evaluation of sound-, current- and vibration measurements ...790280/fulltext01.pdf · can lead to...
TRANSCRIPT
Report number: 1
Evaluation of sound-, current- and vibration
measurements in the Electric Arc Furnace
Pär Ljungqvist
2013
Dept. of Material Science and Engineering
Royal Institute of Technology
Stockholm, Sweden
Sammanfattning Syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka nya metoder för att mäta tillståndet på skrotet in en
ljusbågsugn. Detta genom att utvärdera tre olika metoder teoretiskt och välja två för test i ljusbågsugnen
i Avesta. På grund av tids och utrustningsbrist användes bara Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) för tester i
Avesta. Resultaten visar att THD når låga värden under raffineringen, detta tyder på att allt skrot är smält
och att ljusbågarna är stabila.
Abstract The aim of this report was to investigate new methods for measuring the condition of the scrap in the
electric arc furnace. This was done by evaluating three different methods theoretically and chooses two
of them for test in the electric arc furnace in Avesta. Due to lack of time and equipment only Total
harmonic distortion (THD) measurements was used. The results show that THD reaches low values
during refining. This suggests that all the scrap is melted and the arcs are stable.
1. Introduction
The Electric arc furnace (EAF) is the most common process in scrap based steelmaking. The EAF can
be described as a chemical reactor that utilizes electricity to transform scrap to molten steel. The
trend in EAF development is to get a higher productivity by increased arc voltage and higher currents
for melting scrap faster and more efficiently. However the higher voltage and current can cause
tremendous damage to the furnace refractory if the arcs are not covered with slag. Common way to
control the meltdown today is to control the transformer tap based on the energy input. This means
that no on-line information is used to control the process and the operators manually adjust the set
point with the information from the operational diagrams. When the productivity increase the
operator need to make faster decisions. State of the art is to use automated process control to assist
the operator. The automated process control is based on several real time measurements for
example temperature on the cooling system, sound of the furnace, harmonic distortion on the
current, vibration of the furnace vessel and off gas analysis. The use of automated process control
can lead to reduction of power on time, optimization of injected carbon, arc stabilization and
reduction of power off time.
The purpose of this project is to evaluate sound-, current- and vibration measurements and select
two of them for trials in the production in Outokumpu stainless steel plant in Avesta. The aim is to
find parameters that confirm that the scrap is entirely melted.
The trials will be carried out on one standard steel grade. Two of the evaluated methods will be used
in the trials.
2
2. Background
1.1 Stainless steel making
This project is performed at Outokumpu stainless AB, Avesta works. The production in this plant is
scrap based and the production process follows a few main steps described below and illustrated in
figure 1.
1. Scrap is melted in an Electric Arc Furnace and tapped into a ladle.
2. The ladle is transported and tapped in the AOD-converter. In the AOD-converter carbon is
reduced from the melt.
3. The ladle is now transported to the Ladle Furnace and the liquid steel is deoxidized and
alloying elements are added.
4. The steel is then continuously cast into solid slabs. 1
1.2 Electric Arc Furnace process
In the production of scrap based steel the electric arc furnace (EAF) is widely used. An EAF melt raw
material by transferring electrical energy to thermal energy in form of an electric arc. The arc is
established between an electrode and the scrap. 36% of the steel production today uses an electric
arc furnace and in year 2030 it is expected that 50% is produced by an electric ac furnace. A typical
furnace has three electrodes. The scrap is heated both from the current passing through the scrap
and by the radiant energy evolved by the arc. A regulation system controls the movement of the
electrodes to adjust the voltage and current. Water panels are place at the furnace outer wall to
prevent wear of the refractory material2.
Fig. 1- Schematic illustration of scrap based steel production 1
3
Typical stages in the EAF process is illustrated in figure 2 and consist of:
Charging of scrap, slag formers and reduction agents.
Arc ignition
Boring of the electrodes
Melting
Refining
Tapping
The electrodes are initially lowered to a point above the scrap and the current is initiated. The
electrodes bore through the scrap and a bath of liquid steel is formed. The arc is in these steps are
long and the voltage is high. The scrap helps to protect the lining. When nearly all scrap is melted,
the arc is shortened to reduce radiation heat losses and to avoid refractory wear. When al scrap is
melted the steel is refined. This is usually done by injecting oxygen to oxidize the carbon in the steel.
In stainless steel production the refining step consist of injecting oxygen, carbon and silicon to create
chemical energy and to reduce the chromium in the slag. Oxygen and carbon can create foaming slag
which helps minimize the heat loss and increase the arc stability2.
Fig.2 – Typical steelmaking cycle
4
Figure 3 shows an energy diagram of the electric arc furnace. 70% of the total energy input is
electrical. The remaining 30% is chemical energy from the oxidation of elements such as carbon and
silicon and from the gas burners.53% of the energy input is transferred into the steel, 47% is lost to
cooling, waste gas and slag.
Approximately 440 kWh is needed to produce a ton of steel in the electric arc furnace, the
theoretical minimum amount of energy required to melt a tone of scrap is 300kWh
Fig.4- Energy diagram of an EAF
2. Literature survey
2.1 Total Harmonic Distortion
Random movement of the melting metal has the effect that no two cycles of the arc voltage and
current waveforms are identical. These highly varying loads have a direct impact on the power
quality of the interconnected power system. The varying current flow provides a source of harmonic
currents and causes significant disturbance to the impedance circuits. This means that voltage and
current deviates considerably from the symmetrical sinusoidal pattern and is illustrated in figure 5.
5
Fig.5- symmetrical waveform and waveform affected by harmonic disturbances
The harmonic disturbances are worst during early meltdown and occur in multiple frequencies of the
fundamental frequency. This means that if the frequency of fundamental waveform is 60Hz, the
harmonic components of 2th, 3 th and 4 th order will be at 120Hz, 180Hz and 240Hz. The harmonic
distortion is the degree to which the waveform with the distortions deviates from a pure waveform.
The summation of all harmonics components of the voltage or current wave compared against the
fundamental wave of current or voltage is the total harmonic distortion. The formula shows the
calculation for the THD. The result is a percentage compared the harmonic component to the
fundamental component of a signal3.
In steel production the harmonic distortion contribute to an increase in effective inductive reactance.
This increase has been reported to be as high as 25% but is often in a rage of 10-15%. The current
into the EAF is therefore less then expected from calculations based on symmetrical sinusoidal wave
shapes and losses in frequency-sensitive equipment are higher than the sinusoidal wave shape would
produce. The initial period of melting causes the most disturbances. As the temperature rises a
liquid pool of metal forms and the disturbances decreases. When sufficient molten metal exist the
arc is shortened by the electrode regulators. The current will rise because the resistant is reduced
and the power will drop 2.
To make calculations on systems harmonic levels you need to know the systems harmonic source
characteristics and representation. For analysis purposes harmonics sources can be represented as
ideal current sources.
In previous work THD of current and voltage has been used to analyzed the foaming slag
6
2.2 Sound Measurement
Basically there are two way of quantifying sound, by magnitude of a sound field or the strength of a
sound source. The sound can be analyzed by changes in density, particle velocity or particle
displacement but the easiest way is to measure the change in pressure expressed in decibels relative
to 20µPa. This is called the sound pressure level (SPL).
To measure the SPL a condenser microphone is one of the few instruments that lives up to the
requirements. The condenser microphone consists of two electrically charged plates. Between the
plates there is a variation in capacitance. One of the plates is a light membrane which move in
response to acoustic pressure changes and result in a change in capacitance that produces the
output voltage4.
In the case of sound measurements in the steel industry the microphone is placed for aiming directly
to the liquid bath through the door of the furnace, figure 6. The microphone is connected to a
computer which filters and analyzes the sound. There is always some kind of background noise. This
means that you need to analyze the frequencies spectrum to realize at which frequencies the sound
to analyze appears in. For example the sound during slag foaming has a specific frequency that can
be determined. Then the sound level can be measured in this frequency to analyze the amount of
foaming slag. The operators experience is used to verify when the foaming slag appears.5
Fig.6- Placement of sonicmeter at an Electric Arc Furnace
7
Fig.7- Sonicmeter signal as function of frequency
Fig.8- Assessment of slag foaming with a sonicmeter
8
2.3 Vibration measurement
Vibrations or structure-borne sound is a method that measures the vibrations generated by the
electrode. The vibration is transmitted by the scrap to the furnace wall where a vibration sensor is
placed. The main source of vibration is the electronic arcs beside the vibration from random
movement of the scrap. The vibration via liquid steel bath can be neglected because of the high
damping factor of the refractory lining. The initial vibration of the arcs has to be estimated since it is
impossible to measure. To do this estimation another method has to be used to match the vibration.
The amount of scrap that lies between the electrode and the furnace wall can therefore be measured
by how much the vibration is damped. High amount of scrap will create a higher shielding factor. The
sensors is placed in the opposite each electrode. This means that the parts with the most thermal
stresses can be monitored and the wear can be controlled. This can also be used to control the
foaming slag and discover when the scarp is melted. The magnitude of the vibrations can be used to
estimate the height of the foaming slag. In this case a frequency analysis is needed to detect at which
frequencies slag foaming occurs.6
Fig.9- Principle for measuring and evaluation vibrations of furnace shell
9
3. Method
3.1 THD
THD data which is recorded every second is collected at the EAF digital regulator. This data is text
based and needs to be converted. This is done with software called Monarch. The THD data has
great variation and therefore need to be filtered. This is done with a moving average.
Xm1=(x1+x2+x3+x4+….+x60)/60
Xm2=(x2+x3+x4+x5+…+x61)/60
An appropriate filtration is a 20 seconds moving average but the variations in this case is to great,
therefore a 60 seconds moving average is used.
Fig.10- THD measurement without filtration
10
Fig.10- THD measurement with 60 seconds moving average filtration
3.2 Effect of injection on THD
To analyze which effect the injection of carbon, ferrosilicon, nitrogen and oxygen have on the THD
values are collected from a database and plotted.
Fig.11- Effect of injections on THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
251
4:1
8:5
51
4:2
0:5
51
4:2
2:5
51
4:2
4:5
51
4:2
6:5
51
4:2
8:5
51
4:3
0:5
51
4:3
2:5
51
4:3
4:5
51
4:3
6:5
51
6:1
9:3
41
6:2
1:3
41
6:2
3:3
41
6:2
5:3
41
6:2
7:3
41
6:2
9:3
41
6:3
1:3
41
6:3
3:3
41
6:3
5:3
41
6:3
7:3
41
6:3
9:3
41
6:4
1:3
41
6:4
3:3
41
6:4
5:3
41
6:4
7:3
4
%
Tap
21924
Tap position
Average THD
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
16
:32
:32
16
:33
:22
16
:34
:12
16
:35
:02
16
:35
:52
16
:36
:42
16
:37
:32
16
:38
:22
16
:39
:12
16
:40
:02
16
:40
:52
16
:41
:42
16
:42
:32
16
:43
:22
16
:44
:12
16
:45
:02
16
:45
:52
16
:46
:42
16
:47
:32
21924
Average THD
O2
N2
FeSi
C
11
4. Results
4.1 THD
Due to the change of tap positions that had a great effect at the THD values the analysis was focused
on the last part of the second basket. The aim to find a point that implies when the scrap is
completely melted was discovered to be hard to complete due to the tap changes. When the scrap
melt there should be a large decrease of the THD value but this also happens when the tap position is
changed. The THD- values can not be seen on-line which makes it hard to interpret if the variation of
THD appeared due to melting or tap change.
Fig.12- Effect of change of tap position
In this project 43 heats have been analyzed. After the last change of tap 32 of the heats have a THD
value of approximately 3%. An expert in this field interpreted that at 3% the arcs were covered witch
slag. This can also be detected by the sound of the furnace. When the arcs are covered with slag the
sound level from the furnace decreases.
12
Fig. 13- low THD during refining
In some cases the THD does not decrease to 3% directly at the time of the tap change. This can be
interpreted that the foaming slag did not cover the arcs until a few minutes in to the refining step.
Fig.14- THD during refining
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
5
10
15
20
250
7:5
5:1
50
7:5
6:1
50
7:5
7:1
50
7:5
8:1
50
7:5
9:1
50
8:0
0:1
50
8:0
1:1
50
8:0
2:1
50
8:0
3:1
50
8:0
4:1
50
8:0
5:1
50
8:0
6:1
50
8:0
7:1
50
8:0
8:1
50
8:0
9:1
50
8:1
0:1
50
8:1
1:1
50
8:1
2:1
50
8:1
3:1
50
8:1
4:1
50
8:1
5:1
50
8:1
6:1
50
8:1
7:1
50
8:1
8:1
50
8:1
9:1
50
8:2
0:1
50
8:2
1:1
50
8:2
2:1
50
8:2
3:1
5
THD
Tap
22113
Tap position
Average THD
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
5
10
15
20
25
06
:29
:45
06
:30
:45
06
:31
:45
06
:32
:45
06
:33
:45
06
:34
:45
06
:35
:45
06
:36
:45
06
:37
:45
06
:38
:45
06
:39
:45
06
:40
:45
06
:41
:45
06
:42
:45
06
:43
:45
06
:44
:45
06
:45
:45
06
:46
:45
06
:47
:45
06
:48
:45
06
:49
:45
06
:50
:45
06
:51
:45
06
:52
:45
06
:53
:45
06
:54
:45
06
:55
:45
THD
Tap
22112
Tap position
Average THD
13
To control the refining step of the process two break values is needed. These values are decided after
a statistical evaluation. The aim of the interval is to show when the disorder of the current is stable.
The high breakpoint is set to show at which THD-value the tap position needs to be changed to
decrease refractory wear. The low breakpoint is set to confirm at which THD-value there is foaming
slag in the furnace. A low THD means that the arcs are covered by foaming slag. Then the power can
be increased by changing the tap position to raise the electrodes.
Fig.15- THD break points
The effects of injections on the THD were investigated but the implementation of the injection varies.
This means that no effect can be seen due to the injections.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0
5
10
15
20
25
14
:18
:55
14
:20
:55
14
:22
:55
14
:24
:55
14
:26
:55
14
:28
:55
14
:30
:55
14
:32
:55
14
:34
:55
14
:36
:55
16
:19
:34
16
:21
:34
16
:23
:34
16
:25
:34
16
:27
:34
16
:29
:34
16
:31
:34
16
:33
:34
16
:35
:34
16
:37
:34
16
:39
:34
16
:41
:34
16
:43
:34
16
:45
:34
16
:47
:34
%
Tap
21924
Tap position
Average THD
14
5. Discussion Due to lack of time and equipment only one method was evaluated.
The THD measurements showed that the disturbances during refining decreases and when it reaches
3% all scrap should be melted and the arcs are stable.
The results are however hard to verify because the calculations are done after the heat is finished.
With new equipment the measurements can be done online and are therefore easier to verify.
6. References 1. M. Magnusson: Stålboken, Henningsons Tryckeri AB, Borlänge, 2009, pp. 16
2. H. Andrei, C. Cespisca and S. Grigorescu: Power Quality and Electrical Arc Furnaces
3. Total Harmonic Distortion and Effects in Electrical Power Systems Associated
Power Technologies
4. D. Jarvis: Sound measurements
5. C. Marique, P. Nyssen and P. Salamone: On-line control of the foamy slag in EAF
6. B. Dittmer, K. Krüger, D. Rieger, T. Matschullat and A. Döbbeler: Asymmetrical power
control of AC EAFs by structure- borne sound evaluation
15
7. Appendix
7.1 THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
14
:18
:55
14
:20
:55
14
:22
:55
14
:24
:55
14
:26
:55
14
:28
:55
14
:30
:55
14
:32
:55
14
:34
:55
14
:36
:55
16
:19
:34
16
:21
:34
16
:23
:34
16
:25
:34
16
:27
:34
16
:29
:34
16
:31
:34
16
:33
:34
16
:35
:34
16
:37
:34
16
:39
:34
16
:41
:34
16
:43
:34
16
:45
:34
16
:47
:34
%
Tap
21924
wp
Medel THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
16
:59
:20
17
:01
:20
17
:03
:20
17
:05
:20
17
:07
:20
17
:09
:20
17
:11
:20
17
:13
:20
18
:08
:40
18
:10
:40
18
:12
:40
18
:14
:40
18
:16
:40
18
:18
:40
18
:20
:40
18
:28
:53
18
:30
:53
18
:32
:53
18
:34
:53
18
:36
:53
18
:38
:53
18
:40
:53
18
:42
:53
%
Tap
21925
Wp
Medel THD
16
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
19
:14
:13
19
:16
:13
19
:18
:13
19
:20
:13
19
:22
:13
19
:24
:13
19
:26
:13
19
:28
:13
19
:30
:13
19
:32
:13
19
:37
:07
19
:39
:07
19
:41
:07
19
:43
:07
19
:45
:07
19
:47
:07
19
:49
:07
19
:51
:07
19
:53
:07
19
:55
:07
19
:57
:07
19
:59
:07
%
Tap
21926
Wp
Medel THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
20
:12
:35
20
:14
:35
20
:16
:35
20
:18
:35
20
:20
:35
20
:22
:35
20
:24
:35
20
:26
:35
20
:36
:19
20
:38
:19
20
:40
:19
20
:42
:19
20
:44
:19
20
:46
:19
20
:48
:19
20
:52
:22
20
:54
:22
20
:56
:22
20
:58
:22
21
:00
:22
21
:02
:22
21
:04
:22
21
:06
:22
21
:08
:22
%
Tap
21927
Wp
Medel THD
17
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
21
:23
:10
21
:25
:10
21
:27
:10
21
:29
:10
21
:31
:10
21
:33
:10
21
:35
:10
21
:37
:10
21
:39
:10
21
:41
:10
22
:04
:10
22
:06
:10
22
:08
:10
22
:10
:10
22
:12
:10
22
:14
:10
22
:16
:10
22
:18
:10
22
:20
:10
22
:22
:10
22
:24
:10
22
:26
:10
22
:28
:10
%
Tap
21928
Wp
Medel THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
23
:02
:07
23
:04
:07
23
:06
:07
23
:08
:07
23
:10
:07
23
:12
:07
23
:14
:07
23
:16
:07
23
:18
:07
23
:23
:50
23
:25
:50
23
:27
:50
23
:29
:50
23
:31
:50
23
:33
:50
23
:35
:50
23
:37
:50
23
:39
:50
23
:41
:50
23
:43
:50
23
:45
:50
23
:47
:50
23
:49
:50
23
:51
:50
23
:53
:50
%
Tap
21929
Wp
Medel THD
18
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
15
:14
:12
15
:16
:12
15
:18
:12
15
:20
:12
15
:22
:12
15
:24
:12
15
:26
:12
15
:28
:12
15
:30
:12
15
:32
:12
15
:34
:12
15
:39
:05
15
:41
:05
15
:43
:05
15
:45
:05
15
:47
:05
15
:49
:05
15
:51
:05
15
:53
:05
15
:55
:05
15
:57
:05
15
:59
:05
16
:01
:05
%
Tap
21965
Wp
Medel THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
16
:13
:28
16
:15
:28
16
:17
:28
16
:19
:28
16
:21
:28
16
:23
:28
16
:25
:28
16
:27
:28
16
:29
:28
16
:31
:28
16
:41
:26
16
:43
:26
16
:45
:26
16
:47
:26
16
:49
:26
16
:51
:26
16
:53
:26
16
:55
:26
16
:57
:26
16
:59
:26
17
:01
:26
%
Tap
21966
Wp
Medel THD
19
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
17
:21
:16
17
:23
:16
17
:25
:16
17
:27
:16
17
:29
:16
17
:31
:16
17
:33
:16
17
:35
:16
17
:37
:16
17
:39
:16
17
:43
:48
17
:45
:48
17
:47
:48
17
:49
:48
17
:51
:48
17
:53
:48
17
:55
:48
17
:57
:48
17
:59
:48
18
:01
:48
18
:03
:48
18
:05
:48
18
:07
:48
%
Tap
21967
Wp
Medel THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
18
:27
:03
18
:29
:03
18
:31
:03
18
:33
:03
18
:35
:03
18
:37
:03
18
:39
:03
18
:41
:03
18
:43
:03
18
:45
:03
18
:47
:03
18
:57
:08
18
:59
:08
19
:01
:08
19
:03
:08
19
:05
:08
19
:07
:08
19
:09
:08
19
:11
:08
19
:13
:08
19
:15
:08
%
Tap
21968
Wp
Medel THD
20
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
19
:49
:43
19
:51
:43
19
:53
:43
19
:55
:43
19
:57
:43
19
:59
:43
20
:01
:43
20
:03
:43
20
:05
:43
20
:07
:43
20
:17
:45
20
:19
:45
20
:21
:45
20
:23
:45
20
:25
:45
20
:27
:45
20
:29
:45
20
:31
:45
20
:33
:45
20
:35
:45
20
:37
:45
%
Tap
21969
Wp
Medel THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
21
:26
:13
21
:28
:13
21
:30
:13
21
:32
:13
21
:34
:13
21
:36
:13
21
:38
:13
21
:40
:13
21
:42
:13
21
:58
:14
22
:00
:14
22
:02
:14
22
:04
:14
22
:06
:14
22
:08
:14
22
:10
:14
22
:12
:14
22
:14
:14
22
:16
:14
22
:18
:14
%
Tap
21970
Wp
Medel THD
21
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
18
:05
:26
18
:07
:26
18
:09
:26
18
:11
:26
18
:13
:26
18
:15
:26
18
:17
:26
18
:19
:26
18
:21
:26
18
:23
:26
18
:28
:03
18
:30
:03
18
:32
:03
18
:34
:03
18
:36
:03
18
:38
:03
18
:40
:03
18
:42
:03
18
:44
:03
18
:46
:03
18
:48
:03
18
:50
:03
%
Tap
22009
Wp
Medel THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
19
:07
:21
19
:09
:21
19
:11
:21
19
:13
:21
19
:15
:21
19
:17
:21
19
:19
:21
19
:21
:21
19
:23
:21
19
:25
:21
19
:33
:14
19
:35
:14
19
:37
:14
19
:39
:14
19
:41
:14
19
:43
:14
19
:45
:14
19
:47
:14
19
:49
:14
19
:51
:14
19
:53
:14
19
:55
:14
%
Tap
22010
Wp
Medel THD
22
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
20
:09
:28
20
:11
:28
20
:13
:28
20
:15
:28
20
:17
:28
20
:19
:28
20
:21
:28
20
:23
:28
20
:25
:28
20
:27
:28
20
:34
:39
20
:36
:39
20
:38
:39
20
:40
:39
20
:42
:39
20
:44
:39
20
:46
:39
20
:48
:39
20
:50
:39
20
:52
:39
20
:54
:39
%
Tap
22011
Wp
Medel THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
21
:05
:53
21
:07
:53
21
:09
:53
21
:11
:53
21
:13
:53
21
:15
:53
21
:17
:53
21
:19
:53
21
:21
:53
21
:23
:53
21
:29
:48
21
:31
:48
21
:33
:48
21
:35
:48
21
:37
:48
21
:39
:48
21
:41
:48
21
:43
:48
21
:45
:48
21
:47
:48
21
:49
:48
21
:51
:48
21
:53
:48
%
Tap
22012
Wp
Medel THD
23
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
17
:39
:02
17
:41
:02
17
:43
:02
17
:45
:02
17
:47
:02
17
:49
:02
17
:51
:02
17
:53
:02
17
:55
:02
18
:11
:32
18
:13
:32
18
:15
:32
18
:17
:32
18
:19
:32
18
:21
:32
18
:23
:32
18
:25
:32
18
:27
:32
18
:29
:32
18
:31
:32
18
:33
:32
18
:35
:32
18
:37
:32
18
:46
:09
%
Tap
22014
Wp
Medel THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
19
:08
:10
19
:10
:10
19
:12
:10
19
:14
:10
19
:16
:10
19
:18
:10
19
:20
:10
19
:22
:10
19
:24
:10
19
:26
:10
19
:31
:16
19
:33
:16
19
:35
:16
19
:37
:16
19
:39
:16
19
:41
:16
19
:43
:16
19
:45
:16
19
:47
:16
19
:49
:16
19
:51
:16
19
:53
:16
%
Tap
22015
Wp
Medel THD
24
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
20
:05
:20
20
:07
:20
20
:09
:20
20
:11
:20
20
:13
:20
20
:15
:20
20
:17
:20
20
:19
:20
20
:21
:20
20
:23
:20
20
:25
:20
20
:27
:20
20
:31
:58
20
:33
:58
20
:35
:58
20
:37
:58
20
:39
:58
20
:41
:58
20
:43
:58
20
:45
:58
20
:47
:58
20
:49
:58
20
:51
:58
%
tap
22016
Wp
Medel THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
21
:08
:24
21
:10
:24
21
:12
:24
21
:14
:24
21
:16
:24
21
:18
:24
21
:20
:24
21
:22
:24
21
:24
:24
21
:26
:24
21
:28
:24
21
:34
:26
21
:36
:26
21
:38
:26
21
:40
:26
21
:42
:26
21
:44
:26
21
:46
:26
21
:48
:26
21
:50
:26
21
:52
:26
21
:54
:26
21
:56
:26
Axi
s Ti
tle
22017
Wp
Medel THD
25
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
22
:07
:45
22
:09
:45
22
:11
:45
22
:13
:45
22
:15
:45
22
:17
:45
22
:19
:45
22
:21
:45
22
:28
:34
22
:30
:34
22
:32
:34
22
:34
:34
22
:36
:34
22
:38
:34
22
:40
:34
22
:42
:34
22
:44
:34
22
:46
:34
22
:48
:34
22
:50
:34
22
:52
:34
22
:54
:34
Tap
22018
Wp
Medel THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
23
:35
:16
23
:37
:16
23
:39
:16
23
:41
:16
23
:43
:16
23
:45
:16
23
:47
:16
23
:49
:16
23
:51
:16
23
:57
:18
23
:59
:18
00
:01
:18
00
:03
:18
00
:05
:18
00
:07
:18
00
:09
:18
00
:11
:18
00
:13
:18
00
:15
:18
00
:17
:18
Tap
22019
Wp
Medel THD
26
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
250
3:4
4:4
8
03
:46
:48
03
:48
:48
03
:50
:48
03
:52
:48
03
:54
:48
03
:56
:48
03
:58
:48
04
:00
:48
04
:05
:42
04
:07
:42
04
:09
:42
04
:11
:42
04
:13
:42
04
:15
:42
04
:17
:42
04
:19
:42
04
:21
:42
04
:23
:42
04
:25
:42
04
:27
:42
04
:29
:42
Tap
22022
Wp
Medel THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
04
:44
:50
04
:46
:50
04
:48
:50
04
:50
:50
04
:52
:50
04
:54
:50
04
:56
:50
04
:58
:50
05
:00
:50
05
:06
:28
05
:08
:28
05
:10
:28
05
:12
:28
05
:14
:28
05
:16
:28
05
:18
:28
05
:20
:28
05
:22
:28
05
:24
:28
05
:26
:28
05
:28
:28
05
:30
:28
Tap
22023
Wp
Medel THD
27
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
250
5:4
6:1
6
05
:48
:16
05
:50
:16
05
:52
:16
05
:54
:16
05
:56
:16
05
:58
:16
06
:00
:16
06
:02
:16
06
:04
:16
06
:12
:24
06
:14
:24
06
:16
:24
06
:18
:24
06
:20
:24
06
:22
:24
06
:24
:24
06
:26
:24
06
:28
:24
06
:30
:24
06
:32
:24
06
:34
:24
Tap
22024
Wp
Medel THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
10
:52
:27
10
:54
:27
10
:56
:27
10
:58
:27
11
:00
:27
11
:02
:27
11
:04
:27
11
:06
:27
11
:11
:05
11
:13
:05
11
:15
:05
11
:17
:05
11
:19
:05
11
:21
:05
11
:23
:05
11
:27
:46
11
:29
:46
11
:31
:46
11
:33
:46
11
:35
:46
11
:37
:46
11
:39
:46
Tap
22027
Wp
Medel THD
28
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
250
3:3
5:5
4
03
:37
:54
03
:39
:54
03
:41
:54
03
:43
:54
03
:45
:54
03
:47
:54
03
:49
:54
03
:55
:31
03
:57
:31
03
:59
:31
04
:01
:31
04
:03
:31
04
:05
:31
04
:07
:31
04
:09
:31
04
:11
:31
04
:13
:31
04
:15
:31
04
:17
:31
04
:19
:31
04
:21
:31
Tap
22110
Wp
Medel THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
04
:52
:45
04
:54
:45
04
:56
:45
04
:58
:45
05
:00
:45
05
:02
:45
05
:04
:45
05
:06
:45
05
:08
:45
05
:15
:43
05
:17
:43
05
:19
:43
05
:21
:43
05
:23
:43
05
:25
:43
05
:27
:43
05
:29
:43
05
:31
:43
05
:33
:43
05
:35
:43
05
:37
:43
05
:39
:43
05
:41
:43
Tap
22111
Wp
Medel THD
29
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
250
6:1
1:5
90
6:1
3:5
90
6:1
5:5
90
6:1
7:5
90
6:1
9:5
90
6:2
1:5
90
6:2
3:5
90
6:2
5:5
90
6:3
0:3
10
6:3
2:3
10
6:3
4:3
10
6:3
6:3
10
6:3
8:3
10
6:4
0:3
10
6:4
2:3
10
6:4
4:3
10
6:4
6:3
10
6:4
8:3
10
6:5
0:3
10
6:5
2:3
10
6:5
4:3
10
6:5
6:3
1
%
Tap
22112
Wp
Medel THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
07
:16
:28
07
:18
:28
07
:20
:28
07
:22
:28
07
:24
:28
07
:26
:28
07
:28
:28
07
:30
:28
07
:32
:28
07
:34
:28
07
:56
:54
07
:58
:54
08
:00
:54
08
:02
:54
08
:04
:54
08
:06
:54
08
:08
:54
08
:10
:54
08
:12
:54
08
:14
:54
08
:16
:54
08
:18
:54
08
:20
:54
08
:22
:54
Tap
22113
Wp
Medel THD
30
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
250
8:4
2:1
9
08
:44
:19
08
:46
:19
08
:48
:19
08
:50
:19
08
:52
:19
08
:54
:19
08
:56
:19
08
:58
:19
09
:00
:19
09
:06
:15
09
:08
:15
09
:10
:15
09
:12
:15
09
:14
:15
09
:16
:15
09
:18
:15
09
:20
:15
09
:22
:15
09
:24
:15
09
:26
:15
09
:28
:15
09
:30
:15
Tap
22114
Wp
Medel THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
09
:04
:10
09
:06
:10
09
:08
:10
09
:10
:10
09
:12
:10
09
:14
:10
09
:16
:10
09
:18
:10
09
:20
:10
09
:25
:34
09
:27
:34
09
:29
:34
09
:31
:34
09
:33
:34
09
:35
:34
09
:37
:34
09
:39
:34
09
:41
:34
09
:43
:34
09
:45
:34
09
:47
:34
09
:49
:34
09
:51
:34
Tap
22141
Wp
Medel THD
31
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
251
0:4
0:4
2
10
:42
:42
10
:44
:42
10
:46
:42
10
:48
:42
10
:50
:42
10
:52
:42
10
:54
:42
10
:56
:42
11
:26
:26
11
:28
:26
11
:30
:26
11
:32
:26
11
:34
:26
11
:36
:26
11
:38
:26
11
:40
:26
11
:42
:26
11
:44
:26
11
:46
:26
11
:48
:26
11
:50
:26
Tap
22142
Wp
Medel THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
12
:53
:36
12
:55
:36
12
:57
:36
12
:59
:36
13
:01
:36
13
:03
:36
13
:05
:36
13
:07
:36
13
:09
:36
13
:11
:36
13
:18
:56
13
:20
:56
13
:22
:56
13
:24
:56
13
:26
:56
13
:28
:56
13
:38
:04
13
:40
:04
13
:42
:04
13
:44
:04
13
:46
:04
13
:48
:04
13
:50
:04
13
:52
:04
13
:54
:04
Tap
22143
Wp
Medel THD
32
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
251
7:0
5:1
3
17
:07
:13
17
:09
:13
17
:11
:13
17
:13
:13
17
:15
:13
17
:17
:13
17
:19
:13
17
:21
:13
17
:23
:13
17
:25
:13
17
:31
:50
17
:33
:50
17
:35
:50
17
:37
:50
17
:39
:50
17
:41
:50
17
:43
:50
17
:45
:50
17
:47
:50
17
:49
:50
17
:51
:50
17
:53
:50
17
:55
:50
Tap
22145
Wp
Medel THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
10
:36
:10
10
:38
:10
10
:40
:10
10
:42
:10
10
:44
:10
10
:46
:10
10
:48
:10
10
:50
:10
10
:52
:10
10
:54
:10
10
:56
:10
10
:58
:10
11
:04
:48
11
:06
:48
11
:08
:48
11
:10
:48
11
:12
:48
11
:14
:48
11
:16
:48
11
:18
:48
11
:20
:48
11
:22
:48
11
:24
:48
11
:26
:48
11
:28
:48
Tap
22183
Wp
Medel THD
33
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
251
2:1
2:1
71
2:1
4:1
71
2:1
6:1
71
2:1
8:1
71
2:2
0:1
71
2:2
2:1
71
2:2
4:1
71
2:2
6:1
71
2:3
4:1
71
2:3
6:1
71
2:3
8:1
71
2:4
0:1
71
2:4
2:1
71
2:4
4:1
71
2:4
6:1
71
2:5
1:3
51
2:5
3:3
51
2:5
5:3
51
2:5
7:3
51
2:5
9:3
51
3:0
1:3
51
3:0
3:3
51
3:0
5:3
51
3:0
7:3
51
3:0
9:3
51
3:1
1:3
5
Tap
22184
Wp
Medel THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
20
:13
:16
20
:15
:16
20
:17
:16
20
:19
:16
20
:21
:16
20
:23
:16
20
:25
:16
20
:27
:16
20
:29
:16
20
:40
:36
20
:42
:36
20
:44
:36
20
:46
:36
20
:48
:36
20
:50
:36
20
:52
:36
20
:54
:36
20
:56
:36
20
:58
:36
21
:00
:36
21
:02
:36
21
:04
:36
21
:06
:36
21
:08
:36
21
:10
:36
Tap
22189
Wp
Medel THD
34
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
252
1:3
8:2
2
21
:40
:22
21
:42
:22
21
:44
:22
21
:46
:22
21
:48
:22
21
:50
:22
21
:52
:22
21
:54
:22
21
:56
:22
22
:33
:09
22
:35
:09
22
:37
:09
22
:39
:09
22
:41
:09
22
:43
:09
22
:45
:09
22
:47
:09
22
:49
:09
22
:51
:09
22
:53
:09
22
:55
:09
Tap
22190
Wp
Medel THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
23
:18
:09
23
:20
:09
23
:22
:09
23
:24
:09
23
:26
:09
23
:28
:09
23
:30
:09
23
:32
:09
23
:34
:09
23
:36
:09
23
:38
:09
00
:06
:37
00
:08
:37
00
:10
:37
00
:12
:37
00
:14
:37
00
:16
:37
00
:18
:37
00
:20
:37
00
:22
:37
00
:24
:37
00
:26
:37
Tap
22191
Wp
Medel THD
35
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
250
0:5
6:3
3
00
:58
:33
01
:00
:33
01
:02
:33
01
:04
:33
01
:06
:33
01
:08
:33
01
:28
:20
01
:30
:20
01
:32
:20
01
:34
:20
01
:36
:20
01
:38
:20
01
:40
:20
01
:42
:20
01
:44
:20
02
:04
:28
02
:06
:28
02
:08
:28
02
:10
:28
02
:12
:28
02
:14
:28
02
:16
:28
02
:18
:28
Tap
22192
Wp
Medel THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
02
:33
:24
02
:35
:24
02
:37
:24
02
:39
:24
02
:41
:24
02
:43
:24
02
:45
:24
02
:47
:24
02
:49
:24
02
:51
:24
02
:59
:55
03
:01
:55
03
:03
:55
03
:05
:55
03
:07
:55
03
:09
:55
03
:11
:55
03
:17
:27
03
:19
:27
03
:21
:27
03
:23
:27
03
:25
:27
03
:27
:27
Tap
22193
Wp
Medel THD
36
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
250
3:5
9:4
2
04
:01
:42
04
:03
:42
04
:05
:42
04
:07
:42
04
:09
:42
04
:11
:42
04
:13
:42
04
:15
:42
04
:17
:42
04
:19
:42
04
:28
:09
04
:30
:09
04
:32
:09
04
:34
:09
04
:36
:09
04
:38
:09
04
:40
:09
04
:42
:09
04
:44
:09
04
:46
:09
04
:48
:09
04
:50
:09
04
:52
:09
Tap
22194
Wp
Medel THD
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
05
:19
:30
05
:21
:30
05
:23
:30
05
:25
:30
05
:27
:30
05
:29
:30
05
:31
:30
05
:33
:30
05
:35
:30
05
:37
:30
05
:39
:30
05
:46
:40
05
:48
:40
05
:50
:40
05
:52
:40
05
:54
:40
05
:56
:40
05
:58
:40
06
:00
:40
06
:02
:40
06
:04
:40
06
:06
:40
06
:08
:40
06
:10
:40
Tap
22195
Wp
Medel THD
37
7.2 THD- Effect of injections
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
16
:32
:32
16
:33
:22
16
:34
:12
16
:35
:02
16
:35
:52
16
:36
:42
16
:37
:32
16
:38
:22
16
:39
:12
16
:40
:02
16
:40
:52
16
:41
:42
16
:42
:32
16
:43
:22
16
:44
:12
16
:45
:02
16
:45
:52
16
:46
:42
16
:47
:32
21924
Medel THD
Syre
Kväve
FeSi
Kol
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
18
:31
:49
18
:32
:25
18
:33
:01
18
:33
:37
18
:34
:13
18
:34
:49
18
:35
:25
18
:36
:01
18
:36
:37
18
:37
:13
18
:37
:49
18
:38
:25
18
:39
:01
18
:39
:37
18
:40
:13
18
:40
:49
18
:41
:25
18
:42
:01
18
:42
:37
21925
Medel THD
Syre
Kväve
FeSi
Kol
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
19
:52
:02
19
:52
:28
19
:52
:54
19
:53
:20
19
:53
:46
19
:54
:12
19
:54
:38
19
:55
:04
19
:55
:30
19
:55
:56
19
:56
:22
19
:56
:48
19
:57
:14
19
:57
:40
19
:58
:06
19
:58
:32
19
:58
:58
19
:59
:24
19
:59
:50
21926
Medel THD
Syre
Kväve
FeSi
Kol
38
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
20
:57
:04
20
:57
:42
20
:58
:20
20
:58
:58
20
:59
:36
21
:00
:14
21
:00
:52
21
:01
:30
21
:02
:08
21
:02
:46
21
:03
:24
21
:04
:02
21
:04
:40
21
:05
:18
21
:05
:56
21
:06
:34
21
:07
:12
21
:07
:50
21
:08
:28
21927
Medel THD
Syre
Kväve
FeSi
Kol
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
22
:19
:12
22
:19
:44
22
:20
:16
22
:20
:48
22
:21
:20
22
:21
:52
22
:22
:24
22
:22
:56
22
:23
:28
22
:24
:00
22
:24
:32
22
:25
:04
22
:25
:36
22
:26
:08
22
:26
:40
22
:27
:12
22
:27
:44
22
:28
:16
22
:28
:48
21928
Medel THD
Syre
Kväve
FeSi
Kol
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
23
:42
:55
23
:43
:36
23
:44
:17
23
:44
:58
23
:45
:39
23
:46
:20
23
:47
:01
23
:47
:42
23
:48
:23
23
:49
:04
23
:49
:45
23
:50
:26
23
:51
:07
23
:51
:48
23
:52
:29
23
:53
:10
23
:53
:51
23
:54
:32
23
:55
:13
21929
Medel THD
Syre
Kväve
FeSi
Kol
39
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
15
:50
:30
15
:51
:06
15
:51
:42
15
:52
:18
15
:52
:54
15
:53
:30
15
:54
:06
15
:54
:42
15
:55
:18
15
:55
:54
15
:56
:30
15
:57
:06
15
:57
:42
15
:58
:18
15
:58
:54
15
:59
:30
16
:00
:06
16
:00
:42
16
:01
:18
21965
Medel THD
Syre
Kväve
FeSi
Kol
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
16
:53
:28
16
:53
:54
16
:54
:20
16
:54
:46
16
:55
:12
16
:55
:38
16
:56
:04
16
:56
:30
16
:56
:56
16
:57
:22
16
:57
:48
16
:58
:14
16
:58
:40
16
:59
:06
16
:59
:32
16
:59
:58
17
:00
:24
17
:00
:50
17
:01
:16
21966
Medel THD
Syre
Kväve
FeSi
Kol
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
17
:55
:55
17
:56
:34
17
:57
:13
17
:57
:52
17
:58
:31
17
:59
:10
17
:59
:49
18
:00
:28
18
:01
:07
18
:01
:46
18
:02
:25
18
:03
:04
18
:03
:43
18
:04
:22
18
:05
:01
18
:05
:40
18
:06
:19
18
:06
:58
18
:07
:37
21967
Medel THD
Syre
Kväve
FeSi
Kol
40
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
19
:08
:16
19
:08
:44
19
:09
:12
19
:09
:40
19
:10
:08
19
:10
:36
19
:11
:04
19
:11
:32
19
:12
:00
19
:12
:28
19
:12
:56
19
:13
:24
19
:13
:52
19
:14
:20
19
:14
:48
19
:15
:16
19
:15
:44
19
:16
:12
19
:16
:40
21968
Medel THD
Syre
Kväve
FeSi
Kol
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
20
:28
:49
20
:29
:18
20
:29
:47
20
:30
:16
20
:30
:45
20
:31
:14
20
:31
:43
20
:32
:12
20
:32
:41
20
:33
:10
20
:33
:39
20
:34
:08
20
:34
:37
20
:35
:06
20
:35
:35
20
:36
:04
20
:36
:33
20
:37
:02
20
:37
:31
21969
Medel THD
Syre
Kväve
FeSi
Kol
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
22
:11
:12
22
:11
:41
22
:12
:10
22
:12
:39
22
:13
:08
22
:13
:37
22
:14
:06
22
:14
:35
22
:15
:04
22
:15
:33
22
:16
:02
22
:16
:31
22
:17
:00
22
:17
:29
22
:17
:58
22
:18
:27
22
:18
:56
22
:19
:25
22
:19
:54
21970
Medel THd
Syre
Kväve
FeSi
Kol