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    CHAPTER I

    PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

    1.1 THE USE OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE

    We use The Present Continuous Tensewhen we talk about something which

    is happening at the time of speaking.

    Example : Please dont make so much noise. Im studying.

    We also use The Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something

    which is happening around the time of speaking, but not necessarily exactly at

    the time of speaking.

    Example : Silvia is learning English at the moment.

    We often use the Present Continuouswhen we talk about a period around the

    present.

    Example :Youre working hard today. Yes, I have a lot of to do

    We use the present continuouswhen we talk about the changing situation.Example : The population without jobs is increasing very fast.

    1.2. THE ADVERBS OF TIME USED

    The adverbs of time used in Present Continous tense are NOW, RIGHT NOW,

    TOMORROW,ETC

    1.3. THE PATTERN OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE

    The patterns of Present continous tense consist of :

    1.3.A. Positive Pattern

    S + am/is/are + Verb 4.Now

    S + sedang + 4..sekarang

    Examples :1. I am studying English now.

    2. We are going to Jakarta tomorrow (akan)

    3. You are singing now.4. He is making a cake now.

    5. she is sewing a shirt now.

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    6. They are playing football in the field now.

    7. Tom and Ani are doing their homework tomorrow.

    8. The students are doing sport now.

    1.3.b The Negative Pattern

    S + am/is/are + Not + Verb 4 Now

    S + tidak sedang + 4 .sekarangExample :

    1. I am not studying now

    2. He is not sleeping now3. My father is not watching television now.

    4. we arent going to Jakarta Tomorrow.

    1.3.c. The Interrogative Pattern

    Am/Is/Are + S + Verb 4..Now?

    Apakah + S + sedang + 4sekarang ?

    Examples :1. Are you studying English now ? Yes, I am/ No, I am not

    2. Is he eating fried rice now? Yes, he is/ No, he isnt

    3. Is your father working in the office now? Yes, He is/No, He isnt

    1.3.d. Qusetion-word Pattern

    QW + Am/Is/Are + S + Verb 4...Now?

    QW + yang + S + 4..sekarang?Examples :

    1. what are you doing now ? studying

    2. Where is he studying English now ? at school

    EXERCISE I : Translate these sentences into English.

    1. Jack sedang tidur sekarang2. Mary sedang mengerjakan tugas itu

    3. Kami sedang menonton sebuah film di televisi

    4. Mereka sedang bermain bola di halaman sekarang5. Guru itu sedang menerangkan pelajaran itu.

    6. Perusahaan itu sedang tumbuh dengan pesat sekarang.

    7. Harga saham di bursa Efek Jakarta sedang naik sekarang

    8. Pak Adi sedang mengajar bahasa Inggris di kampus sekarang9. Polisi tersebut sedang mencari Ali sekarang.

    10. Ana, Ani, dan Tom sedang berdiskusi sekarang.

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    EXERCISE 2 : Change the following sentences into (+), (-), and (?)

    1. They are speaking English now.2. We are not reading now.

    3. Is your mother frying rice now? No, she isnt.

    4. What is your father looking at now ? a picture.5. He is watching Plan to kill on TV now.

    6. The teacher is not explaining tenses to the students now.

    7. Is Maradona playing football in Argentina Now?

    EXERCISE 3 : Write questions by using question words based on the

    underlined words in the following sentences.

    1. John is eating a plate of rice in the dining room now.2. The cat is eating fried chicken in the kitchen now.3. Tom and Jerry are quarrelling about food now.

    4. My father is teaching Biology at school now.

    EXERCISE 4 : Answer the following questions with your own words.

    1. Are you studying English now ?2. Is your father reading a newspaper now?

    3. Is your mother sewing a shirt now?

    4. Are They singing a song at home now?5. Is Mr.Adi teaching English at school now?

    6. What is your mother doing now?

    7. What is your brother doing now?

    EXERCISE 5 : Write sentences by using the following verbs

    Writing, speaking, sewing, growing, discussing, doing, hunting,eating, drinking,

    dancing, singing, making, building, teaching, explaining, talking, watching,

    shopping, sleeping, typing, driving, riding, training, working

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    CHAPTER 2

    PAST TENSE

    2.1. The Use of Simple Past Tense

    We use the past simple to talk about actions or situations in the past.

    2.2. The Adverbs of time used

    The adverbs of time used in this tense are Yesterday, last.., a week ago, this

    morning , last night, yesterday morning, yesterweek, yestermonth, yesteryear,

    etc.

    2.3. The Patterns of Simple Past Tense

    2.3.1. The Positive Pattern

    S + Verb 2 Yesterday

    S + 2..

    Examples :1. John saw a crocodile in the river yesterday.

    2. We studied English here last week.

    3. They played football in the field yesteryear

    2.3.2. The Negative Pattern

    S + didnt + Verb 1 ..Yesterday

    S + tidak + 1kemarin

    Examples :

    1. John didnt see a crocodile in the river yesterday.

    2. We didnt study here last week.3. They didnt play football in the field yesteryear.

    2.3.3. The Interrogative Pattern

    Did + S + Verb 1..Yesterday?

    Apakah + S + 1kemarin?

    Examples:

    1. Did John see a crocodile in the river yesterday ? Yes, he did/No, hedidnt

    2. Did you study here last week ? Yes, we did/ No, we didnt

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    3. Did they play football in the field yesteryear? Yes, they did/No, they

    didnt

    2.3.4. The Question-word Pattern

    QW + did + S + Verb 1.Yesterday?

    Qw + yang + S + 1.?

    Examples:1. What did John see in the river yesterday ? a crocodile2. When did John see a crocodile in the river? yesterday

    QW + Verb 2.Yesterday? S + did

    QW + 2..?

    Examples :1. Who saw a crocodile in the river yesterday ? John did

    2. What grew in the rice-field last year? A coconut tree did

    EXERCISE I : Translate these sentences into English !

    1. Kami menjual mobil kami kemarin

    2. Apakah kamu pergi ke luar tadi malam ?

    3. Dia tidak datang ke pesta itu minggu lalu4. Apakah kamu tidur nyenyak tadi malam ?

    5. Kami menjual rumah kami di Jakarta tahun lalu.

    6. Manajer pemasaran tersebut melakukan penelitian minggu lalu.7. Apakah perusahaan anda menjual kursi tahun lalu ? Ya.

    8. Kapan anda menjalankan usaha anda di Jakarta ? tahun lalu

    9. Siapa yang membuat kue itu kemarin ? ibu saya.

    10. Apa yang jatuh di jalan kemarin ? Tas saya.

    EXERCISE II. Change the following sentences into (+), (-), ( ?), Present

    Continous Tense.

    1. Tom saw the cats having business under the tree yesterday2. They played cricket at school last week

    3. Did the policeman arrest the thief last night ?

    4. The teacher did not attend the meeting this morning

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    Chapter 3

    PRESENT FUTURE TENSE

    We often use will in this situation:

    Offering to do something:

    e.g. That bag looks heavy. Ill help with it.

    Agreeing and refusing to do something:

    e.g. Ive asked john to help me but he wont

    Promising to do something.

    e.g. I will come to your house tonight. I promise.

    Asking someone to do something.

    Will you close the window,please!

    A. The positive pattern of Present Future tense is as follows:

    S + will/shall + Verb 1 Tomorrow

    S + akan + 1 .

    Example:1. John will run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month.

    2. Mrs.Maria Eva will play badminton tomorrow

    B. The negative pattern of Present Future tense is as follows:

    S + wont/shant + Verb 1 Tomorrow

    S + tidak akan + 1 ..

    Example:

    1. John wont run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month.2. Mrs.Maria Eva wont play badminton tomorrow

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    C. The Interrogative pattern of Present Future tense is as follows

    Will/Shall + S + Verb 1.. Tomorrow?Apakah + S + akan + 1..?

    1. will John run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month? Yes, He will/No,he wont.

    2. will Mrs.Maria Eva play badminton tomorrow? Yes, She will/No, she wont

    D. The QW pattern of Present Future tense is as follows

    QW + will/shall + S + Verb 1.Tomorrow?

    QW + yang + S + akan + 1.?

    1. when will John run a restaurant in Jakarta? Next month2. who will run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month? John will

    3. where will John run a restaurant Next month? Next month

    4. what will John do in Jakarta Next month? Running a restaurant

    We often use will to be going to when we say what we have already decided to do,

    what we intend to do in the future.e.g. A:Theres a film on television tonight. Are you going to watch it?

    B: No, I am too tired. I am going to have an early night.

    The pattern :

    S + am/is/are + going to + Verb 1

    S +am/is/are + not + going to + Verb 1

    Am/is/are + S + going to + Verb 1.. .?

    QW + am/is/are + S + going to + verb 1 ..?

    4. PRESENT TENSE

    Present Tense is used to talk about something in general. And it is also used to talk

    about something which is happened repeatedly or habituallly activities.

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    e.g. + The earth goes round the sun

    - The earth doesnt go round the sun

    ? Does the earth go round the sun ?

    + I get up at 8 oclock every morning

    - I dont get up at 8 oclock every morning

    ? Do you get up at 8 oclock very morning?

    The pattern :

    S + Verb 1 (s/es) Everyday/today

    S + dont/doesnt + Verb 1 Everyday/today

    Do/Does + S + Verb 1Everyday/today?

    QW + Do/does + S + Verb 1.Everyday/today?

    We use the present simple when wse say how often we do things:

    e.g. How often do you go to the dentist ?

    Mary doesnt often drink tea.

    5. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

    We use past continuous Tense to say thatsomeone was in the middle of doingsomething at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this

    time but hadnt finished:

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    This time last year I was living in Brazil

    We often use the past continuous Tense and the past simple together to say thatsomething happened in the middleof something else:

    When I was working in the garden, I hurt my back.

    The pattern :

    S + was/were + verb 4.When + s + Verb 2.

    S + was/were + not + Verb 4.When + s + Verb 2

    Was/were + S + verb 4. When + s + Verb 2 . .?

    QW + was/were + S + verb 4When + s + Verb 2 ?

    e.g. + She was cooking rice when Tom came yesterday

    - She wasnt cooking rice when Tom came yesterday

    ? Was she cooking rice when Tom came yesterday ?

    6. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

    We often use the present perfect Tense to give new information or to announce

    recent happening:

    e.g. Do you know about Mary ? Shes gone to Jakarta.

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    We can use the Present Perfect Tense with already to say that something has

    happened sooner than expected :e.g. Dont forget to post this letter, will you? Ive already posted it.

    We can use the Present Perfect Tense withjust (= a short time ago)e.g. Would you like something to eat? No, thanks. Ive just had lunch.

    We talk about a period of time that continuous up to the present , we use the

    present perfect.e.g. Dave: Have you travelled a lot, Nora?

    Nora: Yes, I have been to 47 different countries.

    We often use ever and never with the present perfect:e.g. have you ever eaten caviar?

    We have never had a car.

    We have to use present perfect Tense with This is the first time, It the firsttime

    e.g. This is the first time he has driven a car. (not drives)

    We often use the present perfect with yet. Yet shows that the speaker is expecting

    something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences: e.g. Has itstopped raining yet ? (not did it stop).

    The pattern:

    S + have/has + verb 3.etc

    S + havent/hasnt + Verb 3..etc

    Have/has + S + verb 3.. .etc?

    QW + have/has + S + verb 3..etc?

    7. PAST PERFECT TENSE

    We use the Past perfect to say that something had already happened before this

    time :

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    Example :

    - When I arrived at the party, Tom had already gone home- When I got home, I found that someone had broken into my flat and had

    stolen my fur coat.

    - George didnt want to come to the cinema with us because he had alreadyseen the film twice.

    - It was my first time in an aeroplane. I was very nervous because I hadnt

    flown before.

    The pattern:

    S + had + verb 3when/before S + V2

    S + hadnt + Verb 3 when/before S + V2

    Had + S + verb 3 when/before S + V2 ?

    QW + had + S + verb 3 when/before S + V2 ?

    Translate these sentences into English !

    1. Rumah itu sangat sunyi ketika saya tiba. Semua orang sudah pergi tidur.2. Saya merasa sangat lelah ketika saya pulang, jadi saya langsung pergi tidur

    3. Saya tidak lapar, saya baru saja makan siang.

    4. To tidak bearada di rumah ketika saya tiba. Dia baru saja keluar.

    8. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

    S + have/has + been + verb 4etc

    S + havent/hasnt + been + verb 4etc

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    Have/has + S + been + verb 4.etc ?

    QW + have/has + S + been + verb 4etc ?

    Example :

    - Pelajar pelajartengah menyanyi sejak pagi ini

    + The students have been singing since this morning

    - The students havent been singing since this morning

    ? Have the students been singing since this morning ?

    Translate these sentences into English !

    1. Hari sudah hujan selama dua jam

    2. Berapa lama kamu sudah belajar bahasa inggris ?

    3. Saya sudah menonton acara TV tersebut sejak dua jam

    4. Dia (pr) sudah bermain tenis sejak dia berumur 8 tahun

    5. Berapa lama kamu suah merokok ?

    6. Mereka sudah bermain PS selama tiga jam

    9. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

    S + had been + verb 4when S + V2

    S + hadnt been + Verb 4 when S + V2

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    Had + S + been + verb 4 when S + V2 ?

    QW + had + S + been + verb 4 when S + V2 ?

    Example :

    - Mereka tengah mengerjakan PR ketika saya datang kemarin

    + They had been doing the homework when I came yesterday

    - They hadnt been doing the homework when I came yesterday

    ? Had they been doing the homework when I came yesterday ?

    Translate these sentences into English !

    1. Mereka sudah bermain bola selama satu jam ketika ada petir yang

    menakutkan

    2. Ken sudah merokok selama 30 tahun ketika akhirnya dia berhenti

    3. Orkestra itu sudah bermain selama sepuluh menit ketika seorang laki laki

    berteriak

    4. Saya sudah mengetik selama tiga puluh menit ketika listrik itu padam

    5. Mereka sudah tidur selama 6 jam ketika kebakaran itu terjadi

    10. PRESENT FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

    S + will be + Verb 4 + O + at..oclock

    S + wont be + Verb 4 + O + at..oclock

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    Will + S + be + Verb 4 + O + at.oclock ?

    QW + will + S + be +Verb 4oclock ?

    Example :

    - Kamu sedang akan pergi ke sekolah pukul 7 besok pagi

    + You will be going to school at seven oclock tomorrow morning

    - You wont be going to school at seven oclock tomorrow morning

    ? Will you be going to school at seven oclock tomorrow morning ?

    Translate these sentences into English !

    1. George sedang akan meninggalkan Indonesia pada pukul 9 besok pagi

    2. Saya sedang akan menyelesaikan PR itu sore nanti

    3. Dia (pr) sedang akan menonton acara di stadion tersebut nanti malam

    4. Mereka sedang akan makan malam di restauran itu nanti malam

    5. Para karyawan sedang akan menyelesaikan pekerjaan itu pukul 9 nanti malam

    11. PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

    S + will have + verb 3 + .by the end

    S + wont have + Verb 3 + ..by the end.

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    Will + S + have + Verb 3 + by the end. ?

    QW + will + S + have +Verb 3 +by the end ?

    Example :

    - Kita sudah akan tiba di Jakarta besok sore.

    + We will have arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon

    - We wont have arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon

    ? Will we have arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon ?

    Translate these sentences into English !

    1. John sudah akan selesai mengerjakan pekerjaanya menjelang akhir minggu ini

    2. Menjelang minggu depan saya akan selesai membaca buku ini

    3. Menjelang bulan depan dia akan membayar hutangnya

    4. Kami sudah akan mendapat rumah baru menjelang akhir tahun ini

    12. PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

    S + will have been + verb 4since.

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    S + wont have been + verb 4.since.

    Will + S + have been + verb 4since.?

    QW + will + S + have been + verb 4.since..?

    Example :

    - Mereka tengah akan belajarsejakpagi besok

    + They will have been studying since this morning

    - They wont have been studying since this morning

    ? Will they have been studying since this morning ?

    Translate these sentences into English !

    1. Menjelang akhir tahun ini kami akan sudah mempelajari bahasa inggris

    selama tiga tahun

    2. Menjelang hari natal saya akan sudah bekerja di kantor ini selama lima tahun

    3. Menjelang liburan sekolah ini saya sudah mengikuti tes selama 5 kali

    4. Menjelang hari raya idul fitri saya sudah akan dua kali pulang ke desa

    13. PAST FUTURE TENSE

    S + would + V1IF + S + verb 2.etc

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    S + wouldnt + verb 1.+ object..etc

    Would + S + verb 1 .+ object ...etc ?

    Example :

    1. Saya akan datang ANDAIKATA kamu mengundang saya

    I would come if you invited me

    2. Tom akan melakukan perjalanan JIKAdia punya uang

    Tom would travel if he had more money

    Exercise : Translate these sentences into English!

    1. Jika saya jadi kamu, saya tidak akan membeli rumah itu

    2. Saya akan keluar jika hari tidak hujan

    3. Jika saya kaya, saya akan membeli sebuah villa

    4. Jika saya dapat berbicara bahasa inggris, saya akan pergi keluar negeri

    5. Saya tidak akan keberatan tinggal di Amerika jika cuacanya bagus

    14. PAST FUTURE CINTINUOUS TENSE

    S + would be + Verb 4when S + verb 2.etc

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    S + wouldnt + be + verb 4.when S + verb 2etc

    Would + S + be + verb 4 .. when S + verb 2etc ?

    Example :

    - Sedianya mereka sedang akan pulang KETIKA kami datang

    + They would be going home when we came- They wouldnt be going home when we came

    ? Would they be going home when we came ?

    Translate these sentences into English !

    1. Saya akan sedang menempuh ujian hari berikutnya pada waktu itu

    2. Kami akan sedang membangun rumah itu pada waktu itu

    3. Mereka sedang akan bermain babak kedua pada pertandingan sepakbola

    waktu itu.

    15. PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

    S + would have + verb 3..IF + S + had + verb 3.

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    S + wouldnt have + verb 3 object..etc

    Would + S + have + verb 3 .object..etc ?

    Example :

    - Ia sudah akan menjadi presiden ANDAIKATA partainya menang dalam

    pemilihan umum.

    - He would have become a presiden if his party had won in general election

    Exercise : Translate these sentences into English!

    1. Jika saya telah mengetahui bahwa kamu sakit, saya akan menemuimu

    2. Tom tidak akan mengikuti ujian itu jika dia mengetahui bahwa soalnya akan

    begitu sulit.

    3. Jika saya berjumpa dengan mu, saya akan mengatakan hello

    4. Jika saya telah mengumpulakan uang, saya akan menikahi mu

    5. Saya akan mengirim surat ini jika kamu telah selesai membuatmya

    16. PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

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    S + would have + been + verb 4..IF + S + had + verb 3.

    S + wouldnt have been + verb 4.objectetc

    Would + S + have been + verb 4.. .object..etc ?

    Example :

    - Sedianya rapat tengah akan dimulai sejak pagi ANDAIKATA walikota

    sudah datang tepat pada waktunya

    - The meeting would have been starting since this morning if Mayor had come

    on time.

    Exercise : Translate these sentences into English!

    1. Sedianya concert itu tengah akan dimulai andaikata artis artis itu datang pada

    waktunya.

    2. Sedianya saya tengah akan tidur andaikata mereka belum datang

    3. Andaikata ayah saya telah selesai berbelanja, ibu saya akan memasak

    makanan itu

    17. Abbreviation (singkatan)

    1. I am = Im

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    2. You are = Youre

    3. We are = Were

    4. They are = Theyre

    5. He is = Hes

    6. She is = Shes

    7. It is = Its

    8. Will not = wont

    9. Would not = Wouldnt

    10. Do not = Dont

    11. Does not = Doesnt

    12. Did not = Didnt

    13. Is not = Isnt

    14. Are not = Arent

    15. Was not = Wasnt

    16. Were not = Werent

    17. Have not = Havent

    18. Has not = Hasnt

    19. Had not = Hadnt

    20. Can not = Cant

    21. Could not = Couldnt

    22. Must not = Mustnt

    23. Should not = Shouldnt

    24. Might not = Mightnt

    25. May not = Maynt

    18. PASSIVE VOICE (IN POSITIVE FORM)

    Penjelasan:

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    1. Kalimat pasif ialah suatu kalimat yang subjeknya dikenai oleh suatu perbuatan

    atau yang predikatnya berawalan di/ ter

    2. Kata kerja yang digunakan harus kata kerja transitive, yaitu kata kerja yangbisa diikuti oleh suatu objek atau benda.

    3. Rumus kalimat pasif dalam bahasa inggris adalah sebagai berikut:

    S + To be + V3by

    4. To be berfungsi untuk menentukan Tenses dari suatu kalimat dan untukmembentuk awalan : di.atau: ter

    5. To be dapat dijabarkan dalam 16 Tenses (lihatlah 16 Tenses pada rumuskalimat aktif)

    Pelajarilah Rumus dibawah ini :

    1. Present Future Tense: S + will be + V3by

    2. Present Future Continuous Tense: S + will be + being + V3by

    3. Present Future Perfect Tense: S + will have been + V3

    4. Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense: S + will have been + being + V3.5. Simple Present Tense: S + am/is/are + V3

    6. Present Continuous Tense: S + am/is/are + being +V3

    7. Present Perfect Tense: S + have/has + been + V3

    8. Present Perfect Continuous Tense: S + have been/has been +being +V3

    9. Past Perfect Tense: S + had been +V3

    10. Past Perfect Continuous Tense: S + had been + being + V3

    11. Simple Past Tense: S + Was/were + V3

    12. Past Continuous Tense: S + was/were + being + V3

    13. Past Future Tense: S + would be + V3

    14. Past Future Continuous Tense: S + would be being +V3

    15. Past Future Perfect Tense: S + would have been + V3

    16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense: S + would have been + being + V3

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    Penjelasan :

    1. Kata kerja yang dipakai dalam kalimat pasif ialah V3 (bukan V1, V2, V4)

    2. Tenses dalam kalimat pasifditentukan aleh bentuk To be nya

    3. TO BE bisa terdiri dari:

    a. Satu kata saja (am/is/are/was/were) lihat nomor 5 dan 11.

    b. Dua kata(will be,have been, has been, had been, would be) lihatnomor1, 7, 9, 13. (am being-is being-are being-was being-were being)

    no. 6 dan no. 12.

    c. Tiga kata (will be being, will have been, have been being, has been

    being, had been being, would be being and would have been) lihatnomor 2, 3, 8, 10, 14 dan 15.

    d. Empat kata (will have been being dan would have been being ) no. 4

    dan 16.

    4. Being dalam kalimat pasif menunjukan: Continuous.

    19. PASSIVE VOICE IN NEGATIVE FORM

    1. Present Future Tense

    23

    S + Wont be + V3.(by him)

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    = S tak akan di

    Example : Engkau tak akan dimarahi olehnya.

    2. Present Future Continuous Tense

    = S tidak sedang akan di.

    Example : Rapat tidak sedang akan dimulai oleh mereka pukul 9 besok pagi.

    3. Present Future Perfect Tense

    = S belum akan di

    Example : Nasi belum akan dimasak olehnya sore ini

    4. Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense

    Example : Rumah itu belum lagi akan disita oleh Bank pada akhir tahun ini.

    5. Simple Present Tense

    Example : Pengacau-pengacau itu tidak dikenakan hukuman oleh Hakim.

    6. Present Continuous Tense

    Example : Mobil saya tidak sedang direparasi sekarang

    7. Present Perfect Tense

    Example : Saya belum diajak dalam percakapan bahasa Inggris oleh kawan-

    kawan saya.

    8. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

    24

    S + Wont be + being + V3(by them).

    S + Wont have been + V3.(by her)

    S + Wont have been + V3.(by the Bank)

    S + (am not/isnt/arent) + V3.(by the Judge)

    S + (am not/isnt/arent) + being + V3 (by)

    S + (hasnt/havent) + been + V3.(by ..)

    S + (hasnt/havent) + been + being + V3by..

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    Example : Korupsi masih belum diberantas oleh pemerintah sejak bertahun-tahun

    yang lalu.

    9. Past Perfect Tense

    Example : Tomy belum dituduh sebagai penghianat, sebelum Jaksa Agungterbunuh.

    10. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

    Example : Buchary masih belum dicalonkan Walikota, ketika otonomidilimpahkan ke-propinsi.

    11. Simple Past Tense

    Example : Tindakan keras tidak dilakukan oleh pemerintah terhadap para

    koruptor.

    12. Past Continuous Tense

    Example : Pasien tidak sedang dioperasi ketika ia meninggal kemarin.

    No. 13 s/d No. 16, hanya menambahkan kata Not, pada kata bantu

    yang pertama.

    Lihat pada 16 Tenses kalimat pasip bentuk berita.

    Note : Keterangan pelaku (by me, by us, by him, dst) dan keterangan waktu, bisadipakai bila diperlukan. Tergantung kepada : kondisi dan situasi dari tiap

    kalimat yang diucapkan.

    20. PASSIVE VOICE IN INTERROGATIVE

    25

    S + hadnt been + V3by..

    S + hadnt been + being + V3(by.)

    S + (wasnt/werent) + V3(by.)

    S + (wasnt/werent) + V3(by.)

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    1. Present Future Tense

    = Yes/No,

    Example : Apakah Bahasa Inggris akan dipakai di Pontianak ?

    When + ? = Few years from now.

    2. Present Future Continuous Tense

    = Yes/No,...

    Example : Apakah rapat sedang akan diadakan pukul 9 besok ?

    What time + ... ? = At 9 oclock.

    3. Present Future Perfect Tense

    = Yes/No,...

    Example : Apakah pekerjaanmu sudah akan diselesaikan sore ini ?

    What + .. ? = Your job.

    4. Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense

    = Yes/No,.

    Example : Apakah norma-norma hukum tengah akan diberlakukan sesudahnegara bangkrut ?

    Why + ... ? = Because none is hones in

    government.

    5. Simple Present Tense

    = Yes/No,

    Example : Apakah saya diminta untuk menemani kamu ?

    By whom + . ? = By our director.

    6. Present Continuous Tense

    26

    Will + S + be + V3(by..) few years from now ?

    Will + S + have been + V3 ?

    Will + S + have been + V3?

    Will + S + have been + being + V3 ?

    (Am /Is/Are) + S + V3. ?

    (Am/Is/Are ) + S + being + V3. ?

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    = Yes/No,

    Example : Apakah proyek perumahan sedang direncanakan di kota ini ketika saya

    ada di luar negeri tahun lalu ?

    By whom + ? = By the mayor.

    13. Past Future Tense : Hanya mengubah : Will dengan Would dan keterangan

    waktu

    14. Past Future Continuous Tense : sama di atas (kalimat dikarang sendiri)

    15. Past Future Perfect Tense : sama di atas (kalimat dikarang sendri)

    16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense : sama di atas (kalimat dikarang

    sendiri)

    28

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    21. CAUSATIVE Dengan HAVE Dan GET

    Fungsi : I. Menyuruh sesorang untuk mengerjakan sesuatu.II. Menyuruh agar sesuatu dikerjakan oleh orang lain.

    Bandingkanlah kalimat-kalimat berikut:

    1. Tono mengecat rumahnya hari ini.2. Rumah Tono dicat sendiri olehnya.

    3. Tono menyuruh tukang cat mengecatkan rumahnya.

    4. Tono mengecatkan rumahnya.

    Rumus-Rumus Causative:

    A.

    Eg: 1. He has a mechanic repair his car today

    2. He will have a mechanic repair his car tomorrow

    3. He is having a mechanic etc now

    B.

    Eg: 1. I had my tooth pulled out yesterday

    2. Ali has had his hair cut since yesterday

    Note : Perubahan Tenses hanya terjadi pada kata kerja to have.

    (have (has) had had having)

    C.

    Eg : 1. He will get me to help him tomorrow

    2. He doesnt get me to come to his house today

    3. He has get me to bring a dictionary

    D.

    Eg : 1. The girl gets her face made up (dihias)2. I wont get my hair cut short.

    29

    S + to have + someone + V1 + etc

    S + to have + something +

    S + to get + someone + to + V1 + etc

    S + to get + somthing + to + V3 + etc

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    3. Budi is getting his tooth pulled out now

    30

    Catatan penting : Something = (sth) = sesuatu benda

    Someone = (so) = seseorang (object): me, him, Ones (kepunyaan) = my, your, her, our, their

    Eg = example = contoh. (Eg = example gratia)

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    THE 16 TENSES

    Perhatikan perubahan yang terjadi dari Rumus umum ke TENSES TERTENTU:

    1. S + will + have + S.O + V1 + 2. S + will + have had + S.O + V1 +

    3. S + have (has) + S.O + V1 +

    4. S + had + S.O + V1 + 5. S + have + had + S.O + V1 +

    has6. S + had + had + S.O + V1 + 7. S + will be + having + S.O + V1 +

    8. S + will + have been + having + S.O + V1 +

    9. S + (am, is, are) + V4 + S.O + V1 +

    10. S + (was, were) + V4 + S.O + V1 + 11. S + (have been/has been) + having + S.O + V1 +

    12. S + had been + having + S.O + V1 +

    13. S + would + have + S.O + V1 + 14. S + would be + having + S.O + V1 +

    15. S + would + have had + S.O + V1 +

    16. S + would + have been + having + S.O +

    RENUNGKAN:

    1. to have, adalah bentuk : Infinitive (=kata kerja pokok) yang

    berubah menurut Tenses tertentu. (dilahat 16 Tenses diatas).

    2. S.O = Some One = adalah Object, dan bukan Subjek.

    Jadi: S.O, bisa menjadi = me, you, him, her, us, them.

    Ones = bisa menjadi : my, your, his, her, our, dsb

    S = (Subjek), seperti: I, You, He, She, We They, It, dan benda-benda lainnya.

    (T.V, Radio, Weather, the wind).

    3. V1, dalam rumus diatas tidak berubah dalam segala bentuk kalimat danbentuk Tenses apapun. V1, tetap V1, tidak ada perubahan.

    4. V1 V2 V3 V4have had had having

    31

    S + TO HAVE + SOME ONE + V1 + DST

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    PATTERN EXERCISE:

    TASK : Make free statements according to the PATTERNS (rumus) below:

    A. 1.

    Eg :

    2.

    Eg :

    3.

    Eg : When ..

    4.

    Eg : Who has

    5. = suruhlah !

    Eg :

    B. 1.

    Saya tidak akan mengecatkan rumahku.

    =

    2.

    Apakah Budi mereparasikan mobilnya hari ini ?

    = ... ?

    3.

    Dimana Evi mencabutkan giginya kemarin

    = .

    32

    S + didint have + me + V1 + etc

    Do +S + have + Us + V1 .?Does

    S + wont have + ones house + V3 + etc

    Have + someone + V1 + !

    QW + will + S + have + someone + V1 + ?

    Who + has + someone +V1 + ?

    QW + did + S + have + something + V3 + yesterday

    Do +S + have + something + V3 today ?Does

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    4.

    Siapa yang akan berpoto ?= Who will have ones picture taken ?

    Ones picture = seseorang yang belum diketahui.

    33

    Who + will have + Ones + sth + V3 + ?

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    29

    30

    31

    32

    33

    34

    35

    36

    37

    38

    39

    40

    41

    42

    43

    44

    45

    46

    47

    4849

    50

    51

    52

    53

    54

    55

    56

    57

    58

    59

    60

    61

    to arrange

    to plan

    to make

    to build

    to burry

    to scold

    to rebuke

    to bribe

    to attack

    to defend

    to enforce

    to learn

    to study

    to copy

    to compose

    to review

    to interview

    to repair

    to know

    to understandto take

    to eat

    to drink

    to substitute

    to succeed

    to devide

    to nominate

    to cook

    to receive

    to believe

    to agree

    to disagree

    to propose

    arranged

    planned

    made

    buit

    burried

    scolded

    rebuked

    bribed

    attacked

    defended

    enforced

    learnt

    studied

    copied

    composed

    reviewed

    intervived

    repaired

    knew

    understoodtook

    ate

    drank

    ~d

    ~ed

    ~d

    ~d

    ~ed

    ~d

    ~d

    ~d

    ~d

    ~d

    ~ed

    ~ned

    made

    built

    burried

    ~ed

    ~d

    ~d

    ~ed

    ~ed

    ~d

    learnt

    studied

    copied

    ~d

    ~ed

    ~ed

    ~ed

    known

    understoodtaken

    eaten

    drunk

    ~d

    ~d

    ~d

    ~d

    ~ed

    ~d

    ~d

    ~d

    ~d

    ~d

    arranging

    ~ing

    making

    ~ing

    ~ing

    ~ing

    rebuking

    bribing

    ~ing

    ~ing

    enforcing

    ~ing

    ~ing

    ~ing

    composing

    ~ing

    ~ing

    ~ing

    ~ing

    ~ingtaking

    ~ing

    ~ing

    subtituting

    ~ing

    dividing

    nominating

    ~ing

    receiving

    believing

    ~ing

    ~ing

    proposing

    menyusun, mengatur, merencanakan

    merencanakan

    membuat, menyebabkan

    membangun, mendirikan

    menguburkan

    memarahi

    memarahi

    menyuap, menyogok

    menyerang

    mempertahankan

    memaksa, memberlakukan

    belajar

    mempelajari

    menyalin

    menyusun, mengarang

    mengulang kembali

    mewawancarai

    mereparasi

    mengetahui, tahu, kenal

    mengertimengambil, mengantarkan

    makan

    minum

    mengganti

    berhasil, menggantikan

    membagi

    mencalonkan

    memasak

    menerima

    percaya

    setuju

    tidak setuju

    mengusulkan

    35

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    62

    63

    64

    65

    66

    67

    68

    69

    70

    71

    72

    73

    74

    75

    76

    77

    78

    79

    80

    8182

    83

    84

    85

    86

    87

    88

    89

    90

    91

    92

    93

    94

    to oppose

    to predict

    to let

    to put

    to cut

    to continue

    to draw

    to think

    to express

    to prove

    to remember

    to remind

    to warn

    to memorize

    to forget

    to admire

    to praise

    to insult

    to submit

    to reportto open

    to shut

    to close

    to mark

    to weigh

    to measure

    to evaluate

    to taste

    to hold

    to touch

    to teach

    to return

    to reply

    ~d

    ~ed

    ~ed

    ~ed

    ~ed

    ~d

    drew

    thought

    ~ed

    ~d

    ~ed

    ~ed

    ~ed

    ~d

    forgot

    ~d

    ~d

    ~ed

    ~ted

    ~ed~ed

    ~ed

    ~d

    ~ed

    ~ed

    ~d

    ~d

    ~d

    held

    ~ed

    taught

    ~ed

    replied

    ~d

    ~ed

    ~ed

    ~ed

    ~ed

    ~d

    drawn

    thought

    ~ed

    ~d

    ~ed

    ~ed

    ~ed

    ~d

    forgotten

    ~d

    ~d

    ~ed

    ~ted

    ~ed~ed

    ~ed

    ~d

    ~ed

    ~ed

    ~d

    ~d

    ~d

    held

    ~ed

    taught

    ~ed

    replied

    opposing

    ~ing

    ~ting

    ~ting

    ~ting

    ~ing

    ~ing

    ~ing

    ~ing

    proving

    ~ing

    ~ing

    ~ing

    memorizing

    ~ting

    admiring

    praising

    ~ing

    ~ting

    ~ing~ing

    ~ting

    closing

    ~ing

    ~ing

    measuring

    evaluating

    tasting

    ~ing

    ~ing

    ~ing

    ~ing

    ~ing

    menentang, melawan

    meramalkan

    membiarkan, mengijinkan

    meletakkan

    memotong

    meneruskan, melanjutkan

    menggambar, menarik

    berpikir, berpendapat

    menyatakan, mengutarakan

    membuktikan

    ingat

    mengingatkan

    memperingatkan

    mengingat-ingat, menghafal

    melupakan

    mengagumi, memuji

    memuji

    menghina

    menyerahkan

    melaporkanmembuka

    menutup

    menutup

    manandai, memberi tanda

    menimbang

    mengukur

    mengevaluasi

    mencicipi, merasa (dengan lidah)

    memegang, mengadakan

    menyentuh, meraba

    mengajar

    mengembalikan

    menjawab

    36

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    95

    96

    97

    98

    99

    100

    101

    102

    103

    104

    105

    106

    107

    to pay

    to calculate

    to throw

    to hit

    to beat

    to bite

    to hide

    to serve

    to explain

    to interpret

    to predict

    to activate

    to motivate

    ~ed

    ~d

    threw

    ~ed

    ~ed

    bit

    hid

    ~d

    ~ed

    ~ed

    ~ed

    ~d

    ~d

    ~ed

    ~d

    thrown

    ~ed

    ~ed

    beaten

    hid

    ~d

    ~ed

    ~ed

    ~ed

    ~d

    ~d

    ~ing

    calculating

    ~ing

    ~ting

    ~ing

    ~ing

    hiding

    serving

    ~ing

    ~ing

    ~ing

    activating

    motivating

    membayar

    menghitung

    melempar

    memukul

    memukul

    menggigit

    bersembunyi

    melayani, menghidangkan

    menerangkan

    menafsirkan

    meramalkan

    mengaktifkan, menggiatkan

    memotivasi, menggerakan

    Note : tanda ~ (tilde), ialah tanda yang berarti Kata Dasar (Infinitive)

    Contoh : to work ~ ed = worked // ~ ing = working, dst.

    to pada Infinitive, tidak dipakai sebagai predikat dalam suatu kalimat (Lihat Rumus)