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SearchDetail:Result=@YD>="20050000"2=(BIOTECH+ORBIOMEDIC+ORTECHNO+)AND("5."+.PC.)3=2AND1:"Documents:1325of468

Document1Braillon,AlainBridgingthegapbetweenresearchandpractice.TheAmericanjournalofmedicine2011Nov124(11):e15

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Document2Faden,RuthPowers,MadisonAsocialjusticeframeworkforhealthandsciencepolicy.Cambridgequarterlyofhealthcareethics:CQ:theinternationaljournalofhealthcareethicscommittees2011Oct20(4):596604


Document3Samson,RussellHPrivatepracticeperspectiveonconflictofinterestmandates.Journalofvascularsurgery:officialpublication,theSocietyforVascularSurgery[and]InternationalSocietyforCardiovascularSurgery,NorthAmericanChapter2011Sep54(3Suppl):15S8SAbstract:Thisarticleassessesthecurrentmandatesonconflictofinterestissuesastheyaffectthepracticeofcommunitybasedvascularsurgeryandthepharmaceuticalandmedicaltechnologyindustriesandexpressestheviewsofaprivatepracticevascularsurgeon.Scenarioswhereconflictofinterestmayoccurarepresentedwithassessmentsonhowthesescenarioswillplayoutifsuchmandatesareenforced.


Document4Singh,NitenBush,RuthDalsing,MichaelShortell,CynthiaKNewparadigmsforphysicianindustryrelations:overviewandapplicationforSVSmembers.Journalofvascularsurgery:officialpublication,theSocietyforVascularSurgery[and]InternationalSocietyforCardiovascularSurgery,NorthAmericanChapter2011Sep54(3Suppl):26S30SAbstract:Relationshipsbetweenphysiciansandtheirindustrypartnershaverangedfromspectacularcollaborationsthatproduceextraordinaryadvancesinpatientcare,suchasendovascularaneurysmrepair,tohumiliatingscandalssuchasextravaganttripsandbogus"consulting"agreementsresultinginlegalactions.Itisthelatterwhichhaveledmanytocallfortheendofallphysicianindustryrelationships,andtheformerwhichmandatetheirpreservation.Whilethesetwoexamplesarerepresentativeofextremesateachendofthespectrumofthisissue,inrealitythemajorityofphysicianindustryrelationshipsarefarmorecomplex,andthelinebetweenappropriateandinappropriate,

http://bioethics.georgetown.edu/databases/http://bioethics.georgetown.edu/databases/EthxWeb/ethxbool.htmhttp://kie.georgetown.edu/netacgi/nph-brs?co1=AND&co2=AND&co3=AND&co4=AND&d=EWEB&Sect2=THESOFF&u=http%3A%2F%2Fbioethics.georgetown.edu%2Fdatabases%2FEthxWeb%2Fethxbool.htm&r=0&p=2&f=S&l=50&s4=5.%2B.pc.+and+(biotech%2B+or+biomedic%2B+or+techno%2B)&s2=%40yd+%3E%3D+20050000&co5=AND&pg1=SUBJ&op1=AND&s1=&co6=AND&op6=AND&s6=&Sect3=PLURON&Sect5=HITOFF&l=0&d=EWEBhttp://kie.georgetown.edu/netacgi/nph-brs?co1=AND&co2=AND&co3=AND&co4=AND&d=EWEB&Sect2=THESOFF&u=http%3A%2F%2Fbioethics.georgetown.edu%2Fdatabases%2FEthxWeb%2Fethxbool.htm&r=0&p=1&f=1&l=50&s4=5.%2B.pc.+and+(biotech%2B+or+biomedic%2B+or+techno%2B)&s2=%40yd+%3E%3D+20050000&co5=AND&pg1=SUBJ&op1=AND&s1=&co6=AND&op6=AND&s6=&Sect3=PLURON&Sect5=HITOFF&l=0&d=EWEBhttp://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000341025/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000341025/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000340760/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000340760/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000340399/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000340399/

andethicalandunethical,ishardtodraw.Thebenefitsofourrelationshipswithindustryaremany:partneringtodevelopnewtherapiesandtechnologies,educatingandtrainingphysiciansaroundnewtherapiesandtechnologies,supportofcontinuingmedicaleducation(CME),fellowshiptraining,andpatienteducation.Thepitfallanddangerofthisrelationshipisthatsupportfromindustry,beitameal,apen,aneducationalgrant,orflattery,mayundulyandinappropriatelyinfluencephysiciandecisionmakingaroundaspecificcompany'sproduct.Whileitisclearthatfreetripsarenotwithintherealmofproperinteraction,whataboutunrestrictededucationalgrantstoinstitutions,orsupportofCMEactivities,professionalsocietymeetings,andnewdevicetraining?Asaresultoftheintensescrutinyofrelationshipsbetweenphysiciansandindustryrecently,multiplediverseentities(AssociationofAmericanMedicalColleges,AmericanMedicalAssociation,AccreditationCouncilforContinuingMedicalEducation,professionalmedicalassociations,academicmedicalcenters,industry,andgovernment)havegeneratedguidelinesandpolicieswithverydifferentperspectives,reflectiveoftheirdifferentmissions.Thesepoliciesrangefromvagueandlenient,withonlybasiclimitationofthephysicianindustryrelationship,toextremelyrigidandstrict,withonlyminimalinteractionandmissionsupportpermitted.Giventhemanychangesinoversightandexpectationsfortherelationshipbetweenphysiciansandindustry,itisimportantforvascularsurgeonstobeawareofthebackgroundbehindthesemodifications,theevidencethattheyareneeded,andthepositionsofthediverseorganizationsandinstitutionsthathavealreadydefinedtheirpoliciesonthisissue.


Document5VanHaute,AndrewManagingperceivedconflictsofinterestwhileensuringthecontinuedinnovationofmedicaltechnology.Journalofvascularsurgery:officialpublication,theSocietyforVascularSurgery[and]InternationalSocietyforCardiovascularSurgery,NorthAmericanChapter2011Sep54(3Suppl):31S3SAbstract:Ifitwerenotfortheongoingcollaborationbetweenvascularsurgeonsandthemedicaltechnologyindustry,manyoftheseadvancedtreatmentsusedeverydayinvascularinterventionalsurgerywouldnotexist.Theflipsideofthiscoinisthatthesevitalrelationshipscreatemultiplerolesforsurgeonsandmustbeappropriatelymanaged.Thedynamicprocessofinnovation,alongwithfactorssuchasproductdeliverytechniquerefinement,education,testingandclinicaltrials,andproductsupport,allmakeitnecessaryforongoingandclosecollaborationbetweensurgeonsandthedeviceindustry.Thisuniquerelationshipsometimesleadstotheperceptionofconflictsofinterestforphysicians,inpartbecausethecompetingpressuresfromthemultiple,overlappingrolesasclinician/caregiver/investigator/innovator/customeraresignificant.Toaddressthisissue,theAdvancedMedicalTechnologyAssociation(AdvaMed),thenation'slargestmedicaltechnologyassociationrepresentingmedicaldeviceanddiagnosticscompanies,developedaCodeofEthicstoguidemedicaltechnologycompaniesintheirinteractionswithhealthcareprofessionals.Firstintroducedin1993,theAdvaMedCodestronglyencouragesbothindustryandphysicianstocommittoopennessandhighethicalstandardsintheconductoftheirbusinessinteractions.TheAdvaMedCodeaddressesmanyofthetypesofinteractionsthatcanoccurbetweencompaniesandhealthcareprofessionals,includingtraining,consultingagreements,theprovisionofdemonstrationandevaluationunits,andcharitabledonations.ByfollowingtheCode,companiessendastrongmessagethattreatmentdecisionsmustalwaysbebasedonthebestinterestofthepatient.


Document6Bruschi,FDundar,MGahan,PBGartland,KSzente,MViolaMagni,MPAkbarova,YBiotechnologyworldwideandthe'EuropeanBiotechnologyThematicNetwork'Association(EBTNA).Currentopinioninbiotechnology2011Sep22Suppl1:S714Abstract:TheEuropeanBiotechnologyCongress2011heldundertheauspicesoftheEuropeanBiotechnologyThematicNetworkAssociation(EBTNA)inconjunctionwiththeTurkishMedicalGeneticsAssociationbringstogetherabroadspectrumofbiotechnologistsfromaroundtheworld.Thesubsequentabstractsindicatethemannerinwhichbiotechnologyhaspermeatedallaspectsofresearchfromthebasicsciencesthroughtosmallandmediumenterprisesandmajorindustries.ThebriefstatementsbeforethepresentationoftheabstractsaimtointroducenotonlyBiotechnologyingeneralanditsimportancearoundtheworld,butalsotheEuropeanBiotechnologyThematicNetworkAssociationanditsaimsespeciallywithintheframeworkofeducationandethicsinbiotechnology.

http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000340396/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000340396/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000340395/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000340395/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000340366/


Document7Burls,AmandaCaron,LorraineCleretdeLangavant,GhislaineDondorp,WyboHarstall,ChristaPathakSen,ElaHofmann,BjrnTacklingethicalissuesinhealthtechnologyassessment:aproposedframework.Internationaljournaloftechnologyassessmentinhealthcare2011Jul27(3):2307Abstract:Valuesareintrinsictotheuseofhealthtechnologyassessments(HTAs)inhealthpolicy,butneglectingvalueassumptionsinHTAmakestheirresultsappearmorerobustornormativelyneutralthanmaybethecase.Resultsofa2003surveybytheInternationalNetworkofAgenciesforHealthTechnologyAssessment(INAHTA)revealedtheexistenceofdisparatemethodsformakingvaluesandethicalissuesexplicitwhenconductingHTA.


Document8Lindeque,BennieGPIndustrydrivenResearch:HaveWeReachedaCrisisPoint?Orthopedics2011Jul34(7):507


Document9Largent,EmilyAJoffe,StevenMiller,FranklinGCanresearchandcarebeethicallyintegrated?TheHastingsCenterreport2011JulAug41(4):3746Abstract:Medicalethicsassumesaclearboundarybetweenclinicalresearchandclinicalmedicine:oneproducesknowledgeforthebenefitoffuturepatients,whiletheotherprovidesoptimalcaretoindividualsrightnow.Italsoassumesthatthetwocannotbeintegratedwithoutsacrificingtheneedsofthecurrentpatienttothoseoffuturepatients.Butintegrationcouldallowustoprovidebettercaretoeveryone,nowandinthefuture.


Document10Lupton,MichaelThesocial,moral&ethicalissuesraisedbynanotechnologyinthefieldofmedicine.Medicineandlaw2011Jun30(2):187200Abstract:Theareasinmedicinethatareandwillbeinfluencedbynanoscalescienceandtechnologyarestemcellresearch,geneticmodificationofhumanbeingsandtheconstructionofartificialorganisms.Anonnegotiablemoralimperativeisthefactthatthelawisunderanobligationtoupholdthesanctityandintegrityofthehumangenomewhichencapsulateshumankind'sbasicgeneticinheritanceandtherebythehumanheritageofourspecies.Theresearchpossibilitiesopenedupbynanosciencewillpushthecurrentboundariesoflifeforms,becausetheyalterlifeformsattheirmostbasic(vizgenetic)level.Theyempowerscientiststocreatenovellifeformsthatwouldnototherwiseexistandtheycombineaspectsofdifferentlifeformsthatwouldnototherwisebeintegrated.Thesegroundbreakingareasofresearchplacethescientistsandtheirworkinanareaofmoralquicksands.Researchinvolvinghumandesignandmodificationplacesthosescientistsinadomainwherecurrentmoralityindicatestheydonotbelong.Theyareliterally'playingGod'.


http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000340366/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000339887/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000339887/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000339838/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000339838/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000339673/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000339673/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000339417/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000339417/

Document11Jia,HepengTang,FengOrelli,BrianChinesebiotechswrestlewithtransparency,culturalhurdles.Naturebiotechnology2011May29(5):3778


Document12Johnston,SClaiborneHauser,StephenLDesmondHellmann,SusanEnhancingtiesbetweenacademiaandindustrytoimprovehealth.Naturemedicine2011Apr17(4):4346Abstract:Concernsaboutconflictsofinteresthavedrivenawedgebetweenacademiaandthepharmaceuticalanddevicesindustries.Althoughelevatedconcernforbiasisjustified,particularlywhenacademicsmayaffectdrugsales,partnershipsbetweenindustryandacademiaareessentialtoachievethefullpromiseofhealthimprovementfromthepublicinvestmentinbiomedicalresearch.Newmodelsforsuchpartnershipsaredevelopingandshouldbeencouraged.


Document13Garattini,LivioPadula,AnnaRe:ThehealthtechnologyassessmentofbivalentHPVvaccineCervarixinItaly.Vaccine2011Mar929(12):2229


Document14Tzaphlidou,MargaretPavlidou,FotiniNioviBiometricsapplications:technology,ethics,andhealthhazards.Specialissue.TheScientificWorldJournal2011March111:52931


Document15Visciano,SilviaNanotechnologies,bioethicsandhumandignity.Journalinternationaldebiothique=Internationaljournalofbioethics2011MarJun22(1):1736,206Abstract:Nanoscalescience,research,andtechnologypresentacomplexsetofcircumstances.Firstofall,thisfieldinvolvesmanydifferentsubjects,includingbiology,chemistry,physics,andenvironmentsciences.Secondly,althoughscientistsareworkingincreasinglyatamolecularlevel,nanotechnologyisaboutmuchmorethanareductionofscale.Indeed,nanoscienceandnanotechnologiesofferanunprecedentedabilitytocontrolandmanipulatenature,offeringhopeforprogress.Ethicalperspectivesvaryconsiderablyinthisfield,butcommentatorsandresearchersshareaconcernaboutaspecificworrisomeissue:thelackofappropriateethicalandlegalprinciplesandprocesses(associatedwithissuesincludinghealthrisks,humanbodymanipulation,andprivatelifeviolation),toguidenanotechnologicalR&D,commercialization,andfinaluse.Someauthorspartiallyrejectthisconcernbysuggestingthatnanoscienceandnanotechnologiesdonotconstituteanautonomouscategory,andthattheyareinsteadjusttheoperativeresultofcombiningothertraditionalareasofstudy.Howeverthenanotechnologicaldebatebringsupthesemanticandcontentissuesofbioethicsandfomentsacontentiousdiscussionemphasizinghumandignity.Issuesincludeenhancementversustherapeuticintervention,traceability

http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000338933/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000338933/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000338309/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000338309/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000338170/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000338170/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000338149/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000338149/

versusprivacy,andsocietalbenefitsversusrisks.Fromthesepreliminaryconsiderations,wewillmoveontodiscuss(I)thetraditional,althoughstillcontroversial,relationshipbetweenbioethicsandhumandignity,and(II)returntothesubjectofnanotechnology.WewilldiscusshowtodayinEurope,althoughstillindefinite,theprincipleofrespectforhumandignityisawelcomedcontributorto"ethicalvigilance"abouttheuncertaindevelopmentofnewnanoscaletechnologies.WewillalsonotehowU.S.strategyinthisregardissimplylackingandappearsonlyasapurelydiscursive"keyissueinlongterm".


Document16Maestrutti,MarinaCyborgidentitiesandcontemporarytechnoutopias:adaptationsandtransformationsofthebodyintheageofnanotechnology.Journalinternationaldebiothique=Internationaljournalofbioethics2011MarJun22(1):7188,20910Abstract:Thepossibilityofimprovingthehumanbodythroughacloserrelationshipwithtechnologyinordertoovercomethehumanspeciestowardnewstagesofevolutionisaconstantelementoftechnoutopianvisions,amongothertranshumanism.Thisprojectiontoaradicaltransformationofthebodyandmindasaresultoftechnologicalactionisbasedontheconceptsofadaptation,ornonadaptation,ofahumanbeingtoaworldconstantlychangedbytechnoscience.Thebeliefisthatnotonlythebodyhastochange,butthatidentityisnotastableconcept.Thismobilityintherelationshipbetweenbodyandidentityistypicaloftheposthumanthought,whichinheritsfromtheinformationalmodeltheconvictionthatthebiologicalembodimentofhumanistoberegardedasanaccidentofhistoryratherthanasanessentialconditionoflife.Hybridizationisthereforevaluedbytheposthumanthoughtasaconditionwhichhas"made"thehumanasheistoday,anditappearsasafundamentaltopicinanydiscourseonnanotechnology,biotechnologyanddevelopmentofhumanmachineinterfaces.


Document17Mushiaki,ShigeruNeuroscienceandnanotechnologiesinJapanbeyondthehopeandhypeofconvergingtechnologies.Journalinternationaldebiothique=Internationaljournalofbioethics2011MarJun22(1):917,2101Abstract:Nanotechnologiesareoftensaidtobe"converging"withothertechnologieslikebiotechnology,informationtechnology,andcognitivescience.Andsocalled"NBICconvergence"isthoughttoenable"enhancement"ofhumanperformance.First,Iclassifyvariouskindsofenhancement.Second,Ifocusonthe"cyberneticenhancement,"towhichnanotechnologiesaresupposedtocontribute,andanalyzetheconnectionandintegrationofhumanswithmachines,whichcouldleadtothecyborgizationofhumanbeings.Third,Iexaminetheportrayalofrobot/cyborgtechnologyinJapanesepopularmedia,pointoutthetendencytoempathyorensoulmentconcerningrobots/cyborgs,andraisethequestionof"ethicalissuesofethicalenhancement."Fourth,Icomparenanotechnologieswithneurotechnologyandcriticizethehypeof"convergingtechnologies."


Document18PoirotMazres,IsabelleLegalaspectsoftherisksraisedbynanotechnologiesinthefieldofmedicine.Journalinternationaldebiothique=Internationaljournalofbioethics2011MarJun22(1):99118,212Abstract:Themajorbreakthroughsachievedinnanotechnologiesopennewavenuesinthefieldofhealthcareaidtodiagnosis,upgradingmedicaltreatmentefficacy,developmentofregenerativemedicinebuttheyarealsoassociatedwithrisks,hencetheincreasingneedoflegislation.Sofarverylittleresearchworkhasbeenconductedonthistechnologywhoseapplicationsarestilllimitedandwhosepotentialhazardsarenotyetclearlyapprehended.ThemoreandmorefrequentusesofnanoparticlesinmedicalimagingandincurrentresearchprojectsdealingwithtissueengineeringorRFIDraisesthefollowingquestion:isthecurrentlegislativeframeworkrelevantinlightofthespecificitiesofnanoobjects?Thechallengeistwofold:thelegalapproachmustencompassthenanometricelement

http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000338093/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000338093/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000338090/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000338090/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000338089/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000338089/

itselfasa"legalobject"butitmustincludetheuseofnanotechnologiesandtheirfinalaims.Thereisstillsomedegreeofuncertaintyconcerningtheinnocuityofnanoparticlessothattheuseofnanoelementsinaidtomedicaldiagnosisandinclinicaltrialsmusttakeintoaccountandanticipatethepotentialharmfuleffectsonpatientsandonbiomedicalresearchteams.Butduetothefactthataclearunderstandingofnanoparticlesasspecificobjectswithnewfeaturesisstillmissing,theexistingregulationsonchemicalsubstances,medicinalproducts,medicaldevicesorcosmeticsdonotseemtobeappropriate.Soconsideringnanoparticlesas"singular"legalobjectsisaprerequisiterequiringanapproachbasedontheprecautionaryprinciple.Misusingnanotechnologiesinthemedicalfieldisalsoacauseforgreatconcern.Threatsonindividualfreedomandonprivatelifeaswellasonhumanidentityarerealandtheyraiserecurringquestions.Thepossibledeviationsintheuseofthesetechniques,thetemptationsto"trespassthelimits"arealsocommontoinfotechnologiesandtobiotechnologiesbutthethreatstriggeredbythenanotechnologiesareenhancedbythepossibilitiesofferedbythenanometricsizeandtheexpectedconvergenceofthesedifferenttechnologies.Oneshouldrefertoleadingguidingprinciplesinordertosolvethefutureconflictsbetweenthedifferentsetsofvalues,especiallyinthemedicalfieldbyalwaysrememberingtheHippocraticoath"primumnonnocere,deindecurare"


Document19Lacour,StphanieNanopatentsandtheirimpactonthemedicalenvironment.Journalinternationaldebiothique=Internationaljournalofbioethics2011MarJun22(1):11933,2134Abstract:Thenanomedicalfieldisseen,bygovernmentsaswellasthebusinesssectorasaverypromisingone.Theprocessofconvertingbasicresearchinnanomedecineintocommerciallyviableproductshasalreadybegun,evenifitmightbelonganddifficult.Partofthedifficultiesthatcouldoccurcomesfromregulatoryandsafetyissues.Someofthemarealsocomingfrompatentuncertaintyintheglobalnanotechnologyfield.Indeed,therushtowardspatentsinthenanotechnologyarenahasalreadybegun.Nanopatentsareabouttoalterthelegallandscapeoftheinnovationeconomy,ofresearchanddevelopment,andofindustrynodoubttoanunprecedentedextentbecauseofthescopecoveredbythesetechnologies.Fromaglobalpointofview,theverydelineationofthescopeofnanotechnologiesconfrontspatentlawwithcomplexproblemsofdefinition.Theemergenceandcharacteristicsofthistechnologyarealsogivingrisetoareassessmentofthecriteriaforpatentabilitythatcouldbeprejudicialtoinnovation.Inthemedicalenvironment,thisissueisevenexacerbatedintherealchallengeswhichpharmaceuticalcompaniesarerunningupagainst.


Document20Tomoki,KihiraNanotechnologyandenvironmentalethics.Journalinternationaldebiothique=Internationaljournalofbioethics2011MarJun22(1):13743,2145Abstract:Itseemsthattherelationbetweenhumanandnatureisnotdirect,butmediatedbythetechnology.Therefore,itseemsthatcharacteristicsofthetechnologydefinetherelation.Ifthisistrue,theproblemiswhethernewtechnologyalwaysmakesanewrelationornot.InthispaperItakeabrieflookattherelationbetweentechnologyingeneralandtheenvironmentalcrisisfromtheethicalperspective.Andthen,Iinvestigatetheconceptofresponsibledevelopmentandtheprincipleofstewardshipthatisadoptedintworeportsconcerningnanotechnologies.Throughtheseexplorations,anethicalstanceontheapplicationofnanotechnologyisproposed.


Document21Sterckx,S.Patentingandlicensingofuniversityresearch:promotinginnovationorunderminingacademicvalues?ScienceandEngineeringEthics2011March17(1):4564

http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000338088/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000338088/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000338087/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000338087/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000338086/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000338086/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000337908/


Document22Anand,ManishSrivastava,NidhiSarma,ShilpanjaliPolicyandethicalconcernsinnanotechnologysafety:caseofIndianhealthsector.Journalofbiomedicalnanotechnology2011Feb7(1):345Abstract:ThegovernanceofnanotechnologyinthehealthsectorinIndiaposescertainchallengesonthefrontofcapabilityandinnovation,risksandregulation.Devisingandadheringtothevoluntarystandardsatastageofregulatoryuncertainty,collationandprovisionofknowledgeonimpacts,occupationalhazards,wastedisposaletc.forfurtherriskresearchandpolicydesignaretheissuesindustrycanaddressinshapingthenanotechnologygovernanceframework.


Document23ProceedingsoftheInternationalSymposiumontheSafeUseofNanomaterialsandWorkshoponNanomaterialSafety:Status,ProceduresandEthicalConcerns.February13,2011.Lucknow,India.Journalofbiomedicalnanotechnology2011Feb7(1):1228


Document24delaBellacasa,MariaPuigMattersofcareintechnoscience:assemblingneglectedthings..Socialstudiesofscience2011Feb41(1):85106Abstract:Thispaperaimstoencourageanethosofcareinthestudyofscienceandtechnology.ItstartswithareadingofBrunoLatour'snotionof'mattersofconcern'asfavouringanawarenessoftheethicopoliticaleffectsofconstructivistaccountsinSTS.Introducingattentiontoconcernbringsusclosertoanotionofcare.However,thereisa'critical'edgetocarethatLatour'spoliticsofthingstendstodisregard.Drawinguponfeministknowledgepolitics,Iproposetotreatmattersoffactandsociotechnicalassemblagesas'mattersofcare'andarguethatengagingwithcarerequiresaspeculativecommitmenttoneglectedthings.


Document25Harris,JohnMoralenhancementandfreedom.Bioethics2011Feb25(2):10211Abstract:Thispaperidentifieshumanenhancementasoneofthemostsignificantareasofbioethicalinterestinthelasttwentyyears.Itdiscussesinmoredetailonearea,namelymoralenhancement,whichisgeneratingsignificantcontemporaryinterest.Theauthorarguesthatsofarfrombeingsusceptibletonewformsofhightechmanipulation,eithergenetic,chemical,surgicalorneurological,theonlyreliablemethodsofmoralenhancement,eithernoworfortheforeseeablefuture,areeitherthosethathavebeeninhumanandanimaluseformillennia,namelysocialization,educationandparentalsupervisionorthosehightechmethodsthataregeneralintheirapplication.Bythatismeantthoseformsofcognitiveenhancementthatoperateacrossawiderangeofcognitiveabilitiesanddonottargetspecifically'ethical'capacities.Thepaperanalysestheworkofsomeoftheleadingcontemporaryadvocatesofmoralenhancementandfindsthatinsofarastheyidentifymoralqualitiesormoralemotionsforenhancementtheyhavelittleprospectofsuccess.



Document26Petrini,CFrombenchtobedsideandtohealthpolicies:ethicsintranslationalresearch.LaClinicaterapeutica2011JanFeb162(1):519Abstract:Translationofbiomedicalresearchknowledgetoeffectiveclinicaltreatmentisessentialtothepublicgood.Thefirstleveloftranslation("frombenchtobedside")correspondstoefficacystudiesundercontrolledconditionswithcarefulattentiontointernalvalidity(clinicalresearch).Thesecondlevelisthetranslationofresultsfromclinicalstudiesintoeverydayclinicalpracticeandhealthdecisionmaking.Thearticlesummarisestheethicalissuesinvolvedinthetranslationofbiomedicalresearchadvancestoclinicalapplicationsandtoclinicalpractice.Inparticular,thearticlesynthesizestheoryfromclinicalethics,operationaldesign,andphilosophytoexaminetheuniquebioethicalissuesraisedbytherecentfocusontranslationalresearch.Inthisframeworksafetyofstudyparticipantsandbalancingofriskduetotreatmentwiththepotentialbenefitsoftheresearcharecrucial:inclinicalresearchthereisadangerthattheemphasisonadvancementsinscientificknowledgemightprevailovertheprotectionofthepeoplewhoparticipateinresearch.Theseissuesinvolvebasicscientists,cliniciansandbioethicistsbecauseoftheirapplicationtocomparativeeffectivenessresearch,clinicaltrialsandevidencebasedmedicine,aswellbasicbiomedicalresearch.


Document27Tan,VeroniqueKMChow,PierceKHAnapproachtotheethicalevaluationofinnovativesurgicalprocedures.AnnalsoftheAcademyofMedicine,Singapore2011Jan40(1):264Abstract:Whilethereisanethicalobligationtoimproveclinicaloutcomesbydevelopingbettertherapies,surgicalinnovationhaslargelyprogressedwithoutthestrictregulationsrequiredofnovelpharmaceuticalproducts.Weexplorethereasonswhynewsurgicaltechniquesarefrequentlyintroducedwithoutthebenefitofrandomisedcontrolledtrials,andpresentanapproachtotheethicalevaluationofnovelsurgicalprocedures.


Document28Galvn,JosMLuppicini,RocciConversationontechnoethicsandcyborgs.IEEEpulse2011JanFeb2(1):127


Document29Arellano,LuisEWillett,JeffreyMBorry,PascalInternationalsurveyonattitudestowardethicsinhealthtechnologyassessment:Anexploratorystudy.Internationaljournaloftechnologyassessmentinhealthcare2011Jan27(1):504Abstract:Theobjectiveofthisexploratorystudywastosurveyinternationalhealthtechnologyassessment(HTA)professionalstodetermineattitudestowardethicsinHTA.


Document30Duthie,KatherineBond,KennethImprovingethicsanalysisinhealthtechnologyassessment.


Internationaljournaloftechnologyassessmentinhealthcare2011Jan27(1):6470Abstract:Theaimofthisstudywastocriticallyexaminethecurrentguidanceforconductingethicsanalysisinhealthtechnologyassessment(HTA)andtoofferrecommendationsforhowtoimprovethispractice.


Document31Chadwick,RuthBioandsecurityethics:onlyconnect.Bioethics2011Jan25(1):ii


Document32Gates,KellyOURBIOMETRICFUTURE:FACIALRECOGNITIONTECHNOLOGYANDTHECULTUREOFSURVEILLANCENewYork:NewYorkUniversityPress,2011.

Document33Merrill,StephenA.andMazza,AnneMarie,eds.NationalResearchCouncil(UnitedStates).CommitteeonManagementofUniversityIntellectualProperty:LessonsfromaGenerationofExperience,Research,andDialogueBoardonScience,Technology,andEconomicPolicy(STEP)[and]CommitteeonScience,Technology,andLaw(CSTL)MANAGINGUNIVERSITYINTELLECTUALPROPERTYINTHEPUBLICINTERESTWashington,DC:NationalAcademiesPress,2011.102p.Callnumber:KF2979.N382011

http://www.nap.edu(linkmaybeoutdated)

Document34Sylvester,DouglasJBowman,DianaMNavigatingthepatentlandscapesfornanotechnology:Englishgardensortangledgrounds?Methodsinmolecularbiology(Clifton,N.J.)2011726:35978Abstract:Thepatentlandscape,likeagarden,cantellyoumuchaboutitsdesignersandusers:theirmotivations,biases,andgeneralinterests.Whilebothpatentlandscapesandgardensmayappeartothecasualobserverasrefinedandordered,anindepthexplorationoftheterrainislikelytorevealunforeseenchallengesincluding,forexample,alienspecies,thickets,andtrolls.Asthischapterillustrates,patentlandscapesaredynamicandhavebeenforcedtocontinuallyevolveinresponsetotechnologicalinnovation.Whileemergingtechnologiessuchasbiotechnologyandinformationcommunicationtechnologyhavechallengedthetraditionalpatentlandscape,theoverarchingframeworkanddesignhavelargelyremainedintact.Butwillthisalwaysbethecase?Theaimofthischapteristohighlighthownanotechnologyischallengingtheexistingstructuresandunderlyingfoundationofthepatentlandscapeandtheimplicationsthereofforthetechnology,industry,andpublicmoregenerally.Thechapterconcludesbyaskingthequestionwhetherthecurrentpatentlandscapewillbeabletowithstandtheubiquitousnatureofthetechnology,orwhethernanotechnologywillbeacatalystforgovernmentsandpolicymakersforoverhaulingthecurrentlandscapedesign.


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Document35Esfandiari,ShahrokhFeine,JocelyneHealthtechnologyassessmentinoralhealth.TheInternationaljournaloforal&maxillofacialimplants201126Suppl:93100discussion1012Abstract:Healthcarecostsarerisingatanalarminglyfastrateworldwide,particularlyindevelopedcountriessuchastheUnitedStates.Thisispredominantlyaresultofthedevelopmentofnew,highcosthealthtechnologiesintendedforimproveddiagnosisandtreatment.Thepurposeofhealthtechnologyassessmentistosystematicallydeterminethetruebenefitsofnewtechnologies,takingintoaccountclinicalefficacy/effectivenessandcostaswellassocietalpreferenceandethicalissues.Inthisreport,thepurposeofhealthtechnologyassessmentisexplainedinlightofnewdevelopmentsinoralhealthtechnology,particularlyintraoralimplants.Thisinformationisintendedtoeducateandtochallengeoralhealthopinionleaderstoconsideralloftheissuesinvolvedinthedevelopmentanddiffusionofneworalhealthtechnologies.


Document36Frood,ArranTechnology:Aflavourofthefuture.Nature2010Dec23468(7327):S212


Document37Furman,JeffreyLMurray,FionaStern,ScottMorefortheresearchdollar.Nature2010Dec9468(7325):7578


Document38Takamoto,ShinichiPurposesofmedicalresearchandrightsofresearchersandfellows.Europeanjournalofcardiothoracicsurgery:officialjournaloftheEuropeanAssociationforCardiothoracicSurgery2010Dec38(6):6578


Document39Albin,RamonaCPatents,innovation,andprivatization:Commentaryon:"Datamanagementinacademicsettings:anintellectualpropertyperspective".Scienceandengineeringethics2010Dec16(4):77781Abstract:TheframersoftheU.S.Constitutionbelievedthatintellectualpropertyrightswerecrucialtoscientificadvancement.Yet,theframersalsorecognizedtheneedtobalanceinnovation,privatization,andpublicuse.Thecourts'expansionofpatentprotectionforbiotechnologyinnovationsinthelast30yearsraisesthequestionwhetherthepatentsystemeffectivelybalancestheseconcerns.Whilethequestionisnotnew,onlythroughathoroughandthoughtfulexaminationoftheseissuescanthecurrentsystembeevaluated.ItisthenapolicydecisionforCongressifanychangeisnecessary.

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Document40Cormick,C.ThechallengesofcommunityengagementNanoEthics2010December4(3):229231


Document41Johnson,DeborahGTheroleofethicsinscienceandengineering.Trendsinbiotechnology2010Dec28(12):58990Abstract:Itisgenerallythoughtthatscienceandengineeringshouldnevercrosscertainethicallines.Theideaconnectsethicstoscienceandengineering,butitframestherelationshipinamisleadingway.Moralnotionsandpracticesinevitablyinfluenceandareinfluencedbyscienceandengineering.Theimportantquestionishowsuchinteractionsshouldtakeplace.Anticipatoryethicsisanewapproachthatintegratesethicsintotechnologicaldevelopment.


Document42Ishihara,KohjiFukushi,TamamiIntroduction:roboethicsasanemergingfieldofethicsoftechnology.Accountabilityinresearch2010Nov17(6):2737


Document43vanderPlas,ArjannaSmits,MartijntjeWehrmann,CarolineBeyondspeculativerobotethics:avisionassessmentstudyonthefutureoftheroboticcaretaker.Accountabilityinresearch2010Nov17(6):299315Abstract:Inthisarticlewedevelopadialoguemodelforrobottechnologyexpertsanddesignateduserstodiscussvisionsonthefutureofroboticsinlongtermcare.Ourvisionassessmentstudyaimsformoredistinguishedandmoreinformedvisionsonfuturerobots.Surprisingly,ourexperimentalsoledtosomepromisingcodesignedrobotconceptsinwhichjointlyarticulatedmoralguidelinesareembedded.Withourmodel,wethinktohavedesignedaninterestingresponseonarecentcallforalessspeculativeethicsoftechnologybyencouragingdiscussionsaboutthequalityofpositiveandnegativevisionsonthefutureofrobotics.


Document44Anderson,MirandaIshiguro,HiroshiFukushi,Tamami"Involvinginterface":anextendedmindtheoreticalapproachtoroboethics.Accountabilityinresearch2010Nov17(6):31629Abstract:In2008theauthorsheld"InvolvingInterface,"alivelyinterdisciplinaryeventfocusingonissuesofbiological,sociocultural,andtechnologicalinterfacing(seeAcknowledgments).Inspiredbydiscussionsatthisevent,inthisarticle,wefurtherdiscussthevalueofinputfromneurosciencefordevelopingrobotsandmachineinterfaces,andthevalueofphilosophy,thehumanities,andtheartsforidentifyingpersistentlinksbetweenhumaninterfacing


andbroaderethicalconcerns.Theimportanceofongoinginterdisciplinarydebateandpubliccommunicationonscientificandtechnicaladvancesisalsohighlighted.Throughout,theauthorsexploretheimplicationsoftheextendedmindhypothesisfornotionsofmoralaccountabilityandrobotics.


Document45Zinner,DarrenEDesRoches,CatherineMBristol,SteffanieJClarridge,BrianCampbell,EricGTighteningconflictofinterestpolicies:theimpactof2005ethicsrulesattheNIH.Academicmedicine:journaloftheAssociationofAmericanMedicalColleges2010Nov85(11):168591Abstract:TodetermineboththeintendedandunintendedeffectsoftheNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH)2005ethicsrulesbyexaminingchangesinpublishingratesandthefrequencyofexternalrelationshipsamongNIHscientists.


Document46Gottesman,MichaelMJaffe,HolliBeckermanCommentary:Adelicatebalance:weighingtheeffectsofconflictofinterestrulesonintramuralresearchattheNationalInstitutesofHealth.Academicmedicine:journaloftheAssociationofAmericanMedicalColleges2010Nov85(11):16602Abstract:In2005,inresponsetoincreasingpublicconcernsaboutpotentialconflictsofinterestinbiomedicalresearch,theDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices(DHHS)tighteneditsethicsrulestoprohibitNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH)employeesfromreceivingconsultingfeesfrom"significantlyaffectedorganizations."Inresponse,NIHtookstepstoimplementtheseregulationsandensurethatrelationshipsbetweenintramuralNIHresearchersandindustrycouldproceedwithoutthreateningtheintegrityoffederallyfundedresearch.ExamplesofthesestepsincludecreatinganethicsadvisorycommitteetoreviewoutsideactivitiesofNIHscientistsandsubjectingitsresearcherstospecialscrutinytoeliminateanyperceptionofpersonalprofitorconflictofinterest.Intheauthors'experiences,interactionsbetweenNIHscientistsandindustryhavecontinuedrelativelyunaffectedbytheseregulations.ThecontinuingsuccessofthetechnologytransferprogramatNIHandthenumberandtypesofcooperativeresearchanddevelopmentagreementswithindustryaregoodmeasuresoftheextentofproductiveinteractionswithindustrysincetheimplementationofthe2005ethicsrules.Althoughrecruitmentofoutstandingscientiststotheintramuralprogramhascontinued,theseregulationsalsohavechallengedNIH'sabilitytoattractandretainsomeofthemostqualifiedscientists,whofeartheymaymisscertainopportunitiesbecauseofthetighterregulations.AsDHHSrevisestheregulationsgoverningoversightoffinancialconflictsofinterestintheextramuralcommunity,theauthorsrecognizethattheNIHintramuralexperiencemayprovidevaluablelessonsaboutdevelopingandimplementingthenextgenerationoffinancialconflictofinterestrules.


Document47Schroter,SaraGroves,TrishHjgaard,LiselotteSurveysofcurrentstatusinbiomedicalsciencegrantreview:fundingorganisations'andgrantreviewers'perspectives.BMCmedicine2010October208:62Abstract:Theobjectivesofthisresearchwere(a)todescribethecurrentstatusofgrantreviewforbiomedicalprojectsandprogrammesfromtheperspectivesofinternationalfundingorganisationsandgrantreviewers,and(b)toexplorefunders'interestindevelopinguniformrequirementsforgrantreviewaimedatmakingtheprocessesandpracticesofgrantreviewmoreconsistent,transparent,anduserfriendly.



Document48Droste,SigridDintsios,CharalabosMarkosGerber,AndreasInformationonethicalissuesinhealthtechnologyassessment:howandwheretofindthem.Internationaljournaloftechnologyassessmentinhealthcare2010Oct26(4):4419Abstract:Comprehensivehealthtechnologyassessments(HTAs)includethoroughreflectionsonethicalissuesassociatedwithhealthtechnologies,theiruse,andvaluebaseddecisionsintheassessmentprocess.Asmethodsofinformationretrievalforeffectivenessassessmentsarenotapplicabletoinformationretrievalonethicalissues,aspecificmethodologicalapproachisnecessary.


Document49Monahan,TorinFisher,JillAImplantinginequality:empiricalevidenceofsocialandethicalrisksofimplantableradiofrequencyidentification(RFID)devices.Internationaljournaloftechnologyassessmentinhealthcare2010Oct26(4):3706Abstract:Theaimofthisstudywastoassessempiricallythesocialandethicalrisksassociatedwithimplantableradiofrequencyidentification(RFID)devices.


Document50Ferretti,M.P.Riskanddistributivejustice:thecaseofregulatingnewtechnologiesScienceandEngineeringEthics2010September16(3):501515


Document51Cerutti,FurioEditor'soverview:aspecialissueon"riskandresponsibility".Scienceandengineeringethics2010Sep16(3):42730


Document52Ferretti,MariaPaolaRiskanddistributivejustice:thecaseofregulatingnewtechnologies.Scienceandengineeringethics2010Sep16(3):50115Abstract:Therearecertainkindsofriskforwhichgovernments,ratherthanindividualactors,areincreasinglyheldresponsible.Thisarticlediscusseshowregulatoryinstitutionscanensureanequitabledistributionofriskbetweenvariousgroupssuchasrichandpoor,andpresentandfuturegenerations.Itfocusesoncasesofriskassociatedwithtechnologicalandbiotechnologicalinnovation.Afterdiscussingvariouspossibilitiesanddifficultiesofdistribution,thisarticleproposesanonwelfaristunderstandingofriskasaburdenofcooperation.


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Document53Pellizzoni,LuigiRiskandresponsibilityinamanufacturedworld.Scienceandengineeringethics2010Sep16(3):46378Abstract:Recentcriticismsoftraditionalunderstandingsofrisk,responsibilityandthedivisionoflabourbetweenscienceandpoliticsbuildontheideaofthecoproducedcharacterofthenaturalandsocialorders,makingacaseforlessambitiousandmoreinclusivepolicyprocesses,wherequestionsofvaluesandgoalsmaybeaddressedtogetherwithquestionsoffactsandmeans,causalliabilitiesandprincipledresponsibilities.Withintheneoliberalpoliticaleconomy,however,thecontingencyoftheworldisdepictedasasourceofunprecedentedopportunitiesforhumancraftsmanship,ratherthanofpossiblyunmanageablesurprises.Genetechnologiesofferavantagepointforreflectingontheconsequencesofthedriftfromdiscoverytoinventionasamasterframeintheappraisalofhumaninterminglingwiththeworld.Biotechpatentingregulationscarveoutasovereignagencywhich,bycraftingnature,alsocraftsthedistinctionbetweenthemanufacturedandnonmanufacturedworld.Difficultiesinascribingresponsibilitystemasaconsequence.Itislikelythatpoliticsandeconomycanbedemocratizedandresponsibilitiesrearrangednotby'democratizing'knowledgeproduction,butratherthereverse.


Document54Brody,BaruchATraditionalknowledgeandintellectualproperty.KennedyInstituteofEthicsjournal2010Sep20(3):23149Abstract:Biotechnologicalinventionsaresometimesbaseduponthetraditionalknowledgeofindigenouscommunitiesaboutthebeneficialpropertiesofplantsandanimals.Someinstitutionshaveadoptedtheuniquenessoftraditionalknowledgeapproach,whichmaintainsthattheindigenouscommunitieshavesuigenerisrightstoashareoftheprofitsfromtheseinventions.Othershaveadoptedtheprotectionofinventivestepsapproach,whichmaintainsthattheinventorsareentitledtothefullprofitsfromtheinventionifitinvolvesanonobviousandnovelinventivestep.ThearticleanalyzesthisdebateattheConventiononBiologicalDiversity,attheWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization,andattheWorldTradeOrganization.Itconcludesthattheadherentsoftheuniquenessoftraditionalknowledgeapproachhavenotjustifiedtheirclaims.


Document55Sarewitz,DanielWorldview:Notbyexpertsalone.Nature2010Aug5466(7307):688


Document56ShelleyEgan,C.TheambivalenceofpromisingtechnologyNanoEthics2010August4(2):183189


Document57Campbell,RichardB


Adelicatediplomaticsituation.Journalofclinicalepidemiology2010Aug63(8):8157


Document58Cook,DanielMTherecessionmayincreasepotentialconflictsofinterestinscience:acommenton"'Adelicatediplomaticsituation':tobaccoindustryeffortstogaincontroloftheFraminghamstudy".Journalofclinicalepidemiology2010Aug63(8):8189


Document59Cataldo,JanineKBero,LisaAMalone,RuthE"Adelicatediplomaticsituation":tobaccoindustryeffortstogaincontroloftheFraminghamStudy.Journalofclinicalepidemiology2010Aug63(8):84153Abstract:TheFraminghamHeartStudy(henceforthFramingham)isamongthegoldstandardsforepidemiologicalresearch.Beingaprospectivecohortstudyof5,000+menandwomen,itprovidedearlyfindingsaboutthecausesofcoronaryheartdisease(CHD),followingacohortoverthecourseof24years.AfterUSgovernmentfundingended,thetobaccoindustryfundedCouncilforTobaccoResearch(CTR)providedcontinuedfundingforanalysesrelatedtosmoking.


Document60CrdenasGmez,OlgaCarolinaLtourneau,LyneBiotechnologyregulation:ispolicytransferanappropriateanswer?Revistadederechoygenomahumano=Lawandthehumangenomereview/CtedradeDerechoyGenomaHumano/FundacinBBVDiputacinForaldeBizkaia2010JulDec(33):2348Abstract:Intheworldofbiotechnologyregulation,oneoftenencountersthesuggestionthatthelegislationofothercountriesshouldbeconsulted.Knownas"policytransfer"inthefieldofpublicpolicyanalysis,thepurposeofsucharecommendationisforpolicymakerstousetheexperiencesofotherStatesasabasisfordevelopingappropriateregulatoryframeworksinatimelymanner.Thispaperexamineswhetherpolicytransferisrelevantasaninstrumentforbiotechnologyregulation,andifitis,towhatextent.OuranalysisusestheexampleofAssistedReproductiveTechnologies(ART),andunfoldsaccordingtothefollowingargumentativesteps.Wewillbeginbydiscussingpolicytransferasarecognizedfeatureofpolicymakingintheliteraturepertainingtopublicpolicyanalysis.Wewillthenintroduceadistinctionbetweenthetechnicaldimensionofpolicymakinganditspoliticalcomponent.Wewillreferto"moralitypolicy"asanillustrationofpolicymakingdirectedtowarditspoliticalcomponent.Wewillshowthat,inthecaseofmoralitypolicy,Stateshavemovedawayfromapolicytransferapproach.WewillthenestablishthatARTqualifiesasmoralitypolicy,suggestingthatpolicytransferismostlikelynottheoptimalpolicymakingtoolfordealingwithbiotechnologyregulation.MovingbeyondtheissueofARTinordertoexpandourreasoningtobiotechnologyregulationasawhole,wewillconcludethat,althoughtheexperiencesofotherStatesmaybeuseful,policytransferdoesnotsufficeintermsofinformingpolicymakinginthecaseofbiotechnologyadvances.


Document61Hehir,BridHumm,ChristopherJeffs,LorraineAllison,MandyAliensamongus.Nursingstandard(RoyalCollegeofNursing(GreatBritain):1987)2010Jun232924(42):289



Document62Martin,JosephBThepervasiveinfluenceofconflictsofinterest:apersonalperspective.Neurology2010Jun1574(24):201621


Document63Opentoall.Anewapproachtotechnologyassessmentwouldsupplementexpertopinionwithinputfromsociety.[editorial]Nature2010May6465(7294):10


http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v465/n7294/(linkmaybeoutdated)

Document64Joly,YannOpenbiotechnology:licensesneeded.Naturebiotechnology2010May28(5):4179


Document65Halfon,Saul.ConfrontingtheWTO:interventionstratigiesinGMOadjudicationScience,Technology,andHumanValues2010May35(3):307329


Document66Sosnik,AlejandroCarcaboso,AngelM.Glisoni,RominaJ.Moretton,MarcelaA.Chiappetta,DiegoA.Newoldchallengesintuberculosis:potentiallyeffectivenanotechnologiesindrugdelivery.AdvancedDrugDeliveryReviews2010March1862(45):547559Abstract:Tuberculosis(TB)isthesecondmostdeadlyinfectiousdisease.Despitepotentiallycurativepharmacotherapiesbeingavailableforover50years,thelengthofthetreatmentandthepillburdencanhamperpatientlifestyle.Thus,lowcomplianceandadherencetoadministrationschedulesremainthemainreasonsfortherapeuticfailureandcontributetothedevelopmentofmultidrugresistant(MDR)strains.Pediatricpatientsconstituteahighriskpopulation.Mostofthefirstlinedrugsarenotcommerciallyavailableinpediatricform.Thedesignofnovelantibioticsattemptstoovercomedrugresistance,toshortenthetreatmentcourseandtoreducedruginteractionswithantiretroviraltherapies.Ontheotherhand,theexistingantiTBdrugsarestilleffective.OvercomingtechnologicaldrawbacksofthesetherapeuticagentsaswellasimprovingtheeffectivenessofthedrugbytargetingtheinfectionreservoirsremainsthecentralaimsofPharmaceuticalTechnology.Inthisframework,nanotechnologiesappearasoneofthemostpromisingapproachesforthedevelopmentofmoreeffectiveandcompliantmedicines.Thepresentreviewthoroughlyoverviewsthestateoftheartinthedevelopmentofnanobaseddrugdelivery

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systemsforencapsulationandreleaseofantiTBdrugsanddiscussesthechallengesthatarefacedinthedevelopmentofamoreeffective,compliantandalsoaffordableTBpharmacotherapy.


Document67Keuleyan,EmmaLibertytodecideondualusebiomedicalresearch:anacknowledgednecessity.Scienceandengineeringethics2010Mar16(1):4358Abstract:Humanityenteredthetwentyfirstcenturywithrevolutionaryachievementsinbiomedicalresearch.Atthesametimemultiple"dualuse"resultshavebeenpublished.Thebattleagainstinfectiousdiseasesismeetingnewchallenges,withnewlyemergingandreemerginginfections.Bothnaturaldisasterepidemics,suchasSARS,avianinfluenza,haemorrhagicfevers,XDRandMDRtuberculosisandmanyothers,andthepossibilityofintentionalmisuse,suchasletterscontaininganthraxsporesinUSA,2001,haveraisedawarenessoftherealthreats.Manygreatmen,includingGoethe,Spinoza,J.B.Shaw,Fr.Engels,J.F.Kennedyandothers,haverecognizedthatlibertyisalsoaresponsibility.Thatiswhythelibertytodecidenowrepresentsanacknowledgednecessity:biomedicalresearchshouldbesupported,conductedandpublishedwithappropriatemeasurestopreventpotential"dualuse".BiomedicalscientistsshouldworkaccordingtotheethicalprinciplesoftheirCodeofConduct,ananalogueofHippocratesOathofdoctorsandtheyshouldinformgovernment,societyandtheirjuniorsabouttheproblem.Nationalscienceconsultingboardsofexpertsshouldbecreatedtoprepareguidelinesandcontroltheproblematstatelevel.Aninternationalboardshoulddevelopminimumstandardstobeapplicablebyeachcountry.Biopreparednessisconsideredanotherkeymeasure.


Document68Kant,LalitMourya,DTManagingdualusetechnology:ittakestwototango.Scienceandengineeringethics2010Mar16(1):7783Abstract:Likenuclearenergy,mosttechnologiescouldhavedualuseforhealthandwellbeinganddisasterandterror.Someresearchpublicationshavebroughttotheforefrontthetragicconsequencesofthelatterpotentialthroughtheirpossibleuse.Monitoringlifescienceresearchanddevelopment(R&D)topreventpossiblemisuseisachallengingtaskglobally,moresoindevelopingeconomieslikeIndia,whichareemergingasmajorbiotechhubs.AsasignatorytotheBiologicalandToxinWeaponsConvention,Indiahasputinmotionaprocessofevolvingaseriesofmeasurestomanagedualusetechnology.TheIndianCouncilofMedicalResearch(ICMR)hastakenaleadindraftingmodelcodesofconduct,ethicsandpracticeforusebyotherS&Tagenciestotailorthemaspertheirrequirements.Takingcuefromthediscussionsheldbytheeditorsofthevariousmedicalandsciencejournalsinthedevelopedworld,theIndianJournalofMedicalResearch,theofficialpublicationoftheICMR,isworkingonpolicyanduniformpracticeofpublicationofdualuseresearchresults.TheGovernmentofIndiatoohaspromulgatedlegalprovisionstominimizetherisksofmisuseoftechnology,liketheWeaponsofMassDestructionAct.Clearly,nosingleagencywouldbeabletomanagethedualuseoftechnologyeffectively.MultipleagencieshavetocometogethertoworkintandemforeffectiveimplementationofvariousmeasureandalsolikeJanus,ensurethattheyareneithertoorestrictivenorintrusivetodiscouragethedevelopmentofscience.


Document69Czarkowski,MarekThedilemmaofdualusebiologicalresearch:Polishperspective.Scienceandengineeringethics2010Mar16(1):99110Abstract:Biologicalresearchwithlegitimatescientificpurposethatmaybemisusedtoposeabiologicalthreattopublichealthand/ornationalsecurityistermeddualuse.InPolandthereareadequateconditionsforconductingexperimentsthatcouldbequalifiedasdualuseresearch,andtherefore,ariskofattackonPolandorothercountries


exists.Optimalsolutionsforlimitingsuchthreatsarerequired,andthenationalsystemofbiosecurityshouldenableearly,reliable,andcompleteidentificationofthistypeofresearch.Scientistsshouldhaveafundamentalroleinthisprocess,theirdutybeingtoimmediately,uponidentification,reportresearchwithdualusepotential.AnimportantentityintheidentificationsystemofdualuseresearchshouldalsobetheCentralRegisterofBiologicalandBiomedicalResearch,whichgathersinformationaboutallbiologicalandbiomedicalresearchbeingconductedinagivencountry.Publishers,editors,andreviewcommitteesofjournalsandotherscientificpublicationsshouldbeinvolvedinevaluatingresultsofclinicaltrials.TheNationalCouncilofBiosecurityshouldbethegovernmentalinstitutionresponsiblefordevelopingasystemofdualuseresearchthreatprevention.Itsrolewouldbetodevelopcodesofconduct,formcounselofexpertise,andmonitortheproblematnationallevel,whiletheDualUseResearchCommitteewouldberesponsibleforindividualcases.InPoland,currentactionsaimingtoprovidebiologicalsafetywerebasedondevelopingandpassinganactaboutgeneticallymodifiedorganisms(GMO's)andcreatingaGMOCommittee.Consideringexperiencesofothernations,oneshouldviewtheseactionsasfragmentary,andthusinsufficientprotectionagainstdualuseresearchthreats.


Document70Pustovit,SvitlanaVWilliams,ErinDPhilosophicalaspectsofdualusetechnologies.Scienceandengineeringethics2010Mar16(1):1731Abstract:Thetermdualusetechnologiesreferstoresearchandtechnologywiththepotentialbothtoyieldvaluablescientificknowledgeandtobeusedfornefariouspurposeswithseriousconsequencesforpublichealthortheenvironment.Therearetwomainapproachestoassessingdualusetechnologies:pragmaticandmetaphysical.Apragmaticapproachreliesonethicalprinciplesandnormstogeneratespecificguidanceandpolicyfordualusetechnologies.Ametaphysicalapproachexhortsustothedeeperstudyofhumannature,ourintentions,goals,valuesidealsandsocialrelationswhenconsideringdualusetechnology.Useofscienceandtechnology(SandT)isdeterminedbytwocomponentsofhumannature:humanintentionsandchoices.Wehavedrawnadistinctionbetweenspecificmeasures,goalsandintentionswithrespecttotechnologiesinordertoshowthatmoraljudgmentabouttechnologiesmustprecedetheiruse.Understandingofourintentionalityandvalues,andourmoralideals,asameasurable,tangiblepartoftherealworldisimportantforthepreventionofanypossibleharmfromSandT.Inthecontextofdualusetechnologies,westresstheimportanceofthreemainunderstandingsofhumannature:vulnerability,responsibilityandnarrativeidentity.Thesecanbecomeastrongontological"antidote"totechnology'spoisoningofmodernman.Eachnewtechnologycanbemeasuredandcomparedwithman'svalues,traditionsandsocietalnorms.Thiscanbedonebearinginmindtheconceptthathumannatureisnotdualistic,butpluralistic.Asystemofethicalprinciplesthatincludestheprinciplesofgoodintentions,thecorrespondenceofgoalsandmeans,thebalancingofrisksandbenefits,simplicity,andcontextuality,willhelpensurethattechnologiesaremorehumanisticandfriendlytohumanbeings.


Document71LekkaKowalik,AgnieszkaWhysciencecannotbevaluefree:understandingtherationalityandresponsibilityofscience.Scienceandengineeringethics2010Mar16(1):3341Abstract:AgainsttheidealofvaluefreescienceIarguethatscienceisnotandcannotbevaluefreeandthatrelevantvaluesarebothcognitiveandmoral.Idevelopanargumentbyindicatingvariousaspectsofthevalueladennessofscience.Therecognitionofthevalueladennessofsciencerequiresrethinkingourunderstandingoftherationalityandresponsibilityofscience.Itsrationalitycannotbeseenasmerelyinstrumentalasitwasseenbytheidealofvaluefreescienceforthiswouldresultinlimitingtheautonomyofscienceandreducingscientiststo"mindstohire".Thescientificrationalitymustbeseenaspracticalrationalitywhichtakesintoaccountthefullhorizonofvalues.Thescientificresponsibilitymustalsobebroadeninscopeandtype.OnthisbasisIdrawthreepracticalconclusionsconcerningtheorganizationofresearchandtrainingofyoungscientists,appealingtoPlato'sclaimthatthosemostcapableofhealingarealsothosemostcapableofharming.



Document72Ross,AllisonAthanassoulis,NafsikaThesocialnatureofengineeringanditsimplicationsforrisktaking.Scienceandengineeringethics2010Mar16(1):14768Abstract:Makingdecisionswithan,oftensignificant,elementofriskseemstobeanintegralpartofmanyoftheprojectsofthediverseprofessionofengineering.Whetheritbedecisionsaboutthedesignofproducts,manufacturingprocesses,publicworks,ordevelopingtechnologicalsolutionstoenvironmental,socialandglobalproblems,risktakingseemsinherenttotheprofession.Despitethis,littleattentionhasbeenpaidtothetopicandspecificallytohowourunderstandingofengineeringasadistinctiveprofessionmightaffecthowweshouldmakedecisionsunderrisk.Thispaperseekstoremedythis,firstlybyofferinganuancedaccountofriskandthenbyconsideringhowspecificclaimsaboutourunderstandingofengineeringasasocialprofession,withcorrespondingsocialvaluesandobligations,shouldinformhowwemakedecisionsaboutriskinthiscontext.


Document73Forge,JohnAnoteonthedefinitionof"dualuse".Scienceandengineeringethics2010Mar16(1):1118Abstract:Whiletherehasbeenmuchinterestinthistopic,nogenerallyaccepteddefinitionofdualusehasbeenforthcoming.Asacontributiontothisissue,itismaintainedthatthreerelatedkindsofthingscomprisethecategoryofdualuse:research,technologiesandartefacts.Inregardtoallthreekinds,difficultiesareidentifiedinmakingcleardistinctionsbetweenthosethatareandarenotdualuse.Itissuggestedthatourclassificationshouldtakeaccountofactualcapacitiesandwillingnesstomakeuseoftheseobjectsfor'badends'andnotthemerepossibilitythatthiscouldbedone,andherethree'contextualfactors'areidentified.A(provisional)definitionisproposedthattakesaccountofthreatsandrisks.


Document74Brody,BaruchAIntellectualproperty,statesovereignty,andbiotechnology.KennedyInstituteofEthicsjournal2010Mar20(1):5173Abstract:Theissueofbiopiracyhasattractedconsiderableattentioninrecentyears.TheConventiononBiologicalDiversityadoptedaprincipleofstatesovereigntyoverbiologicalresourcesandthegeneticinformationcontainedwithinthoseresourcestoaddressthisissue.Itisarguedthatthisprinciplehasnotbeenadequatelyjustifiedandthatthereareothersolutionstotheissueofbiopiracy,basedondifferenttheoriesofjustice,thatdeservegreaterconsideration.Thesealternativesincludethecommonheritageofmankindprincipleandtheglobalcommonsprinciple.


Document75Brody,BaruchAIntellectualproperty,statesovereignty,andbiotechnology.KennedyInstituteofEthicsjournal2010Mar20(1):5173Abstract:Theissueofbiopiracyhasattractedconsiderableattentioninrecentyears.TheConventiononBiologicalDiversityadoptedaprincipleofstatesovereigntyoverbiologicalresourcesandthegeneticinformationcontainedwithinthoseresourcestoaddressthisissue.Itisarguedthatthisprinciplehasnotbeenadequatelyjustifiedandthatthereareothersolutionstotheissueofbiopiracy,basedondifferenttheoriesofjustice,thatdeservegreaterconsideration.Thesealternativesincludethecommonheritageofmankindprincipleandtheglobalcommons


principle.


Document76Stone,RichardImprobablepartnersaimtobringbiotechnologytoaHimalayankingdom.[news]Science2010February19327(5968):940941


http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol327/issue5968/(linkmaybeoutdated)

Document77Long,SharonRStrikingabalance.InterviewbyHolgerBreithauptandSamuelCaddick.EMBOReports2010February11(2):8285


Document78Jacobs,HowyRacetothetop.EMBOReports2010February11(2):73


Document79Williams,RussellMorin,YvesCIHRandPrigent.CMAJ:CanadianMedicalAssociationJournal=Journaldel'AssociationMedicaleCanadienne2010January12182(1):64


* Document80Gillich,MurielR.ThetechnologycostbluesMedicalEthicsNewsletter[LaheyClinic]2010Winter17(1):68


http://www.lahey.org/Ethics/(linkmaybeoutdated)

Document81Shaffer,Catherine

http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000330921/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000330921/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000330584/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000330584/http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol327/issue5968/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000330192/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000330192/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000330191/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000330191/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000330046/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000330046/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000329840/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000329840/http://www.lahey.org/Ethics/

Reportconcludesindustryacademiapartnershipsonthewane.NatureBiotechnology2010January28(1):78


Document82Shvedova,A.A.Kagan,V.E.Theroleofnanotoxicologyinrealizingthe'helpingwithoutharm'paradigmofnanomedicine:lessonsfromstudiesofpulmonaryeffectsofsinglewalledcarbonnanotubes.JournalofInternalMedicine2010January267(1):106118Abstract:Nanosizedmaterialsandnanoscaledprocessesarewidelyusedinmanyindustries.Theyarebeingactivelyintroducedasdiagnosticandtherapeuticinbiomedicineandtheyarefoundinnumerousconsumerproducts.Thesmallsizeofnanoparticles,comparablewithmolecularmachineryofcells,mayaffectnormalphysiologicalfunctionsofcellsandcausecytotoxicity.Theirtoxicpotentialcannotbeextrapolatedfromstudiesoflargerparticlesduetouniquephysicochemicalpropertiesofnanomaterials.Therefore,theuseofnanomaterialsmayposeunknownriskstohumanhealthandtheenvironment.Thisreviewdiscussesseveralimportantissuesrelevanttopulmonarytoxicityofnanoparticles,especiallysinglewalledcarbonnanotubes(SWCNT),theirdirectcytotoxiceffects,theirabilitytocauseaninflammatoryresponse,andinduceoxidativestressuponpharyngealaspirationorinhalation.Further,recognitionandengulfmentofnanotubesbymacrophagesastheyrelatetophagocytosisandbiodistributionofnanotubesintissuesandcirculationarediscussed.TheimmunosuppressiveeffectsofCNTandtheirsignificanceinincreasedsensitivityofexposedindividualstomicrobialinfectionsaresummarized.Finally,dataonbiodegradationofSWCNTbyoxidativeenzymesofinflammatorycellsarepresentedinlieuoftheirpersistenceanddistributioninthebody.


Document83Seltzer,StevenE.Menard,AndrewCruea,ReneeArenson,Ron"Hyperscrutiny"ofacademicindustrialrelationships:potentialforunintendedconsequencesaresponse.JournaloftheAmericanCollegeofRadiology2010January7(1):3942Abstract:Inthecurrentenvironment,academicindustrialrelationshipsarecomingunderintensescrutinyfromgovernmentandotherregulatorybodies.Althoughthereclearlyhavebeenincidentsofabuseintheserelationships,academicindustrialcollaborationisanenginethatdrivesinnovationinthebiomedicalsciencesinthiscountry.Theacademicradiologycommunitymustensurethatthesocietalbenefitsoftheserelationshipsarenotsacrificedvia"overregulation."


Document84Devaiah,VishwasH.Impactofbioethicsonpatentabilityofinventions.IndianJournalofMedicalEthics2010JanuaryMarch7(1):1417Abstract:Thispaperexaminestheimpactofbioethicsonpatentclaims.Theincreaseinresearchactivitiesinvolvinghumanbiologicalmaterials,andtherushtocommercialiseinventionsderivedfromsuchbiologicalmaterials,canattimesresultinunethicalconductofresearch.Questionsariseastowhetherpatentlawshouldconcernitselfwithtaintedresearchthathasresultedinaninventionorwhetheritshouldgrantpatentrightssolelyonthebasisofthetechnicalimprovementsresultingfromsuchresearch.Thispaperhighlightsthesignificanceofethicalpracticeinbiomedicalresearch,anissuethatmayinfluencethedecisiontograntpatentsoninventions.Itexplorestherelationbetweenmorality,bioethicsandpatentsfromtheperspectiveoftheobjectivesofthepatentsystemandcurrentdevelopmentsinthelawonpatents.Theinclusionofthemoralityprovisioninpatentlawintroducesamechanismthroughwhichinventionsderivedfromtaintedresearchcanbefilteredatanearlystage.



Document85Paulden,MikeandCulyer,AnthonyJ.UniversityofYork.CentreforHealthEconomicsDOESCOSTEFFECTIVENESSANALYSISDISCRIMINATEAGAINSTPATIENTSWITHSHORTLIFEEXPECTANCY?MATTERSOFLOGICANDMATTERSOFCONTEXTToronto,Ontario,Canada:TorontoHealthEconomicsandTechnologyAssessmentCollaborative[THETA],2010.25p.[Online.]Accessed:http://theta.utoronto.ca/papers/THETA_Working_Paper_1.pdf[16June2011]

http://theta.utoronto.ca/papers/THETA_Working_Paper_1.pdf(linkmaybeoutdated)

Document86Kjlberg,KamillaLeinandWickson,Fern,eds.NANOMEETSMACRO:SOCIALPERSPECTIVESONNANOSCALESCIENCESANDTECHNOLOGIESSingapore:PanStanfordPublishing,2010.567p.Callnumber:T174.7.N3662010

Document87Brockman,John,ed.THISWILLCHANGEEVERYTHING:IDEASTHATWILLSHAPETHEFUTURENewYork:HarperPerennial,2010.390p.Callnumber:Q175.5.T482010

Document88Clarke,AdeleE.Mamo,LauraFosket,JenniferRuthFishman,JenniferR.andShim,JanetK.,eds.BIOMEDICALIZATION:TECHNOSCIENCE,HEALTH,ANDILLNESSINTHEU.S.Durham,NC:DukeUniversityPress,2010.498p.Callnumber:RA418.5.M4B5562010

Document89Sumathipala,AthulaSiribaddana,SisiraHewage,SuwinLekamwattage,ManuraAthukorale,ManjulaSiriwardhana,ChesmalMunasinghe,KumuduSumathipala,KethakieMurray,JoannaPrince,MartinUnderstandingofresearch:aSriLankanperspective.BMCmedicalethics201011():7Abstract:BACKGROUND:Lackofproperunderstandingonthepartofresearchersaboutpublicunderstandingofresearchandinformedconsentwillincreasethepotentialformalpractice.AsapartofalargerstudyonethicsandinformedconsentinSriLanka,thisstudyaimedtoascertainthelevelofunderstandingof'research'byexploringtheviewsofthepublicandprofessionals.METHODS:Conveniencesamplingandsnowballtechniquewereusedforrecruitmentwithanemphasisonbalancedageandgenderrepresentation,diverseeducational,socioculturalandprofessionalbackgrounds,andpreviousresearchexperience,eitherasresearchersorparticipants.Contentanalysisofthedatawascarriedout.RESULTS:66persons(37males,29females)participated.Althoughfundamentallyaqualitativestudy,themeswerealsoquantitativelyanalysedforinformativeresults.Mostparticipantsthoughtthattheword'research'meantsearching,looking,inquiringwhilesomeothersthoughtitmeantgatheringinformation,gainingknowledgeandlearning.Athirdofparticipantsdidnotofferanalternativewordforresearch.Otherssuggestedthewordssurvey,exploration,search,experiment,discovery,inventionandstudyasbeingsynonymous.Doctors,healthprofessionals,healthinstitutions,scientists,professionals,businessmen,pharmaceuticalcompanies,students,teacherswereidentifiedaspeoplewhoconductresearch.Participantsindicatedthatcrucialinformationondecidingtoparticipateinresearchincludedobjectivesoftheresearch,projectimportanceandrelevance,potential

http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000329236/http://theta.utoronto.ca/papers/THETA_Working_Paper_1.pdfhttp://catalog.library.georgetown.edu/search/c?SEARCH=T174.7%20.N366%202010&sortdropdown=-&searchscope=4http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000329172/http://catalog.library.georgetown.edu/search/c?SEARCH=Q175.5%20.T48%202010&sortdropdown=-&searchscope=4http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000329077/http://catalog.library.georgetown.edu/search/c?SEARCH=RA418.5%20.M4%20B556%202010&sortdropdown=-&searchscope=4http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000329048/

benefitstoindividualsandsociety,credibility&legitimacyofresearchers,whatisexpectedofparticipant,reasonforselection,expectedoutcome,confidentialityandabilitytowithdrawatanytime.Amajority(89%)expressedtheirwillingnesstoparticipateinfutureresearch.CONCLUSIONS:Theresultsshowthatwithorwithoutpriorexperienceinresearch,participantsinthisstudyhadareasonableunderstandingofresearch.Thefindingsshowthatadecisionabouttakingpartinresearchisdependentonknowledge,educationandalsoonsocialnetworks.Theresultsdemonstratethatthemajorityweresupportiveofhealthresearchandbelievethatresearchisbeneficialtothewelfareofsociety.


Document90Liang,BryanAMackey,TimConfrontingconflict:addressinginstitutionalconflictsofinterestinacademicmedicalcenters.Americanjournaloflaw&medicine201036(1):13687Abstract:Individualconflictsofinterestarerifeinhealthcare,andsubstantialattentionhasbeengiventoaddressthem.Yetamoresubstantiveconcerninstitutionalconflictsofinterest("ICOIs")inacademicmedicalcenters("AMCs")engagedinresearchandclinicalcarehaveyettogarnersufficientattention,despitetheirhigherstakesforpatientsafetyandwelfare.ICOIsarestandardinAMCs,arevirtuallyunregulated,andhaveledtopatientdeaths.UponreviewofICOIs,wefindaclearabsenceofsubstantiveeffortstoconfronttheseconflicts.WealsoassesstheJesseGelsingercase,whichresultedinthedeathofastudyparticipantexemplifyingadeepseatedcultureofinstitutionalindifferenceandcomplicityinunmanagedconflicts.Federalpolicy,particularlytheBayhDoleAct,alsocreatesandpromotesICOIs.EffortstoaddressICOIsarenarroworabstract,anddonotprovideforasystemicinfrastructurewitheffectiveenforcementmechanisms.Hence,inthispaper,weprovideacomprehensiveproposaltoaddressICOIsutilizinga"CentralizedSystem"modelthatwouldproactivelyreview,manage,approve,andconductassessmentsofconflicts,andwouldhaveindependentpowertoevaluateandenforceanyviolationsviasanctions.Itwouldalsomanageanyindustryfundsandpharmaceuticalsamplesandbeaconditionofparticipationinpublichealthcarereimbursementandfederalgrantfunding.TheICOIpolicyitselfwouldprovidefordisclosurerequirements,separatemanagementofcommercialenterpriseunitsfromacademicunits,voluntaryremediationofconflicts,andeducationonICOIs.Finally,weproposeanewmodelofmedicaleducationacademicdetailinginplaceofcurrentmarketingfocused"education."Usingsuchasystem,AMCscanweanthemselvesfromindustryrelianceandpromoteacultureofaccountabilityandindependencefromindustryinfluence.Bydoingso,clinicalresearchandtreatmentcanreturntoafocusonpatientcare,notprofits.


Document91Kesselheim,AaronS.TheSupremeCourt,processpatents,andmedicalinnovation.NewEnglandJournalofMedicine2009December10361(24):23032306


http://content.nejm.org/archive/(linkmaybeoutdated)

* Document92Hanna,DebraR.Themoralburdensofbiotechnology:onenurse'sviewofpatientdecisionmakingNationalCatholicBioethicsQuarterly2009Winter9(4):671679Abstract:tba


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Document93Swierstra,TsjallingvanEst,RinieBoenink,MarianneTakingCareoftheSymbolicOrder.HowConvergingTechnologiesChallengeourConcepts.Nanoethics2009December3(3):269280Abstract:Inthisarticlewebrieflysummarizehowconvergingtechnologieschallengeelementsoftheexistingsymbolicorder,asshowninthecontributionstothisspecialissue.Wethenidentifythevisionof'lifeasadoityourselfkit'asacommondenominatorinthevariousformsofconvergenceandproceedtoshowhowthisvisionprovokesunrestanddebateaboutexistingmoralframeworksandtaboos.Weconcludethat,justastheproblemsoftheindustrialrevolutionsparkedoffthenowbroadlyestablishedidealofsustainabilitytheconvergingtechnologiesshouldbegovernedbytheidealof'humansustainability'.Theessenceofthisidealisformedbytheongoingdiscussionabouttheextenttowhichwemay,orshouldwantto,'make'ourenvironmentandourselves,andwhenitisbettertosimplyacceptwhatisgivenandwhathappenstous.


http://www.springerlink.com/content/120571/(linkmaybeoutdated)

Document94Swierstra,TsjallingBoenink,MarianneWalhout,B.VanEst,R.ConvergingTechnologies,ShiftingBoundaries.[editorial]Nanoethics2009December3(3):213216



* Document95Schuurbiers,DaanSleenhoff,SusanneJacobs,JohannesF.Osseweijer,PatriciaMultidisciplinaryEngagementwithNanoethicsThroughEducationTheNanobioRAISEAdvancedCoursesasaCaseStudyandModel.Nanoethics2009December3(3):197211Abstract:ThispaperpresentsandevaluatestwoadvancedcoursesorganisedinOxfordaspartoftheEuropeanprojectNanobioRAISEandsuggestsusingtheirformattoencouragemultidisciplinaryengagementbetweennanoscientistsandnanoethicists.Severalnanoethicistshaverecentlyidentifiedtheneedfor'better'ethicsofemergingtechnologies,arguingthatethicalreflectionshouldbecomepartandparceloftheresearchanddevelopment(R&D)processitself.Suchnewformsofethicaldeliberation,itisargued,transcendtraditionaldisciplinaryboundariesandrequiretheactiveengagementandinvolvementofbothnanoethicistsandnanoscientistswiththebroaderissuessurroundingtechnologicaldevelopments.WhereassignificantresearcheffortsintomultiandinterdisciplinarycollaborationsduringR&Dprocessesarenowemerging,opportunitiesforencouragingmultidisciplinaryengagementthrougheducationhaveremainedrelativelyunderexplored.Thispaperarguesthateducationalprogrammescouldbeanaturalextensionofongoingcollaborativeresearchefforts'inthelab'andanalyseshowtheNanobioRAISEcoursescouldbeusedasamodelforcoursedevelopment.Inadditiontoexploringhowtheelementsthatwereconducivetomultidisciplinaryengagementinthiscoursecouldbepreservedinfuturecourses,thispapersuggestsshiftingtheemphasisfrompubliccommunicationtowardsethicaldeliberation.Furthercourseworkcouldthusbuildcapacityamongbothnanoscientistsandnanoethicistsfordoing'better'nanoethics.



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* Document96Verbeek,PeterPaulAmbientIntelligenceandPersuasiveTechnology:TheBlurringBoundariesBetweenHumanandTechnology.Nanoethics2009December3(3):231242Abstract:ThecurrentlydevelopingfieldsofAmbientIntelligenceandPersuasiveTechnologybringaboutaconvergenceofinformationtechnologyandcognitivescience.Smartenvironmentsthatareabletorespondintelligentlytowhatwedoandthatevenaimtoinfluenceourbehaviourchallengethebasicframeworkswecommonlyuseforunderstandingtherelationsandroledivisionsbetweenhumanbeingsandtechnologicalartifacts.Afterdiscussingthepromisesandthreatsofthesetechnologies,thisarticledevelopsalternativeconceptionsofagency,freedom,andresponsibilitythatmakeitpossibletobetterunderstandandassessthesocialrolesofAmbientIntelligenceandPersuasiveTechnology.Thecentralclaimofthearticleisthatthesenewtechnologiesurgeustoblurtheboundariesbetweenhumansandtechnologiesalsoatthelevelofourconceptualandmoralframeworks.



* Document97Schermer,MaartjeTheMindandtheMachine.OntheConceptualandMoralImplicationsofBrainMachineInteraction.Nanoethics2009December3(3):217230Abstract:Brainmachineinterfacesareagrowingfieldofresearchandapplication.Theincreasingpossibilitiestoconnectthehumanbraintoelectronicdevicesandcomputersoftwarecanbeputtouseinmedicine,themilitary,andentertainment.Concretetechnologiesincludecochlearimplants,DeepBrainStimulation,neurofeedbackandneuroprosthesis.Theexpectationsforthenearandfurtherfuturearehigh,thoughitisdifficulttoseparatehopefromhype.Thefocusinthispaperisontheeffectsthatthesenewtechnologiesmayhaveonour'symbolicorder'onthewaysinwhichpopularcategoriesandconceptsmaychangeorbereinterpreted.First,theblurringdistinctionbetweenmanandmachineandtheideaofthecyborgarediscussed.Itisarguedthatthemorallyrelevantdifferenceisthatbetweenpersonsandnonpersons,whichdoesnotnecessarilycoincidewiththedistinctionbetweenmanandmachine.Theconceptofthepersonremainsuseful.Itmay,however,becomemoredifficulttoassessthelimitsofthehumanbody.Next,thedistinctionbetweenbodyandmindisdiscussed.Themindisincreasinglyseenasafunctionofthebrain,andthusunderstoodinbodilyandmechanicalterms.Thisraisesquestionsconcerningconceptsoffreewillandmoralresponsibilitythatmayhavefarreachingconsequencesinthefieldoflaw,wheresomehavearguedforarevisionofourcriminaljusticesystem,fromretributivisttoconsequentialist.Evenwithoutsucha(unlikelyandunwarranted)revisionoccurring,brainmachineinteractionsraisemanyinterestingquestionsregardingdistributionandattributionofresponsibility.



Document98Sacchini,DarioVirdis,AndreaRefolo,PietroPennacchini,MaddalenadePaula,IgnacioCarrascoHealthtechnologyassessment(HTA):ethicalaspects.Medicine,healthcare,andphilosophy2009Nov12(4):4537Abstract:"HTAisamultidisciplinaryprocessthatsummarizesinformationaboutthemedical,social,economicandethicalissuesrelatedtotheuseofahealthtechnologyinasystematic,transparent,unbiased,robustmanner.Itsaimistoinformtheformulationofsafe,effective,healthpoliciesthatarepatientfocused,andseektoachievebestvalue"(EUnetHTA2007).EventhoughtheassessmentofethicalaspectsofahealthtechnologyislistedasoneoftheobjectivesofaHTAprocess,inpractice,theintegrationofthesedimensionsintoreportsremainslimited.Thearticleisfocusedonfourpoints:1.theHTAconcept2.thedifficultHTAethicsrelationship3.theethicalissuesinHTA4.themethodsforintegratingethicalanalysisintoHTA.

http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000328109/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000328109/http://www.springerlink.com/content/120571/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/wc/0000328107/http://ethicslab.org/openurl/gt/0000328107/http://www.springerlink.com/content/120571/


* Document99O'KeefeMcCarthy,SheilaTechnologicallymediatednursingcare:theimpactonmoralagency.NursingEthics2009November16(6):786796Abstract:Technologyispervasiveandoverwhelmingintheintensivecaresetting.Ithasthepowertoinformanddirectthenursingcareofcriticallyillpatients.Technologychangesthemoralandsocialdynamicswithinnursepatientencounters.Nursesusetechnologyasthemainreferencepointtointerpretandevaluateclinicalpatientoutcomes.Thisshapesnurses'understandingandthekindofcareprovided.Technologyinsertsitselfbetweenpatientsandnurses,thusdistancingnursesfrompatients.Thissituatesnursesintopositionsofpower,grantingthemepistemicauthority,whichconstrainsthemasmoralagents.Technologyservestocategorizeandmarginalizepatients'illnessexperience.Inthisarticle,moralagencyisexaminedwithinthetechnologicallymediatedcontextoftheintensivecareunit.Uncriticaluseoftechnologyhasanegativeimpactonpatientcareandnurses'viewofpatients,thuslimitingmoralagency.Throughexaminationoftechnologyasitframescardiacpatients,itisdemonstratedhowtechnologychangesthewaynursesunderstandandconceptualizemoralagency.Thisarticleoffersanewperspectiveontheethicaldiscussionoftechnologyanditsimpactonnurses'moralagency.Employingreflectiveanalysisusingthetechniqueofembodiedreflectionmayhelptoensurethatpatientsremainatthecentreofnurses'moralpractice.Embodiedreflectioninvitesnursescriticallytoexaminehowtechnologyhasreshapedconceptualization,understanding,andtheunderlyingmotivationgoverningnurses'moralagency.


* Document100Sacchini,DarioVirdis,AndreaRefolo,PietroPennacchini,MaddalenadePaula,IgnacioCarrascoHealthtechnologyassessment(HTA):ethicalaspects.Medicine,HealthCare,andPhilosophy2009November12(4):453457Abstract:"HTAisamultidisciplinaryprocessthatsummarizesinformationaboutthemedical,social,economicandethicalissuesrelatedtotheuseofahealthtechnologyinasystematic,transparent,unbiased,robustmanner.Itsaimistoinformtheformulationofsafe,effective,healthpoliciesthatarepatientfocused,andseektoachievebestvalue"(EUnetHTA2007).EventhoughtheassessmentofethicalaspectsofahealthtechnologyislistedasoneoftheobjectivesofaHTAprocess,inpractice,theintegrationofthesedimensionsintoreportsremainslimited.Thearticleisfocusedonfourpoints:1.theHTAconcept2.thedifficultHTAethicsrelationship3.theethicalissuesinHTA4.themethodsforintegratingethicalanalysisintoHTA.



* Document101Hofmann,BjrnFallaciesintheargumentsfornewtechnology:thecaseofprotontherapy.JournalofMedicalEthics2009November35(11):684687Abstract:InaseminalarticleintheJournalofMedicalEthics,SrenHolmandTujaTakalaanalysedtwoprotechnologyargumentsinbioethics:thehopefulprincipleandtheautomaticescalator.Theyshowedhowtheseargumentsrelatetoproblematicargumentssuchastheprecautionaryprincipleandtheempiricalslipperyslopeargument,andarguedthattheyshouldbeusedwithgreatcaution.Thepresentarticleinvestigatestherecentdebateonprotonbeamtherapy,wherethehopefulprincipleandtheautomaticescalatorareidentified.However,thedebaterevealsaseriesofotherargumentsthatdeservesimilarcaution.Ananalysisoftheseargumentsindicatesthattherootsoftheirfallaciesaretobefoundintheignoranceoftheuncertaintiesaboutrisksandbenefitsandanoverlyoptimisticattitudetowardstechnologyandprogress.Thepointisnottoargueagainstprotontherapy,butrathertopointoutthatflawedargumentsfornewtechnologies,suchasprotontherapy,canactuallyhampertheir

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implementationinsteadofpromotingit.Patientsdeservethebesttechnologyavailable,notonlyonthebasisofthebestavailableevidence,butalsoonthebasisofthebestarguments.


http://jme.bmj.com(linkmaybeoutdated)

* Document102TothFejel,TihamerNanotechnologywillchangemorethanjustonething.AmericanJournalofBioethics2009October9(10):1213ReplybyFritzAllhoff,W1W2


http://www.bioethics.net/journal/index.php?jid=62(linkmaybeoutdated)

* Document103McGee,EllenM.Nanomedicine:ethicalconcernsbeyonddiagnostics,drugs,andtechniques.AmericanJournalofBioethics2009October9(10):1415ReplybyFritzAllhoff,W1W2


http://www.bioethics.net/journal/index.php?jid=62(linkmaybeoutdated)

Document104Oye,KennethA.Embracinguncertainty[reviewofFutureImperfect:TechnologyandFreedominanUncertainWorld,byDavidD.Friedman]IssuesinScienceandTechnology2009Fall26(1):9193


http://www.nap.edu/issues(linkmaybeoutdated)

* Document105Davies,J.ClarenceNanolessonsforrevampinggovernmentoversightoftechnologyIssuesinScienceandTechnology2009Fall26(1):4350


http://www.nap.edu/issues(linkmaybeoutdated)

Document106Kass,LeonR.Forbiddingscience:somebeginningreflections.ScienceandEngineeringEthics2009September15(3):271282

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* Document107Marchant,GaryE.Pope,LyndaL.Theproblemswithforbiddingscience.ScienceandEngineeringEthics2009September15(3):375394



* Document108Taylor,PatrickL.Scientificselfregulationsogood,howcanitfail?Commentaryon"Theproblemswithforbiddingscience".ScienceandEngineeringEthics2009September15(3):395406