Europe Faces Europe Faces RevolutionsRevolutions

Liberal and nationalist Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenge the old uprisings challenge the old

conservative order of Europeconservative order of Europe

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Clash of PhilosophiesClash of Philosophies

Three Philosophies: In the early 1800s, Three Philosophies: In the early 1800s, three schools of political thought three schools of political thought conflict in Europeconflict in EuropeConservativeConservative—landowners and nobles —landowners and nobles

want traditional monarchieswant traditional monarchiesLiberalLiberal—wealthy merchants and —wealthy merchants and

business owners want limited democracybusiness owners want limited democracyRadicalRadical—believe in liberty and equality. —believe in liberty and equality.

They want everyone to have a vote.They want everyone to have a vote.

Nationalism DevelopsNationalism Develops

Nationalism and Nation-StatesNationalism and Nation-StatesNationalismNationalism—loyalty to a nation of —loyalty to a nation of

people with common culture and historypeople with common culture and historyNation-StateNation-State—nation with its own —nation with its own

independent governmentindependent governmentIn 1815 Europe, only France, England In 1815 Europe, only France, England

and Spain are nation-statesand Spain are nation-statesLiberals and radicals support Liberals and radicals support

nationalism, but conservatives do not.nationalism, but conservatives do not.

Nationalists Challenge Conservative Nationalists Challenge Conservative PowerPower

Greeks Gain IndependenceGreeks Gain IndependenceBalkansBalkans—region of Europe controlled —region of Europe controlled

by the Ottomans in early 1800s.by the Ottomans in early 1800s.Greece gets European help to gain Greece gets European help to gain

independence from the Turks.independence from the Turks.

Nationalists Challenge Conservative Nationalists Challenge Conservative PowerPower

1830s Uprisings Crushed1830s Uprisings CrushedBelgian, Italian, Polish liberals and Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals and

nationalists launch revolts.nationalists launch revolts.By the mid-1830s, conservatives are By the mid-1830s, conservatives are

back in controlback in control

Nationalists Challenge Conservative Nationalists Challenge Conservative PowerPower

1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite1848 Revolutions Fail to UniteEthnic uprisings in Europe, especially in Ethnic uprisings in Europe, especially in

the Austrian empire.the Austrian empire.Liberals hold power for short time, but Liberals hold power for short time, but

lose to conservatives by 1849lose to conservatives by 1849

Radicals Change FranceRadicals Change France

Conservative DefeatConservative DefeatIn 1830, FranceIn 1830, France’’s Charles X fails to s Charles X fails to

restore absolute monarchyrestore absolute monarchyThe Third RepublicThe Third Republic

In 1848, a Paris mob overthrows the In 1848, a Paris mob overthrows the monarchy and sets up a republicmonarchy and sets up a republic

Radicals split by infighting; moderates Radicals split by infighting; moderates control the new governmentcontrol the new government

1848 constitution calls for elected 1848 constitution calls for elected president and parliamentpresident and parliament

Radicals Change FranceRadicals Change France

France Accepts a France Accepts a Strong RulerStrong Ruler Louis-NapoleonLouis-Napoleon——

Napoleon BonapartNapoleon Bonapartee ’’s nephew—is s nephew—is elected presidentelected president

Louis-Napoleon later Louis-Napoleon later takes the title takes the title emperor.emperor.

He promotes He promotes industrialization.industrialization.

Reform in RussiaReform in Russia

Serfdom in RussiaSerfdom in RussiaCzars fail to free the serfs because they Czars fail to free the serfs because they

fear losing the support of landowners.fear losing the support of landowners.

Reform in RussiaReform in Russia

Defeat Brings Defeat Brings ChangeChange RussiaRussia’’s lack of s lack of

industrialization industrialization leads to military leads to military defeat in the defeat in the Crimean War.Crimean War.

Alexander IIAlexander II—czar —czar who determines to who determines to make social and make social and economic changeseconomic changes

Alexander II was also called “Alexander the Liberator.” In Finland he is known as “the Good Czar.” Why?

Reform in RussiaReform in Russia Reform and ReactionReform and Reaction

In 1861, Alexander II In 1861, Alexander II frees the serfs, but frees the serfs, but debt keeps them on debt keeps them on the same land.the same land.

Reform halts when Reform halts when Alexander is Alexander is assassinated by assassinated by terrorists in 1881.terrorists in 1881.

Driven by nationalism, Driven by nationalism, Alexander III Alexander III encourages encourages industrialization.industrialization.The Church of the Savior on

Blood commemorates the place where Alexander II was assassinated.