even at rest, an object still contain an energy due to its mass :
DESCRIPTION
Using the relativity principle, Einstein is able to derive that the energy of an object can be written as. For v = c , the energy is infinite. Hence you ar e never able to push an object faster than the speed of light!. Even at rest, an object still contain an energy due to its mass :. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Using the relativity principle, Einstein is able to derive that the energy of an object can be written as
2
2
21
mcEvc
For v = c, the energy is infinite. Hence you are never able to push an object faster than the speed of light!
Even at rest, an object still contain an energy due to its mass: 2E mcIt opens up the possibility to convert mass into energy or vice versa.
但光是以光速 c 前進： 2
2
21v c
mcEvc
除非 0m
事實上電磁波的能量與動量密度有一個關係：cpE
02
2
22 p
cEP
光子質量為零， Massless
無質量的粒子必定以光速前進。
物體的速度不能超過光速
如果火箭快過光速，光將永遠趕不上火箭！（光速恆定），也就無法反射回來！
若有超過光速的物體，光速恆定就錯了！
為何物體不能快過光速？
x
t
2c
1
以兩倍光速在事件 A及事件 B 間傳遞訊息！
A
B
事件 A 是因，事件 B 是果。
11
'
21
'
2
2
2
2
2
cv
xcvt
t
c
cv
vtxx
x’
t’
2c
1
A
B
從一個以 4/5 c 速度移動的座標系來觀察：
因事件 B 的時間變號，事件 A 在後，事件 B 在前，小鬼以兩倍光速在事件 B 及事件 A 間傳遞訊息！事件 B 是因，事件 A 是果。因果顛倒！
如果可以以超光速交換信息，因果率會被破壞！
CNGSCERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) CERN
Geneva airport
France Switzerland
Jura mountains
Lake GenevaThe LHC27 km in circumference 8.6 km across
CERN main site
The LHC tunnel – with bending magnets as far as the eye can see
ATLAS Event Display: A Jet Event at 2.36 TeV
Screen capture of a proton-proton collision events in the CMS detector at a centre of mass energy of 2.36 TeV under "quiet beam" condition. 16 December 2009.
微中子產生器
Gran Sasso
Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS)
Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus (OPERA)
CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS),
?
神秘的微中子 Neutrino ν
微中子：電中性，無質量，與其他物質交互作用微弱，極難觀測
COSMIC GALL- John Updike Neutrinos, they are very small.
They have no charge and have no massAnd do not interact at all.The earth is just a silly ballTo them, through which they simply pass,Like dustmaids through a drafty hallOr photons through a sheet of glass.They snub the most exquisite gas,Ignore the most substantial wall,Cold-shoulder steel and sounding brass,Insult the stallion in his stall,And scorning barriers of class,Infiltrate you and me! Like tallAnd painless guillotines, they fallDown through our heads into the grass.At night, they enter at NepalAnd pierce the lover and his lassFrom underneath the bed - you callIt wonderful; I call it crass.
太陽是一個大微中子工廠在地表一平方公分的面積上，每秒有上百萬個微中子通過。
Homestake
eArCl 3737
Neutrino oscillations
37 37e Cl Ar e
37 37Cl Ar
37 37Cl Ar
微中子在行進中會變臉！
e
太陽製造出的 e 微中子變臉為 μ 微中子。地面測得的 e 微中子與 μ 微中子數量比與理論計算不符，但總數是符合的。
會變臉的微中子一定是有質量的！
2010 年 Opera 看到了第一顆在地表變臉的微中子，在 CERN 製造出的 μ 微中子變臉為 τ 微中子。
微中子的速度
Dark blue is less than one standard deviation from the mean. For the normal distribution, this accounts for about 68% of the set, while two standard deviations from the mean (medium and dark blue) account for about 95%, and three standard deviations (light, medium, and dark blue) account for about 99.7%.
where erf is the error function. To 12 decimal places, the values for the 1-, 2-, up to 6-sigma points are:16
n 個 σ Confidence Level i.e. 1 minus ... or 1 in ...
1 0.682689492137 0.317310507863 3.15148718753
2 0.954499736104 0.045500263896 21.9778945080
3 0.997300203937 0.002699796063 370.398347345
4 0.999936657516 0.000063342484 15,787.1927673
5 0.999999426697 0.000000573303 1,744,277.89362
6 0.999999998027 0.000000001973 506,797,345.897
下注與宣稱或相信新結果已推翻所有物理定律的人對賭，這些異常結果最後會消失回歸正常，通常都會賺！
十天之後… ..
平均一天有十篇論文……
狹義相度論有錯，因此需要修正：
狹義相對論是對的，但時空有意想不到的結構：
微中子多了一個空間維度可以運動
只有微中子是以狹義相對論的光速移動光與其他物質因為黑暗物質的牽引所以移動較慢
狹義相對論是對的，但角色有點混淆：
鐘可能因為地球引力影響而有不同走速！
實驗結果漏掉一些誤差沒有考慮進去！
實驗結果根本不可能看到許多微中子：
結果根本是錯的！
What now?
MINOS - Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search
Opera 會繼續收集數據！其他實驗也會開始嘗試複製它們的結果！