exploring unlimited possibilities in … of today, more 3d printing technologies have been developed...
TRANSCRIPT
Hong Kong Head Office 香港總公司China Offices 中國辦事處Dongguan 東莞 Chongqing 重慶 Guangzhou 廣州 Shanghai 上海Tianjin 天津 Changchun 長春 Qingdao 青島 Wuhan 武漢
Milton Plastics Ltd 萬通塑料有限公司
TECHNICAL HANDBOOKPRINTING
EXPLORING UNLIMITED POSSIBILITIES IN PRINTING
三維打印技術手冊
探索 打印無限可能
3D
3D
萬通集團成員
Hong Kong Head Office 香港總公司China Offices 中國辦事處Dongguan 東莞
Chongqing 重慶 Guangzhou 廣州 Shanghai 上海 Tianjin 天津
Changchun 長春 Qingdao 青島 Wuhan 武漢
Milton Plastics Ltd 萬通塑料有限公司TECHNICAL HANDBOOK
PLASTICS INDUSTRY
PRINTING
FDM
EXPLORING UNLIMITED POSSIBILITIES IN PRINTING
三維打印技術手冊塑料行业
探索 打印無限可能
3D
3D
DLP/SLA
SLS
三維打印技術手冊 塑
料行業
3D PRIN
TING
TECHN
ICAL HAN
DBOOK PLASTICS IN
DUSTRY
3D PRINTING TECHNICAL HANDBOOKPLASTICS INDUSTRY
EditorTechnical Services Department
Published byMilton Plastics Ltd
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
三維打印技術手冊塑料行業
編者技術服務部
出版發行萬通塑料有限公司
本書由萬通塑料有限公司獨家出版。未經出版者許可,任何單位和個人均不得以任何形式複製或傳播本書的部分或全部內容。版權所有,翻印必究。
MILTON PLASTICS LTD
02
About Milton
Established in 1990 in Hong Kong, Milton Plastics Ltd (“Milton”) is a leading solutions provider in plastics industry.
We offer broad portfolio of plastics materials with strong distribution network covers Hong Kong, Dongguan,
Guangzhou, Shanghai, Tianjin, Qingdao, Wuhan and Chongqing.
Milton has extensive network with international renowned plastics material producers including KRAIBURG TPE,
Covestro, Lanxess, Celanese, and INEOS Styrolution. One of the key milestones was the successful partnership with
KRAIBURG TPE GmbH, a leading thermoplastic elastomers producer in Germany and the major supplier in Europe
market. Our partnership is built upon our trust and long lasting relationship since 1997, we have a joint venture to
set up KRAIBURG TPE China Company Ltd in 2004 to further strengthen our relationship and the development in
China.
Quality and diversity are the cornerstones of our success and essential for sustainability. We serve the key market
segments as follows:
Automotive
Consumer goods
Electronics and electrical
Information and communications technology
Medical
Our experienced technical specialists are dedicated to project management, offer solutions from material selection to
mold and product design, from 3D printing to processing technology, as well as after sales service to meet the
evolving needs of customers. We provide holistic, flexible and reliable supply chain management to ensure on-time
delivery to meet the keen manufacturing requirement.
In order to expand the domestic market and fulfill various customers’ needs, we have established Hong Kong Plastics
(Dongguan) Ltd and Hong Kong Plastics (Shanghai) Ltd to support VAT and foreign currency invoicing. This is another
milestones of the group continues to drive the way we support our customers. As one of the leading solutions
provider in plastics industry, Milton has been committing to provide professional technical services and quality
products. Milton is your reliable partner.
Milton’s success has been built on continuous learning, effective business model and strategies. We will further
expand our range of products and services to meet the evolving customers’ need. We also strive for excellence to
enhance our knowledge, networks and services to keep ahead in the plastics industry.
萬通塑料有限公司
03
公司簡介
萬通塑料有限公司(「萬通」)於1990年在香港成立,我們致力為塑料行業提供全方位解決方案,為客戶提
供廣泛的塑料及多元化的服務。我們的總部位於香港,銷售網絡覆蓋中國多個主要城市,包括東莞、廣
州、上海、天津、青島、長春、武漢和重慶。
我們與多個國際知名的塑料生產商,如凱柏膠寶、科思創、朗盛、塞拉尼斯和英力士苯領等保持密切合作
關係,當中,我們與凱柏膠寶的伙伴關係尤其緊密。凱柏膠寶是德國的熱塑性彈性體生產商,並且是歐洲
各地區的主要供應商,我們自1997年已建立伙伴關係。隨着雙方之間的互惠、互信關係漸趨成熟,為了進
一步鞏固業務發展,我們於2004年在香港成立了凱柏膠寶中國有限公司,奠定萬通與凱柏膠寶緊密合作
的伙伴關係。
多元化的塑料種類和專業服務是我們成功和可持續發展的關鍵,尤其針對以下行業:
電子零件及電器
汽車
資訊及通訊科技
醫療
優質消費品
除了為客戶提供切合產品需要的原料外,我們的技術顧問亦專注於項目開發,由最初的原料選擇、制模和
產品設計、3維打印、加工技術以至售後服務各個階段,提供綜合性的咨詢及技術支援服務,讓客戶在設
計及生產過程中,更能得心應手。
為積極拓展中國內銷業務,配合客戶於國內報關與稅制的需要,我們分別成立東莞港塑塑料有限公司和
港塑塑料貿易(上海)有限公司,為客戶提供靈活的平台,可以支持美金及人民幣交易,並提供增值稅發
票。我們在國內各省市擁有完善的運輸及倉庫和網絡,提供穩定可靠的物流服務,務求讓客戶以最快捷、
可靠的方式獲取貨物,讓他們能更有效控制生產進度和成本。我們不僅努力成為專業可靠的塑料分銷商,
更憑藉我們專業技術和優質服務贏得客戶的信任與支持,成為並肩共進的供應商和合作伙伴。
然而,我們並不會因現有的成功而自滿,我們會精益求精,通過持續的學習、敏銳的觸角及靈活的策略,
一方面加強員工的技術、經驗及專業知識,另一方面迎合客戶的不同需要。我們更會積極開拓產品和服務
範疇,以及通過我們的業務網絡,緊隨市場的變化而不斷蛻變求新。事實上,無論是管理層或僱員,我們
都一直堅持不斷學習— 這正是我們今日得以在業界佔據領先地位的原因,也是我們將來能繼續保持領先
之道。
PREFACE
04
“Places like this are who we are. We create. We innovate. We build. We do it together”, remarked the then U.S.
President Obama in January of 2015 during a routine visit to manufacturing plants in Tennesse. Yet, the car that
Obama stood beside at the time was anything but ordinary. In fact, it was a full-scale replica of a Shelby Cobra, the
legendary sports car, that had been 3D printed in a mere six weeks. This momentous exhibition was both intentional
and deeply symbolic. The impressive manufacturing feat not only promoted the domestic manufacturing industry in
the U.S. but also exemplifies the unmistakable shift in the landscape of global manufacturing driven by technological
advancement. This printed supercar, in particular, epitomizes the sweeping adoption of 3D printing technology,
including with state-of-the-art composite materials and to help reduce the weight by half and enhance the car
performance and safety.
I was galvanized by this compelling display, and I noticed similar trends emerging elsewhere. The German
government, for instance, has recently scaled efforts to promote an “Industry 4.0”, in which 3D printing plays an
increasingly pivotal role. Consequently, in 2016, I began to plan an introduction of 3D printing technology to the
plastics manufacturing industries of Hong Kong and Mainland China. In the time that followed, we have collaborated
closely with various renowned and established brands, both domestic and overseas, to keep abreast of the latest 3D
printing technology. Through seminars and lectures, our understanding of this specialty matured as we engaged in
discourse with students of tertiary educational institutions as well as stakeholders in the plastics industry. One of the
products of this growth has been the “3D Printing Technical Handbook”, which the Technical Services Department of
Milton has compiled to empower product designers and engineers in the plastics industry with more expertise on 3D
printing technology.
Source: President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden view a 3D-printed carbon fiber Shelby Cobra car during a tour of Techmer PM in Clinton, Tenn., Jan. 9, 2015. (Official White House Photo by Pete Souza)
PREFACE
05
Yet, 3D printing is not completely new. Its meteoric rise can be
traced back to 1860 when French artist François Willème used
photosculpture to surround the subject with cameras and
capture a 3-dimensional perspective, which inspired the earliest
3D prints. In 1981, Hideo Kodama, a scientist of Nagoya
Municipal Industrial Research Institute in Japan, then invented
two additive manufacturing fabricating methods of a 3D plastic
model with a photo-hardening polymer. Not long later, in 1984,
3D Systems, Inc. of the U.S. invented stereolithography (SLA) to
print a 3-dimensional object by linking each part of the target
object, thus allowing a leap in the development of 3D printing.
As of today, more 3D printing technologies have been developed for plastics, such as FDM, SLS, SLA, and DLP.
Furthermore, the typical plastic materials for 3D printing has continued to expand from ABS plastics to various
engineering plastics, as well as from hard-plastics to soft Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE). Looking ahead, I believe
that 3D printing will definitely serve to increase efficiency and reduce costs of the plastic industry, especially as a vital
tool for rapid prototype testing and project development.
Over the past 27 years, Milton Plastics has strived to be a leading supplier of engineering plastics material and
specialty polymers in China, which has evolved into strong business presences in key regions throughout the country.
Milton’s achievements are unequivocally rooted in its creativity, curiosity, and team spirit. Over the years, Milton’s
technical support and project development team have given a powerful impetus to the product research and
development of automotive, medical, information and communication technology brands. As we continue to innovate,
we are the first engineering plastics material supplier with 3D plastic printing services to be supported by the
Dedicated Fund on Branding, Upgrading and Domestic Sales (BUD Fund). This fund and support are provided by the
Trade and Industry Department of the HKSAR, which underscores Milton’s pioneering work in the plastic material
supply sector. Moving ahead, Milton will continue to explore and develop advanced technologies and solutions that
can benefit the plastics industry. We aim to do so by maintaining a passion for innovation and curiosity and seek to
share the success with our working partners.
Mr. Bobby Liu
CEO
November 2017
序言
06
“Places like this are who we are. We create. We innovate. We build. We do it together”(我們就是在這地方,我們創
造。我們創新。我們建立。我們一起完成),在2015年1月,時任美國總統奧巴馬和副總統拜登帶領大批
傳媒到位於田納西州參觀一所工廠使用3維打印技術,用6位技術人員花了6週完整複製的一台傳奇跑車
Shelby Cobra,奧巴馬總統在跑車傍說了這些話。這刻意的安排除了推動美國本土製造業最重要的是向世
界證明製造業因科技發展而正在發生重大變化。這台超跑的精彩之處是採用了先進複合材料的3維打印技
術,使其車身重量削減了一半,同時汽車性能和安全性也有所提高。
這事情深深的影響著我,加上德國近年大力推動工業4.0中,3維打印更是扮演重要角色。因此我自2016
年開始構思如何將3維打印技術引進到香港和大陸地區的塑膠製造業,至今年與國內外著名品牌合作體驗
3維打印的最新技術,並舉辦一連串的研討會和講座,與大專院校學生和塑膠業界的持分者進行交流,為
使塑膠業界產品設計師和工程師對3維打印技術更了解更由萬通技術服務部編製「三維打印技術手冊」。
資料來源: 美國總統奧巴馬 (Barack Obama)和副總統拜登 (Joe Biden)於2015年1月9日在田納西州克林頓市的Techmer PM巡演期間觀看3維打印的碳纖維Shelby Cobra跑車(Pete Souza官方白宮照片)
序言
07
誠 然,3維 打 印 並 非 新 事 物,歷 史 可 追 溯 至1860年 法 國 藝
術家弗朗索瓦 (Francois Willeme)採用圍繞主體的照相器材獲
取3維 物 體 的 雕 塑 方 法 是3維 打 印 的 啟 蒙 概 念,至1981年
日本名古屋工業研究所的科學家小玉秀男發明了兩種利用
光硬化聚合物的增材製造3維塑料模型的方法和1984年美
國3維 公 司 發 明 了 立 體 光 刻,通 過 建 立 列 印 目 標 物 體 每 部
分之間的聯繫來列印3維物體,令3維打印有飛躍的發展。
時至今天,已發展出更多種類的3維打印技術,在塑膠上有
FDM, SLS, SLA, DLP等等,能使用的塑料種類亦不斷擴大,
由最初的ABS至多種工程塑料,更由硬塑至軟性的熱塑性彈性體也可以用3維打印出來,3維打印勢將為
各塑膠行業帶來高效率、低成本、快速成型測試和項目開發的重要工具。
在過去27年,萬通塑料致力成為中國領先的工程塑料和特殊聚合物的供應商,業務遍及全國主要地區。
萬通的成績在於創造力、好奇心和團隊精神,萬通的技術支援和項目開發團隊多年來為國內外的汽車、醫
療、資訊和通信科技品牌實踐新產品開發作出了重大的幫助。而在推廣塑膠3維打印技術服務上,更是首
家獲香港特區政府工業貿易處在發展品牌、升級轉型及拓展內銷市場的專項基金 (BUD Fund)支持的工程塑
料供應商,可見萬通確實是塑料供應領域的先行者。展望將來,萬通將繼續保持創新思維和好奇心,發掘
更多有利塑膠業的先進技術和解決方案,與合作夥伴共享成功。
廖錦興先生
行政總裁2017年11月
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. What is 3D Printing
II. History of 3D Printing
III. Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
IV. Principle of 3D Printing
V. Process of 3D Printing
VI. 3D Printing Technology
i. Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)
ii. Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
iii. Stereolithography (SLA)
iv. Digital Light Processing (DLP)
VII. Appendix
10
11
15
17
23
24
25
43
56
69
78
目錄
I. 什麼是3維打印技術
II. 3維打印技術歷史
III. 電腦輔助設計(CAD)
IV. 3維打印技術基本原理
V. 3維打印技術過程
VI. 3維打印技術
i. 熔積成型法 (FDM)
ii. 選擇性鐳射燒結 (SLS)
iii. 光固化成型法 (SLA)
iv. 數位光處理 (DLP)
VII. 附錄
79
80
84
86
92
93
94
112
125
138
147
WHAT IS 3D PRINTING
10
3D Printing is the additive manufacturing process of creating a three-dimensional object from a digital design. Layers
of material are deposited under computer control.
Objects can be of almost any shapes or geometry. Digital model data can be obtained from a 3D computer-aided
design (CAD) model, or other source of CAD file. No machining, casting or assembly is compulsorily needed after 3D
printing.
HISTORY OF 3D PRINTING
Wha
t is
3D
Pri
ntin
g H
isto
ry o
f 3D
Pri
ntin
g C
ompu
ter-
Aide
d D
esig
n (C
AD)
Prin
cipl
e of
3D
Pr
intin
gPr
oces
s of
3D
Pr
intin
g3D
Prin
ting
Tech
nolo
gyAp
pend
ix
11
The first attempt to create solid objects layer-by-layer-like took place in late 1960s, at Battelle Memorial Institute. An
experiment that involved intersecting two laser beams of differing wave length in the middle of a vat of resin,
attempted to solidify the same photosensitive polymer resin at the point of intersection.
Another significant attempt occurred in late 1970s. A series of patents on solid photography was granted to Dynell
Electronic Corporation. The invention involved the cutting of cross sections by computer control, using either a milling
machine or a laser, and stacking them in register to form a 3D piece.
1980s
— Hideo Kodama, a Japanese professor of Nagoya Municipal Industrial Research Institute invented a single-beam
laser curing approach, which was the first idea of Stereolithography (SLA). He published a paper titled Three-Dimensional Data Display by Automatic Preparation of a Three-Dimensional Model that outlined his experiment
of fabricating 3D plastic models with photo-hardening thermoset polymer. A photosensitive polymer resin was
polymerised by an ultraviolet light. In 1981, he published a second paper titled Automatic Method for Fabricating a Three-Dimensional Plastic Model with Photo Hardening. Unfortunately, he did not file the patent
requirement.
— Alain Le Mehaute, Olivier de Witte, and Jean Claude Andre filled their patent for the stereolithography process.
However, it was abandoned by the Alcatel-Alsthom and CILAS because of lack of business perspectives.
— Charles Hull, the founder of 3D Systems, deposited a first patent for stereolithography (SLA). He defined the
process as a “system for generating three-dimensional objects by creating a cross-sectional pattern of the
object to be formed”. He was also recognised for co-creating the STL file format, most common 3D printing file
format in the present.
— Carl Deckard at the University of Texas, brought a patent for the Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), which was the
other 3D printing techniques that fused powder grains together locally by a laser. Also, Scott Crump, a co-
founder of Stratasys Inc. filed a patent for Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), which was the third main 3D
printing technique.
— EOS GmbH Electro Optical System was found in Germany by Drs Hans Langer and Hans Steinbichler. The first
EOS Stereos system was created for industrial prototyping and production applications of 3D printing. The EOS
systems are currently been recognised around the globe.
Over less than ten years, the three main 3D printing techniques were patented.
12
1990s
— A patent of Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) was issued to Stratasys, who developed several 3D printers for
both professional and individual usages. Its first FDM printing machine was marketed.
— Z Corporation obtained an exclusive license from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. They created the
Z402, which produced models using starch-based powder and plaster-based powder materials, and a water-
based liquid binder based on inkjet printing technology by MIT. Arcam MCP technology and Selective Laser
Melting also emerged at the same time.
— At the same time, CAD tools for 3D printing were developing. Sanders Prototype (now known as Solidscape)
was the first developer of specific tools for additive manufacturing. It introduced a high-precision polymer jet
fabrication system with soluble supporting structures.
— The first application of 3D printing by medical researchers started in 1990s, which combined medicine and 3D
printing for medical usage. Engineered organs bought new advanced to medicine in 1999. Scientists at the
Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine used a synthetic scaffold coated with the patient’s own cells.
The process had little to no risk of rejection because it was made with the patient’s cell.
2000s
— The first 3D printed working kidney was created that was capable of filtering blood and producing diluted urine
in an animal. Time was needed for it to be recognised and transplanted into a patient. 3D printed kidneys are
now perfectly working and the researchers are experimenting on accelerated growth to transplant organs very
rapidly.
— RepRap project was initiated, which consisted in a self-replication 3D printer. It led to the spreading of the
FDM 3D desktop 3D printers.
— The Spectrum Z510 was launched by Z Corporation, which was the very first high-definition colour 3D printer
on the market.
— The first Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) machine was produced.
— The first 3D printed prosthetic limb was invented. It incorporated all parts of a biological limb and without the
need for any later assembly. In the current medical situation, medical prosthesis and orthosis are cheaper and
extremely fast to be obtained, combining with 3D scanning.
— FDM 3D printer started innovating due to the openness of FDM patents in public domain. There was a drop of
the cost of desktop 3D printers, and consequently, since the technology was more accessible.
— Sculpteo, one of the pioneers of the now flourishing online 3D printing services, was created.
His
tory
of
3D P
rint
ing
Com
pute
r-Ai
ded
Des
ign
(CAD
)Pr
inci
ple
of 3
D
Prin
ting
Proc
ess
of 3
D
Prin
ting
3D P
rintin
g Te
chno
logy
Appe
ndix
13
Wha
t is
3D
Prin
ting
2010s
— The FDM patent was expired. 3D printing was getting into common imaginations and practices.
— Urbee was the first 3D printed prototype car was built. Its body was fully 3D printed using a very large 3D
printer.
— A 3D food printer was begun to be built by Cornell University. NASA is now researching the ways that astronauts
could 3D print food for in space.
— Many medical 3D printing advances: tissues, organs, and low-cost prosthesis. The first prosthetic jaw was
printed and implanted.
— President Brarck Obama mentioned 3D printing as a major issue for the future in his State of the Union
speech.
— NASA brought a 3D printer in space to make the first 3D printed object off of the earth.
— Carbon 3D issued their revolutionary ultra-fast CLIP 3D printing machine.
— Daniel Kelly’s lab announced being able to 3D print bones.
Nowadays new 3D printers are being issued with more efficiency, higher printing speed, and new 3D printing
materials access.
14
A BRIEF HISTORY OF 3D PRINTING
CHUCK HULL INVENTS STEREOLITHOGRAPHY (SLA)
STRATASYS COMMERCIALIZES 3D PRINTING. CALLS IT FUSED DEPOSITION MODEKING (FDM)
THE FIRST FUNTIONAL ANIMAL KIDNEY IS PRINTED
RESEARCHERS 3D PRINT THE SCAFFOLDING FOR A
NEW BLADDER THEN GROW CELLS ON IT
ORGANOVO PRINTS THE FIRST HUMAN BLOOD VESSEL
REPRAP FOUNDED WITH THE GOAL OF CREATING A FREE/ OPEN SOURCE
PRINTER THAT CAN REPLIEATE ITSETF
A CHINESE COMPANY FIGURES OUT HOW TO 3D PRINT 2000 SQFT HOUSES
A WOMAN IN NORWAY BECOMES THE WORLD’S FIRST RECIPIENT OF A 3D
PRINTED SKULL TRANSPLANT
2010s
2005
1980s
1999
2000s
1990s
COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD)
Wha
t is
3D
Prin
ting
His
tory
of 3
D P
rintin
g C
ompu
ter-
Aide
d D
esig
n (C
AD)
Prin
cipl
e of
3D
Pr
intin
gPr
oces
s of
3D
Pr
intin
g3D
Prin
ting
Tech
nolo
gyAp
pend
ix
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Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is a computer technology that designs products and documents. CAD facilitates the
manufacturing process by transferring detailed diagrams of a product’s materials, manufacturing processes,
tolerances, and dimensions with specific conventions for the object. It could be used to produce detailed two-
dimensional and three-dimensional diagrams, which could be rotated to be viewed from any angle.
The CAD software is likely to give some suggestions, or even a clue concerning the structure of the ultimate object
applying scientific facts about utilised materials. That will help to predict the behaviour of the object under various
conditions.
A Computer-Aided Design (CAD) file contains information about dimensional representation of an object. The printing
process consists of consequent printing of layer by layer. Hence the file format that printing machine uses shall have
the information for each layer.
A 3D CAD file must be prepared before 3D printing. Format of CAD file are including
STL, OBJ, AMF, 3MF, STP, PRT, IGS
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METHODS OF CREATING CAD FILE
METHODS OF CREATING CAD FILE Designing by CAD software
Below are several types of different 3D modelling software either commercial or free that could be used for
designing 3D models.
Reverse engineering
When there is no CAD file, or a copy of a real object is wanted, reverse engineering can be used.
A solid object will be scanned by a 3D scanner and processed to become parametric scan data. 3D virtual
model will be created by scan data. 3D CAD file will be created and matched with the original designed
features. Error between CAD file and the objects will be modified and reduced.
A 3D scanner is a device that collects digital data on shape and appearance of a real object by analysis.
PRINCIPLE OF 3D PRINTING
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Additive manufacturing is a term to describe set of technologies that create three-dimensional objects by adding
layer-upon-layer of material. Diverse materials can be use in different additive manufacturing techniques. There are
some common features for all additive manufacturing, such as the usage of computer together with special 3D
modelling software.
MODELLINGThe prototype is designed in 3D CAD software.
SUBTRACTIVE MANUFACTURING
ADOTIVE MANUFACTURING
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SUBTRACTIVE & ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
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FINISHING
PRINTINGErrors are examined before printing a 3D model from an STL file. The STL file needs to be processed that
mathematically slicing and orienting the object into a series of thin layers and produces a G-code file containing
instructions tailor to a specific type of 3D printer.
Printer resolution describes layer thickness and X-Y resolution in dots per inch (dpi) or micrometres (µm). Typical layer
thickness is around 100 µm although some machines can print layers as thin as 16 µm. X-Y resolutions is
comparable to that of laser printer. The particles (3D dots) are around 50 to 100 µm in diameter.
The objects can be printed in several hours depending on the type of machine used, size and number of models
being produced simultaneously.
FINISHINGThe model is finished as a solid object. Unused materials are removed to obtain a greater precision with a higher
resolution. Post-processing included smoothing the surface by using chemical vapour, polishing and printing in
multiple colours may be needed.
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SUBTRACTIVE MANUFACTURINGSubtractive Manufacturing is the traditional machining process. The model is prototyped by removing the materials
from a stock which is not needed. The object is processed by several machinery methods such as CNC milling,
grinding, turning and drilling.
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ADVANTAGES OF USING ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING1. Complex designs can be created
3D printing allows for easy customisation. Designs can be changed by modifying its CAD file. No additional
tooling or other manufacturing processes is needed for a new designed product. It enables engineers to
produce multiple versions of a single design in a cost-effective manner. Each and every item can be customised
to meet the users’ specific needs.
2. Quick prototyping time
Speed of 3D printing is faster since it is an additive manufacturing method. An object can be produced directly
without additional manufacturing processes. Modifying a design during production will not lead to significant
time delays as no tooling required to create an object. It is an effective method for developing prototypes, and
for designers or entrepreneurs to do market testing or low volume production runs, or even launch their
products through crowdfunding sites in a short period of time.
3. Lower cost of manufacturing
When a traditional manufacturing method is processed, for example casting or injection molding, each part of
each product requires a new tooling. The toolings are the factor of increasing the manufacturing cost rapidly.
Numerous products will be produced by using the same tooling and design. They will be sold to cover the
manufacturing costs.
Alternatively, for each time, only a single object will be made by 3D printer. Toolings are not needed. The fixed
cost is lowered. Therefore, no additional costs or lead times are required between modifying the design of an
object. Ultimately, this leads to substantially lower the amount of capital that is needed to scale up production.
The manufacturers can be able to increase the profitability of their business model.
In addition, 3D printing can reduce energy usage by using less eliminating steps in the production process. The
3D object can be lighter, more durable and the fuel burn can be reduced. Re-manufacturing parts through
additive manufacturing processes can return end-of-life products to “like new” condition using only 2 to 25
percent of the energy that will be required to build a whole new part.
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4. Reduce labour resources
At least one technician is needed to control the 3D printer. The technician does not need to require any
professional manufacturing skills. Once the 3D printer starts working, the object is printed automatically. The
labour resource is reduced as the number of technicians decreased.
5. Fewer materials consumption
Many conventional manufacturing processes are subtractive. The subtractive manufacturing machines work by
removing material from a block that is bigger than the product itself will be. The removed materials are wasted
and cannot be reused. For many products, it’s normal to lose 90% of the raw material during this process.
Alternatively, 3D printing is an additive manufacturing process that creates an object from the raw material
layer by layer. Only the material that is required is used. Material will only be wasted from supporting structures,
and/or in post processing. More than 90% of the raw materials could be well used and less material is wasted.
Additionally, most of these materials can be recycled and repurposed into more 3D printed objects.
3D Printer
Time Cost Man Power Materials usage
CNC
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DISADVANTAGES OF USING ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING1. Higher cost for large production runs
Despite all of the benefits of manufacturing through additive methods, 3D printing is not yet competitive with
conventional manufacturing processes when it comes to large production runs. In most cases, this turning
point is between 500 and 10,000 units, depending on the material and the design. As the price of printers and
raw materials continue to decrease, the range of efficient production is expected to increase further.
2. Less material choices, colours and finishes
There are more than six-hundred 3D printing materials available today. However, the choices are limited
compared to conventional product materials, colours and finishes. The number of new materials added to the
3D printing rapidly every year, including plastics, wood, metals, composites, ceramics, and even chocolate.
3. Limited strength and endurance
In some of 3D printing technologies, the strength of material is not uniform due to the layer-by-layer fabrication
process. As such, the printed parts are often weaker than their traditionally manufactured counterparts.
Repeatability is also in need of improvement. Parts made on different machines may have slightly varying
properties.
4. Lower precision
3D printing is a method of creating objects at a precision of around 20–100 microns. For users who are
creating objects with few tolerances and design details, 3D printing offers a great way for making products real.
For objects requiring more working parts and finer details, it will be difficult to compete with the high precision
capabilities of certain manufacturing processes.
PROCESS OF 3D PRINTING
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1. A 3D model is produced by computer-aided design software.
2. The 3D model in CAD format is needed to transform to STL (standard tessellation language), which is the
format initiated to be read by 3D printers.
Standard Tessellation Language (STL) and 3D Manufacturing Format (3MF) are the most commonly used file
format.
3. A STL file can be operated by a computer which connected to a 3D printer.
The device can be established. Each device has its own prerequisites for how to use it for each new print.
Various materials can be added or refilled into the printer. Materials can be selected which best achieve the
specific properties required for the object. A tray as a basis or some supporting materials may be added.
4. The 3D printer can be turned on to print the object.
The whole procedure is mainly automatic. The thickness of layers is thin and it can be modified depending on
the size of the object, machine and materials employed. The procedure may take several hours or even days.
Errors shall be checked and avoided occasionally.
5. The printed object(s) could be taken out of the printer.
6. Post-processing may be needed after an object is 3D printed.
The remaining powder or the supporting structures shall be removed from the object in the finishing process.
Time may be needed for the materials to solidify.
7. Finally the object is ready to be used.
3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY
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4 common techniques are listed as below. They are classified into two categories according to the types of materials
used.
Thermoplastic — solid materials
Thermosetting plastic — liquid materials
Other 3D Printing technology
MJP — 3D SYSTEMS
CJP — 3D SYSTEMS
FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING (FDM)
STEREOLITHOGRAPHY (SLA)
POLYJET — STRATASYS
SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING (SLS)
DIGITAL LIGHT PROCESSING (DLP)
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FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING (FDM)Introduction
FDM is an additive manufacturing technique that commonly used technology for modelling and prototyping. The
machine dispensed multiple materials to build up the model and soluble supporting filament by extruding
thermoplastic filament. It is also called Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF).
History
FDM was developed by S. Scott Crump in 1988.
In 1989, Crump patented FDM technology and founded Stratasys. FDM printing machines were being sold
since 1991.
In 2004, RepRap Project initiated a self-replicating 3D FDM printer.
FDM Processing
The filaments will be guided from a reel attached into a heater through the drive wheels. The filaments will be melt to
a semi-liquid state and transfer to the liquefiers. Predetermined path will be created by the software on the computer.
The extrusion nozzles will extrude molten materials and move in horizontal and vertical directions (x-direction and
y-direction) to form the object on the build platform, which will move in z-direction. As the material is extruded as a
layer of the object on this path, it instantly cools down and solidifies, providing the foundation for the next layer of
material until the entire object is manufactured.
Supporting filament may be generated if needed. It will be required if the angle of the slope overhang excess 45
degrees. It will be removed or dissolved upon completion of the print.
FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING (FDM)
PRINT MATERIAL
SUPPORT MATERIAL
PRINT HEAD
3D PRINTED PART
SUPPORT MATERIAL
BUILD TRAY
PLATFORM
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FILAMENTFILAMENT
Filament Creating
The raw materials will be put into the hopper of extruder. Screw and heat bands in the extruder will heat the raw
material past their temperature of glass transition (Tg). They will become extrudate and be pressed out by a die into
the water tank with sizing plate for cooling process. The materials will be in small flattened filament shape. They will
be pulled by a pull roller and then be cut and removed by a wind-up or cut-off machine.
Material Types
Solid thermoplastics will be classified into 3 categories according to their heat deflection temperature (HDT).
Standard Thermoplastics
Standard thermoplastics were defined that their HDT are below 100 degree °C.
Polylactic acid (PLA), PA12, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), and ASA are the common polymers used.
FDM MATERIAL
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POLYLACTIC ACID (PLA)
POLYLACTIC ACID (PLA)
PLA is a renewable plastic material offered as a low cost material option for rapid prototyping.
Features
Fast printing
Good tensile strength and material toughness
Low melting point
A number of different colour options are available.
Properties Test Method U.S. Metric
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @66 psi ASTM D648 127°F 53°C
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @264 psi ASTM D648 124°F 51°C
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) DMA (SSYS) 145°F 63°C
Specific Gravity ASTM D792 1.24 g/cc
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ABSPLUSABSPLUS
ABSplus is a true production-grade thermoplastic.
Features
Mechanically strong and stable, toughness and strength
A wide range of colours including ivory, white, black
Application
For static dissipation
Properties Test Method U.S. Metric
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @66 psi ASTM D648 204°F 96°C
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @264 psi ASTM D648 180°F 82°C
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) DSC (SSYS) 226°F 108°C
Specific Gravity ASTM D792 1.04
Rockwell Hardness ASTM D785 109.5
Flame Classification UL94 HB (0.09”, 2.50 mm)
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ABSIABSI
ABSi suitable for light transmission component.
Features
Strength is superior to standard ABS
Translucent nature
Natural colour and other colours are available.
Applications
automotive, aerospace, and medical
device
Properties Test Method U.S. Metric
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @66 psi, 0.125” unannealed ASTM D648 188°F 86°C
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @264 psi, 0.125” unannealed ASTM D648 163°F 73°C
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) DMA (SSYS) 240°F 116°C
Specific Gravity ASTM D792 1.08
Rockwell Hardness ASTM D785 R108
Flame Classification UL 94 HB (0.059”, 1.5 mm)
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ABS-M30ABS-M30
Features
By comparing with standard ABS, ABS M30 is
Up to 25 to 70 percent stronger
Greater tensile, impact, and flexural strength
Significantly stronger layer bonding
More durable and smooth
Several colours including natural, white, black
Applications
conceptual modelling, functional
prototyping, manufacturing tools and
higher quality end-use-parts
Properties Test Method U.S. Metric
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @66 psi, 0.125” unannealed ASTM D648 204°F 96°C
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @264 psi, 0.125” unannealed ASTM D648 180°F 82°C
Glass Transition Temp (Tg) DMA (SSYS) 226°F 108°C
Specific Gravity ASTM D792 1.04
Rockwell Hardness ASTM D785 109.5
Flame Classification UL94 HB (0.09”, 2.50 mm)
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ABS-M30IABS-M30I
Features
Can be gamma or EtO sterilised
High mechanical strength
Biocompatible that complies with ISO 10993 and USP Class VI
Applications
Suitable for medical, pharmaceutical
and food packing industries
Properties Test Method U.S. Metric
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @66 psi, 0.125” unannealed ASTM D648 204°F 96°C
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @264 psi, 0.125” unannealed ASTM D648 180°F 82°C
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) DSC (SSYS) 226°F 108°C
Specific Gravity ASTM D792 1.04
Rockwell Hardness ASTM D785 109.5
Flame Classification UL94 HB (0.06”, 1.5 mm)
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ASAASA
Features
Production-grade thermoplastic
Good mechanical strength and UV stability
Several fade-resistant colours including white, ivory and black
Applications
Suitable for functional prototyping and
practical production parts for outdoor
use
Properties Test Method U.S. Metric
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @66 psi ASTM D648 208°F 98°C
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @264 psi ASTM D648 196°F 91°C
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) DMA (SSYS) 226°F 108°C
Specific Gravity ASTM D792 1.05
Rockwell Hardness ASTM D785 (Scale R, 73°F) 82
Flame Classification UL94 HB
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NYLON 12 (PA12)NYLON 12 (PA12)
Features
High impact resistance
Exceptional dimensional accuracy
82–95 degree after post-processing
Engineering plastics
Engineering plastics were defined that their HDT are between 100 and 150 degree °C.
Example: PC/ABS, PC, TPU and TPE
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PC/ABSPC/ABS
Features
Superior impact strength
High strength and heat resistance
Exhibits excellent feature definition and surface finish
Applications
Conceptual modelling, functional prototyping,
manufacturing tools and production parts
Automotive, electronics, telecommunications
applications and industrial equipment
manufacturing
Properties Test Method U.S. Metric
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @66 psi ASTM D648 230°F 110°C
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @264 psi ASTM D648 205°F 96°C
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) DMA (SSYS) 257°F 125°C
Specific Gravity ASTM D792 1.10
Rockwell Hardness ASTM D785 R110
Flame Classification UL94 HB
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POLYCARBONATE (PC)
POLYCARBONATE (PC)
A true industrial thermoplastic
Features
Superior mechanical properties and heat resistance
High tensile and flexural strength
Accuracy, durability and stability, creating strong parts that
withstand functional testing
Applications
Use for in-house, manufacturers in
automotive, aerospace, medical device
equipment and other industries
Prototyping, tooling and fixtures
Properties Test Method U.S. Metric
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @ 66 psi ASTM D648 280°F 138°C
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @ 264 psi ASTM D648 261°F 127°C
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) DMA (SSYS) 322°F 161°C
Specific Gravity ASTM D792 1.2
Rockwell Hardness ASTM D785 R115
Flame Classification UL94 HB
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eFLEX (TPU)eFLEX (TPU)
Features
Semi-transparent, environmental-friendly, soft texture, with high resilience
Fluent printing, high elastic, good molding, milk white
Properties Shore
Hardness 87 A
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ELASTIC (THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS TPE)
ELASTIC (THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS TPE)
Features
Fluent printing, high elastic
Milk white
Properties Shore
Hardness 85 A
Engineering plastics with high performance
Engineering plastics with high performance were defined that their HDT are above 150 degree °C.
Example: ULTEM
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Features
Well-rounded mechanical, chemical and thermal properties
FST (flame, smoke and toxicity) rating
High strength-to-weight ratio
Applications
ULTEM 9085 is ideal for aerospace,
automotive and military applications
Properties Test Method U.S. Metric
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @ 264 psi, 0.125” unannealed ASTM D648 307°F 153°C
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) DSC (SSYS) 367°F 186°C
Specific Gravity ASTM D792 1.34
Rockwell Hardness ASTM D785 —
Flame Classification UL94 V–0 (1.5 mm, 3 mm)
ULTEM 9085ULTEM 9085
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ULTEM 1010ULTEM 1010
Features
Great strength and thermal stability
Highest heat resistance, chemical resistance and tensile strength
of any FDM thermoplastic
Food-contact and biocompatibility with NSP 51 and ISO 10993/
USP Class VI certifications
Applications
Suitable for automotive, aerospace,
medical and food-production industries,
and autoclave-sterilisable medical
devices
Properties Test Method U.S. Metric
Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT) @ 66 psi, 0.125” unannealed ASTM D648 421°F 216°C
Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT) @ 264 psi, 0.125” unannealed ASTM D648 415°F 213°C
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) DSC (SSYS) 419°F 215°C
Specific Gravity ASTM D792 1.27
Rockwell Hardness ASTM D785 109
Flame Classification UL94 V0 (1.5 mm), V0,
5VA (3 mm)
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BENEFITS OF USING THERMOPLASTICFilaments
1. Production-grade thermoplastics
Same strong, stable and durable plastics as traditional injection-molded plastic parts
Products printed with FDM will be in high performance and engineering-grade. It is the only 3D printing
technology that makes use of production-grade thermoplastics. Functional, conceptual, and final end-use
products could be produced with mechanical, thermal and chemical quality.
2. Excellent material properties
Repeatability
Stable and predictable materials allow for repeatable results
Enables DDM (Direct Digital Manufacturing)
Suitable for different industries
No toxic materials
Low temperature operation
3. Numerous types and colours
More types of material selection available than other 3D printing techniques
4. Durable and stable
Able to maintain a stable shapes and physical properties mechanically and environmentally
Stable geometry and mechanical properties, withstanding rigorous environments
5. Economical
Lowest cost of 3D printing materials
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PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
APPLICATIONS
Industry Medical
Application Inner cover of medical waste recycle bin
Material TPE
Lead time Less than 2 hr
Products Requirement Build different kind of cover in short period for testing
Material property of cover need fulfil requirement
Save tool cost
Features of FDM
Printing materials Filament
Material type PLA, ABS, PC, TPE, and TPU
Filament diameter 1.75 mm or 2.85 mm
Printing speed General
Printing Accuracy 0.15 to 0.20 mm
Printing requirements Low investment cost for machine, maintenance and filament
Able to print large size products (depends on materials)
Support structure is required
Wide range for color selection
Recycling printing materials
Products Rough in surface, post process is required
Suitable for parts with simple structures
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BENEFITS OF USING FDM1. Low cost of operation
Increased accessibility, expanded prototyping opportunity
Simplified cost justification
Low maintenance costs
2. Clean, simple and user-friendly technology
Ease of use
Unattended, light out printing
Simple printing process — increased user accessibility
Convenient to remove the soluble supporting structures by water
Facility friendly
Quiet and fits in any office environment because of the compact size of the machine
No facility modifications required.
3. Durable parts with high stability
4. Fast lead times comparing with conventional manufacturing methods
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SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING (SLS)
SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING (SLS)
Introduction
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is an additive manufacturing technique that melts and solidifies layers of powdered
material in finished objects by directed energy beam.
Two newer techniques are listed below which are transformed from SLS.
Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is the process that sinter or melt metal powder using directed energy beam.
Electron beam melting (EBM) uses metallic powder to make fully homogenous metal parts by using an electron beam
and parts were built in a vacuum, which allows the use of higher oxygen-receive metals.
History
In 1979, R. F. Housholder filled a patent of primary idea of SLS but it was not being commercialised.
SLS was developed and patented in the 1980s by engineers in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at The
University of Texas at Austin. Carl Deckard was a UT Austin student who had the first idea of using a laser to melt
particles of powder together to create a 3D object for manufacturing.
Under the guidance of mechanical engineering professor Joe Beaman, Deckard built the first SLS machine in 1986
and named it as Betsy. Prototypes were manufactured by sintering, or melting, powder layer by layer.
OBJECT BEINGFABRICATED
SCANNER SYSTEM
FABRICATIONPOWDER BED
LASER
ROLLER
POWDER DELIVERYSYSTEM
POWDER DELIVERY PISTON FABRICATION PISTON
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The University of Texas System filed the first SLS-related patent based on Deckard’s inventions and it was issued in
1987 that defined the SLS processes.
Deckard, Beaman, and a few partners formed the first SLS company (NOVA Automation) which eventually became
Desk Top Manufacturing (DTM) Corporation in 1989. DTM became the first student and faculty-led start-up at UT
Austin.
Deckard and Paul Forderhase, who was the fellow graduate student of Beaman, built the second SLS machine in
1989, named as Bambi.
DTM launched its first line of modern SLS production machines SinterStation in 1992, and they were commercially
successful.
Since 2000s, SLS began to be commonly used in the production of molds, prototypes and parts that need to be
made from a strong, durable material. SLS is widely used in the aerospace and medical device industries.
In 2001, 3D Systems, the biggest competitor to DTM and SLS technology, acquired DTM.
Process
A thin layer of solid material powder is applied on top of the building surface, all inside a hot chamber with
temperature just under the materials’ sintering point. A laser beam lights a two-dimensional section of the object on
that surface and focuses on a tiny spot. The temperature of the powder increases and excesses the sintering
temperature. The powder particles will be sintered together. Once a layer has been solidified, the print bed moves
down slightly as the other bed containing the powder moves up. A new layer will be spread on top of the one by a
roller. The process repeats until the last 2D section of the object is melt and the desired object has been completed.
The last step is to uncover the solid object from burying within the unsintered powder.
SLS Material
SLS plastic powder
Most commonly used SLS material is Polyamides (PA12). Nylon (PA12) can have additives to change properties such
as colour, strength, flexibility and stiffness. It offers durability, strength and extraordinary abrasion resistance among
others. Its elastic regions under load are wide. 3 colours are available, including black, white and grey. It is not
translucent or transparent.
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FS6028PA PA6 NYLON POWDER
FS6028PA PA6 NYLON POWDER
Features
Maintain excellent mechanical properties and creep resistance
characteristics under high temperature
Excellent stiffness
Size stability, high-precision and suitable for complex surface
Low water absorption and easy-to-process
Pale yellow
Application
Production parts of prototype and
end-use parts with strength, accuracy
and high heat deflection temperature
properties
Connect parts for car intake pipes.
Properties Metric
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @1.8 MPa 97.8°C
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PA11 PA1101 PA1102
PA11 PA1101 PA1102
Features
Made out of renewable raw materials (castor oil)
Elasticity and high impact resistance
High elongation at break
Excellent resistance to chemicals (particularly hydrocarbons,
aldehydes, ketones, mineral bases and salts, alcohols, fuels
and detergents as well as oils and greases)
Acceptance criteria
Cytotoxicity according to DIN EN ISO 10993-5
Defined in directive 2007/47/EC (Medical Device(s))
No clinical medical studies concerning the use of PA11
in any particular Medical Device have been performed,
and approval from the European Directorate for the
Quality of Medicines (“EDQM”) or other governmental
authorities for use in Medical Devices has neither been
sought nor received
Not use for any Medical Product application other than
body orthesis, orthopedic insole/arch-support, surgical
guides and tools, therapy masks and dental models
Not to be introduced into human body for more than
30 days and not to replace any epithelial surface or the
surface of the eye for more than 30 days
Black and White
Applications
Mechanically loaded functional prototypes
and series parts with long-term moving
elements
Interior components for crash relevant parts
in the automotive industry
Small to medium sized parts, thin walls and
lattice structures
Properties Test Method Metric
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @1.8 MPa ISO 75-1/-2 46°C
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @0.45 MPa ISO 75-1/-2 180°C
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PA12 PA2105
PA12 PA 2200/2201
PA12 PA2105
PA12 PA 2200/2201
Features
High precision
High surface quality
Colour capability
Light skin colour
Applications
Dental models
Features
High strength and stiffness
Good chemical resistance
High selectivity and detail resolution
Various finishing possibilities (e.g. metallisation, stove
enamelling, vibratory grinding, tub colouring, bonding, powder
coating, flocking)
Bio compatible according to EN ISO 10993-1 and USP/level
VI/121 °C
PA 2200 — Approved for food contact in compliance with the
EU Plastics Directive 2002/72/EC (exception: high alcoholic
foodstuff)
PA 2201 — Approved for food contact in compliance with FDA,
21 CFR, §177.1500 9(b) except for alcoholic foodstuff
Applications
Fully functional plastic parts of highest
quality
Use for prostheses and realisation of
movable part connections
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PA12 PA3200 GF
PA12 PA3200 GF
PA 2210 FRPA 2210 FR
Features
Flame retardant
Free of halogens
Higher stiffness compared to unfilled PA 12
High Crystallinity, Thermal Stability, Homopolymer
General Chemical Resistance, Grease Resistance, Oil Resistance
Acceptance criteria
JAR 25 (aviation)
UL 94 (Electrical & Electronics)
Applications
Aircraft and Aerospace, Automotive,
Electrical and Electronical, plastic parts
in devices and appliances
Features
Low coefficient of friction
High stiffness
High mechanical wear-resistance
Good thermal loadability
Excellent surface quality
High dimensional accuracy and detail resolution
Applications
Final parts within the engine area of
cars
Deep-drawing dies
Any other applications which require
particular stiffness, high heat distortion
temperature and low abrasive wear
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CARBONMIDE (PA12–CF)
CARBONMIDE (PA12–CF)
Features
Increased electrical conductivity
Excellent stiffness
Maximised strength and hardness
Light weight
Applications
Metal replacement
Aerodynamic components in motor
sports application
Mechanically stressed parts
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PEEK EOS HP3PEEK EOS HP3
Features
Heat stabilised or stable to heat
General Chemical Resistance, Hydrolytically Stable
High-performance polymer for SLS
Tensile strength (95 MPa) and Young´s modulus (4400 MPa),
100 percent higher level than PA 12 and PA 11
Excellent high temperature performance
Temperature ranges within 180 °C (mechanical dynamic),
240 °C (mechanical static) and 260 °C (electrical)
High wear resistance
Outstanding chemical resistance
Best fire, smoke and toxicity performance
Good hydrolysis resistance
Potential biocompatibility and Sterilization
Applications
Highest demanding applications e.g. in
medicine, aerospace industry or
motorsports
Replace for stainless steel and titanium
in medical applications
Adequate metal replacement where
light weight and fire resistance are of
largest importance in aerospace and in
motorsports
Properties Test Method Metric
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @ 1.8 MPa ISO 75-1/-2 165°C
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LUVOSINT® TPU X92A-1 & X92A-2
LUVOSINT® TPU X92A-1 & X92A-2
Features
High strength and high abrasive resistance
Shore A 88
Natural color
TPU X92A-2 is modified from TPU X92A-1 enhanced reproduction
of fine detail. It is white color and better for colouring
Applications
Garment industry, shoe and sports
industry, pipes, sealings, prosthetics
and many more applications
Properties Test Method Value
Vicat-softening Temperature VST A ISO 306 ISO 306 90°C
Shore A hardness — 88
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Features
Higher strength and diminished elasticity compare with TPU
X92A.
Shore A 97
White color
X97A-1 WT approximates to the property profile of a polyamide (PA)
but better abrasion resistance
Applications
Garment industry, shoe and sports
industry, pipes, sealings, prosthetics
and many more applications
Properties Test Method Value
Vicat-softening Temperature VST A ISO 306 ISO 306 90°C
Shore A hardness — 97
LUVOSINT® TPU X97A-1 WT
LUVOSINT® TPU X97A-1 WT
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BENEFITS OF USING SLS MATERIAL1. More material selection
Except thermoplastic powder, metal powder, ceramic powder, quartz sand powder can also be selected as
sintering materials simple manufacturing process
Complete design freedom. Excess unsintered powder acts as a support for the structure as it is produced,
which allows for complex and intricate shapes to be manufactured with no additional support needed.
No supporting structure is needed. Prototypes and parts with complex shapes could be produced directly.
2. High material utilisation
The unsintered powder could be reused without material waste.
3. High production accuracy
Complex geometry designs could be produced. Accuracy of prototype is up to ± 0.05 mm
4. Wide range of applications
Material types are diverse. Sintered parts could be produced for different purposes, such as for structural
and functional testing, metal molding, casting precise core of wax and core of sand.
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PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
APPLICATIONS
Industry Medical
Application 3D robotic prosthetic device (Ekso Bionics)
Materials PA12 + CG
Products Requirement Produce according to body shape
High loading capacity requirements
Flexible to modify design
Shorten production time
Industry Manufacturing
Application Safety Shell for industrial robotic arm (AIRSKIN)
Material TPU
Products Requirement Saved cost of tooling
Increase number of robotic arms
Increase productivity
Protect safety of workers
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Industry Footwear
Application Running shoes insole (Under Armour Architech)
Material TPU
Products Requirement FEA simulation technology. Analysis data of kinematics, dynamics and
material properties to create best cushioning structure of the insole
Complex shapes and not suitable for injection molding
Withstand the highest strength of training. Enhance stability, shock
absorption capacity. Suitable for weight training and avoid injury.
Features of SLS
Printing material Thermosetting photosensitive polymer powder
Material Types PA66, PA12, PA12 + GF, PA12 + CF, PEEK, TPU, metal powder and gypsum
powder
Printing Speed Faster than FDM
Accuracy 0.05–0.15 mm
Requirements High investment cost because of machine maintenance and material
costs
Support structure is no needed
Reusable materials
Products Sandy surface, surface finishing is better than FDM
Able to print products with complex shapes and structures
Able to print metal products on sintered parts directly or indirectly. Higher
strength than other 3D printing techniques
May need post processing, polishing and spraying
Benefits of using SLS
The cost of production of SLS is relatively lower than SLA due to the ability of outputting extremely large
quantities in a single run.
No supporting structure is required for overhanging and unsupported structures. The powder itself provides the
necessary support.
Parts can be created out of a wide selection of materials.
Complexity is not an issue as the unsintered powder can be removed.
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STEREOLITHOGRAPHY (SLA)STEREOLITHOGRAPHY (SLA)
Introduction
Stereolithography (SLA) is a 3D printing technique for creating models, prototypes, patterns, and production parts in
layer by layer using photopolymerisation. A computer-controlled ultraviolet laser beam hardens the layer of the parts
at a time in the container of resin. It is the oldest method in the history of 3D printing. It is still being used nowadays.
The process of printing involves a uniquely designed 3D printing machine called a stereolithographly apparatus, which
converts liquid plastic into solid 3D objects.
History
SLA was the first additive manufacturing technology to be theorised. In 1970s, a Japanese researcher Dr Hideo
Kodama invented the modern layer approach to Stereolithography by using ultraviolet light to cure photosensitive
polymers. SLA was patented in the 1986. This method was patented by Charles Hull, co-founder of 3D Systems, Inc.
The modern layered approach stated that one layer of the liquid photosensitive polymers could be cured at a time
with an ultraviolet light.
DIAGRAM OF SLA PRINTING PROCESS
ELEVATOR
LASER SOURCE
LASER BEAM
PLATFORM
VAT
RESIN SURFACE
PHOTOPOLYMER RESIN
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Process
A build platform is submerged into a translucent vat filled with curable photosensitive polymer liquid resin. A thin layer
of liquid resin is exposed above the perforated platform.
SLA uses two motors, known as galvanometers, (one on the X axis and one on the Y axis) to break down the design,
layer by layer, into a series of points and lines that are given to the galvanometers as a set of coordinates. Then it
rapidly aims an ultraviolet laser beam across the print area. The laser beam draws a 2D section of desired object. The
photosensitive polymer resin reacts solidifying and thus forming a single 2D layer of the object.
The platform is lowered once the initial layer of the object has hardened. A new layer of resin will be exposed on top
and the process will be repeated for each cross section of the object results in the complete 3D printed object. The
last step is cleaning the final object which is soaked in liquid resin. The object is baked in an ultraviolet oven to
further cure the plastic. Lastly is to remove the supporting structures and to be post processing.
Material Type
Liquid photosensitive resin is used as the printing material for SLA. It is thermosetting plastic resin which material
properties can be close to ABS, PP, PC and TPU (e.g. ABS-like, PP-like, PC-like and TPU-like), but not exactly same.
Rigid resin tend to fail violently crashing in multiple pieces (permanent deformation and failure); General color is
white, transparent or translucent.
LIQUID PHOTOSENSITIVE POLYMER RESIN
LIQUID PHOTOSENSITIVE RESIN
SLA MATERIAL
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ACCURA 55
ACCURA XTREME
ACCURA 55
ACCURA XTREME
Features
ABS-like
Rigid and strong
Functional assemblies
Short-run production parts
White
Properties Test Method Metric
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @66 psi ASTM D 648 55–58°C
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @264 psi ASTM D 648 51–53°C
Features
Tough and durable
Resists breakage and handles challenging functional assemblies
Great for snap fits, assemblies and demanding applications
Ideal for master patterns for vacuum casting
Grey color
Properties Test Method Metric
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @66 psi ASTM D 648 62°C
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @264 psi ASTM D 648 54°C
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ACCURA XTREME WHITE 200
ACCURA XTREME WHITE 200
Features
Exceptionally tough and durable
Resists breakage and handles challenging functional assemblies
Great for snap fits, assemblies and demanding applications
Ideal for master patterns for vacuum casting
High-Impact-White
Properties Test Method Metric
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @66 psi ASTM D 648 47°C
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @264 psi ASTM D 648 42°C
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ACCURA BLUESTONE
ACCURA BLUESTONE
Features
Highest stiffness available
Heat and abrasion resistant
Excellent chemical resistance
Great for wind tunnel models, jigs and fixtures
High-Temperature
Blue
Properties Test Method Metric
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @66 psi UV Post cure only ASTM D 648 65–66°C
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @264 psi UV Post cure only ASTM D 648 65°C
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @66 psi UV + Thermal Post cure (120°C) ASTM D 648 267–284°C
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ACCURA 25
VISIJET SL FLEX
ACCURA 25
VISIJET SL FLEX
Features
PP-like look and feel
High flexibility, stability and shape retention
High feature resolution and accuracy
Snap-fits assemblies
Accurate
Master patterns for urethane casting
White opaque color
Applications
Automotive styling parts and fascia
Properties Test Method Metric
Heat Distortion Temp @ 0.45 MPa ASTM D648 61°C
Heat Distortion Temp @ 1.82 MPa ASTM D648 53°C
Features
PP-like
Flexible Plastic
Snap fit assemblies
Master patterns for vacuum casting
Durable functional prototypes
White
Properties Test Method Metric
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @66 psi ASTM D 648 58–63°C
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @264 psi ASTM D 648 51–55°C
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ACCURA 60
ACCURA CLEARVUE
ACCURA 60
ACCURA CLEARVUE
Features
PC-like/ABS-like
Rigid and strong
Clear and transparent
Applications
Headlamps, bottles and transparent assemblies
Properties Test Method Metric
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @66 psi ASTM D 648 53–55°C
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @264 psi ASTM D 648 48–50°C
Features
PC-like/ABS-like
Rigid and tough
Excellent humidity/moisture resistance
UPS Class VI
Applications
Headlamps, bottles and transparent assemblies
Properties Test Method USA Metric
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @66 psi ASTM D 648 115°F 46°C
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @264 psi ASTM D 648 106°F 41°C
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ACCURA PEAKACCURA PEAK
Features
PC-like/ABS-like
High heat resistance
Very high rigidity and stiffness
Excellent humidity/moisture resistance
Properties Test Method Metric
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @66 psi; UV Post cure Only ASTM D 648 78°C
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @264 psi; UV Post cure Only ASTM D 648 59°C
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @66psi; 120°C thermal post cure ASTM D 648 153°C
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @264 psi; 120°C thermal postcure ASTM D 648 124°C
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GODART 8558GODART 8558
Features
TPU-like
Excellent flexibility and toughness
Strong bending resistance
Shore D 30
Natural
Applications
Shoe and sports industry, pipes, sealings,
prosthetics and many more applications
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BENEFITS OF USING SLA MATERIALS1. Single material selection
Properties similar to ABS, PP, PC and TPU
2. High productivity
Faster and more stable
3. Good product appearance
High quality of surface, relatively smooth, high transmittance
4. High forming accuracy
Able to produce complex geometry designs
Prototype accuracy up to ± 0.02 mm
5. Wide range of applications
About 60% of the speed rapid prototyping machines run digital light processing system in the world
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PRACTICAL EXAMPLES MILTON
PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
APPLICATIONS
Industry Consumer product
Application Cookware
Process SLA
Grade ABS-like (hard) + TPU-like (soft)
Products Requirement Gloss finish
ABS property (hard) + shoe D 30 (Soft)
Industry E & E
Application Parts of printer
Process SLA
Grade ABS-like (hard)
Products Requirement Rigid and good surface finish
ABS property (hard)
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Industry Medical
Application Oxygen mask
Process SLA
Grade ABS-like (hard)
Products Requirement Rigid and light
Transmission > 80%
Industry Consumer product
Application Food container cover + Sealing gasket
Process SLA
Grade ABS-like (hard) + TPU-like (soft)
Products Requirement Gloss finish
ABS property (hard) + shoe A 30 (soft)
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FEATURES OF SLAPrinting material Liquid photosensitive resin
Material types Less material types, must be liquid photosensitive resin
Printing speed Fast
Accuracy Accuracy up to ± 0.02 mm
Requirements Higher investment cost of equipment, maintenance and material compare
with FDM
Material has toxic and harmful to skin and respiratory system. Protective
gloves and air flow are required
Support structure is needed
The three-dimensional physical and support structure is printed by the
same material, so the need to manually remove the support structure
Printing materials can not be recycled
Products Smooth surface, able to be painted
Able to print products with complex shapes and structure
Limited strength, stiffness and heat resistance
Not suitable for long-term storage
BENEFITS OF USING SLA The products surfaces are smooth and shiny.
SLA is suitable for printing multiple precise objects, and large objects with high precision. Resolution and
surface integrity are at high quality.
An SLA 3D printer curates the liquid resin spot by spot with a laser, so it potentially more precise than DLP 3D
printing.
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DIGITAL LIGHT PROCESSING (DLP)
DIGITAL LIGHT PROCESSING (DLP)
Introduction
DLP is a method of printing that makes use of light and photosensitive resin. It takes a design that has been created in 3D modelling software and prints the 3D object by projecting the object, one layer at a time, onto a liquid polymer and hardening it. It is very similar to SLA. Their key difference is the light source. DLP utilises traditional light sources like arc lamps.
History
Dr Larry Hornbeck of Texas Instruments created a semiconductor chip called the digital micromirror device (DMD) in 1987, known as the DLP chip. DLP is used for projectors and uses digital micromirrors laid out in a matrix on DMD. Each mirror represents a pixel in the image for display. The first DLP-based projector was introduced by Digital Projection Ltd in 1997.
Process
A build platform is submerged into a translucent tank filled with liquid photosensitive resin. Once the build platform is submerged, a digital ultra violet light projector located below the machine flashes each layer of the object through the bottom of the tank. The ultra violet light activates the liquid resin into a solid. After the layer has been solidified by the light source, the platform lifts up and lets a new layer of resin flow beneath the object once again. This process is repeated layer by layer until the desired object has been completed. The object will be pulled out of the resin.
PHOTOPOLYMER
LIGHT SOURCE
LENSE
DLP
MOTOR
STAGE
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E-DENT 400
E-DENT 400
Material Type
Liquid photosensitive resin is used as the printing material for SLA. It is thermosetting plastic resin which material
properties can be close to ABS, PP, PC and TPU (e.g. ABS-like, PP-like, PC-like and TPU-like), but not exactly same.
Rigid resin tend to fail violently crashing in multiple pieces (permanent deformation and failure); General color is
white, transparent or translucent.
Features
Biocompatible Class IIa and FDA-approved solution
Accurate and fine surface finish
Full crowns or multi-unit bridges can be printed
Allow for colour layering and shading.
Applications
Dental
LIQUID PHOTOSENSITIVE POLYMER RESIN
LIQUID PHOTOSENSITIVE RESIN
DLP MATERIAL
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E-MODEL FLEX SERIES
ABS 3SP TOUGH
E-MODEL FLEX SERIES
ABS 3SP TOUGH
Features
Highly accurate
Final-use material with improved elongation
at break
High stability
Low shrinkage and low curling
Low viscosity
Orange, dark grey and green
Applications
Aerospace, entertainment, automotive, consumer
goods, education, medical devices, manufacturing
Properties Test Method Metric
Heat Deflection Temp (HDT) @ 1.82 MPa ASTM D648 49.5°C
Features
Extremely tough ABS-like
Suitable for high quality prototypes of items
Stable enough for production-quality end use parts
Capable of holding high stress and force
Capable of very high speed builds without sacrificing
its exceptional surface quality
Applications
Aerospace, animation and entertainment,
architecture and art, automotive, consumer and
packaged goods, dental, education, electronics,
manufacturing, orthodontics, sporting goods, toys
Snap-fit items and assembly applications which
require elasticity
Properties Metric
Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT) @ 1.82 MPa 60°C
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E-TOOL 3SPE-TOOL 3SP
E-CLEAR 3SPE-CLEAR 3SP
Features
Strong, tough, water resistant especially for
applications requiring exceptional clarity
Good rigidity and durableness
Clear without any of the yellowing with age
Low warp potential and biocompatible
Water resistant, high humidity
Use for appearance models with minimal finishing,
tough and functional prototypes, and RTV patterns
Applications
Entertainment, consumer goods, education,
medical devices, manufacturing
Properties Metric
Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT) @ 1.82 MPa 75°C
Features
Use for low volume production runs or for the
creation of multiple iterations of a tooling during the
prototyping phase
Faster and more cost-effective
No minimum limit to the number of molded pieces
needed
Good strength and elongation at break
Applications
Aerospace, automotive, consumer goods,
manufacturing, sporting goods, toys
Properties Metric
Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT) @ 1.82 MPa 42°C
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ABS FLEX
EC3000
ABS FLEX
EC3000
Features
ABS-like
Tough and stable
Capable of holding high stress and force
Capable of very high speed builds
ABS Flex black, ABS Flex light grey,
ABS Flex white
Applications
Aerospace, animation and entertainment,
architecture and art, automotive, consumer
packaged goods, education, electronics,
manufacturing, sporting goods, toys
Snap-fit items and assembly applications which
require elasticity
Production-quality end use parts
Features
3 times more wax than any polymer based material
Crisp detail with super smooth surfaces
Achieve superior surface quality
Negligible material expansion during burnout
Porosity-free castings due to clean, ash-free burnout
Applications
Jewellery, Manufacturing
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PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
APPLICATIONS
Industry Footwear
Application Limited 3D Printing Sport Shoes (Adidas and Carbon)
Process DLP
Material TPU
Products Requirement Complex shapes, not suitable for injection molding
Enhanced stability, shock absorption capacity
Suitable for highest strength, weight training and avoid injuries
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FEATURES OF DLPMaterial Liquid photosensitive resin
Material types Less material type, liquid photosensitive resin only
Printing speed Faster than SLA
Accuracy Accuracy up to ± 0.02 m
Requirements lower investment cost of equipment, maintenance and materials than SLA
Material has toxic and harmful to skin and respiratory system. Protective
gloves and air flow are required
Support structure is required
Printing materials can’t be recycled
Products Smooth surface. Able to be painted
Limited strength, stiffness and heat resistance
Not suitable for long term preservation.
Suitable for produce toys and jewelry, etc. High precision but low strength
part
BENEFITS OF USING DLP DLP is suitable for printing a single fine object, and fast printing small object with standard precision
requirement. Resolution and surface integrity will be affected by the size of the printing object.
DLP 3D printers can potentially 3D print faster than an SLA 3D printer, as an entire layer is exposed all at once
instead of one spot at a time with a laser.
The DLP 3D printer is less expensive and easier to change than the laser used by SLA 3D printer.
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CONCLUSION3D printing techniques and processes continue to grow as 3D printing is frequently changing. The 3D printing industry
continues to innovate the hardware, materials, and processes. Depending on many factors such as budget, design or
function, choosing the appropriate 3D printing process and the right material are important.
3D printing could be used to create many different objects and it is gradually replacing the traditional manufacturing
methods. The additive manufacturing technology will be broadened in the near future.
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TABLE OF COMPARISONFDM SLS SLA DLP
Material Thermoplastic filament SLS plastic powder Liquid photosensitive resin
Liquid photosensitive resin
Types of materials Most Many Standard Standard
Strength High Superior Standard Standard
Maximum size (mm) 400 x 400 x 400 300 x 300 x 300 300 x 300 x 300 300 x 300 x 200
Appearance Standard Good Superior Superior
Surface texture RoughCan be polished
Slightly roughCan be polished
SmoothShiny
SmoothShiny
Colours MostOpaque and translucent
all colours
GeneralBlackGreyWhite (Opaque)
ManyVirtually unlimitedOpaqueTranslucent
Many
Supporting Required Not required Required Required
Mechanics VariableStrongToughDurable
StrongFlexible
StrongBrittleNew flexible compounds
StrongBrittleNew flexible compounds
Mechanical failure Gradual deformation until fracture
Gradual deformation until fracture
Almost no deformation until sudden fracture
Almost no deformation until sudden fracture
Abrasion resistance Variable Superior Variable Variable
Printing speed Low Standard High Highest
Post processing PolishingPaintingSealingSmoothing
PolishingSmoothingVarnishingDyeingPainting
Polishing (rarely needed)
Painting
Polishing (rarely needed)
Painting
Food compatibility Leakage due to micro-gaps
Yes Only with special resin Only with special resin
Chemicals compatibility
Leakage due to micro-gaps
Highly resistant Not defined Not defined
Cost InexpensivePrinters: inexpensiveMaterial: inexpensive
Most expensivePrinters: seriously
expensiveMaterial: inexpensive
ExpensivePrinters: relatively
inexpensiveResin: can be expensive
ExpensivePrinters: relatively
inexpensiveResin: can be expensive
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APPENDIX
REFERENCEhttps://www.sculpteo.com/blog/2015/12/09/3d-printing-technologies-sls-sla/
https://www.sculpteo.com/blog/2016/12/14/the-history-of-3d-printing-3d-printing-technologies-from-the-80s-to-
today/
https://www.creativemechanisms.com/blog/additive-manufacturing-vs-subtractive-manufacturing
http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/57294/68452.pdf?sequence=1
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2063/computer-aided-design-cad
https://www.sculpteo.com/en/glossary/cad-definition-en/
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rapidproto/students.03/rarevalo/project2/Process.html
http://www.stratasys.com/3d-printers/technologies/fdm-technology
http://www.stratasys.com/materials/fdm
http://www.luvocom.de/en/products/luvocom-3f-made-for-fused-filament-fabrication/
https://formlabs.com/blog/3d-printing-technology-comparison-sla-dlp/
https://www.3dsystems.com/on-demand-manufacturing/stereolithography-sla/materials
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什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
3維打印技術是一種增材製造技術,將三維數據設計轉化成立體實物,透過電腦程序將設計分層,並控制
打印材料分層打印出立體實物。
立體實物可接近任何幾何形狀。三維數據設計模型(CAD圖檔)可透過3維電腦輔助設計軟件 (CAD)或其他途
徑中取得。3維打印後的立體實物無需額外的機械加工、鑄造及裝配。
什麼是3維打印技術
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1960年代後期,在Battelle Memorial Institute中初次使用增層製造固體實物。實驗中將兩種不同波長的鐳射
光束,在承載着熱固性光敏樹脂的容器裡重叠,試圖將相交點的熱固性光敏樹脂固化。
另一次重大的實驗發生在1970年代後期。Dynell Electronic Corporation獲得一系列關於光固體技術專利。發
明包括使用電腦控制分割截面,及使用銑床或激光將容器裡的材料堆叠,形成一塊立體實物。
1980年代
— 在Nagoya Municipal Industrial Research Institute,日本的教授Hideo Kodama發明了使用單一鐳射光固化
法,這是光固化成型法 (SLA)的最早概念。他發表了第一份論文,名題為Three-Dimensional Data Display
by Automatic Preparation of a Three-Dimensional Model,概述了他利用熱固性光固化聚合物製造3維塑膠
模型,及利用紫外光將光敏物樹脂聚合的實驗。在1981年,他發表了第二篇論文,名題為Automatic
Method for Fabricating a Three-Dimensional Plastic Model with Photo Hardening,可惜的是他沒有為實驗成
果申請專利。
— Alain Le Mehaute、Olivier de Witt和Jean Claude Andre,為他們研究的光固化成型法 (SLA)技術申請專利。
可是由於Alcatel-Alsthom和CILAS缺乏商業視野而放棄。
— 3維Systems Corporation的始創人Charles Hull,首次得到光固化成型法 (SLA)專利。並將光固化成型法定
義為 「可透過三維數據設計模型截面,來製造立體實物的系統」;同期,他創立了STL檔案格式,是現
時最普及的3維打印檔案格式。
— 在University of Texas就 學 的Carl Deckard,為 選 擇 性 鐳 射 燒 結 (SLS)技 術 申 請 了 專 利,這 是 第 二 種 獲
得 專 利 的3維 打 印 技 術,通 過 鐳 射 激 光 將 粉 末 顆 粒 熔 合。同 年,Stratasys公 司 的 始 創 人 之 一,Scott
Crump,為熔積成型法 (FDM)申請了專利。
— Drs Hans Langer和Hans Steinbichler在德國成立了EOS GmbH Electro Optical System。EOS發明了第一部用
於工業製作首辦模型和生產應用的3維打印機,EOS系統現時仍得到全球認可。
3種主要的3維打印技術獲得最少10年的專利。
3維打印技術歷史
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什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
1990年代
— Stratasys開發了數款專業級及個人使用的3維打印機,並申請了熔積成型法 (FDM)的專利,首款FDM
打印機於該年發售。
— Z Corporation獲得了麻省理工學院 (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)的獨家許可。根據麻省理工學
院的水性液體粘合噴墨印刷技術,創造了使用澱粉和石膏粉末製作立體模型的Z402 3維打印機。同
期出現了Arcam MCP技術公司的選擇性鐳射熔化 (Selective Laser Melting)技術。
— 同 一 時 間 為3維 打 印 技 術 而 開 發 的CAD工 具 出 現 了。Sanders Prototype(現 被 稱 為Solidscape)是 第 一
個 為 增 層 製 造 業 開 發 專 業 工 具 的 人,引 進 了 高 精 度 聚 合 物 的 噴 墨 製 造 系 統 (polymer jet fabrication
system),系統同時亦具備可溶性支撐結構。
— 醫學研究人員首次應用3維打印技術,將醫學和3維打印技術結合。人工人體器官令醫學變得更先
進。Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine的科學家使用塗有病人細胞的合成支架,因為它是病
人的細胞製成,使用過程中幾乎沒有排斥的風險。
2000年代
— 製作了首個3維打印的人工腎臟,它能夠在動物體內過濾血液並稀釋尿液。3維打印的腎臟現在完全
正常運作,研究人員正在不斷試驗移植人工器官。
— RepRap項目創立,其中包括自我複製3維打印機。令桌面式FDM 3維打印機普及化。
— Z Corporation推出了Spectrum Z510,是市場上第一部高清晰度的彩色3維打印機。
— 第一台的選擇性鐳射燒結 (SLS)機面世。
— 發明了首款3維打印義肢。結合了生物肢體的所有部分,並不需要任何後續裝配。現今醫學界可利用
3維掃描技術,在短時間內製造低成本的醫療假肢和矯形器。
— 由於FDM專利開放給公眾領域,令FDM 3維打印技術進入新時代。桌面3維打印機的成本下降,技術
更普及。
— Sculpteo成立,成為至今仍發展蓬勃的線上3維打印技術服務的先驅者之一。
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2010年代
— FDM專利已過期。更多人開始使用3維打印技術。
— Urbee製造了第一款3維打印原型車,車體部份完全使用大型的3維打印機作打印。
— Cornell University開始製作3維食物打印機。美國太空總署 (NASA)正在研究宇航員可以在太空中3維打
印食物的方法。
— 多項醫學3維打印技術正全面發展:生物組織、器官和低成本的義肢。首款3維打印人工下巴出現,
並植入人體內。
— 美國總統巴拉克 • 奧巴馬,他在美國國會演說中提到3維打印技術,將會是未來的一項主要發展項
目。
— 美國太空總署 (NASA)將3維打印技術帶到太空,在地球以外打印出首件3維打印立體實物。
— Carbon 3維發布極具革命性的極速CLIP 3維打印機。
— Daniel Kelly的實驗室宣佈能夠3維打印骨骼。
如今,發行商正在研發效率更高、打印速度更快的新型3維打印機,及新款的3維打印材料。
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什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
3維打印的歷史
Charles Hull發明了光固化成型法(SLA)
Stratasys公司為熔積成型法(FDM)申請專利
首次打印動物腎臟器官
研究人員3維打印出塗有細胞的醫用合成支架
Organovo公司打印第一個人類血液導管
RepRap以創建多元開放的打印機為目標研發了自我複製的3維打印機
一家中國公司發現了如何打印2000平方英尺的房間
挪威的一名女性成為世界上第一個接受移植3維打印顱骨的人
1980年代
2000年代
2005年
1999年
1990年代
2010年代
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電腦輔助設計(CAD)
電腦輔助設計 (CAD)是一種電腦技術,應用於設計產品,製作圖檔及文件; CAD有利於生產流程,透過圖檔
可顯示出產品的材料、製造方法、公差和特定尺寸等資料;亦可用於製作2D工程圖紙及3維立體模型,可
移動、旋轉及從多角度檢視產品。
電腦輔助設計 (CAD)軟件可根據物件結構及材料,進行產品科學化分析及提供建議,有助於預測產品設計
不同環境下發生的問題。
電腦輔助設計 (CAD)圖檔包含相關立體實物的尺寸資料。透過程序把圖檔分層切割及轉化為數據資料,打
印機按照數據資料進行逐層打印出立體實物。
進行3維打印前,必須準備3維電腦輔助設計 (CAD)圖檔。檔案格式包括:
STL, OBJ, AMF, 3MF, STP, PRT, IGS
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什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
製作圖檔的方法
製作圖檔的方法 利用電腦輔助設計 (CAD)軟件
商業或免費的電腦輔助設計 (CAD)軟件如下
逆向工程
當欠缺CAD圖檔,同時亦需要複製立體實物時,逆向工程便適合不過。
立體實物透過3維掃描器進行掃描,並將所得資料轉化數據,創建虛擬的3維圖檔,然後把3維圖檔
與立體實物掃描資料作比較,並修補CAD圖檔和實物之間的誤差。
3維掃描器通過掃描方式,收集立體實物的形狀和外觀數據資料並進行分析。
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3維打印技術基本原理
增材製造技術與減材製造技術的差別
SUBTRACTIVE MANUFACTURING
ADOTIVE MANUFACTURING
3維打印技術是一種增材製造技術。透過材料一層一層地添加,製造出立體實物的技術。不同的材料可使
用於不同的增材製造技術。不同的增材製造技術亦有一些共通點,如跟電腦配合使用的特定3維模型設計
軟件。
模型設計原型透過3維CAD(電腦輔助設計)程式來設計。
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什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
後工序加工
打印打印前需檢查3維立體模型檔案 (STL)是否有誤;確定無誤後,使用電腦輔助程序進行分層切割處理,分割
成一系列的薄層,並轉換成G CODE編碼;不同類型的3維打印機,會有特定的打印指令編碼。
打 印 機 的 分 析 度 以 每 層 層 厚 微 米(µm)及X-Y方 向 每 英 寸 點 數 (DPI)作 計 算。基 本 的3維 打 印 機 層 厚 大 約 是
100微米(µm),某些特別的3維打印機,可打印薄至16微米(µm)。激光打印機以X-Y分析度作計算,粒子
的直徑是大約50到100微米(µm)。
打印時間根據打印機類型、打印物件尺寸以及打印物件的數量作計算,打印時間可以是數個小時。
後工序加工立體模型打印完成後,將多余的材料及支撐層除去,以達致更高的精度及光潔度。某些情況亦有需要後加
工處理,例如使用化學氣化方法或拋光,令物件表面變得光滑,及噴塗上色等。
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減材製造減材製造是傳統的製造加工技術。通過機床加工方法將原材料上多余的部分移除,從而製造出立體模型;
一般情況下會使用多於一種的機床加工方法進行加工,例如CNC銑床、磨床、車床、鑽床、甚至模具等。
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什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
使用增材製造的優點1. 適合複雜形狀的設計
3維打印技術適合個人化的設計,可透過修改CAD圖檔來改動設計。不需要額外工具或其他製造技術
來進行修改。工程師能夠以最具成本效益的方式,製作不同版本的單一設計。每個項目都是訂製,
滿足使用者的個人化要求。
2. 縮短原型製作時間
3維打印是一種快速的增材製造打印技術,可直接將立體實物打印出來,而不需使用額外的製造工
藝。此外,製造立體實物的過程中,無需製作模具,因此減少了模具生產和修改的時間。這是一種高
成本效益的方法,讓設計師或企業家可進行市場測試或小批量生產,甚至短時間內,將產品放在集
資網站中銷售。
3. 降低製造成本
在進行傳統製造的過程中,不管是鑄造或注塑成型,每件產品部件均需要製作一套新的模具,這是
令生產費用大幅提升的主要因素之一;為了覆蓋模具製造成本,商人一般會重復使用同一模具,去
生產不同設計的產品。
相反地,3維打印技術,每次可打印單一的立體實物,無須製作模具,有助降低成本。此外,當修改
立體設計時,無需額外的開支和時間進行模具修改,可大幅降低投資的生產成本,令製造商能夠提
高盈利。
另一方面,3維打印的製造工序小,可以減少能源消耗。而且打印的物件,可以更輕,更耐用,及使
用更少資源。亦可通過增材製造技術,將已停止生產的產品重新製作,變換成新產品,只需要2%至
25%的資源,便可製造出一個全新的產品。
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4. 降低勞動力資源
3維打印需要最少一名技術人員來操作3維打印機,該技術人員並不需要任何專業的生產技術知識,
只要3維打印機開始運作,將自動進行打印,因技術人員人數減少,勞動力資源亦相對地降低。
5. 減少材料消耗
在傳統的減材製造過程中,機床將原材料上的多余部分移除,材料浪費比率平均為90%,由於被移
除的材料不能重複使用,造成嚴重的浪費。
相反,增材製造過程是將原材料逐層的添加,除了所需打印材料以外,只有支撐結構及後期加工處
理會造成材料浪費,高達90%的材料能被充分運用。再加上大多數3維打印材料均可被回收及循環再
用,減少浪費。
3維打印
時間 價錢 人力 材料損耗
CNC加工
91
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
增材製造的缺點1. 大批量生產成本高
雖然增材製造技術有各樣好處,但面對大批量生產時,傳統製造工藝比3維打印技術更有競爭力;大
部分情況下,500至10000件將是3維打印的產量的一個轉折點,主要是取決於材料及產品設計。然
而,隨著3維打印機和原材料的價格持續下降,生產數量的範圍有望進一步提高。
2. 材料、顏色,和表面處理方法的選擇較小
儘管現今在3維打印技術擁有超過六百多種材料,當中以塑膠和金屬材料為大多數,但基本的產品
材料和顏色選擇仍然有限。然而,3維打印技術的新材料數量正在迅速增長,包括木材、金屬、複合
材料、陶瓷,甚至巧克力。
3. 產品物理性能受限制
在個別3維打印技術當中,產品的強度因應打印方向而變得不均勻。令打印物件的強度比傳統製造
的部件弱。重複性亦有待改進,在不同的打印機上製造的部件,其物理性亦可能有差異。
4. 較低的精準度
3維打印技術所製造的立體實物,精準度大約是20至100微米之間。對於產品公差沒有特別要求的使
用者,3維打印技術是很好的製造產品方法。對於產品公差要求和細緻度特別高的使用者,3維打印
技術未必能夠合乎他們的要求,難以與更高精準度的製造工藝競爭。
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3維打印技術過程
1. 使用電腦輔助設計CAD軟件製作及設計3維立體模型(CAD圖檔)。
2. 將CAD圖檔格式轉換為STL(標準鑲嵌語言)格式,STL是3維打印機專用的讀取格式。
Standard Tessellation Language (STL)和3維Manufacturing Format(3MF)是通用的3維CAD檔案格式。
3. 透過電腦程序將STL圖檔轉換成數據,並輸入3維打印機。
在打印新物件前,設置所需的設備,如根據打印物件的選材,添加或填充所需的打印物料,或需要
添加支撐材料作為承托之用。
4. 開啟3維打印機,進入打印程序。
整個打印過程是全自動化,層厚可根據打印物件的尺寸、打印機型號及打印物料而調整;打印過程
可能需時幾個小時,甚至幾天,打印期間應偶爾檢查避免出錯。
5. 打印完成,從打印機中取出立體實物。
6. 打印完成後,立體實物有機會需要進行後期加工處理程序。
在精加工過程中,剩余的粉末或支撐結構應從立體實物中除去,亦有些打印材料需要加熱程序及時
間作固化。
7. 後期加工處理完成後,立體實物可被應用。
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3維打印技術
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
常用的3維打印技術包括下列四種,並按照使用物料類型,分為兩大類。
熱塑性塑膠材— 固態材料
熱固性塑膠材— 液態材料
其他3維打印技術包括
MJP — 3維SYSTEMS
CJP — 3維SYSTEMS
熔積成型法 (FDM)
光固化成型法 (SLA)
POLYJET — STRATASYS
選擇性鐳射燒結 (SLS)
數位光處理 (DLP)
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介紹
熔積成型法是一種通用的增材製造技術,用於製作立體實物,如立體模型或手辨等。打印機可選用不同物
性的線材及可溶性支撐線材作打印,通過加熱線材和擠壓出熔融物料,逐層反復地鋪設在工作平台上,以
建立出立體實物。因專利問題,FDM亦被稱為熔絲製造 (Fused Filament Fabrication FFF)。
歷史
熔積成型法於1988年由S. Scott Crump開發。
於1989年,Crump獲 得FDM技 術 的 專 利,並 創 立 了Stratasys。自1991年 起Stratasys開 始 出 售FDM打
印機。
2004年,RepRap項目發明了一部自製的3維FDM打印機。
FDM打印程序
線材通過系統(驅動輪)進入發熱器,熔化成熔融狀態並儲存在噴頭內,噴頭按照電腦軟件預定的打印路
徑,擠壓出熔融材料在工作平台上,噴頭沿水準x和y方向移動,而工作平台則沿垂直z方向移動,當完成
第一層的打印路徑後,材料會逐漸冷卻和固化,成為下一層材料的基礎,噴頭再按照打印路徑反復進行堆
叠,直至整件立體實物打印完成。
根據打印物件的形狀,打印過程中有可能會用到支撐物料,作為承托之用。例如打印物件的斜度大於45
度,就必需加入支撐物料;打印完成後,可利用清洗方法將支撐物料清除或溶解。
熔積成型法(FDM)熔積成型法 (FDM)
塑膠線材
支撐線材
打印噴頭
3維打印件
支撐線材
托盤
加工平枱
95
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
製造線材方法
利用擠出機製造線材,將原材料放進料槽,通過發熱帶將原料加熱至玻璃化轉變溫度 (Tg),並以螺杆旋轉
所產生的壓力和剪切力將原料均勻混合,再通過模芯擠出成為線材;線材通過水槽進行冷卻,被拉輥拉
扯,然後被捲繞機收納成捲材及切斷。
材料類型
固體熱塑性塑料根據材料的熱變形溫度 (HDT)分為三大類。
一般熱塑性塑膠材
一般的熱塑性塑膠材的定義為其熱變形溫度在100攝氏度以下。
PLA、ABS、PA12 & ASA是常用的塑料。
FDM材料
線材線材
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POLYLACTIC ACID (PLA)
PLA是一種可再生塑膠材料,是一種低成本快速打印原型的材料選擇。
特性
快速打印
拉伸強度高及高剛性
低熔點
多種不同顏色選項
性能 測試方法 英制 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @66 psi ASTM D648 127°F 53°C
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @264 psi ASTM D648 124°F 51°C
玻璃化轉變溫度 (Tg) DMA (SSYS) 145°F 63°C
比重 ASTM D792 1.264 g/cc
POLYLACTIC ACID (PLA)
97
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
ABS是真正的生產級熱塑性塑膠材料。
特性
物理性能良好及耐用,能保持高強度和穩定性
多種不同的顏色,包括象牙色、白色、黑色等等
應用
防靜電部件
性能 測試方法 英制 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @66 psi ASTM D648 204°F 96°C
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @264 psi ASTM D648 180°F 82°C
玻璃化轉變溫度 (Tg) DSC (SSYS) 226°F 108°C
比重 ASTM D792 1.04
Rockwell硬度 ASTM D785 109.5
耐燃等級 UL94 HB (0.09”, 2.50mm)
ABSPLUSABSPLUS
98
ABS(半透明)ABS(半透明)
ABS(半透明)適合打印透光的部件。
特性
強度比標準ABS的優勝
半透明性質
原色和其他顏色
應用
汽車、航空和醫療設備
性能 測試方法 英制 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @66 psi, 0.125” unannealed ASTM D648 188°F 86°C
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @264 psi, 0.125” unannealed ASTM D648 163°F 73°C
玻璃化轉變溫度 (Tg) DMA (SSYS) 240°F 116°C
比重 ASTM D792 1.08
Rockwell硬度 ASTM D785 R108
耐燃等級 UL 94 HB (0.059”, 1.5 mm)
99
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
ABS-M30ABS-M30
特性
與標準ABS相比,ABS M30:
強度高出25%至70%
拉伸、衝擊和抗彎曲強度更強
層與層之間的接合力更強
更耐用,表面光滑
多種顏色包括原色、白色和黑色等等
應用
概 念 建 模、功 能 原 模、製 造 工 具 零
件和高品質可使用部件
性能 測試方法 英制 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @66 psi, 0.125” unannealed ASTM D648 204°F 96°C
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @264 psi, 0.125” unannealed ASTM D648 180°F 82°C
玻璃化轉變溫度 (Tg) DMA (SSYS) 226°F 108°C
比重 ASTM D792 1.04
Rockwell硬度 ASTM D785 109.5
耐燃等級 UL94 HB (0.09”, 2.50 mm)
100
ABS-M30IABS-M30I
特性
可用gamma或EtO滅菌
高物理強度
生物相容性,符合 ISO 10993和USP Class VI
應用
醫療、製藥和食品包裝行業
性能 測試方法 英制 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @66 psi, 0.125” unannealed ASTM D648 204°F 96°C
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @264 psi, 0.125” unannealed ASTM D648 180°F 82°C
玻璃化轉變溫度 (Tg) DSC (SSYS) 226°F 108°C
比重 ASTM D792 1.04
Rockwell硬度 ASTM D785 109.5
耐燃等級 UL 94 HB (0.06”, 1.5 mm)
101
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
特性
生產級熱塑性塑料
高物理強度及抗紫外線UV
多種防褪色顏色,包括白色、象牙色和黑色等等
應用
功能測試樣板及戶外應用的實際產
品部件
性能 測試方法 英制 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @66 psi ASTM D648 208°F 98°C
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @264 psi ASTM D648 196°F 91°C
玻璃化轉變溫度 (Tg) DMA (SSYS) 226°F 108°C
比重 ASTM D792 1.05
Rockwell硬度 ASTM D785 (Scale R, 73°F) 82
耐燃等級 UL94 HB
ASAASA
102
NYLON 12 (PA12)NYLON 12 (PA12)
特性
高耐衝擊強度
高精準度
後期加工處理後約82至95度
工程塑料
工程塑料的定義為其熱變形溫度介乎100至150攝氏度之間。
例如:PC/ABS,PC,TPU及TPE。
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什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
PC/ABSPC/ABS
特性
優良的耐衝擊強度
高強度和耐熱度
優良的表面光潔度
應用
概 念 模 型、 功 能 原 模、 製 造 工 具 和 生 產
零件
汽車、電子、電信應用和製造工業設備
性能 測試方法 英制 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @66 psi ASTM D648 230°F 110°C
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @264 psi ASTM D648 205°F 96°C
玻璃化轉變溫度 (Tg) DMA (SSYS) 257°F 125°C
比重 ASTM D792 1.10
Rockwell硬度 ASTM D785 R110
耐燃等級 UL94 HB
104
POLYCARBONATE (PC)
POLYCARBONATE (PC)
真正的工業用熱塑性塑膠材料
特性
優良的機械性能和耐熱性
高拉伸和抗彎曲強度
精硬度、耐用性和穩定性適合製作強度高的功能測試樣板
應用
內 部 組 件、汽 車 製 造、太 空 航 天、
醫療設備和其他行業
可承受高強度功能測試的部件、樣
板、工具和夾具
性能 測試方法 英制 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @66 psi ASTM D648 280°F 138°C
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @264 psi ASTM D648 261°F 127°C
玻璃化轉變溫度 (Tg) DMA (SSYS) 322°F 161°C
比重 ASTM D792 1.2
Rockwell硬度 ASTM D785 R115
耐燃等級 UL94 HB
105
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
特性
環保,質地柔軟,高回彈性
打印流暢、高彈性、成型性良好,奶白色
性能 Shore
硬度 87 A
eFlex (TPU)eFlex (TPU)
106
ELASTIC(熱塑性彈性體TPE)
ELASTIC(熱塑性彈性體TPE)
特性
打印流暢、高彈性
奶白色
性能 Shore
硬度 85 A
高性能工程塑料
高性能工程塑料的定義為其熱變形溫度高於150攝氏度。
例如:ULTEM
107
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
ULTEM 9085ULTEM 9085
特性
全面性的機械、化學和耐熱性能
FST評級(防火、防煙和防毒)
高堅硬度
應用
ULTEM 9085適合太空航天科技、汽
車和軍事應用
性能 測試方法 英制 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @264 psi, 0.125” unannealed ASTM D648 307°F 153°C
玻璃化轉變溫度 (Tg) DSC (SSYS) 367°F 186°C
比重 ASTM D792 1.34
Rockwell硬度 ASTM D785 —
耐燃等級 UL94 V–0 (1.5 mm, 3 mm)
108
特性
高強度和耐熱性
相比於任何FDM熱塑性塑料線材,ULTEM 1010的耐熱性、
耐化學性和拉伸強度均較優勝
食品接觸和生物相容性的認證,包括NSP 51和 ISO 10993/
USP Class VI
應用
汽 車、航 空 航 天、醫 療 和 食 品 生 產
行業,以及高壓滅菌消毒的醫療設
備
性能 測試方法 英制 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @66 psi, 0.125” unannealed ASTM D648 421°F 216°C
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @264 psi, 0.125” unannealed ASTM D648 415°F 213°C
玻璃化轉變溫度 (Tg) DSC (SSYS) 419°F 215°C
比重 ASTM D792 1.27
Rockwell硬度 ASTM D785 109
耐燃等級 UL94 V0 (1.5 mm), V0,
5VA (3 mm)
ULTEM 1010ULTEM 1010
109
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
熱塑性線材的優點線材
1. 生產級熱塑性塑膠材
跟傳統注塑成型的塑膠部件一樣,擁有同樣強度、穩定性和耐用性
熔積成型法打印的物件,擁有優異和工程級的機械性能。這是唯一使用生產級熱塑性塑料的3
維打印技術。可製作具備機械性能、耐熱性能和化學性能的功能測驗制品、概念性制品或最終
制成品。
2. 優良的物理性能
重複性
穩定及可預計的材料特性,可達到重複測試的結果
適用於DDM(直接數位化製造)
適用於不同的行業
無毒物
適合在低溫環境使用
3. 材料和顏色類型多樣化
相對其他3維打印技術,材料類型和顏色選擇更多
4. 耐用和穩定
物理及環境方面,均能夠保持的穩定形狀和物性
保持穩定幾何形狀和機械性能,能承受嚴苛的環境
5. 經濟
最優惠的3維打印材料
110
實際案例應用
實際案例
行業 醫療
應用 醫療廢棄物回收箱內蓋頁
材料 TPE
打印時間 小於兩小時
產品要求 短時間內製作不同設計的蓋頁,驗證設計可行性 內蓋頁物料需合乎產品性能的要求 省卻開模費用,減省成本
FDM的特性
打印材料 線材
材料類型 PLA、ABS、PC、TPE、TPU
線材直徑 1.75毫米或2.85毫米
打印速度 標準
打印精準度 0.15毫米至0.20毫米
打印要求 製造、維修保養和材料採購的成本低 能夠打印大尺寸產品(取決於打印材料) 可能需要支撐線材 多種線材顏色的選擇 打印材料可以回收重用
產品 表面粗糙(相對於其他3維打印技術),可能需要後期加工處理 適合打印結構相對簡單的產品
111
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
使用FDM的優點1. 低生產成本
更方便,更容易打印出原型
簡化的成本來源
維修成本低
2. 干淨、簡單和人性化的技術
容易使用
不需技術人員駐守,打印時會燈號顯示
打印過程簡單,方便使用
可溶性支撐結構,方便用水清除
設備配合使用者
安靜,機身細小,適合在任何辦公環境使用
無需修改設備
3. 打印物價俱備耐用性及高穩定性
4. 打印時間快— 相對傳統製造方法
112
介紹
選擇性鐳射燒結 (SLS)是一種使用鐳射激光,直接熔解及分層燒結固體粉末材料的增材製造技術。
以下兩種是從SLS延伸出來的技術
Selective Laser Melting選擇性鐳射熔化 (SLM)使用鐳射激光束直接熔化及分層燒結金屬粉末的製造技術。
Electron beam melting電子束熔煉法 (EBM)使用鐳射激光燒結金屬粉末,在真空狀態下製造完全均勻的金屬
部件,此技術可使用高含氧量的金屬。
歷史
1979年,R.F.Housholder遞交了選擇性鐳射燒結專利的申請,但他沒有將選擇性鐳射燒結技術用作商業用
途。
在80年代,The University of Texas Austin分校機械工程系得到SLS的專利,UT的學生是第一個想出使用鐳射
激光將粉末顆粒熔化在一起的人,並且用此技術製造出立體實物。
在1986年建造的第一台選擇性鐳射燒結打印機。通過一層一層燒結或熔化粉末來製造原型。
選擇性鐳射燒結(SLS)選擇性鐳射燒結 (SLS)
3維打印件
激光素描系統
加工粉末
激光
鋪粉輪
粉末傳送系統
粉末傳送平枱 加工平枱
113
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
The University of Texas System基於發明提交了第一個與選擇性鐳射燒結相關的專利,並於1987年發布,定義
了選擇性鐳射燒結打印過程。
第一家選擇性鐳射燒結公司(NOVA Automation)成立,於1989年成為Desk Top Manufacturing (DTM) Corporation。
DTM是第一所UT Austin學生和教職員創立的公司。
在1989年建造了第二台選擇性鐳射燒結打印機。
DTM於1992年推出第一批選擇性鐳射燒結打印機,稱為SinterStation,並成功商業化。
自二十世紀起,選擇性鐳射燒結廣泛應用於生產堅固耐用的模具、原型和零件。
2001年,3維Systems收購了DTM。
過程
固體粉末材料存放在加工平台的熱室內,頂部表層的粉末溫度保持在材料燒結點以下。鐳射激光聚焦成
微光束,按打印物件的平面截面面積進行照射;粉末被激光照射下升溫至高於燒結溫度,粉末粒子燒結在
一起,當表層完全燒結後,打印平台向下稍微移動,另一傳送粉末的粉末室亦稍微向上移動,輥子會將新
的粉末傳送及鋪平在加工平台的最表層;重複以上過程,直至最後一層截面燒結完成及打印物件的程序
結束。最後取出完成後的立體實物及清除未燒結的粉末。
SLS材料
SLS塑料粉末
SLS最常用的材料是PA 12。PA12若配合添加物料,可改變顏色,強度,柔韌性和剛性等物理性能;提升打
印物件耐用性、強度、耐磨性及延展性能。熱固性光敏聚合物粉末有3種顏色可供選擇,包括黑色,白色
和灰色,但沒有透明或半透明。
114
特性
優 良 的 機 械 性 能,高 溫 下 保 持 優 异 的 機 械 性 能 和
抗蠕變特性
優异的剛性
尺寸穩定性,確保高精度打印尺寸和複雜表面還原
吸水率低、易於加工
淡黃色
應用
生產用的部件首辦和成品部件,具
備 高 強 度、高 尺 寸 精 度、熱 變 形 溫
度高等多項性能。
汽車進氣管連結部件
性能 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @1.8 MPa 97.8°C
FS6028PA PA6尼龍粉末
FS6028PA PA6尼龍粉末
115
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
特性
由可再生原料(蓖麻油)製成
彈性和高耐衝擊強度
拉伸斷裂強度高
優良的耐化學性(特別是烴類,醛類,酮類,礦物鹼和
鹽類,醇類,燃料和洗滌劑以及油和油脂)
符合以下驗證標準
符合DIN EN ISO 10993–5的細胞毒性
定義在directive 2007/47/EC(醫療設備)
沒 有 進 行 任 何 特 定 醫 療 設 備 中 使 用PA11的 臨 床
醫學研究,歐洲藥品質量管理局 (EDQM)或其他政
府機構在醫療設備中也未獲得使用批准
不適用於身體矯形,矯形鞋墊或足弓支撐,手術
導管和工具,治療口罩和牙科模型以外的任何醫
療產品應用
不能植入人體30天以上,不能取代上表皮或眼睛
表層多於30天以上
白色和黑色
應用
帶 有 機 械 負 載 功 能 首 辦 的 和 長 期 移 動
的部件
相關撞擊的汽車行業內部部件
薄壁及格子結構的中小型部件
性能 測試方法 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @1.8 MPa ISO 75-1/-2 46°C
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @0.45 MPa ISO 75-1/-2 180°C
PA11 PA1101 PA1102
PA11 PA1101 PA1102
116
PA12 PA2105
PA12 PA 2200/2201
PA12 PA2105
PA12 PA 2200/2201
特性
高準確度
高表面品質
可選顏色
淺膚色
應用
牙科模型
特性
高強度和剛度
抗化學性
高選擇性和細節解析度
適合各種表面處理(如電鍍、爐搪瓷、振動研磨,著色、粘
合、粉末噴塗、植絨)
根據EN ISO 10993-1和USP/VI/121°C的生物相容性
PA 22200批准符合歐盟塑料指令2002/72/EC的食品接觸,
除了酒精食品
PA 22201批 准 符 合FDA, 21CRF, §177.1500 9(b)的 食 品 接
觸,除了酒精食品
應用
最高品質塑膠功能部件
醫療部件義肢或可動連接部件
117
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
PA12 PA3200 GF
PA 2210 FR特性
阻燃
沒有鹵素
剛度比未填充的PA 12高
結晶度高、耐熱、均聚物
一般抗化學性,耐油脂,耐油性
驗收標準
JAR 25(航空)
UL 94(電氣和電子產品)
應用
飛 機 和 航 空 航 天,汽 車 部 件,電 氣
和電子設備和電器中的塑料部件
特性
低摩擦系數
高剛性
高機械耐磨性
良好的熱負荷能力
表面質量優異
高尺寸準確度和細節解析度
應用
汽車發動機區域內的最終部件
衝壓模具
任何特殊需要高剛性,高熱變形溫
度和耐磨應用
PA12 PA3200 GF
PA 2210 FR
118
特性
提高導電率
高剛度
最高的強度和硬度
重量輕
應用
代替金屬
汽車應用的氣動部件
耐機械應力部件
CARBONMIDE (PA12–CF)
CARBONMIDE (PA12–CF)
119
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
性能 測試方法 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @1.8 MPa ISO 75-1/-2 165°C
特性
熱穩定
一般耐化學腐蝕,水解穩定
SLS塑膠聚合物材料中性能最好
拉伸強度 (95 MPa)及楊氏彈性模數 (4400 MPa),比PA12和
PA11高出100%
出色的耐高溫性能
溫 度 範 圍 在180°C(機 械 動 態),240°C(機 械 靜 態)和
260°C(電氣)
高耐磨性
出色的抗化學性
最佳的防火,防煙,防毒的性能
耐水解性好
潛在的生物相容性及可消毒
應用
高要求的應用於醫療、航空航天或
汽車工業
醫療用途中代替不銹鋼和鈦
適 當 的 金 屬 替 代 品,其 重 量 輕,耐
火性在航空航天和汽車工業中最為
常用
PEEK EOS HP3PEEK EOS HP3
120
LUVOSINT® TPU X92A-1 & X92A-2
LUVOSINT® TPU X92A-1 & X92A-2
特性
強度,耐磨損,彈性好
Shore A 88
原色
TPU X92A-2改 良 自TPU X92A-1加 強 打 印 細 節 度;白 色,有
助染色
應用
成 衣 業,鞋 類 和 運 動 業,管 道,密
封件,義肢和更多的應用
性能 測試方法 數值
維卡軟化溫度VST A ISO 306 ISO 306 90°C
Shore A硬度 — 88
121
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
特性
相對TPU X92A,強度更高,但彈性降低
Shore A 97
白色
TPU X97A-1 WT擁有接近PA的物性,而耐磨損能力增強
應用
成 衣 業,鞋 類 和 運 動 業,管 道,密
封件,義肢和更多的應用
性能 測試方法 數值
維卡軟化溫度VST A ISO 306 ISO 306 90°C
Shore A硬度 — 97
LUVOSINT® TPU X97A-1 WT
LUVOSINT® TPU X97A-1 WT
122
使用SLS材料的好處1. 更多材料選擇
除了熱塑性粉末,金屬粉末、陶瓷粉末、石英粉末也可以選擇作為燒結材料
設計自由度大。未燒結的粉末將用作為支撐結構,從而製作出複雜形狀的立體實物,亦無須使
用額外的支撐物料。
無須支撐結構。可以直接生產具有複雜形狀的原型和零件。
2. 高材料使用率
未燒結的粉末可以重複使用,而不會浪費材料。
3. 高生產準確度
可以產生複雜幾何形狀設計。原型的準確度高達 ± 0.05mm。
4. 廣泛應用範圍
材料種類繁多。燒結零件可用於不同生產目的,如結構和功能測試、金屬成型、鑄造精確的蠟
芯和砂芯。
123
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
實際案例應用
行業 醫療
應用 3維機器人假肢裝置 (Ekso Bionics)
材料 PA12 + CG
產品要求 根據身體形狀生產
承載能力要求高
靈活修改設計
縮短生產時間
行業 製造業
應用 工業機械臂安全殼 (AIRSKIN)
材料 TPU
產品要求 減少製作模具成本 增加機器手臂數量 提高生產率 保護工人的安全
實際案例
124
行業 鞋業
應用 跑鞋鞋墊 (Under Armour Architech)
材料 TPU
產品要求 仿真技術。分析運動學、動力學和材料性質的數據,以創建鞋墊的最佳緩衝結構
複雜形狀,不適合注塑成型 承受最高的訓練實力。增強穩定性,減震能力。適合體重訓練,避
免受傷
SLS特性
打刷材料 液態光敏樹脂
物料類型 PA66,PA12,PA12 + GF,PA12 + CF,PEEK,TPU,金屬和石膏粉
打印速度 比FDM快
準確度 0.05–0.15 mm
要求 使用高功率鐳射激光、技術難度高,製造保養成本高
無須支撐結構
可重複使用的打印材料
產品 表面粗糙,比FDM優勝
能夠打印具有複雜的形狀和結構的產品
能夠直接或間接地打印金屬材料在燒結零件上。比其他3維打印技
術有較高的強度
可能需要後期處理拋光、着色
使用SLS的好處
SLS的生產成本比SLA低,SLS可單次打印大量物件。
不需要支撐材料來生產出有突出和不支撐結構設計的立體實物,粉末本身能用作支撐。
可以選用多種材料進行打印。
可打印出設計複雜的立體實物。
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
125
介紹
光固化成型法 (SLA)透過光聚合作用製作模型、原型、幾何圖形和生產部件的3維打印技術。電腦控制器操
控紫外線鐳射光光束,將承載容器中的光敏聚合物表層固化。此技術是3維打印歷史中最悠久的方法,至
今仍然被廣泛使用。
SLA打印機包含獨特設計的光固化裝置,將液態光敏聚合物轉化成固態的立體實物。
歷史
SLA是 第 一 個 理 論 化 的 的 增 材 製 造 技 術。在70年 代,Hideo Kodama博 士 通 過 使 用 紫 外 線 光 固 化 光 敏 聚
合物,發明了光固化成形法的打印方法。光固化成形法在1986年獲得專利。該方法由3維Systems, Inc.獲得
專利。指出紫外光可以逐層固化液態光敏聚合物,以製造出立體實物。
光固化成型法(SLA)光固化成型法 (SLA)
DIAGRAM OF SLA PRINTING PROCESS
升降台
激光光源
激光朿
加工平枱
材料缸
液態光敏樹脂表層
液態光敏樹脂
126
過程
整個加工平台放進注滿液態光敏樹脂的半透明水箱內,表層薄薄的液態光敏樹脂暴露於加工平台之上。
SLA打印機擁有兩組電流計,分別是X軸及Y軸,用於將模型設計分解多層截面,及轉換成一系列由點和線
組成的座標,然後把紫外線鐳射光束迅速地沿着截面座標照射,液態光敏樹脂產生光固化反應,形成打印
物件的單一固態截面層。
完成單一固態截面層後,加工平台會被降低,新一層的液態光敏樹脂會暴露於加工平台之上,將整個過程
不斷重複,直至完成打印所需的打印物件,將浸泡在液態光敏樹脂的打印物件取出及清潔,並把物件放在
紫外線烤爐內進一步固化,最後清除支撐結構及後加工工序處理。
SLA材料
液態光敏樹脂
材料類型
SLA的打印材料是液態光敏樹脂。它是熱固性塑料樹脂,其物性可接近ABS, PP, PC and TPU(稱為類ABS、類
PP、類PC塑料和類TPU塑料),樹脂容易破裂(永久性變形和破壞);基本顏色為白色、透明或半透明樹脂。
液態光敏樹脂液態光敏樹脂
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
127
ACCURA XTREMEACCURA XTREME
特性
類ABS
堅固耐用
功能性組裝
短期生產零件
白色
性能 測試方法 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @66 psi ASTM D 648 55–58°C
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @264 psi ASTM D 648 51–53°C
特性
堅固耐用
抗破損和功能性組裝部件
非常適合卡扣,裝配和要求嚴格的應用
理想的真空鑄造材料
灰色
性能 測試方法 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @66 psi ASTM D 648 62°C
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @264 psi ASTM D 648 54°C
ACCURA 55ACCURA 55
128
特性
堅固耐用
抗破損和功能性組裝部件
適合卡扣,裝配和要求嚴格的應用
理想的真空鑄造材料
白色
性能 測試方法 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @66 psi ASTM D 648 47°C
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @264 psi ASTM D 648 42°C
ACCURA XTREME WHITE 200
ACCURA XTREME WHITE 200
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
129
特性
最高剛度
耐熱耐磨
抗化學性
適用於風洞模型,夾具
耐高溫
藍色
性能 測試方法 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT)@ 66 psi UV固化後處理 ASTM D 648 65–66°C
熱變形溫度 (HDT)@ 264 ps UV固化後處理 ASTM D 648 65°C
熱變形溫度 (HDT)@ 66 psi UV +熱流化(120°C) ASTM D 648 267–284°C
ACCURA BLUESTONE
ACCURA BLUESTONE
130
VISIJET SL FLEXVISIJET SL FLEX
ACCURA 25ACCURA 25
特性
類PP
柔性塑料 卡扣裝配 真空鑄造 耐用的功能首辦 白色
性能 測試方法 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @66 psi ASTM D 648 58–63°C
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @264 psi ASTM D 648 51–55°C
特性
類PP的外觀
高柔韌性,穩定性和保持形狀
高功能分析度和準確度
卡扣裝配
聚氨酯鑄造的主要塑料
不透明的白色
應用
汽車零件和儀表板
性能 測試方法 公制
熱變形溫度 @ 0.45 MPa ASTM D648 61°C
熱變形溫度 @ 1.82 MPa ASTM D648 53°C
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
131
ACCURA 60
ACCURA CLEARVUE
ACCURA 60
ACCURA CLEARVUE
特性
類PC╱類ABS
堅固耐用
透明
特性
類PC╱類ABS
堅韌
耐濕性
UPS Class VI
應用
燈、瓶子和透明組件
應用
燈、瓶子和透明組件
性能 測試方法 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @66 psi ASTM D 648 53–55°C
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @264 psi ASTM D 648 48–50°C
測試方法 測試方法 美國 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @66 psi ASTM D 648 115°F 46°C
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @264 psi ASTM D 648 106°F 41°C
132
ACCURA PEAKACCURA PEAK
特性
類PC╱類ABS
耐高溫
高硬度和剛度
耐濕性
性能 測試方法 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @66 psi;UV固化後處理 ASTM D 648 78°C
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @264 psi;UV固化後處理 ASTM D 648 59°C
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @66 psi;120°C熱焙 ASTM D 648 153°C
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @264 psi;120°C熱焙 ASTM D 648 124°C
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
133
GODART 8558GODART 8558
特性
類TPU
優良的柔性和韌性
耐折彎性強
Shore D 30
原色(淡黃色)
應用
鞋 類 和 體 育 產 業、管 道、密 封 件、義 肢 和 更 多
的應用
134
SLA材料的好處1. 單一材料的選擇
材料性能類似ABS,PP,PC和TPU
2. 生產效率高
更快和更穩定
3. 良好的產品外觀
高品質的表面較光滑,透光率高
4. 高成型準確度
能夠生產複雜的幾何設計
原型準確度為 ± 0.02mm
5. 廣泛應用範圍
世界上約60%的快速成型機都是運行SLA打印技術的
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
135
實例實例
應用
行業 消費產品
應用 炊具
工藝 SLA
等級 類ABS(硬)+類TPU(軟)
產品要求 光澤 ABS性能(硬)+ shoe D 30(軟)
行業 電子產品
應用 打印機部件
工藝 SLA
等級 類ABS(硬)
產品要求 剛性和表面光潔度 ABS性能(硬)
136
行業 醫療產品
應用 氧氣面罩
工藝 SLA
等級 類ABS(硬)
產品要求 剛性和輕便 透光率> 80%
行業 消費產品
應用 食品容器蓋+密封墊片
工藝 SLA + MJP
等級 類ABS(硬)+類TPU(軟)
產品要求 光澤度 ABS性能(硬)+ shoe A 30(軟)
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
137
SLA特性打印材料 液態光敏樹脂
材料類型 較少物料類型,必須是液態光敏樹脂
打印速度 快
準確度 準確度高達± 0.02 mm
要求 設備、保養和材料的成本比FDM高
材 料 有 毒 及 對 皮 膚 和 呼 吸 系 統 有 害。操 作 人 員 需 要 配 備 防 護 手
套,工作環境亦需要保持空氣流通
可能需要支撐結構。打印出的立體實物與支撐結構是同一種材料
所打印的,因此需要人手去除支撐結構
打印材料不能回收
產品 可以打印光滑的表面,但可能打印出材料不均勻的產品
能夠打印具有復雜形狀和結構的產品
有限的強度、剛度和耐熱性
不適合長期存放
使用SLA的好處 產品表面是平滑及有光澤。
SLA適合同時打印多個不同精確度的物件及高精確度的大型物件。表面解析度及完整性都能保持着
高品質。
SLA 3維打印機利用鐳射光束逐點將液態光敏樹脂固化,打印件的精確度比DLP 3維打印更精確。
138
數位光處理(DLP)
液態光敏樹脂
激光光源透鏡
反射鏡
升降台馬達
加工平枱
介紹
DLP是使用光將液態光敏樹脂固化的打印技術,利用投影方法將3維電腦輔助設計軟件建立的模型打印成立體實物,每次投影一整層截面在液態光敏樹脂上並固化。打印方式與SLA相類似,主要區別是光源,DLP
利用傳統的弧光燈作為光源。
歷史
Texas Instruments的Larry Hornbeck博 士 於1987年 發 明 了 一 種 稱 為 數 位 微 鏡 器 件 (DMD)的 半 導 體 晶 片,稱 為DLP晶片。DLP用投影機和使用DMD中矩陣中佈置的數字微鏡打印。每個鏡子代表圖像中的像素。第一台基於DLP的投影儀於1997年由Digital Projection Ltd推出。
過程
整個加工平台放進注滿液態光敏樹脂的半透明水箱內,當加工平台被淹沒,打印機底部的數位紫外光投影儀,會通過水箱底部把一整層截面投影在加工平台上,並將液態光敏樹脂固化在加工平台上,完成後加工平台升起,讓一層新的液態光敏樹脂流入打印物件的下方,整個過程不斷重複,逐層截面投影,直至已
完成所需的物件,最後把物件從水箱內取出。
數位光處理 (DLP)
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
139
E-DENT 400
E-DENT 400
材料類型
SLA的打印材料是液態光敏樹脂。它是熱固性塑料樹脂,其物性可接近ABS, PP, PC and TPU(稱為類ABS、類
PP、類PC塑料和類TPU塑料),樹脂容易破裂(永久性變形和破壞);基本顏色為白色、透明或半透明樹脂。
特性
生物兼容Class IIa和FDA批准的解決方案
精確細膩的表面光潔度
可以打印全冠或多單元橋樑
允許顏色分層和陰影
應用
牙科
液態光敏樹脂液態光敏樹脂
DLP材料
140
E-MODEL FLEX SERIES
ABS 3SP TOUGH
E-MODEL FLEX SERIES
ABS 3SP TOUGH
特性
高準確度
最終使用材料,斷裂伸長率高
穩定性高
低收縮和低捲曲
粘度低
橙色、深灰色和綠色
特性
非常堅固的類ABS
適用於高品質產品
穩定可靠的生產質量適用於最終用途零件
能承受高壓力
能夠在不減低其卓越表面質量的前提下
快速打印
應用
航空航天、娛樂、汽車、消費品、教育、醫療設
備、製造業
應用
航 空 航 天、動 畫 娛 樂、建 築 與 藝 術、汽 車、消
費 和 包 裝 物 品、牙 科、教 育、電 子、製 造、正
畸、體育用品、玩具
需要彈性的物品和組裝應用
性能 測試方法 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @1.82 MPa ASTM D648 49.5°C
性能 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @1.82 MPa 60°C
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
141
E-TOOL 3SPE-TOOL 3SP
E-CLEAR 3SPE-CLEAR 3SP
特性
堅固,堅韌,防水,高清晰度
剛性和耐用性
清晰,不會隨着年齡變黃
低翹曲和生物相容性
防水,高濕度
用 於 外 觀 模 型,具 有 最 少 的 精 加 工,堅 韌 和 功
能性原型,以及RTV模式
特性
用於小批量生產或在原型設計階段創建模具
更快,更具成本效益
不需要限制最少的注塑數量
良好的強度和斷裂伸長率
應用
娛樂、消費品、教育、醫療設備、製造業
應用
航 空 航 天、 汽 車、 消 費 品、 製 造 業、 體 育 用
品、玩具等
性能 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @1.82 MPa 75°C
性能 公制
熱變形溫度 (HDT) @1.82 MPa 42°C
142
ABS FLEX
EC3000
ABS FLEX
EC3000
特性
ABS樣
堅韌穩定
能承受高壓力
能夠高速構建
ABS Flex黑色,ABS Flex淺灰色,ABS Flex白色
應用
特性
比任何基於聚合物的材料多3倍的蠟
清晰細節,表面光滑
實現卓越的表面質量
在倦怠期間物料膨脹可忽略不計
適用於製造無孔隙鑄件
應用
航 空 航 天、動 畫 娛 樂、建 築 藝 術、汽 車、消 費
品、教育、電子、製造、體育用品、玩具
適合需要彈性的物品和組裝應用
生產質量最終使用部件
應用
珠寶、製造
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
143
實例實例
應用
行業 鞋類製造業
應用 限定3維打印運動鞋(Adidas和Carbon)
工藝 DLP
材料 TPU
產品要求 複雜形狀,不適合注塑成型
增強穩定性,減震能力
適用於最高強度,重量訓練,避免受傷
144
DLP特性材料 液態光敏樹脂
材料類型 很少的材料類型,必須是液態光敏樹脂
打印速度 打印速度比SLA快
準確度 準確度高達± 0.02 m
要求 設備,保養和材料成本比SLA低
材 料 有 毒 及 對 皮 膚 和 呼 吸 系 統 有 害。操 作 人 員 需 要 配 備 防 護 手
套,工作環境亦需要保持空氣流通
可能需要支撐結構
打印材料不能回收重用
產品 光滑,表面準確度高
有限的強度,剛度和耐熱性
不能長期保存
適合生產模型、玩具和珠寶,可用於製造具有低強度要求的原型
使用DLP的好處 DLP適於打印單一物件,快速打印標準精度要求的物件。打印的立體實物尺寸將影響其表面精確度
DLP 3維打印機速度基本上比SLA 3維打印機打印速度快,原因是DLP是一整層截出面投影,取代鐳射
光束照射一點的打印方式。
DLP 3維打印機價格較SLA 3維打印機便宜
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
145
結論隨着3維打印技術的進步,3維打印技術和流程將會在未來繼續發展。3維打印行業不斷創新設備、材料和
過程。可根據例如預算,設計或功能等因素,正確地選擇適當的3維打印過程和合適的材料。
3維打印可用於製造不同的立體實物,並逐步取代傳統的製造方法。增材製造技術將在不久的將來得到拓
展。
146
對比表
熔積成型法 (FDM) 選擇性鐳射燒結 (SLS) 光固化成型法 (SLA) 數位光處理 (DLP)
材料 熱塑性塑膠材 SLS塑料粉末 液態光敏樹脂 液態光敏樹脂
材料類型 最多 很多 標準 標準
強度 高 優越 標準 標準
最大尺寸(毫米) 400 x 400 x 400 300 x 300 x 300 300 x 300 x 300 300 x 300 x 200
外觀 標準 好 優越 優越
表面紋理 粗糙
可拋光略粗糙
可拋光光滑
閃亮光滑
閃亮
顏色 最多
不透明和半透明所有
顏色
一般
黑色
灰色
白色(不透明)
很多
幾乎無限
不透明
半透明
很多
支撐結構 需要 不需要 需要 需要
機械性能 可變
強
堅韌
耐用
強
靈活強
脆
新型柔性化合物
強
脆
新型柔性化合物
機械故障 逐漸變形直到斷裂 逐漸變形直到斷裂 幾乎沒有變形直到
突然斷裂幾乎沒有變形直到
突然斷裂
耐磨性 可變 優越 可變 可變
打印速度 低 標準 高 最高
後期處理 拋光
繪畫
密封
平滑
拋光
平滑
上漆
染色
繪畫
拋光(很少需要)
繪畫拋光(很少需要)
繪畫
食物兼容性 於微空隙洩漏 是的 只有特殊的樹脂 只有特殊的樹脂
化學品的相容性 由於微空隙洩漏 高度耐性 未定義 未定義
成本 便宜
打印機:便宜
材料:便宜
最貴
打印機:嚴重地昂貴
材料:便宜
貴
打印機:比較便宜
樹脂:可能很昂貴
貴
打印機:比較便宜
樹脂:可能很昂貴
什麼是
3維打印技術
3維打印技術歷史
電腦輔助設計(
CAD)
3維打印技術基本原理
3維打印技術過程
3維打印技術
附錄
147
附錄
引用https://www.sculpteo.com/blog/2015/12/09/3d-printing-technologies-sls-sla/
https://www.sculpteo.com/blog/2016/12/14/the-history-of–3d-printing–3d-printing-technologies-from-the–80s-to-today/
https://www.creativemechanisms.com/blog/additive-manufacturing-vs-subtractive-manufacturing
http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/57294/68452.pdf?sequence=1
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2063/computer-aided-design-cad
https://www.sculpteo.com/en/glossary/cad-definition-en/
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rapidproto/students.03/rarevalo/project2/Process.html
http://www.stratasys.com/3d-printers/technologies/fdm-technology
http://www.stratasys.com/materials/fdm
http://www.luvocom.de/en/products/luvocom–3f-made-for-fused-filament-fabrication/
https://formlabs.com/blog/3d-printing-technology-comparison-sla-dlp/
https://www.3dsystems.com/on-demand-manufacturing/stereolithography-sla/materials
Design And Produced By: EDICO Financial Press Services Limited設計及製作:鉅京財經印刷服務有限公司
Hong Kong Head Office 香港總公司China Offices 中國辦事處Dongguan 東莞 Chongqing 重慶 Guangzhou 廣州 Shanghai 上海Tianjin 天津 Changchun 長春 Qingdao 青島 Wuhan 武漢
Milton Plastics Ltd 萬通塑料有限公司
TECHNICAL HANDBOOKPRINTING
EXPLORING UNLIMITED POSSIBILITIES IN PRINTING
三維打印技術手冊
探索 打印無限可能
3D
3D
萬通集團成員
Hong Kong Head Office 香港總公司China Offices 中國辦事處Dongguan 東莞
Chongqing 重慶 Guangzhou 廣州 Shanghai 上海 Tianjin 天津
Changchun 長春 Qingdao 青島 Wuhan 武漢
Milton Plastics Ltd 萬通塑料有限公司TECHNICAL HANDBOOK
PLASTICS INDUSTRY
PRINTING
FDM
EXPLORING UNLIMITED POSSIBILITIES IN PRINTING
三維打印技術手冊塑料行业
探索 打印無限可能
3D
3D
DLP/SLA
SLS
三維打印技術手冊 塑
料行業
3D PRIN
TING
TECHN
ICAL HAN
DBOOK PLASTICS IN
DUSTRY