exhibit es-1. policy provisions under three reform scenarios
DESCRIPTION
Exhibit ES-1. Policy Provisions Under Three Reform Scenarios. 6.5% annual growth. 5.2% annual growth. 5.6% annual growth. THE COMMONWEALTH FUND. Exhibit ES-2. Total National Health Expenditures (NHE), 2009–2020: Current Projection and Alternative Scenarios. NHE in trillions. $5.0. $4.7. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Exhibit ES-1. Policy Provisions Under Three Reform Scenarios
Public Plan at Medicare Rates Public Plan at Intermediate Rates Private Plans
Requirements for Coverage
Individual mandate X X X
Employer shared responsibilityInsure workers or
pay 7% of earnings Insure workers or
pay 7% of earnings Insure workers or
pay 7% of earnings
Insurance Exchange
Plans offered Public and private Public and private Private
Replaces individual insurance market X X X
Income-related premium assistance in exchange X X X
Community rating X X X
Guaranteed access and renewal X X X
Minimum benefit standard X X X
Provider Payment Reform
Payment on value, not volumeRequired for public plan;
voluntary for private plansRequired for public plan;
voluntary for private plansVoluntary forprivate plans
Cost restraints on provider pricesMedicare level for public plan;
commercial level for private plans
Midpoint between Medicare and commercial level for public plan;
commercial levels in private plansUnchanged
Medicaid at Medicare rates X X X
Coverage of the uninsured Bought in at Medicare level Most bought in at midpoint levelBought in at
commercial level
Changes to Current Public Programs
Retain current Medicare benefit structure X X X
End Medicare disability waiting period X X X
Expand Medicaid/CHIP X X X
System Reform
Comparative effectiveness X X X
Health information technology X X X
Public Health X X X
$0
$1
$2
$3
$4
$5
$6
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Current projectionOption 1—Public Plan at Medicare RatesOption 2—Public Plan at Intermediate RatesOption 3—Private Plans
NHE in trillions
Data: Estimates by The Lewin Group for The Commonwealth Fund.
$2.5
$5.0
$4.6$4.4
6.5% annual growth
5.2% annual growth
5.8% annual growth
5.6% annual growth
$4.7
Exhibit ES-2. Total National Health Expenditures (NHE), 2009–2020:Current Projection and Alternative Scenarios
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Exhibit ES-3. Trend in the Number of Uninsured, 2009–2020 Under Current Law and Three Path Scenarios
48.9 50.3 51.8 53.3 54.7 56.0 57.2 58.3 59.2 60.2 61.1
48.0
6.3 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2
48.0
19.7
0
20
40
60
80
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Current law
Path proposal
Millions
Note: Assumes insurance exchange opens in 2010 and take-up by uninsured occurs over two years. Remaining uninsured are mainly non-tax-filers.Data: Estimates by The Lewin Group for The Commonwealth Fund.
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
$4,704 $4,548$4,068
$3,528$3,948
$0
$1,000
$2,000
$3,000
$4,000
$5,000
Private withRules, NoExchange
Private, Initial,Inside
Exchange
Private, withEffective Cost
Controls
Public,Intermediate
Rates
Public,Medicare
* Premiums for same benefits and population. Benefits used to model: full scope of acute care medical benefits; $250 individual/$500 family deductible; 10% coinsurance physicians services; 25% coinsurance, no deductible prescription drugs ; full coverage preventive care. $5,000 individual/$7,000 family out-of-pocket cost limit. Data: Estimates by The Lewin Group for The Commonwealth Fund.
Average annual premium per household for same benefits at community rate*
3% 14% 16% 25%
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Exhibit ES-4. Estimated Annual PremiumsUnder Different Scenarios, 2010
Exhibit ES-5. Net Cumulative Impact on National Health Expenditures, 2010–2020 Compared with Baseline,
Three Insurance Exchange Scenarios, by Major Payer Groups
Dollars in billions
Note: A negative number indicates spending increases compared with projected expenditures;a positive indicates spending decreases (i.e., savings).Data: Estimates by The Lewin Group for The Commonwealth Fund.
$921 $765 $594
$2,105
$1,599$1,531
-$163-$112 -$579-$232
$78
-$360
-$1,500
-$1,000
-$500
$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
$3,000
$3,500
Public Plan at Medicare Rates
Public Plan atIntermediate Rates
Private Plans
HouseholdsNet State/Local GovernmentPrivate EmployersNet Federal Government
$2,993
$1,969$1,186
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Exhibit ES-6. Change in Net Federal Spending Under Three Path Scenarios
$45
$23
-$58
$34$44
-$26
$60
$43
-$26
-$80
-$60
-$40
-$20
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
2010 2015 2020
Option 1—Public Plan at Medicare Rates
Option 2—Public Plan at Intermediate Rates
Option 3—Private Plans
Note: A negative number indicates spending decreases compared with projected expenditures (i.e., savings); a positive indicates spending increases.Data: Estimates by The Lewin Group for The Commonwealth Fund.
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Billions
Exhibit 1. Policy Provisions Under Three Reform Scenarios
Public Plan at Medicare Rates Public Plan at Intermediate Rates Private Plans
Requirements for Coverage
Individual mandate X X X
Employer shared responsibilityInsure workers or
pay 7% of earnings Insure workers or
pay 7% of earnings Insure workers or
pay 7% of earnings
Insurance Exchange
Plans offered Public and private Public and private Private
Replaces individual insurance market X X X
Income-related premium assistance in exchange X X X
Community rating X X X
Guaranteed access and renewal X X X
Minimum benefit standard X X X
Provider Payment Reform
Payment on value, not volumeRequired for public plan;
voluntary for private plansRequired for public plan;
voluntary for private plansVoluntary forprivate plans
Cost restraints on provider pricesMedicare level for public plan;
commercial level for private plans
Midpoint between Medicare and commercial level for public plan;
commercial levels in private plansUnchanged
Medicaid at Medicare rates X X X
Coverage of the uninsured Bought in at Medicare level Most bought in at midpoint levelBought in at
commercial level
Changes to Current Public Programs
Retain current Medicare benefit structure X X X
End Medicare disability waiting period X X X
Expand Medicaid/CHIP X X X
System Reform
Comparative effectiveness X X X
Health information technology X X X
Public Health X X X
Exhibit 2. Three Insurance Exchange Scenarios:Cumulative 11-Year Savings in National Health Expenditures, 2010–2020
$2.993
$1.969
$1.186
$0.0
$0.5
$1.0
$1.5
$2.0
$2.5
$3.0
$3.5Option 1—Public Plan at Medicare Rates
Option 2—Public Plan at Intermediate Rates
Option 3—Private Plans
Cumulative national health expenditure savings compared with baseline (trillions)
Data: Estimates by The Lewin Group for The Commonwealth Fund.
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
$0
$1
$2
$3
$4
$5
$6
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Current projectionOption 1—Public Plan at Medicare RatesOption 2—Public Plan at Intermediate RatesOption 3—Private Plans
NHE in trillions
Data: Estimates by The Lewin Group for The Commonwealth Fund.
$2.5
$5.0
$4.6$4.4
6.5% annual growth
5.2% annual growth
5.8% annual growth
5.6% annual growth
$4.7
Exhibit 3. Total National Health Expenditures (NHE), 2009–2020:Current Projection and Alternative Scenarios
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Exhibit 4. Major Sources of Savings Compared with Projected Spending,Net Cumulative Reduction of National Health Expenditures, 2010–2020
Public Planat Medicare
Rates
Public Planat
Intermediate Rates
Private Plans
Affordable Coverage for All: Coverage Expansion and National Health Insurance Exchange
• Net costs of coverage expansion –$160 +$770 +$1,135
• Reduced administrative costs –$265 –$223 +$32
Total System Cost of Coverage Expansion and Improvement –$425 +$547 +$1,167
Payment and System Reforms
• Payment Reforms –$1,011 –$986 –$907
• Information Infrastructure and Public Health –$1,557 –$1,530 –$1,446
Total Savings from Payment and System Reforms –$2,568 –$2,516 –$2,353
Total Net Impact on National Health Expenditures, 2010–2020 –$2,993 –$1,969 –$1,186
Data: Estimates by The Lewin Group for The Commonwealth Fund, April–May, 2009.
Dollars in billions
Exhibit 5. Trend in the Number of Uninsured, 2009–2020Under Current Law and Three Path Scenarios
48.9 50.3 51.8 53.3 54.7 56.0 57.2 58.3 59.2 60.2 61.1
48.0
6.3 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2
48.0
19.7
0
20
40
60
80
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Current law
Path proposal
Millions
Note: Assumes insurance exchange opens in 2010 and take-up by uninsured occurs over two years. Remaining uninsured are mainly non-tax-filers.Data: Estimates by The Lewin Group for The Commonwealth Fund.
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Exhibit 6. Benefit Design for Public Health Insurance PlanOffered in Insurance Exchange
Current Medicare Benefits*New Public Health Insurance Plan
in Exchange
DeductibleHospital: $1,024/benefit periodPhysician: $135/yearRx: $275/year**
Hospital/Physician: $250/year for individuals; $500 for familiesRx: $0
CoinsurancePhysician: 20%Rx: Depends on Part D plan
Physician: 10%Rx: 25%Reduce for high-value and chronic disease care/medical home Preventive services: 0%
Ceiling onout-of-pocket
No ceiling$5,000 for individuals$7,000 for families
Insurance-related premium subsidies
Medicare Savings ProgramsLow-Income Subsidy
Premium cap ceiling of 5% of income for low-income beneficiary premiums or 10% if higher income
* Basic benefits before Medigap.** Part D coverage varies, often deductible. Most have “doughnut” hole and use tiered, flat-dollar copayments.Note: Benefit design also would apply to Medicare Extra supplement option available to Medicare beneficiaries. Source: Commonwealth Fund Commission on a High Performance Health System, The Path to a High PerformanceU.S. Health System: A 2020 Vision and the Policies to Pave the Way (New York: The Commonwealth Fund, Feb. 2009.
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Exhibit 7. Premium Affordability: Insurance-Related Premium Subsidies
Income RangePremium as a
Percentageof Income
Below 150% FPLSingle $16,245 or lower 0%
Family $27,465 or lower 0%
15% tax bracketSingle $16,245–$33,949 5%
Family $27,465–$67,899 5%
25% tax bracketSingle $33,950–$82,249 10%
Family $67,900–$137,049 10%
28% tax bracketSingle $82,250–$171,549 12%
Family $137,050–$208,849 12%
33% tax bracketSingle $171,550–$372,949 No cap
Family $208,850–$372,949 No cap
35% tax bracketSingle $372,950 or higher No cap
Family $372,950 of higher No cap
Note: Family income ranges based on family size of three.Source: United States Department of Health and Human Services, “Annual Update of the HHS Poverty Guidelines,” Federal Register: Jan. 23, 2009 (Vol. 74, No. 14), 4199-4201; United States Internal Revenue Service, 2009 Tax Rate Schedule X and Y-1.
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
$4,704 $4,548$4,068
$3,528$3,948
$0
$1,000
$2,000
$3,000
$4,000
$5,000
Private withRules, NoExchange
Private, Initial,Inside
Exchange
Private, withEffective Cost
Controls
Public,Intermediate
Rates
Public,Medicare
* Premiums for same benefits and population. Benefits used to model: full scope of acute care medical benefits; $250 individual/$500 family deductible; 10% coinsurance physicians services; 25% coinsurance, no deductible prescription drugs ; full coverage preventive care. $5,000 individual/$7,000 family out-of-pocket cost limit. Data: Estimates by The Lewin Group for The Commonwealth Fund.
Average annual premium per household for same benefits at community rate*
3% 14% 16% 25%
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Exhibit 8. Estimated Annual PremiumsUnder Different Scenarios, 2010
Exhibit 9. Medicare Advantage Plans Bids as a Percent ofAverage Medicare Fee-for-Service Costs, by Plan Type, 2009
98
108106
113
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
HMOs Local PPOs Regional PPOs PFFS
Note: HMOs = health maintenance organizations; PPOs = preferred provider organizations;PFFS = private fee-for-service plans.Source: Medicare Payment Advisory Commission, Report to the Congress: Medicare Payment Policy (Washington, D.C.: MedPAC, March 2009).
Percent of Medicare fee-for-service spending
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Current Law (2010)
EmployerDirect 164 m53%
Uninsured49 m16%
Medicare39 m13%
Medicaid41 m14%
Public Plan atIntermediate Rates
(2014)
Data: Estimates by The Lewin Group for The Commonwealth Fund.
Public Plan atMedicare Rates
(2014)
Private Plans(2014)
Exhibit 10. Employers Remain Primary Sponsor of CoverageUnder Three Reform Scenarios
Distribution of 307 Million People by Primary Source of Coverage
IndividualDirect14 m5%
EmployerDirect 55 m18%
Uninsured4 m1%
Medicare41 m13%
Medicaid49 m16%
IndividualExchange
18 m6%
EmployerExchange
141 m46%
EmployerDirect 93 m30%
Uninsured4 m1%
Medicare41 m13%
Medicaid49 m16%
IndividualExchange
18 m6%
EmployerExchange
102 m33%
IndividualExchange
19 m6%
EmployerDirect 122 m41%
Uninsured4 m1%
Medicare41 m13%
Medicaid50 m16%
EmployerExchange
72 m23%
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Medicare<1 m<1%
Exhibit 11. Source of New Coverage for the UninsuredUnder Three Reform Scenarios, 2014
Public Plan atIntermediate Rates
Data: Estimates by The Lewin Group for The Commonwealth Fund.
EmployerDirect
5 m11%
Medicaid13 m27%
Uninsured4 m8%
EmployerExchange
17 m34%
Public Plan atMedicare Rates
Private Plans
IndividualExchange
9 m19%
Medicare<1 m<1%
EmployerDirect 10 m21%Medicaid
13 m27%
Uninsured4 m8%
EmployerExchange
12 m25%Individual
Exchange9 m19%
Medicare<1 m<1%
EmployerDirect 13 m28%
Medicaid13 m27%
Uninsured4 m8%
EmployerExchange
8 m17%
IndividualExchange
10 m19%
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Medicare2 m1%
Exhibit 12. Source of Improved or More Affordable CoverageUnder Three Reform Scenarios, 2014
Public Plan atIntermediate Rates
Data: Estimates by The Lewin Group for The Commonwealth Fund.
EmployerDirect
9 m5%
Medicaid16 m8%
EmployerExchange
141 m76%
Public Plan atMedicare Rates
Private Plans
IndividualExchange
18 m10%
Medicare2 m1%
EmployerDirect 16 m10%
Medicaid16 m10%
EmployerExchange
102 m66%
IndividualExchange
18 m12%
Medicare2 m1%
EmployerDirect 21 m16%
Medicaid16 m12%
EmployerExchange
72 m57%
IndividualExchange
19 m14%
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Exhibit 13. Net Cumulative Impact on National Health Expenditures,2010–2020 Compared with Baseline,
Three Insurance Exchange Scenarios, by Major Payer Groups
Dollars in billions
Note: A negative number indicates spending increases compared with projected expenditures;a positive indicates spending decreases (i.e., savings).Data: Estimates by The Lewin Group for The Commonwealth Fund.
$921 $765 $594
$2,105
$1,599$1,531
-$163-$112 -$579-$232
$78
-$360
-$1,500
-$1,000
-$500
$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
$3,000
$3,500
Public Plan at Medicare Rates
Public Plan atIntermediate Rates
Private Plans
HouseholdsNet State/Local GovernmentPrivate EmployersNet Federal Government
$2,993
$1,969$1,186
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Exhibit 14. Change in Net Federal Spending Under Three Path Scenarios
$45
$23
-$58
$34$44
-$26
$60
$43
-$26
-$80
-$60
-$40
-$20
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
2010 2015 2020
Option 1—Public Plan at Medicare Rates
Option 2—Public Plan at Intermediate Rates
Option 3—Private Plans
Note: A negative number indicates spending decreases compared with projected expenditures (i.e., savings); a positive indicates spending increases.Data: Estimates by The Lewin Group for The Commonwealth Fund.
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Billions
Exhibit 15. Average Annual Savings per FamilyUnder Three Reform Scenarios, 2020
Data: Estimates by the Lewin Group for The Commonwealth Fund.
Family Income (thousands)
Option 1Public Plan at
Medicare Rates
Option 2Public Plan at
Intermediate Rates
Option 3Private Plans
All $2,228 $1,634 $1,576
<$10,000 $1,542 $1,443 $1,395
$10,000–$19,999 $1,946 $1,781 $1,775
$20,000–$29,999 $1,928 $1,554 $1,587
$30,000–$39,999 $1,952 $1,482 $1,511
$40,000–$49,999 $2,324 $1,692 $1,665
$50,000–$74,999 $2,267 $1,551 $1,499
$75,000–$99,999 $2,558 $1,700 $1,580
$100,000–$149,999 $2,634 $1,675 $1,531
$150,000+ $2,948 $1,856 $1,656
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
12.7
40.9
35.8
31.1
26.5
21.8
15.3 13.510.4
6.74.5 4.5
6.69.59.59.9
11.912.813.313.314.5
9.4
0
10
20
30
40
50 Current Exchange
Percent
Data: Estimates by The Lewin Group for The Commonwealth Fund.Source: Commonwealth Fund Commission on a High Performance Health System, The Path to a High Performance U.S. Health System: A 2020 Vision and the Policies to Pave the Way, (New York: The Commonwealth Fund, Feb. 2009).
Exhibit 16. Cost of Administering Health Insurance as a Percentage of Claims Under Current Law and the Proposed Exchange, by Group Size
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
-1.1 -1.1
4.8 3.9
3.0
2.0
1.1
1.0
5.0
3.4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Current Exchange
CommissionsRisk/ProfitGeneralClaimsInterest Credit
Data: Estimates by The Lewin Group for The Commonwealth Fund.Source: Commonwealth Fund Commission on a High Performance Health System, The Path to a High Performance U.S. Health System: A 2020 Vision and the Policies to Pave the Way, (New York: The Commonwealth Fund, Feb. 2009).
Exhibit 17. Cost of Administering Health Insurance as a Percentage of Claims Under Current Law and the Proposed Exchange
12.7%
9.4%
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Percent
$789$1,019$1,065
$1,094$1,125$1,329
$1,394$1,438
$1,574
$0
$200
$400
$600
$800
$1,000
$1,200
$1,400
$1,600
$1,800Public Plan at Medicare Rates
Public Plan at Intermediate Rates
Private Plans
Current projection
NHE in billions
Note: GDP = Gross Domestic Product.Data: Estimates by The Lewin Group for The Commonwealth Fund.
2009 2020
77% increase68%
increase
82% increase
99% increase
2015
35% increase29%
increase
39% increase
43% increas
e
Exhibit 18. Total National Health Expenditure Growth for Hospitals, Current Projections and with Policy Changes, 2009–2020
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
$710$859 $898 $922 $952
$1,071 $1,126$1,163
$1,290
$0
$200
$400
$600
$800
$1,000
$1,200
$1,400
$1,600
$1,800 Public Plan at Medicare Rates
Public Plan at Intermediate Rates
Private Plans
Current projection
NHE in billions
Note: GDP = Gross Domestic Product.Data: Estimates by The Lewin Group for The Commonwealth Fund.
2009 2020
21%increase
2015
Exhibit 19. Total National Health Expenditure (NHE) Growth for Physicians, Current Projections and with Policy Changes, 2009–2020
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
30%increase
51%increase
64%increase
27%increase
34%increase
59%increase
82%increase
Exhibit 20. Achieving Benchmarks:Potential People Impact if the United States ImprovedNational Performance to the Level of the Benchmark
Currentnationalaverage
2020target*
Impact onnumber of people
Percent of adults (ages 19–64) insured, not underinsured 58% 99% 73 million increase
Percent of adults (age 18 and older) receivingall recommended preventive care 50% 80% 68 million increase
Percent of adults (ages 19–64) with an accessible primary care provider 65% 85% 37 million increase
Percent of children (ages 0–17) with a medical home 46% 60% 10 million increase
Percent of adult hospital stays (age 18 and older) in whichhospital staff always explained medicines and side effects 58% 70% 5 million increase
Percent of Medicare beneficiaries (age 65 and older)readmitted to hospital within 30 days 18% 14% 180,000 decrease
Admissions to hospital for diabetes complications, per 100,000 adults (age 18 and older) 240 126 250,000 decrease
Pediatric admissions to hospital for asthma, per 100,000 children(ages 2–17) 156 49 70,000 decrease
Medicare admissions to hospital for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions, per 100,000 beneficiaries (age 65 and older) 700 465 640,000 decrease
Deaths before age 75 from conditions amenable to health care,per 100,000 population 110 69 100,000 decrease
Percent of primary care doctors with electronic medical records 28% 98% 180,000 increase
* Targets are benchmarks of top 10% performance within the U.S. or top countries(mortality amenable and electronic medical records). All preventive care is a target.Source: Commonwealth Fund Commission on a High Performance Health System, Why Not the Best? Results from the National Scorecard on U.S. Health System Performance, 2008 (New York: The Commonwealth Fund, July 2008), with benchmarks from top performance.
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND
Exhibit 21. Net Impact of Insurance Exchange Options onFederal Budget and National Health Expenditures, 2010–2020
Note: 0 = no significant improvement; + slight improvement; ++ = moderate improvement; +++ = large improvement.Data: Estimates by the Lewin Group for The Commonwealth Fund.
Option 1Public Plan at
Medicare Rates
Option 2Public Plan at
Intermediate Rates
Option 3Private Plans
Bending the Cost Curve
Innovative payment reform +++ ++ +
Leveraging purchasing power +++ ++ 0
Incentives to drive high-value care +++ ++ +
Reducing Administrative Waste
Insurance +++ + 0
Providers ++ + 0
Choices and Stability of Coverage +++ + +
Affordable Coverage and Care +++ ++ +
Federal Budget Cost, 2010–2020 $112 billion $232 billion $360 billion
Total Health System Savings, 2010–2020 $2.993 trillion $1.969 trillion $1.186 trillion
THE COMMONWEALTH
FUND