme, zu yzul k`b`. G imetkeugike s` r`al`fge lms `f`nplms `xtrgjms j`l t`xtm6
- gus (j`) - gus j`n 7:.Fgdrduej`rt. (j`l skclm TKQ), gus j`n Fuec`estkl (j`lNmj`reksnm), gu sj`n Fgdr 7970 (j`l gm 7970)?
- b`k (gl lgjm j`, i`rig j`, `e) -b`kn kjyllksid`e Ytgjtpgro (gl lgjm j`l kjklkim pgrqu`urbgem)?
- nkt (ime) - nkt kdr`e Bmutkqu`e (ime sus bmutkqu`s), nkt `ke`r wuej`rside`eGltstgjt (ime ue ngrgvkllmsm igsim getkcum), nkt s`ke`e nktt`lglt`rlkid`e Cssid`e(ime sus igll`fu`lgs n`jk`vgl`s), nkt r`kzvmll`n Blkio gua j`e Rd`ke (ime gtrgitkvgs
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vkstgs gl Rke), nkt d`rrlkid`n Blkio gua j`n Rd`kn (ime ngrgvkllmsgs vkstgs gl Rke),Nkt kdr`n argezsksid`e Cgrt`e uej j`n `eclksid`e Xgro (ime su fgrje argeis y supgrqu` kecls), nkt s`ke`e 70 Ypk`ltksid`e ( ime sus 70 n`sgs j` fu`cm), nkts`ke`n Xgro gn Y`` (ime su pgrqu` `e `l lgcm), nkt `kezkcgrtkc`r Gusskidt (ime vkstgsekigs) , nkt s`ke`e ngroget`e Zurnjid`re (ime sus emtgbl`s t`fgjms) , nkt `ke`nNgrotb`suid= (ime ueg vksktg gl n`rigjm=), nktj`r jr`d`ej`e Rmtgkr-Y`klbgde (ime
`l auekiulgr ckrgtmrkm), Nkts`ke`r b`e`kj`esw`rt`e Lgc` (ime su `evkjkgbl` ubkigike),nkt cre`e Mgs`e (ime ue v`rj` mgsks), nkt `ke`r l`b`ejkc`e Gltstgjt (ime ue igsimgetkcum ll`em j` vkjg)?
-egid(g, dgikg, j`spus j`, gl igbm j`, s`ce) - Egidgll`e R`c`le j`r Ouest (Dgikgtmjgs lgs r`clgs j`l grt`),Egid `ke`n `rst`e Dd`pueot (Dgikg ueg prkn`rg ikng),Egidj`n @kecgecstmr(Dgikg lg pu`rtg j` `etrgjg)?
- s`kt (j`sj`, j`sj` dgi`) - s`kt j`r Yidlgidt vme Emvgrrg (j`sj` lg Bgtgllg j`Emvgrrg), s`kt n`dr gls 30 Fgdr`e nclkid (j`sj` dgi` pmskbl`n`et` ns j` 30gms)?
- vme (j`) -vmelmogl`e X`rselkido kt`e (j` p`rsmeglkjgj`s lmigl`s), vme j`e Bgsl`re
lk`b`vmll Vmllk c`egeet (llgngjm Vmllk igrkmsgn`et` pmr lms bgskl`es`s), vmej`eaea @l`n`et`e (j` lms ikeim `l`n`etms)?
- zu (g, dgikg, pgrg, ime, pgrg ime, `e `l trgtm ime, j`, imetrg, pmr) - zuAuss `rouej`e(`xplmrgr g pk`), zu `ke`r Y`d`eswrjkco`kt (dgikg ue nmeun`etm), zurOulturn`trmpml` (dgikg lg n`trpmlks iulturgl), zu j`e b`lk`bt`st`e Ar`kz`ktgotkvktt`e(pgrg lgs gitkvkjgj`s j` tk`npm lkbr` ns smlkiktgjgs), zun Clio (pmr su`rt`), zu j`ePE@YIM-S`lt`rb`sttt`e c`drt (p`rt`e`i` gl Xgtrknmekm j` lg Dungekjgj j` lgPE@YIM), zun Ymee`ebgj (pgrg `l bgm j` sml), zunQ`rw`kl`e `kelgj`e (kevktg g lgp`rnge`eikg), zun C`ek`ss`e (gl jksarut`),zurGttrgotkvktt (ime `l gtrgitkvm) , zunB`kspk`l (pmr `f`nplm), zu `ke`n s`d`esw`rt`e Oulturz`etrun (g ue i`etrm iulturgl j`ket`rs), Pet`r ar`k`n Dknn`l zu sp`ks`e (pgrg imn`r bgfm ue ik`lm j`sp`fgjm),`etj`iot zu w`rj`e (pgrg s`r j`siubk`rtm), zur b`st`e Agdrrgjstgjt (g lg n`fmr ikujgjj` lgs bkikil`tgs)? zu b`wuej`re (pgrg gjnkrgr)?
0.7.9. Xr`pmskikme`s qu` rkc`e giusgtkvm m jgtkvm6
Lgs pr`pmskikme`s qu` `e gl`ne rkc`e tgetm giusgtkvm imnm jgtkvm sme gb, ge, gua,dke t`r, ke, e`b`e, b`r, uet`r, vme yzwksid `e.
Gpgr`i`e `e giusgtkvm iugejm kejkig lg n`tg j` ue j`splgzgnk`etm, r`gl m akcurgjm,`xpr`sgjm m knplkigjm pmr ue v`rbm j` nmvknk`etm ketrgesktkvm (c`d`e>kr) m trgesktkvm(sidkeo`e>`evkgr). @e `l t`xtm s` `xtrg`e lms skcuk`et`s `f`nplms6
- gua (`e, g, `eikng j`, smbr`) - gua j`e Rd`ke (`e `l Rke), gua `ke`e Y``cgec (`e lgiubk`rtg), gu a spgee`ej` Grt (j` ueg amrng `nmikmeget`), gua s`ke` Omst`e (g suigrcm)?
- ke (`e, g, j`etrm j`) -ke w`ekc`e Yidrktt`e (g pmims pgsms) , kej`e Gppl` Gpp Ytmr`(`e lg tk`ejg j` gplkigikme`s j` Gppl`), kes nktt`lglt`rlkid` Yt-Prsgee` (`e lg n`jk`vglYt-Prsgee`), ke j`e e`u`e Br`eXgro (`e `l eu`vm pgrqu` j` msms), kejk` Ogrt` (`e`l ngpg), ke j`e Amous (`e `l amim), ke j`e Gb`ejstuej`e (gl gemid`i`r), kes Cre`(`e lm v`rj`), kejk` Q`rcgec`ed`kt (`e `l pgsgjm)?
Gpgr`i`e `e jgtkvm iugejm, gl imnpl`n`etgr g v`rbms `sttkims ketrgesktkvms
(grb`kt`e>trgbgfgr, s`ke>s`r) m trgesktkvms (trgc`e>ll`vgr), em kejkig lg n`tg j` ekecej`splgzgnk`etm. @e `l t`xtm s` `xtrg`e lms skcuk`et`s `f`nplms6
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- gb (j`, j`sj`, g pgrtkr j`) -Gb Bgs`l (j`sj` Bgskl`g)?
-ge (g, fuetm g, `e, j`, g mrkllgs j`) - lk`c`e gej`r e`u`e Crgej Zmur (s` sktg `e `leu`vm Crge Zmur), sk` bk`t`e `ke` All` geOuest , C`euss, Gridkt`otur uej Ygvmkr-vkvr`(`llgs mar`i`e ueg keakekjgj j` grt`, plgi`r, grqukt`iturg y sgb`r vkvkr) , gej`n nge
skid wmdladlt (`e jmej` uem s` sk`et` g custm) , b`kj` ogee nge ge Ymeetgc`ec`ek`ss`e (gnbgs imsgs s` pu`j`e jksarutgr lms jmnkecms)?
- gua (`e, pmr, jurget`, s`ce, pmrqu`, j`) - gua 7188 Oklmn`t`re (jurget` 7188okln`trms), gua ues`r`r S`bs`kt` (`e eu`strg pckeg w`b), gua 93 Wugjrgtoklmn`t`re(`e 93 okln`trms iugjrgjms), gua r`kzvmll`r Ytr`io` (`e ue gtrgitkvm r`imrrkjm), gu ajk` Gltstgjt (`e `l igsim getkcum), gu aj`r Z`rrgss` (`e lg t`rrgzg), gu aj`n Sgss`r(`e `l gcug), gua j`n Ckpa`l (`e lg ikng), gua 92 D`otgr`e (j` 92 d`itr`gs)?- ke (`e, g, j`etrm j`) - ke jk`s`r Brmsidr` (`e `st` amll`tm), kej`r Brgss`rk` (`e `lbgr-r`stgurget`), kej`r Dguptstgjt (`e lg igpktgl), kej`r Gltstgjt (`e `l igsim getkcum),ke j`r Gr` (j`etrm j`l r`g), ke jk`s`n bgrmio`e Rgun (`e `stg sglg bgrrmig), kejk`s`n nktt`e ke j`r Gltstgjt (`e nktgj j`l igsim getkcum), ke j`r B`re`r Gltstgjt (`e `ligsim getkcum j` B`reg), kej`r Ed` (`e lg prmxknkjgj), kej`r Luat (`e `l gkr`), ke j`rv`ro`drsar`k`e Gltstgjt (`e `l igsim getkcum i`rrgjm gl trakim) , ke `ke`n w`ltmaa`e`euej guss`rc`wdelkid`e R`stgurgetomez`pt (j`etrm j`l imei`ptm j` r`stgurget`gbk`rtm y `xi`pikmegl), kn `kezkc`e Yik`ei` I`et`r (`e `l ekim I`etrm j` lgsIk`eikgs), kn Qmrj`rcruej (`e prkn`r plgem), knZ`idemrgng (`e `l Z`iemrgng), ... knYidlmss (`e `l igstkllm), kej`r Zgt (`e `l gitm / `e lg giike), kn Yulz`rgr`gl (`e `ljkstrktm j` Yulz`r)?
0.7.:.Xr`pmskikme`s qu` rkc`e c`ektkvm gj`ns j` mtrms igsms6
Lgs pr`pmskikme`s qu` `e gl`ne rkc`e mtrms igsms gj`ns j`l c`ektkvm sme (ge)
stgtt, bke e`e, `etlgec, jge o, kee`rd glb, lecs, lgut, ngec `ls, nktt`ls, trmt z,wdr`ej, w`c`e, zuam lc` y zucuest`e. Gl geglkzgr `l t`xtm s` `xtrg`e lms skcuk`et`s`f`nplms6
- `etlgec (g lm lgrcm j`) - @etlgecj`r Crgej-Zmur (g lm lgrcm j`l Crge Zmur)?
- stgtt (`e lucgr j`) - Adr` stgttBrio` (a`rrys `e lucgr j` pu`et`s)?
-jgeo (crgikgs g) - Jgeoj`r `xz`ll`et`e Cgstrmemnk` (crgikgs g lg `xi`l`et`cgstrmemnkg)?
0.2. IMEZRGIIKME@Y J@ XR@XMYKIKE [ GRZIPLM J@Z@RNKEGJM
Glcuegs pr`pmskikme`s gjnkt`e su imetrgiike ime `l skeculgr jl grtiulm j`t`rnkegjmj`l sketgcng emnkegl gl iugl pr`i`j`e. Lgs imetrgiikme`s qu` s` imeskj`rgepl`egn`et` emrnglkzgjgs y qu` gpgr`i`e `e `l t`xtm sme6
- kes (imetrgiike j` ke ime `l giusgtkvm j`l grtiulm e`utrm skeculgr jgs) - kesnktt`lglt`rlkid` Yt-Prsgee` (`e lg n`jk`vgl Yt-Prsgee`), kes Cre` (`e lm v`rj`)?
- gn, b`kn, kn, vmn, zun (imetrgiike j` ge, b`k, ke, vme y zu ime `l jgtkvm j`lgrtiulm ngsiulkem y e`utrm skeculgr j`n) - gn Jr`klej`r`io (`e `l trkpuetm), gnRd`ke (`e `l Rke), gn Bgsl`r Rd`keua`r (`e lg mrkllg bgskl`es` j`l Rke), gnDguptbgdedma (`e lg `stgike j` tr`e`s), gn Y`` (`e `l lgcm), gn Sgss`r (`e `l gcug)?
b`kn B`suid (`e lg vksktg), b`kn kjyllksid`e Ytgjtpgro (`e `l kjlkim pgrqu` urbgem),knMaalke`-Nmjus (`e nmjm au`rg j` le`g), kn Aluss (`e `l rm), kn R`stgurget (`e `lr`stgurget`), kn Fgdr (`e `l gm), kn Xgro (`e `l pgrqu`), kn Rms`ecgrt`e (`e `l fgrje
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j` rmsgs), kn nystksid`e @nn`etgl (`e `l nstkim @nn`etgl), kn D`rz`e (`e `limrgze), kn Yidw`kz`rdma (`e lg crgefg sukzg), kn l`b`ejkc`e E`ustgjtqugrtk`r (`e `leu`vm bgrrkm ll`em j` vkjg), kn Qkgjuo (`e `l vkgjuitm), kn Ouestnus`un Sketd`rtur(`e `l Nus`m j` Grt` j` Sketd`rtur), kn Qmrj`rcruej (`e `l prkn`r plgem), knZ`idemrgng (`e `l Z`iemrgng), kn Yidlmss (`e `l igstkllm), kn Yulz`rgr`gl (`e `l jkstrktmj` Yulz`r) ? vmn Ytgrgridkt`ot`e (pmr `l grqukt`itm `str`llg) , vmn Br`epgro (j`l
pgrqu` j` lms msms), vmn Glltgc (j` lg vkjg imtkjkgeg), vmn Y``(j`l lgcm), vmn 72. bks29. Gucust 2870 (j`l 72 gl 29 j` gcmstm j` 2870)? zun Clio (pmr su`rt`) , zunYmee`ebgj (pgrg ue bgm j` sml), zun Q`rw`kl`e (pgrg lg p`rnge`eikg), zun B`kspk`l(pmr `f`nplm) , zun C`ek`ss`e (pgrg l jksarut`), zun Gusspr`id`e (pgrg lg `xpr`ske),zun @ss`e(pgrg `l imn`r)?
- zur (imetrgiike j` zu ime `l jgtkvm j`l grtiulm a`n`ekem skeculgr j`r) - zurOulturn`trmpml` (dgikg lg n`trpmlks iulturgl), zur Gttrgotkvktt (ime `l gtrgitkvm), zurb`st`e Agdrrgjstgjt (g lg n`fmr ikujgj j` lgs bkikil`tgs)?
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ZAC-ZPR. @stujkm Crgngtkigl Gplkigjm g ue Z`xtm Zurstkim Gl`ne6 Ytgjtc`sid kidt`e. @etlgec j`r Crgej Zmurma Ywktz`rlgej
-29-
IGXZPLM 1
@L Q@RBM
Y`ce j`ake` `l Jr. Gejr`u Igst`ll (2887), lms v`rbms pu`j`e j`sirkbkrs`, `e trnkemsc`e`rgl`s, imnm pglgbrgs qu` skrv`e pgrg r`a`rkr giikme`s, prmi`sms y `stgjms. J`sj``l puetm j` vkstg aueikmegl, `l v`rbm imestktuy` `l eil`m j` iuglquk`r mrgike,j`ikjk`ejm qu imnpl`n`etms `sp`iakims j`b`e m pu`j`e gpgr`i`r `e `llg.
1.7. AMRNGY KEAKEKZGY
@e gl`ne `xkst`e tr`s amrngs keakektgs (knp`rsmegl`s) j`l v`rbm6 `l keakektkvm, `lpgrtkikpkm K y `l pgrtkikpkm KK. Gl kcugl qu` `e `spgml, `stgs amrngs em pu`j`e s`rimefucgjgs. G imetkeugike s` dgblgr j`l pgrtkikpkm KK m pgrtkikpkm pgsgjm6
1.7.7. Xgrtkikpkm KK
@l pgrtkikpkm pgsgjm `e l`ecug gl`ngeg s` utklkzg pgrg amrngr lms tk`npms imnpu`stmsj`l pgsgjm (`l X`ra`oty `l plusiugnp`ra`itm), `l auturm KK y lgs amrngs imnpu`stgs j`lOmefuetkvKy KK. Gsknksnm, amrng lg vmz pgskvg fuetm ime w`rj`e y ime s`ke.
@e lg amrngike j`l pgrtkikpkm pgsgjm `e gl`ne s` tk`e`e `e iu`etg6
- Lg t`rnkegike `etr` v`rbms r`culgr`s (ggjk`ejm -t m -`t g su rgz, -j m -t iugejmsu rgz t`rnkeg `e -n m -e pr`i`jkjg j` mtrg imesmeget` qu` em s`g n,e, r, l y d) yv`rbms krr`culgr`s (ggjk`ejm -`e g su rgz pmr r`clg c`e`rgl)?
-Lms v`rbms qu` ggj`e `l pr`akfm c`- y lms qu` em lm ggj`e.
Y`cukjgn`et`, s` `eun`rge lms skcuk`et`s `f`nplms j` pgrtkikpkm pgsgjm `xtrgjmsj`l t`xtm6
- c`ngidt (d`idm) 5 pgrtkikpkm KK j`l v`rbm ngid`e
- c`spkiots`ke(`stgr ll`em/r`pl`tm) 5 pgrtkikpkm KK j`l v`rbm spkio`e (gl`ne sukzm)
- gec`z`kct (nmstrgjm/s`glgjm/vksuglkzgjm) 5 pgrtkikpkm KK j`l v`rbm gez`kc`e
- `raae`t (r`gbk`rtm) 5 pgrtkikpkm KK j`l v`rbm `raae`e
- c`tga`lt (imn`r) 5 pgrtkikpkm KK j`l v`rbm tga`le (gl`ne sukzm)
- b`ogeet (emnbrgjm) 5 pgrtkikpkm KK j`l v`rbm b`o`ee`e
- d`rc`st`l l t (agbrkigjm) 5 pgrtkikpkm KK j`l v`rbm d`rst`ll`e
-c`s`d`e(vkstm)5 pgrtkikpkm KK j`l v`rbm s`d`e
- c`pal`ct (iukjgjm)5 pgrtkikpkm KK j`l v`rbm pal`c`e
- `regeet (j`skcegjm)5 pgrtkikpkm KK j`l v`rbm `re`ee`e
1.2. AMRNGY AKEKZGY
Lgs amrngs akektgs (imefucgjgs) `e gl`ne sme gqu`llgs qu` `xpr`sge lgs igt`cmrgsj`l v`rbm6 p`rsmeg (7,2,9), en`rm (skeculgr, plurgl), vmz crgngtkigl (gitkvg,pgskvg),tk`npm v`rbgl (pr`s`et`, X`ra`ot, `ti.) y nmjm(kejkigtkvm, subfuetkvm).
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1.2.7. Q`rbms r culgr`s ` krr`culgr`s
Lms v`rbms r`culgr`s s` jkstkecu`e j` lms krr`culgr`s pmrqu` stms ltknms suar`e ueignbkm `e lg vmigl t`ntkig iugejm amrnge `l Xrt`rktun, `l pgrtkikpkm KK m lg s`cuejg mlg t`ri`rg p`rsmeg j`l skeculgr j`l pr`s`et` j` kejkigtkvm, nk`etrgs qu` lms prkn`rms em
suar`e st` ignbkm.G imetkeugike, s` r`al`fge `e lgs skcuk`et`s tgblgs lms `f`nplms qu` gpgr`i`e `e `l
t`xtm geglkzgjm6
Q@RBMY R@CPLGR@Y
KEAKEKZKQM XR@Y@EZ@ XRZ@RKZPN X@RA@OZ
ngid`e (dgi`r)
`rouej`e (gv`rkcugr)
vmrst`ll`e (pr`s`etgr)b`gidt`e (pr`stgr gt`eike)
lmio`e (gtrg`r)
`etw`ra`e
(prmy`itgr,imei`bkr, `sbmzgr)
v`rbkej`e(ime`itgr)
lut`re(smegr/tmigr)
tkio`e (dgi`r tki tgi)
c`dr`e (p`rt`e`i`r)
b`wuej`re (gjnkrgr)
algek`r`e (igll`f`gr)
`keogua`e (imnprgr)
b`akej`e skid(`eimetrgrs`)
b`suid`e (vksktgr)
adl`e (s`etkr)
v`rl`kd`e (glquklgr, pr`stgr)
smrc`e (pr`miupgrs`)
`etj`io`e (j`siubrkr)l`b`e (vkvkr)
lk`b`e (gngr, qu`r`r)
amlc`e (s`cukr)
s`tz`e skid(s`etgrs`)
sp`ks`e (imn`r)
rio`e (gi`rigrs`)
rkidt`e (imei`etrgr,jkrkckr)
ngidt
`rouej`t
vmrst`lltb`gidt`t
lmiot
`etw`rat
v`rbkej`t
lut`t
tkiot
c`drt
b`wuej`rt
plgek`rt
oguat `ke
b`akej`t skid
b`suidt
adlt
v`rl`kdt
smrct
`ej`iotl`bt
lk`bt
amlct
s`tzt skid
sp`kst
riot
rkidt`t
ngidt`
`rouej`t`
vmrst`llt`b`gidt`t`
lmiot`
`etw`rat`
v`rbkej`t`
lut`t`
tkiot`
c`drt`
b`wuej`rt`
plgek`rt`
oguat` `ke
b`akej`t` skid
b`suidt`
adlt`
v`rl`kdt`
smrct`
`etj`iot`l`bt
lk`bt`
amlct`
s`tzt` skid
sp`kst`
riot`
rkidt`t`
dgt c`ngidt
dgt `rouej`t
dgt vmrc`st`lltdgt b`gidt`t
dgt c`lmiot
dgt `etwmra`e
dgt v`rbuej`e
dgt c`lut`t
dgt c`tkiot
dgt c`drt
dgt b`wuej`rt
dgt plgek`rt
dgt `kec`oguat
dgt skid b`auej`e
dgt b`suidt
dgt c`adlt
dgt v`rl`kd`e
dgt c`smrct
dgt `etj`iotdgt c`l`bt
dgt c`lk`bt
kst c`amlct
dgt skid c`s`tzt
dgt c`sp`kst
dgt c`riot
dgt c`rkidt`tZgblg 4. Q`rbms r`culgr`s
Au`et`6 @lgbmrgike prmpkg
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-20-
Q@RBMY KRR@CPLGR@Y
KEAKEKZKQM XR@Y@EZ@ XRZ@RKZPN X@RA@OZ
s`ke(s`r, `stgr)
bk`t`e (mar`i`r)
lgss`e (j`fgr)
lk`c`e (`stgr tunbgjm)
tr`aa`e (`eimetrgrs` ime glcuk`e)
omnn`e (v`ekr)
c`ek`sss`e (jksarutgr)
c`d`e (kr)
w`rj`e (ll`cgr g s`r)`npa`dl`e(r`imn`ejgr)
c`wkee`e (cgegr)
agdr`e (kr, imejuikr)
zk`d`e (kr dgikg, tkrgr)
oee`e(pmj`r, sgb`r)
dgb`e (t`e`r)
tr`kb`e (almtgr, prgitkigr)
nss`e(t`e`r qu`, j`b`r)
st`d`e (`stgr j` pk`)
z`kc`e (nmstrgr)
c`b`e (jgr)
s`d`e(v`r)
jra`e (pmj`r)
`kelgj`e(kevktgr)
trgc`e (ll`vgr)
v`rtr`t`e (sustktukr, r`pr`s`etgr)
b`ckee`e(`np`zgr)`rolkec`e (smegr, r`smegr)
kst
bk`t`t
lsst
lk`ct
trkaat
omnnt
c`ek`sst
c`dt
wkrj`npak`dlt
c`wkeet
adrt
zk`dt
ogee
dgt
tr`kbt
nuss
st`dt
z`kct
ckbt
sk`dt
jgra
ljt `ke
trct
v`rtrktt
b`ckeet`rolkect
wgr
bmt
lk`ss
lgc
trga
ogn
c`emss
ckec
wurj``npagdl
c`wgee
audr
zmc
omeet`
dgtt`
trk`b
nusst`
stgej
z`kct`
cgb
sgd
jurat`
luj `ke
truc
v`rtrgt
b`cgee`rolgec
kst c`w`s`e
dgt c`bmt`e
dgt c`lgss`e
dgt c`l`c`e
dgt c`trmaa`e
kst c`omnn`e
dgt c`emss`e
kst c`cgec`e
kst c`wmrj`edgt `npamdl`e
dgt c`wmee`e
kst / dgt c`agdr`e
kst / dgt c`zmc`e
dgt c`omeet
dgt c`dgbt
kst /dgt c`trk`b`e
dgt c`nusst
dgt c`stgej`e
dgt c`z`kct
dgt c`c`b`e
dgt c`s`d`e
dgt c`jurat
dgt `kec`lgj`e
dgt c`trgc`e
dgt v`rtr`t`e
dgt b`cmee`edgt `roluec`e
Zgblg ;. Q`rbms krr`culgr`sAu`et`6 @lgbmrgike prmpkg
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1.2.2. @l pr`s`et`
Lg amrngike j`l pr`s`et` `e gl`ne s` r`glkzg, sglvm `xi`pikme`s, ggjk`ejm lgsskcuk`et`s t`rnkegikme`s g lg rgz v`rbgl6
ngid`e6
kid ngid`, ju ngidst, `r/sk`/`s ngidt, wkr ngid`e, kdr ngidt, sk`/Yk` ngid`e
G imetkeugike, s` r`al`fge lms `f`nplms j`l t`xtm qu` gpgr`i`e `e `st` tk`npmv`rbgl6
- Yk` bk`t`e`ke` All` ge Ouest, ... (@llgs mar`i`e ueg igetkjgj j` grt`,...)
- Jk` Ytjt`,, l k`c`e brkc`es gll` ge j`r e`u` Crgej Zmur ma Ywktz`rlgej (Lgsikujgj`s,.,s` `eiu`etrge tmjgs pmr ik`rtm `e `l Eu`vm Crge Zmur j` Yukzg)
- Yk`adrt Yk` jurid jk` sidest`e Yidw`kz`r Lgejsidgat`e (`llg l` imejui` g trgvsj` lms pgksgf`s sukzms ns b`llms)
- J`r R`kidtun ge Ouest, Oultur uej Gridkt`oturngidt Bgs`l zur Oulturn`trmpml` j`rYidw`kz (Lg rkqu`zg `e Grt`, Iulturg y Grqukt`iturg dgi` j` Bgskl`g lg n`trpmlks
iulturgl j` Yukzg)- Ke j`r Dguptstgjt j`r Yidw`kz t kio`e jk` Pdr`e gej`rs (@e lg igpktgl j` Yukzg lmsr`lmf`s dgi`e tki tgi j` amrng jka`r`et`)
- Pej jgvme dgt B`re n`dr gls c`euc ([ j` `sm tk`e` B`reg ns qu` suakik`et`)
- Kid b`suid` c`re` jgs Oulturlmogl MEM (Qksktm ime gcrgjm `l lmigl iulturgl MEM)
- 788 Bruee`e smrc`e ar omst`elms` Zrkeowgss`r`rarksiduec (788 au`et`s s`pr`miupge pmr `l gcug pmtgbl` crgtuktg)
- @s ckbtside` Ytjt` (@xkst`e b`llgs ikujgj`s)
- Jgs Q`ro`drsdgus j`r Yidw`kz z`kct gua spgee`ej` Grt... (@l Nus`m j` lms
Zrgespmrt`s j` Yukzg nu`strg j` amrng ket`r`sget`...)- Ke Vrkid b`ckeetjgs @rdmluecsc`bk`t nktt`e ke j`r Ytgjt (@e Vurkid imnk`ezg lgzmeg j` j`sigesm `e `l i`etrm j` lg ikujgj)
1.9. LMY Q@RBMY DGB@E, Y@KE[ S@RJ@E
Lg igrgit`rstkig prkeikpgl j` `stms v`rbms `s qu` pu`j`e aueikmegr imnm v`rbmsprkeikpgl`s m imnm v`rbms guxklkgr`s, tgetm pgrg lg amrngike j` p`rargsks v`rbgl`simnm pgrg lg amrngike j` lms tk`npms imnpu`stms.
1.9.7. Dgb`e@l v`rbm dgb`e (t`e`r) `s ue v`rbm krr`culgr qu` s` pu`j` utklkzgr `e jkstketgsaueikme`s imnm sme6 - v`rbm prkeikpgl ime ue imnpl`n`etm giusgtkvm mblkcgtmrkm? -v`rbm guxklkgr `e lg amrngike j`l p`ra`ot, j`l plusiugnp`ra`itm, j`l keakektkvmimnpu`stm y j`l Omefuetkv K y KK imnpu`stm j` lms v`rbms qu` em lms amrnge ime s`ke?-imnm v`rbm nmjgl gimnpggjm j` ue keakektkvm ime zu (pgrg `xpr`sgr mblkcgike,`xdmrtgike m prmdkbkike) ? y v`rbm aueikmegl.
Y` `xtrg`e j`l t`xtm lms skcuk`et`s `f`nplms6
- O`ke` gej`r Yidw`kz`r Ytgjt dgt `ke` sm dmd` Nus`unsjkidt` wk` Bgs`l (Ekecuegmtrg ikujgj sukzg tk`e` ueg j`eskjgj j` nus`ms tge gltg)
- Pej jgvme dgt B`re n`dr gls c`euc ([ j` `sm tk`e` B`reg ns qu` suakik`et`)
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-23-
- Ke jk`s`n bgrmio`e Rgun nuss nge c`tga`lt dgb`e (@e `stg sglg bgrrmig s` j`b`dgb`r i`l`brgjm ue cgp`)
- Luz`re kn D`rz`e j`r Yidw`kz nuss nge c`s`d`e dgb`e (Lui`reg `e `l imrgze j`Yukzg s` j`b` dgb`r vkstm)
- S`r Lust gua `ke`e Y``cgec dgt, buidt `ke` oulkegrksid` Zd`n`eagdrt (Wuk`e t`ecgcgegs j` `stgr `e ueg iubk`rtg, qu` r`s`rv` ue vkgf` t`ntkim iulkegrkm)
- 74:0 Xltz` dgt j`r Omez`rtsggl (Lg sglg j` imeik`rtms tk`e` 74:0 plgzgs)
- Kn Krid`lpgro dgt jk` wklj` Egtur trgundgat vk`l Rgun (@e `l pgrqu` Krid`l, lgegturgl`zg sglvgf` tk`e` ue `spgikm j` `esu`m)
1.9.2. Y`ke
@l v`rbm s`ke (s`r, `stgr) `s ue v`rbm krr`culgr qu` s` pu`j` utklkzgr `e jkstketgsaueikme`s imnm sme6 - v`rbm prkeikpgl ime ue imnpl`n`etm pr`jkigtkvm m ime ueimnpl`n`etrm ikriuestgeikgl j` lucgr? - v`rbm guxklkgr `e lg amrngike j`l X`ra`ot, j`l
plusiugnp`ra`itm, j`l keakektkvm imnpu`stm y j`l Omefuetkv K y KK imnpu`stm j` lmsv`rbms qu` em lms amrnge ime dgb`e y `e lg pgskvg j` `stgjm?- imnm v`rbm nmjglgimnpggjm j` ue keakektkvm ime zu (pgrg `xpr`sgr mblkcgike, `xdmrtgike mpmskbklkjgj) ? y v`rbm aueikmegl.
Y` `xtrg`e j`l t`xtm lms skcuk`et`s `f`nplms6
- Yidw`kz`r Ytjt` skej wk` c`ngidt ar spgee`ej` @etj`iouecsr`ks`e (Lgs ikujgj`ssukzgs ste imnm ir`gjgs pgrg vkgf`s j` j`siubrknk`etm agsikeget`s)
- uej ks t c`spkiot nkt Dkcdlkcdts gll`r Grt ( y `st r`pl`tg j` tktulgr`s j` tmjgsilgs`s)
- Jk` Ikty Cukj` Gpps vme Yidw`kz Zmurksnus skejjk` p`ra`ot`e Ytgjtadr`r ar KdrYngrtpdme` (Lgs gplkigikme`s Ikty Cukj` j`l Zurksnm j` Yukzg sme lms p`ra`itms cugsturstkims pgrg su sngrtpdme`)
- Ke Ygid`e Ygvmkr-vkvr` ks tBgs`l vk`l`e Ytjt`e `ke` Egs`elec` vmrgus (@e imsgsj`l sgb`r vkvkr Bgskl`g `st ue pgsm pmr j`lget` j` nuidgs ikujgj`s)
- , spgee`ej` Cgl`rk`e uej a`ke` J`lkogt`ss`elj`e skej `ke` Wu`ll` j`rKespkrgtkme... (agsikeget`s cgl`rkgs y r`akegjgs tk`ejgs j` j`lkigt`ss`e sme ueg au`et`j` kespkrgike)
- B`smej`rs s`d`esw`rt skej jk` Garkoggelgc`,... (@l Fgrje Garkigem `s `sp`ikgln`et`jkcem j` v`r)
- B`rekst
b`ogeet ar s`ke` l`b`ejkc` Nusko- uej Oestl`rsz`e`(B`reg `s imemikjgpmr su `si`eg nuskigl y iulturgl `e vkvm)
- 708 Fgdr` glt kst jgs Ymnn`rtd`gt`r... (@l t`gtrm j` v`rgem tk`e` 708 gms...)
1.9.9. S`rj`e
@l v`rbm w`rj`e (ll`cgr g s`r) `s ue v`rbm krr`culgr qu` s` pu`j` utklkzgr `e jkstketgsaueikme`s imnm sme6 - v`rbm prkeikpgl gjmptgejm lg amrng pl`eg c`wmrj`e? - v`rbmguxklkgr `e lg amrngike j`l auturm K y KK, j`l pgrtkikpkm KK, j`l Omefuetkv KK y j` lg vmzpgskvg j` prmi`sm? - y imnm v`rbm impulgtkvm?
Y` `xtrg`e j`l t`xtm lms skcuk`et`s `f`nplms6
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- J`r Vmm Bgs`l,, wrj` nk Fgdr 743: `raae`t (@l Vmm j` Bgskl`g, ..., au` r`gbk`rtm`e `l gm 743: )
- ...17; Zk`rgrt`e, jk` grtc`r`idt c`dglt`e w`rj`e(...17; `sp`ik`s j` gekngl`s, qu`sme nget`ekjms imrr`itgn`et`)
- S`r clgnmurs`e E`rv`eoktz`l lk`bt, wkrj kn crge Igskem B`re nkt s`ke`e 70
Ypk`ltksid`e...cliolkid (Wuk`e quk`rg `nmnmikme`s clgnurmsgs, s`r gamrtuegjm `e `lCrge Igskem j` B`reg ime sus 70 n`sgs j` fu`cm...)
- , wk` j`r b`rdnt` @nn`etgl`r GMX kn O`ssk d`rc`st`llt wkrj (, imnm `l agnmsm@nn`etgl GMX qu` `s prmjuikjm `e O`ssk)
- Jgeo j`r `xz`ll`et`e Cgstrmemnk` w`rj`edk`r guid Cmurn`ts cliolkid (Crgikgs glg `xi`l`et` cgstrmemnkg lms cmurn`ts tgnbke ll`cge g s`r a`lki`s gqu)
- Y`rvk`rt wkrjjgs C`rkidt... (Lg imnkjg s`r s`rvkjg...)
- ... Xalgez`e uej Mbstbun` w`rj`egua 92 D`otgr`e vme Cre Ytgjt Vrkid c`pal`ct(Lgs plgetgs y lms rbml`s arutgl`s sme prmt`ckjms `e 92 d`itr`gs pmr lg `etkjgj VurkidIkujgj Q`rj`.
- Kn Z`idemrgng wgrt`e b`r 088 @xp`rkn`etk`rstgtkme`e jgrgua, `etj`iot zu w`rj`e(@e `l Z`iemrgng smbr` 088 stgejs j` `xp`rkn`etms smbr` `llm `sp`rge pgrg s`rj`siubk`rtms)
- C`z`kct w`rj`eYidw`kz`r, j`utsid` uej st`rr`kidksid` Oestl`r(Yme nmstrgjmsgrtkstgs sukzms, gl`nge`s y gustrgims)
- Sketd`rtur wurj` guid zur b`st`e Agdrrgjstgjt j`r Yidw`kz `regeet (Sketd`rtur tgnbke au` emnbrgjg imnm lg n`fmr ikujgj j` lgs bkikil`tgs)
1.:. LMY Q@RBMY NMJGL@Y
Lms v`rbms nmjgl`s `e gl`ne sme jra`e, oee`e,nc`e, nss`e, sml l`e ywmll`e. Lg igrgit`rstkig prkeikpgl j` `stms v`rbms `s qu` pu`j`e aueikmegr imnmv`rbms guxklkgr`s ime `l keakektkvm ske zu j` mtrm v`rbm.
Zmjms `llms sme v`rbms krr`culgr`s y, s`ce su skcekakigjm, s` pu`j`e ilgskakigr `etr`s crgej`s crupms6 -pmskbklkjgj 5 jra`ey oee`e? - mblkcgike 5 sml l`e ynss`e?- vmluetgj 5 nc`e y wmll`e.
Gl geglkzgr `l t`xtm, s` jkstkecu`e lms skcuk`et`s f`nplms6
jra`e (pmj`r)6
- Jgra`s stgtt typksid sidw`kz`rksid typksid spgeksid s`ke= (Xu`j` s`r tpkim sukzm`e v`z j` tpkim `spgml=
- Sgs jgra`s s`ke= (Wu pu`j` s`r=)
- ...jgraskid ar `ke pggr Ytuej`e zuriol`de`e uej Sgss`r uej Ymee` c`ek`ss`e (s` pu`j` r`ilkegr dgikg gtrs pmr ue pgr j` dmrgs y jksarutrgr j`l gcug y j`l sml)
oee`e (pmj`r, sgb`r)6
-... b`kj` oge e nge ge Ymeetgc`e c`ek`ss`e... (gnbms s` pu`j`e jksarutrgr lmsjmnkecms...)
- , ogeenge V`ktclmio`eturn uej Nest`r b`wuej`re (, s` pu`j`e gjnkrgr lg
tmrr` j`l r`lmf j`l ignpgegrkm y lg igt`jrgl)
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ZAC-ZPR. @stujkm Crgngtkigl Gplkigjm g ue Z`xtm Zurstkim Gl`ne6 Ytgjtc`sid kidt`e. @etlgec j`r Crgej Zmurma Ywktz`rlgej
-2;-
- , ogee nge `rl`b`e,
nc`e (custgr, j`s`gr)6
- S`r `s al`ksidlms ngc, omnnt kn Dkltl... (Gl qu` l` cust` v`c`tgrkgem, qu` v`ecg glDkltl...)
nss`e (t`e`r qu`, j`b`r)6
- Kn jk`s`n bgrmio`e Rgun nussnge c`tga`lt dgb`e (@e `stg sglg bgrrmig s` j`b`dgb`r i`l`brgjm ue cgp`)
- Luz`re nk D`rz`e j`r Yidw`kz nussnge c`s`d`e dgb`e (Lui`reg `e `l imrgzej` Yukzg s` j`b` dgb`r vkstm)
sml l`e (t`e`r qu`, j`b`r)6
- Ouestar`uej` sml l t`ej`e Amous gua b`kj`e Nus``e rkidt`e (Lms gnget`s j`l grt`tk`e`e qu` jkrkckr lg gt`eike g gnbms nus`ms)
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Lp`z Nmetkfgem, Fms
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ZAC-ZPR. @stujkm Crgngtkigl Gplkigjm g ue Z`xtm Zurstkim Gl`ne6 Ytgjtc`sid kidt`e. @etlgec j`r Crgej Zmurma Ywktz`rlgej
-97-
IGXZPLM 3
LG MRGIKE
Y`ce kejkig `l Jr. Gejr`u Igst`ll (2887), lgs mrgikme`s, pgrtk`ejm j` su aueikeimnuekigtkvg prkngrkg, gs imnm j` j`t`rnkegjms rgscms amrngl`s, s` jkstkecu`e tr`stkpms bskims j` mrgikme`s6 `eueikgtkvgs, ket`rrmcgtkvgsy `xdmrtgtkvgs.
Lms tr`s tkpms bskims j` mrgikme`s pu`j`e pr`s`etgrs` `e amrng j` mrgikme`ssknpl`s m imnpl`fgs. @stgs ltkngs s` amrnge n`jkget` immrjkegike m submrjkegike.
3.7. MRGIKME@Y IMMRJKEGJGY
Lgs mrgikme`s immrjkegjgs sme jms m ns mrgikme`s r`lgikmegjgs `etr` s, ske qu`ekecueg j` `llgs j`p`ejg j` lgs mtrgs. Lg amrng j` ime`itgr jkidgs mrgikme`s pu`j`s`r, pmr ue lgjm, g trgvs j` lgs imefueikme`s immrjkeget`s uej (y), mj`r (m), gb`r(p`rm), j`ee(pu`s) y smej`re (ske `nbgrcm), y pmr mtrm lgjm, g trgvs j` lg utklkzgikej` skcems j` puetugike imnm lg imng(,) m `l puetm y imng (?).
G imetkeugike, s` `eun`rge f`nplms `xtrgjms j`l t`xtm6
- Yk` adrt Yk` jurid jk` sidest`e Yidw`kz`r Lgejsidgat`e uej kst c`spkiot nktDkcdlkcdts gll`r Grt (Qj. s`r cukgjm g trgvs j` lms pgksgf`s ns b`llms j` Yukzg y `str`pl`tg j` tktulgr`s j` tmjgs ilgs`s)
- @keagid lut`euej j`r Adrngee omnnt (Zge slm tknbrgr y vk`e` `l bgrqu`rm)
- J`r Ypgl`eb`rc nkt s`ke`e nktt`lglt`rlkid`e Cssid`e uej v`rzk`rt`e Gltstgjtdus`rezk`dt ekidt eur Amtmcrga`e ge, smej`re guid L`ut`, jk` c`re` sdmpp`e c`d`e (@lYpgl`eb`r ime sus igll`fu`lgs n`jk`vgl`s y gjmregjgs igsgs getkcugs em slm gtrg` gamtcrgams, skem tgnbke g c`et` g lg qu` custg kr j` imnprgs)
- Ol`ke` Bmutkqu`e, spgee`ej` Cgl`rk`e uej a`ke` J`lkogt`ss`elj`e skej `ke` Wu`ll`j`r Kespkrgtkme ar jgs `ke` mj`rgej`r` Nktbrkecs`l.Pej jgs @rl`b`e `ke`s YtiosBgsl`r C`sidkidt` (X`qu`gs bmutkqu`s, agsikeget`s cgl`rgs y r`akegjgs tk`ejgs j`j`lkigt`ss`e sme ueg au`et` j` kespkrgike pgrg uem u mtrm smuv`ekr. [ `l vkvk` )
- Pej jmrt jk` Egtur, jk` Dus`r gus j`n 7:. Fd. uej jk` a`ke`e Bgidvmr`ll`ec`ek`sss`e ([ gll jksarutgr j` lg egturgl`zg, lgs igsgs j`l skclm TKQ y j` lgs j`lkigjgstruidgs)
- Ke j`r Gltstgjt, jk` zu j`e PE@YIM-S`lt`rb`sttt`e c`drt, ogee ngeV`ktclmio`eturn uej Nest`r b`wuej`re mj`r guid `keagid uet`r j`e nktt`lglt`rlkid`eGrogj`e algek`r`e- uejw`tt`rskid`r `keogua`e(@e `l igsim getkcum, qu` p`rt`e`i` glXgtrknmekm j` lg Dungekjgj j` lg PE@YIM, s` pu`j`e gjnkrgr lg tmrr` j`l r`lmf j`lignpgegrkm y lg igt`jrgl m tge slm igll`f`gr bgfm lgs grigjgs n`jk`vgl`s- ` kr j`imnprgs prmt`ckjms j`l ngl tk`npm)
- Nk`t`e Yk` `ke Agdrrgj uej ngid`e Yk` `ke` Zmur kes Cre`.J`eeSket`rtdur wurj`guid zur b`st`e Agdrrgjstgjt `regeet(Glqukl` Qj. Peg bkikil`tg y dgcg ue Zmur pmr lmv`rj`. Xu`s Sket`rtdur au` tgnbke emnbrgjg imnm lg n`fmr ikujgj j` lgs bkikil`tgs)
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3.2. MRGIKME@Y YPBMRJKEGJGY
Lgs mrgikme`s submrjkegjgs sme, s`ce `l Jr. Gejr`u Igst`ll (2887), gqu`llgs qu`sk`npr` imetk`e`e ue v`rbm imefucgjm y sk`npr` gpgr`i`e s`pgrgjgs n`jkget`uegimngj` su `struiturg jmnkeget`. Lg ngymrg j` `llgs s` igrgit`rkzge gj`ns pmrimet`e`r ue `l`n`etm ketrmjuitmr qu` skrv` j` `elgi` ime su `struiturg jmnkeget`. Lg
pr`s`eikg j` jkidm `l`n`etm imell`vg lg imlmigike j` lg amrng imefucgjg j`l v`rbm glakegl.
Lms tkpms j` imestruiikme`s j` mrgikme`s submrjkegjgs `e gl`ne sme lms skcuk`et`s6- imefueikmegl`s, ketrmjuikjgs pmr lgs imefueikme`s submrjkeget`s jgss (qu`) y jg(pu`stm qu`)? - j` r`lgtkvm, ketrmjuikjgs pmr `l`n`etms r`lgtkvms (prmemnbr`s mgjv`rbkms)? - ket`rrmcgtkvgs, ketrmjuikjgs pmr prmemnbr`s m gjv`rbkms ket`rrmcgtkvms mpmr lg imefueike mb (sk)? - ske `l`n`etm ketrmjuitmr? - j` keakektkvm, qu` `e lucgr j` lgamrng p`rsmegl j`l v`rbm imetk`e`e ue keakektkvm pr`i`jkjm j` zu? - j` pgrtkikpkm, qu` `elucgr j` ueg amrng p`rsmegl j`l v`rbm imetk`e`e ue pgrtkikpkm K m KK. G imetkeugike, s``eun`rge f`nplms xtrgjms j`l t`xtm6
- Yide, jgss jk` ngrotar ksid`e C`rkidt` j`n wu ej`rbgr`e Yidlmssgnbk`et` keekidts egidst`d`e (@s bu`em, qu` lms plgtms ar`sims em s` qu`j`e gtrs j`lngrgvkllmsm gnbk`et` pglgik`cm)- Jk` Ytjt`, jk` wkr Kde`e ed`r v mrs t`ll`e,... (Lgs ikujgj`s, qu` emsmtrms l`pr`s`etgnms...)- L`ut`, jk` c`re` sdmpp`e c`d`e. (c`et`, qu` vg ime custm j` imnprgs)- 17; Zk`rgrt`e, jk` grtc`r`idt c`dglt`e w`rj`e. ( 17; `sp`ik`s j` gekngl`s,qu` sme nget`ekjms imrr`itgn`et`)- Ke j`r Gltstgjt, jk` zu j`e PE@YIM-S`lt `rb`sttt`e c `drt,... (@e `l igsimgetkcum, qu` p`rt`e`i` gl Xgtrknmekm j` lg Dungekjgj j` lg PE@YIM,...)- Jk` B`re`r Sgpp`etk`r`, jk` sidme s`kt j`r Yidlgidt vme ...., ... (Lms gekngl`sd`rljkims b`rekgems, qu` j`sj` lg Bgtgllg j`....)
- cre`e Mgs`e, jk` zu Q`rw`k l`e kelgj`e. Pej zun C`ek`sss`e ( v`rj`smgsks, qu` kevktge gl j`sigesm. [ gl jksarut`)
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ZAC-ZPR. @stujkm Crgngtkigl Gplkigjm g ue Z`xtm Zurstkim Gl`ne6 Ytgjtc`sid kidt`e. @etlgec j`r Crgej Zmurma Ywktz`rlgej
-99-
IGXZPLM 4
IMEILPYKE
Imnm imeiluske, igb` j`stgigr j`sj` `l puetm j` vkstg crgngtkigl, `l usmpr`jmnkeget` j` v`rbms `e sus amrngs akektgs imnm `l pr`s`et` j` kejkigtkvm, gs imnm`l usm j` lms prstgnms lkecstkims.
@e Yukzg, g p`sgr j` s`r `l gl`ne `l kjkmng makikgl ns dgblgjm, tgnbke s` dgblgemtrms kjkmngs makikgl`s imnm `l argeis, `l ktglkgem m `l rmngeid`, s`ce lg zmeg migete c`mcrakim, nuidms jkgl`itms imnm `l gl`ne sukzm y mtrgs l`ecugsket`regikmegl`s imnm `l kecls. Y` ll`cg g lg imeiluske, j` qu` `e `l t`xtm `l`ckjmgpgr`i`e `e crge igetkjgj lms prstgnms lkecstkims y `xtrgef`rksnms, `sp`ikgln`et`j`l kecls, pmrqu` `s ueg bu`eg `strgt`ckg pgrg v`ej`r ue prmjuitm, y gpmrtge gl t`xtmturstkim ue tmqu` j` nmj`rekjgj. @e iugetm g lms prstgnms lkecstkims igb`n`eikmegr qu` d`nms `eimetrgjm pglgbrgs qu` prmvk`e`e j`l argeis ` ktglkgem qu` s`
j`b` g lg lmiglkzgike c`mcrakig j` lg r`cke turstkig j`sirktg `e `l t`xtm geglkzgjm.
Y` mbs`rvg, pmr mtrg pgrt`, lg gbuejgeikg j` emnbr`s imnpu`stms, gs imnm j`emnbr`s imnue`s r`a`r`et`s g lucgr`s, smbr` tmjm, g ikujgj`s y r`ckme`s j` Yukzg yg lms pgs`s lkntrma`s. @stg gbuejgeikg s` j`b` gl d`idm j` qu` `ste j`sirkbk`ejmlucgr`s y ikujgj`s imnm s` `sp`rg `e ue t`xtm turstkim. @l crge en`rm j` lmsemnbr`s imnpu`stms s` j`b` gl d`idm j` qu` lg l`ecug gl`ngeg ue` jms l`x`ngs gueg pglgbrg imnpu`stg `e v`z j` usgr lg pr`pmskike j` imnm `l igsm `e `spgml.
@e iugetm gl usm j` lms gjf`tkvms, s` imeiluy` qu` `l t`xtm jkspme` j` ueg crgevgrk`jgj j` `llms. Yu usm pr`jmnkeg `e aueike gtrkbutkvg y j`stgige lgs amrngs j` lgj`ilkegike au`rt` y jbkl smbr` lgs amrngs nkxtgs. Lg crge igetkjgj j` gjf`tkvms s`j`b` g qu` s` trgtg j` ue t`xtm turstkim qu` j`sirkb` nuidms `l`n`etms turstkims,pr`t`ej` jgr keamrngike gl turkstg y llgngr su gt`eike ` ket`rs pgrg qu` vgyg gvksktgr lg zmeg j`sirktg.
@e j`akektkvg, lms r`sultgjms j`l `stujkm r`glkzgjm skrv`e pgrg j`t`rnkegr qu`l`n`etms crgngtkigl`s sme lms qu` pr`vgl`i`e `e `st` tkpm j` t`xtm turstkim. J` `st`nmjm s` pu`j`e utklkzgr pgrg lg ir`gike j` eu`vms t`xtms turstkims `e l`ecuggl`ngeg imnm `s eu`strm mbf`tkvm auturm imnm n`eikmegnms `e lg ketrmjuiike.
Gsknksnm, lms r`sultgjms tgnbke skrv`e `e `l nbktm j` lg `es`gezg, yg qu` gdmrgs` imemi`e lms `l`n`etms crgngtkigl`s y sketitkims ns utklkzgjms pmr imeskcuk`et`ns r`l`vget`s pgrg lms `stujkget`s j` lg l`ecug gl`ngeg `e `l nbktm turstkim.
Xmr ltknm tgnbke skrv`e pgrg `stujkms imnpgrgtkvms j` `l`n`etms crgngtkigl`s y
sketitkims `e lms t`xtms turstkims, s`g `e lg imnbkegike lkecstkig j` gl`ne-`spgml m ime mtrms kjkmngs.
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ZAC-ZPR. @stujkm Crgngtkigl Gplkigjm g ue Z`xtm Zurstkim Gl`ne6 Ytgjtc`sid kidt`e. @etlgec j`r Crgej Zmurma Ywktz`rlgej
-90-
Bkblkmcrgag
Bdl`, @.? Argeo, X.? Ramls k Q`etmsg, F.6 (2880)6 Xmes Crmwrt`rbuid6 Ypgeksid-J`utsid /
J`utsid-Ypgeksid, @rest Ol`tt Yprgid`e CnbD, Ytuttcgrt.Brgui`o, B.? Igst`ll, G. (2882)6Q`rbms gl`nge`s6 Jkiikmegrkm j` imefucgike y imnpl`n`etgike,
@jktmrkgl Kjkmngs, Ngjrkj.
Igst`ll, G. (2887)6 Crgntkig j` lg l`ecug gl`ngeg, @jktmrkgl Kjkmngs, Ngjrkj.
Imrimll, B.? Imrimll, R. (2878)6 Xrmcrgnn6 Gl`ne pgrg dkspgemdgblget`s,D`rj`r, Bgri`lmeg.
Dmb`rc, R.? Dmb`rc, P. (288:)6 J`r ol`ke` Juj`e6 Crgntkig j`l gl`ne,Ngx Du`b`r Q`rlgc,@jktmrkgl Kjkmngs, Ngjrkj.
Lusid`r, R.? Yidp`rs, R. (2888)6 J`utsid 28886 Crgntkig j`l gl`ne imet`npmre`m, NgxDu`b`r Q`rlgc, Ngjrkj.
N`jkeg R`cu`rg, G. (2887)6 Lg eu`vg mrtmcrgag j` lg l`ecug gl`ngeg, @jktmrkgl ejki` &
Ngrigpckegs, Y`vkllg.Nmlke`r, N. (2887)6 Jkiikmegrkm j` usm j`l `spgml, Cr`jms, Ngjrkj.
Ny Ywktz`rlgej,dttp6//www.nyswktz`rlgej.imn/j`/u`b`r-jk`-sidw`kz/brmsidu`r`e.dtnl(Imesultgjm 71/82/2870).
R`gl Gigj`nkg @spgmlg (2887)6 Jkiikmegrkm j` lg l`ecug `spgmlg (22. g. j`), ; j` fuekm,dttp6//www.rg`.`s/r`iursms/jkiikmegrkms/jrg`(Imesultgjm 8;/81/70).
http://www.myswitzerland.com/de/ueber-die-schweiz/broschueren.htmlhttp://www.myswitzerland.com/de/ueber-die-schweiz/broschueren.htmlht