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FACV No. 9 of 2008

IN THE COURT OF FINAL APPEAL OF THE

HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

FINAL APPEAL NO. 9 OF 2008 (CIVIL)(ON APPEAL FROM CACV NO. 340 OF 2005)

_______________________

Between

LAM SIU PO Appellant

- and -

COMMISSIONER OF POLICE Respondent_______________________

Co!"t C#$ef %!&t$'e L$ M" %!&t$'e Bo#*"+ P%M" %!&t$'e C#*n P% M" %!&t$'e R$,e$"o P% *n-Lo"- oo/f NP%

*te& of 1e*"$n 0

M*"'# 2009

*te of %!-ent 2 M*"'# 2009

_______________________

U D G M E N T_______________________

C!"e# $st"%e L"&

. I *"ee w$t# t#e 6!-ent of M" %!&t$'e R$,e$"o P%.

M' $st"%e (o)!a'* P&

2. 7#e"e '*n ,e '$"'!&t*n'e& $n w#$'# * #e*"$n wo!/- ,e !nf*$" $f /e*/

"e"e&ent*t$on (,+ w#$'# I e*n "e"e&ent*t$on ,+ * /e*/ "*'t$t$one") $& not

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2

e"$tte-. 7#e n*t!"*/ e:e't*t$on $& t#*t $f *n- w#en &!'# !nf*$"ne&& o''!"&

t#e 'o!"t& wo!/- "o;$-e * "ee-+ to "e-"e&& t#e 'on&e

"e"e&ent*t$on $& ,*""e- *t #e*"$n& of t#e t+e 'on'e"ne-=

Provision barring legal representation

3. 7#e ;*/$-$t+ of * &t*t!to"+ ,*" to /e*/ "e"e&ent*t$on $& !n-e" '#*//ene $n

t#e "e&ent '*&e. It $& 'ont*$ne- $n &!,&$-$*"+ /e$&/*t$on ,e$n t#e one to ,e

fo!n- $n "e!/*t$on 9() *n- (2) of t#e Po/$'e ($&'$/$ne) Re!/*t$on& *-e

,+ t#e C#$ef E:e'!t$;e $n Co!n'$/ !n-e" t#e "e!/*t$on>*$n owe"

'onfe""e- ,+ &.45 of t#e Po/$'e Fo"'e O"-$n*n'e C*.232. I w$// "efe" to $t *&

?t#e "e.9() *n- (2) ,*"@. Re!/*t$on 9 /*+& -own t#e "o'e-!"e to ,e

fo//owe- w#en * -ef*!/te" ($e * o/$'e off$'e" '#*"e- w$t# * -$&'$/$n*"+

offen'e) #*& /e*-e- not !$/t+. P*"*"*#& () *n- (2) of "e.9 "e*-

?() A -ef*!/te" *+ ,e "e"e&ente- ,+

(*) *n $n&e'to" o" ot#e" 6!n$o" o/$'e off$'e" of #$& '#o$'e o"(,) *n+ ot#e" o/$'e off$'e" of #$& '#o$'e w#o $&

-ef*!/te".@

Material facts

4. #o"t/+ &t*te- t#e *te"$*/ f*'t& of t#e "e&ent '*&e *"e *& fo//ow&. 7#e

*e//*nt * o/$'e 'on&t*,/e en*e- $n &to' *"et -e*/$n&. 1e /o&t

#e*;$/+ fo!n- #$&e/f -ee/+ $n -e,t et$t$one- fo" #$& own ,*n"!t'+ *n-

w*& *-6!-$'*te- ,*n"!t $n ete,e" 2000. Con&e0(8) (?PDO >0(8)@) w#$'# *t t#*t t$e

"e*-

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3

?A o/$'e off$'e" *// ,e "!-ent $n #$& f$n*n'$*/ *ff*$"&. e"$o!& e'!n$*"+e,*""*&&ent &te$n f"o f$n*n'$*/ $"!-en'e w#$'# /e*-& to t#e $*$"entof *n off$'e"& oe"*t$on*/ eff$'$en'+ w$// "e&!/t $n -$&'$/$n*"+ *'t$on.@

PDO >0(8) $& one of t#e "o;$&$on& of t#e Po/$'e Dene"*/ O"-e"& *-e ,+ t#e

Co$&&$one" of Po/$'e !n-e" t#e ene"*/ o"-e">*$n owe" 'onfe""e- on

#$ ,+ &.4 of t#e Po/$'e Fo"'e O"-$n*n'e.

Conviction at disciplinary hearing

5. 7#e"e we"e two -$&'$/$n*"+ #e*"$n&. 7#e f$"&t #e*"$n en-e- $n t#e

*e//*nt ,e$n 'on;$'te- on 2 M*"'# 200. B!t t#*t 'on;$'t$on w*& &et *&$-e

,+ t#e Fo"'e $&'$/$ne Off$'e" fo" "o'e-!"*/ $""e!/*"$t+. 7#e o/$'e off$'e"

w#o #*- "e"e&ente- t#e *e//*nt *t t#e f$"&t #e*"$n w*& not *;*$/*,/e *t t#e

&e'on- #e*"$n w#$'# 'oen'e- on 4 e'e,e" 200. 7#*t o/$'e off$'e"

w*& "e/*'e- ,+ *not#e" -ef*!/te"& "e"e&ent*t$;e. B!t t#e *e//*nt /o&t

'onf$-en'e $n t#*t "e/*'eent. An- *fte" ,e$n to/- t#*t #e 'o!/- not en*e *

/e*/ "*'t$t$one" to -efen- #$ t#e *e//*nt *e*"e- $n e"&on *t t#e &e'on-

#e*"$n.

. On 2 M*"'# 2002 t#e *e//*nt w*& **$n 'on;$'te-. 7#e en*/t+ $o&e-

on #$ w*& 'o!/&o"+ "et$"eent w$t# -efe""e- ,enef$t&. O"$$n*//+ t#e

en*/t+ w*& &!&en-e- fo" 2 ont#&. B!t $t w*& &!,&e

f"o t#e Po/$'e Fo"'e on 23 O'to,e" 2002 w$t# -efe""e- ,enef$t&.

Judicial review fails in the courts below

. On 2 %*n!*"+ 2003 t#e *e//*nt too o!t *n */$'*t$on fo" /e*;e to ,"$n

6!-$'$*/ "e;$ew "o'ee-$n& fo" t#e

'on;$'te- *n- 'o!/&o"$/+ "et$"e-. 1e o,t*$ne- /e*;e to -o &o on 'e"t*$n

"o!n-&. 7#en #e &o!#t /e*;e to -o &o on *--$t$on*/ "o!n-& *& we//. 7#e

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4

"o'ee-$n& fo" w#$'# /e*;e #*- ,een "*nte- *n- t#e */$'*t$on to */+ on

*--$t$on*/ "o!n-& *& we// we"e #e*"- toet#e". Bot# we"e -$&$&&e- w$t#

'o&t& nisi,+ C#!n % on 23 A!!&t 2005. %!-ent w*& not $;en !nt$/ t#*t

-*te e;en t#o!# t#e #e*"$n #*- en-e- on No;e,e" 2004. 7#*t /*' of

e:e-$t$on $& to ,e 'ont"*&te- w$t# t#e e:e-$t$on -$&/*+e- w#en 7*n VP

-e/$;e"e- t#e 6!-ent of t#e Co!"t of Ae*/ ('on&$&t$n of #$&e/f Ge!n

%A *n- G* %) on 8 No;e,e" 200 *fte" #e*"$n t#e *e//*nt& *e*/ to

t#e on t#e 2n- of t#*t ont#. 7#e+ -$&$&&e- t#*t *e*/ w$t# 'o&t& nisi. B+

t#e /e*;e w#$'# t#e+ "*nte- #$ t#e *e//*nt now *e*/& to !&.

Appellants argument

8. 7#e *"!ent "e&ente- ,+ P"of. %o#*nne& C#*n C fo" t#e *e//*nt

$n;o/;e&

"e"e&ent*t$on w$t# w#$'# t#e *e//*nt w*& 'onf"onte- *n- ($$) t#e e/eent& of

t#e offen'e of w#$'# #e w*& 'on;$'te-. #o"t/+ &t*te- t#e *"!ent "!n& t#!&.

F$"&t t#e "e.9() *n- (2) ,*" $& $n;*/$-. e'on-/+ t#e $*$"ent ofoe"*t$on*/ eff$'$en'+ $& *n e/eent of t#e offen'e !n-e" PDO >0(8).

7#$"-/+ /e*/ "e"e&ent*t$on o!/- #*;e ,een e"$tte-. Fo!"t#/+ *n- f$n*//+

$f t#e *e//*nt #*- ,een /e*//+ "e"e&ente- #e $#t #*;e ,een *'

"e*&on of t#e e;$-en'e *& * w#o/e ,e$n $n&!ff$'$ent to "o;e t#*t #$&

oe"*t$on*/ eff$'$en'+ #*- ,een $*$"e- w$t#$n t#e e*n$n of PDO >0(8).

o t#e"e *"e fo!" *"t& &o to &e* to t#e *"!ent.

Vires

9. A& I #*;e o$nte- o!t t#e f$"&t *"t of t#e *"!ent 'on&$&t& of * '#*//ene

to t#e ;*/$-$t+ of t#e "e.9() *n- (2) ,*". At f$"&t $n&t*n'e *n- $n t#e *e*/

to t#e Co!"t of Ae*/ t#*t '#*//ene w*& *-e on two ,*&e&. 7#e&e we"e t#*t

t#e "e.9() *n- (2) ,*" $& ($) ultra vires *& ,e$n ,e+on- t#e "e!/*t$on>

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5

*$n owe" 'onfe""e- ,+ &.45 of t#e Po/$'e Fo"'e O"-$n*n'e *n- ($$)

$n'on&$&tent w$t# *"t.0 of t#e B$// of R$#t& Not #*;$n !"&!e- t#e ultra vires

*"!ent w#en */+$n fo" *n- o,t*$n$n t#e Co!"t of Ae*/& /e*;e to

*e*/ to !& t#e *e//*nt -$- not $n'/!-e t#*t *"!ent $n #$& "$nte- '*&e. A&

&et o!t $n #$& "$nte- '*&e t#e '#*//ene to t#e ;*/$-$t+ of t#e "e.9() *n- (2)

,*" "e&t& &o/e/+ on #$& &!,$&&$on t#*t $t $& $n'on&$&tent w$t# *"t.0 of t#e B$// of

R$#t&. Ne;e"t#e/e&& we #*;e #e*"- o"*/ *"!ent on t#e

0.7#e "e!/*t$on>*$n owe" 'on'e"ne- n*e/+ t#e one 'onfe""e- ,+ &.45

of t#e Po/$'e Fo"'e O"-$n*n'e $& $n e:t"ee/+ w$-e te"&. It $n'/!-e& ?owe"

to *e "e!/*t$on& "o;$-$n fo" *"o"$*te t"$,!n*/& to $n

,*""$&te" o" &o/$'$to" *+ *e*" on ,e#*/f of * -ef*!/te" &o "o;$-$n ,+

&!,&$-$*"+ /e$&/*t$on w*& e"$tte-. 7#*t *e*"& ,+ t#e -e'$&$on& of t#e

En/$ Co!"t of Ae*/ $nFraser v. Mudge H95 LR 32 *n-Maynard

v. OsmondH9 JB 240.

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2.A& to t#e 'oon /*w& e:o&!"e to /e$&/*t$;e o-$f$'*t$on $n t#e *,&en'e

of *n+ ent"en'#e- !*"*ntee **$n&t &!'# o-$f$'*t$on I -o not t#$n t#*t t#e

'o""e'tne&& of t#o&e -e'$&$on& w*& -o!,te- $n 1on Kon $n 9 $n 982 o"

$n-ee- *t *n+ t$e t#e"e*fte". nt$/ t#e *-;ent of t#e B$// of R$#t& $n 99

t#e&e t#$n& we"e &een $n !'# t#e &*e w*+ *& t#e+ we"e &een $n 9. It $&

t#e"efo"e ne'e&&*"+ to t!"n to t#e B$// of R$#t&.

Article 10 of the ill of !ights

3.A"t$'/e 0 of B$// of R$#t& "e*-&

? A// e"&on& *// ,e e

1on Kon "e&$-ent& *// #*;e t#e "$#t to $n&t$t!te /e*/ "o'ee-$n& $n t#e 'o!"t&**$n&t t#e *'t& of t#e e:e'!t$;e *!t#o"$t$e& *n- t#e$" e"&onne/.@

B!t w#en t#$& '*&e "e*'#e- t#e Co!"t of Ae*/ t#e *e//*nt *,*n-one- #$&

"e/$*n'e on *"t.35 ,e'*!&e we #*- ,+ t#en #e/- $n Stock Exchange of Hong

Kong v. New orld !evelo"ment #o. $td (200) 9 1KCFAR 234 t#*t t#e

"efe"en'e to ?t#e 'o!"t&@ $n *"t.35 $& * "efe"en'e to t#e 6!-$'$*"+ *n- not#$n

e/&e.

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ill of !ights and the "CCP!

5.A& $& we// e&t*,/$e- t#e B$// of R$#t& $& t#e e,o-$ent of t#e

*/$'*t$on to 1on Kon of t#e Inte"n*t$on*/ Co;en*nt on C$;$/ *n- Po/$t$'*/

R$#t& (?t#e ICCPR@) f"o w#$'# $t $& t*en */o&t ;e",*t$. Con&e

t#e B$// of R$#t& $& *n- #*& */w*+& ,een ent"en'#e-. 7o-*+ $t $&

ent"en'#e- ,+ *"t.39 of t#e B*&$' L*w w#$'# "o;$-e& "e/e;*nt/+ to "e&ent

!"o&e& t#*t t#e ICCPR *& */$e- to 1on Kon *// "e*$n $n fo"'e *n-

t#*t t#e "$#t& *n- f"ee-o& t#e"e!n-e" *+ not ,e "e&t"$'te-. 7#e B$// of

R$#t& w*& $nt"o-!'e- ,+ t#e 1on Kon B$// of R$#t& O"-$n*n'e C*.383

w#$'# '*e $nto effe't on 8 %!ne 99. B+ &.3 of t#*t O"-$n*n'e *// "e>e:$&t$n /e$&/*t$on $n'on&$&tent w$t# t#e B$// of R$#t& w*& e:"e&&/+ "ee*/e-.

7#e /e$&/*t$on t#!& "ee*/e- w*& of 'o!"&e not "e;$;e- !on &.3 'e*&$n to

e:$&t *& f"o %!/+ 99. #*t *,o!t &!,&e

t$e& (w#en 1on Kon& 'on&t$t!t$on*/ $n&t"!ent& we"e t#e Lette"& P*tent

*n- t#e Ro+*/ In&t"!'t$on&) t#e ent"en'#ent of t#e B$// of R$#t& w*& ,+

*"t.VII(3) of t#e Lette"& P*tent. 7#*t *"t$'/e w*& *--e- to t#e Lette"& P*tent

&$!/t*neo!&/+ w$t# t#e 'o$n $nto effe't of t#e B$// of R$#t&. It "o#$,$te-

t#e Le$&/*t$;e Co!n'$/ f"o *$n *n+ /*w t#*t "e&t"$'t& t#e "$#t& *n-

f"ee-o& en6o+e- $n 1on Kon $n * *nne" $n'on&$&tent w$t# t#e ICCPR *&

*/$e- to 1on Kon. 7#*t *""*neent /*&te- !nt$/ %!/+ 99 w#en t#e

B*&$' L*w '*e $nto effe't *n- *"t.39 t#e"eof too o;e" t#e ent"en'#ent of

t#e B$// of R$#t&.

.It w*& &*$- $n t#e 'o!"&e of t#e *"!ent ,efo"e !& *n- #*& often ,een &*$-

,efo"e no -o!,t t"!/+ t#*t t#e te:t of t#e ICCPR $n;o/;e& * 'on&$-e"*,/e

e*&!"e of 'o"o$&e ,etween -$ffe"ent &+&te&. 7#e *"t$'/e of t#e ICCPR

f"o w#$'# we ot *"t.0 of t#e B$// of R$#t& $& no e:'et$on to t#*t *n- $&

$n-ee- * oo- e:*/e of $t. B!t t#en t#e"e $& t#e

-$ffe"en'e& ,etween t#e$" &+&te& &o *n+ n*t$on& #*;e &et o!t to *'#$e;e

&!''ee-e- $n *'#$e;$n *n- &!,&'"$,e- to t#e ICCPR. 7#e"e !&t #*;e ,een *

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8

owe"f!/ $-e* *t wo". Pe"#*& $t w*& t#e $-e* t#*t "$#t& *n- f"ee-o& *"e

*"e- t#$n& &o t#*t !n/e&& e;e"+one #*& t#e $n -!e e*&!"e no,o-+&

o&$t$on wo!/- ,e w#*t $t o!/-. 7"!e $t $& t#*t &oe eo/e wo!/- t#"o!#

t#e o&&e&&$on of "*w owe" &t$// #*;e "$;$/ee&. B!t &!'# "$;$/ee& wo!/-

,e &e/f$ *n- !/t$*te/+ $n&e'!"e. 7#e ICCPR e/o+& * /*"ene&& of

/*n!*e ,+ w#$'# f!n-*ent*/ ;*/!e& *"e *"o"$*te/+ o!/-e- $nto *n-

"e&ente- *& enfo"'e*,/e "$#t& *n- f"ee-o&. Ne$t#e" $t& 'ontent no" $t&

'onte:t &!e&t& *n+t#$n n*""ow. Ce"t*$n/+ I wo!/- not *tt"$,!te * n*""ow

e*n$n to *n+ of t#e "$#t& *n- f"ee-o& 'ont*$ne- $n t#e ICCPR *& */$e- to

1on Kon t#"o!# t#e B$// of R$#t& ent"en'#e- ,+ t#e B*&$' L*w. 7#e+ *"e

to ,e *"o*'#e- ene"o!&/+.

.If t#e"e w*& e;e" *n+ -o!,t *& to t#*t *"o*'# $t w*& /*$- to "e&t ,+ t#e

f*o!& &t*teent of t#e C#$ef %!&t$'e fo" t#e Co!"t $n Ng Ka $ing v. !irector

of %mmigration (999) 2 1KCFAR 4 *t .29A t#*t ?t#e 'o!"t& o!/- $;e *

ene"o!& $nte""et*t$on@ to t#e "$#t& *n- f"ee-o& 'ont*$ne- $n t#e

f!n-*ent*/ "$#t& *n- f"ee-o& '#*te" of t#e B*&$' L*w $n o"-e" to $;ee"&on& $n 1on Kon ?t#e f!// e*&!"e of f!n-*ent*/ "$#t& *n- f"ee-o& &o

!*"*ntee-@. 7#e "$#t& !n-e" *"t.0 of t#e B$// of R$#t& *"e *on t#o&e

"$#t& ,e$n !*"*ntee- ,+ *"t.39 of t#e B*&$' L*w w#$'# *"t$'/e $& $n t#*t

'#*te".

Article 10 applies to disciplinary proceedings8.A"t$'/e 0 of t#e B$// of R$#t& $& t*en wo"- fo" wo"- f"o *"t.4() of t#e

ICCPR *n- '/o&e/+ "e&e,/e& *"t.() of t#e E!"oe*n Con;ent$on on 1!*n

R$#t&. e #*;e ,een own w#*t t#e E!"oe*n Co!"t of 1!*n R$#t& #*&

&*$- *,o!t *"t.() of t#*t Con;ent$on *n- t#e 1!*n R$#t& Co$ttee #*&

&*$- *,o!t *"t.4() of t#e ICCPR. Loo$n $n *"t$'!/*" *t Eskalinen v.

Finland (200) 45 E1RR 43 *n- &eneral #omment No.'( )*+th Session,

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9

(2008) Vo/.5 No. I1RR $t wo!/- *e*" t#*t t#e E!"oe*n Co!"t of

1!*n R$#t& #*& *""$;e- *t t#e ;$ew t#*t *"t.() #*& */$'*t$on to

"o'ee-$n& &!'# *& -$&'$/$n*"+ "o'ee-$n& w#$/e t#e 1!*n R$#t&

Co$ttee #*& not o" *t /e*&t #*& not +et *""$;e- *t &!'# * ;$ew $n "e*"- to

*"t.4().

9.M" C#ow 'onten-& t#*t $f $t we"e #e/- t#*t *"t.0 */$e& to -$&'$/$n*"+

"o'ee-$n& t#e 'on&e

t#*t e$t#e" of t#o&e 'on&e

one t#*t !*"*ntee& * f!n-*ent*/ "$#t o" f"ee-o o!/- ,e $nte""ete- &o

t#*t $t& 'oonent& t"$ e*'# ot#e" ! *n- -efe*t $t& !"o&e. E;e"+ "o;$&$on

e&e'$*//+ one of t#*t n*t!"e o!/- ,e $nte""ete- &o t#*t $t& 'oonent&

oe"*te $n #*"on+ to *'#$e;e $t& !"o&e. A"t$'/e 0 of t#e B$// of R$#t& $&

ent"en'#e- fo" t#e !"o&e of !*"*ntee$n t#e "ote't$on of t#e $n-$;$-!*/ $n

*n $o"t*nt 'onte:t. An- $t $& to ,e $nte""ete- *n- */$e- to f!"t#e" t#*t!"o&e. F*$"ne&& *t -$&'$/$n*"+ #e*"$n& $& *n *&e't of t#*t !"o&e. o $&

&*"$n t#e $n-$;$-!*/ f"o #*"f!/ !,/$'$t+ !n/e&& e:'et$on*//+ !,/$'$t+ $&

$n t#e $nte"e&t of t#e $n-$;$-!*/ o" $& &o !'# $n t#e !,/$' $nte"e&t *& to

o;e""$-e *n+ $n-$;$-!*/ $nte"e&t $n "$;*'+. 7#e"e *"e ;*"$o!& t+e& of *"t.0

&!$t& *t /*w. $&'$/$n*"+ "o'ee-$n& *"e of * &o"t $n w#$'# w#$/e f*$"ne&& $&

*/w*+& nee-e- "$;*'+ $& !&!*//+ *"o"$*te. If *"t.0 */$e& to -$&'$/$n*"+

"o'ee-$n& $t wo!/- *n-*te f*$"ne&& *t -$&'$/$n*"+ #e*"$n& ,!t wo!/- not

*n-*te !,/$'$t+ *t &!'# #e*"$n& o" fo" t#e$" "e&!/t&.

20.A& to t#e 'oeten'e $n-een-en'e *n- $*"t$*/$t+ "e

t#e"e '*n ,e no o,6e't$on $n "$n'$/e to -$&'$/$n*"+ "o'ee-$n& **$n&t o/$'e

off$'e"& ,e$n #e*"- ,+ t"$,!n*/& 'on&$&t$n of o/$'e off$'e"& w$t#o!t *n+ non>

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0

o/$'e e/eent. #et#e" *n+ o,6e't$on '*n ,e t*en to *n+ $;en *-6!-$'*t$n

o/$'e off$'e" $n *n+ $;en '*&e -een-& on t#e '$"'!&t*n'e&.

2.It o!/- ,e ent$one- t#*t *n *e*/ to t#e 'o!"t& w#e"e &!'# *n *e*/ $&

*;*$/*,/e o" 6!-$'$*/ "e;$ew ,+ t#e 'o!"t& w#e"e no &!'# *e*/ $& *;*$/*,/e

'*n &!/+ *n+ e&&ent$*/ e/eent &!'# *& $n-een-en'e o" !,/$'$t+ t#*t $#t

ot#e"w$&e ,e $&&$n f"o * t"$,!n*/& *""*neent&.

22.7"!e $t $& t#*t /e*/ "e"e&ent*t$on $& not e"$tte- *t #e*"$n& ,efo"e t#e

L*,o!" 7"$,!n*/ o" t#e *// C/*$& 7"$,!n*/. B!t t#e"e *"e $n t#$& 'onne't$on

'"!'$*/ -$ffe"en'e& ,etween t#o&e two t"$,!n*/& on t#e one #*n- *n--$&'$/$n*"+ t"$,!n*/& on t#e ot#e". Ne$t#e" t#e L*,o!" 7"$,!n*/ no" t#e *//

C/*$& 7"$,!n*/ *w*"- !n$ent. An e/eent of e-$*t$on fe*t!"e&

"o$nent/+ $n t#e "o'e&& of t#e L*,o!" 7"$,!n*/ *n- $n "*'t$'e to &oe

e:tent $n t#e "o'e&& of t#e *// C/*$& 7"$,!n*/ too. 1e*"$n& ,efo"e e*'# of

t#o&e two t"$,!n*/& #*;e *n $n

to t"*n&fe" '/*$& to * 'o!"t w#e"e!on /e*/ "e"e&ent*t$on ,e'oe&

e"$&&$,/e. An- *e*/& f"o e*'# of t#e /$e to t#e 'o!"t&.

23.7#e f*$" #e*"$n '/*!&e of *"t.0 of t#e B$// of R$#t& !*"*ntee& t#e f*$"ne&&

of t#e #e*"$n& to w#$'# $t */$e&. #et#e" $t */$e& to -$&'$/$n*"+

"o'ee-$n& -een-& on w#et#e" &!'# "o'ee-$n& *"e -ete"$n*t$on& of "$#t&

*n- o,/$*t$on& $n &!$t& *t /*w w$t#$n $t& e*n$n. If t#e+ *"e t#en t#e f*$"ne&&

of &!'# "o'ee-$n& $& &e'!"e. Let $t ,e "ee,e"e- t#*t f*$"ne&& -oe& not

*/w*+& '*""+ * "$#t to ,e /e*//+ "e"e&ente-. It on/+ '*""$e& * "$#t to ,e

/e*//+ "e"e&ente- w#en -en+$n t#*t "$#t wo!/- ,e !nf*$". 7#e "$#t&

t+$'*//+ $n;o/;e- $n -$&'$/$n*"+ "o'ee-$n& *"e $o"t*nt one& e:ten-$n to

t#e "$#t to "e*$n $n * "ofe&&$on &e";$'e o" o''!*t$on.

24.1*;$n "e*"- to t#e$" 'onte:t t#e wo"-& ?-ete"$n*t$on of "$#t& *n-

o,/$*t$on& $n * &!$t *t /*w@ '*// fo" * ene"o!& $nte""et*t$on. 7#e f!n-*ent*/

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not e"$t t#*t. In + ;$ew -$&'$/$n*"+ "o'ee-$n& w#et#e" $n "e&e't of

"ofe&&$on& -$&'$/$ne- &e";$'e& o" o''!*t$on& *"e -ete"$n*t$on& of "$#t&

*n- o,/$*t$on& $n &!$t& *t /*w w$t#$n t#e e*n$n of *"t.0. o *"t.0 */$e&

to -$&'$/$n*"+ "o'ee-$n&. In f*$"ne&& to t#e Co!"t of Ae*/ $n t#e "e&ent

'*&e $t o!/- ,e ent$one- t#*t t#e+ fe/t ,o!n- ,+ t#e$" own -e'$&$on $n #han

King-chau v. #ommissioner of olice 1CMP 2824 of 2004 29 e'e,e"

2004 (!n"eo"te-) t#*t *"t.0 -oe& not */+ to t#e #e*"$n of -ef*!/te"

"o'ee-$n&. 7#e$" 6!-ent $n t#e "e&ent '*&e w*& $;en ,efo"e we #e/- $n

Solicitor )(/0+1, v. $aw Society of Hong Kong H2008 2 1KLR 5 t#*t t#e

Co!"t of Ae*/ *+ -e*"t f"o * "e;$o!& -e'$&$on of t#e$" own $f t#e+ *"e

&*t$&f$e- t#*t $t $& /*$n/+ w"on.

ar to legal representation has gone# $ow a matter of discretion

25.P"o'e-!"*/ f*$"ne&& wo"& ,e'*!&e $t $& f/e:$,/e. #et#e" $t '*//& fo" /e*/"e"e&ent*t$on $n *n+ $;en $n&t*n'e -een-& on t#e '$"'!&t*n'e&. A& * ,*" to

/e*/ "e"e&ent*t$on *t -ef*!/te" #e*"$n& no *tte" w#*t t#e '$"'!&t*n'e t#e

"e.9() *n- (2) ,*" w*& $n'on&$&tent w$t# t#e f*$" #e*"$n '/*!&e of *"t.0 of

t#e B$// of R$#t&. A''o"-$n/+ t#e "e.9() *n- (2) ,*" w*& "ee*/e- ,+ &.3

of t#e 1on Kon B$// of R$#t& O"-$n*n'e fo" &!'# $n'on&$&ten'+ o" $f one

-oe& not "e*"- $t *& #*;$n ,een "ee*/e- $& to ,e t"e*te- *& ;o$- fo"

!n'on&t$t!t$on*/$t+ ,+ "e*&on of &!'# $n'on&$&ten'+. !,&$-$*"+ /e$&/*t$on t#*t

w*& intra viresw#en *-e *+ ,e $/$e-/+ "e;oe- ,+ &!,&e

$n'on&$&tent w$t# $t. 7#*t w*& t#e &$t!*t$on $n 2ttorney &eneral v. #han Kei-

lung H9 1KLR 32 -e'$-e- ,+ t#e Co!"t of Ae*/. 7#e "e&ent &$t!*t$on

oe& ,e+on- $/$e- "e;o'*t$on */t#o!# e;e" t#*t wo!/- ,e eno!#. Le*/

"e"e&ent*t$on *t -ef*!/te" #e*"$n& $& now * *tte" of -$&'"et$on. #et#e" *

-ef*!/te" o!/- ,e e"$tte- to ,e /e*//+ "e"e&ente- -een-& on w#et#e"

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2

f*$"ne&& &o "e

,"o!#t **$n&t * "o;$&$on $n t#e C"$$n*/ P"o'e-!"e O"-$n*n'e C*.22

w#$'# ,*""e- t#e *w*"-$n of 'o&t& to * 'e"t*$n '*teo"+ of *e//*nt& w#o&e

'on;$'t$on& #*;e ,een

"et"$e-. 7#*t ,*" w*& &t"!' -own fo" $n'on&$&ten'+ w$t# t#e e

,een o"-e"e- 'e*&e- to ,e * ,*" to *n *w*"- of 'o&t&. An- $t ,e'*e $n&te*- *

-$&'"et$on*"+ f*'to" to ,e t*en $nto *''o!nt w#en -e'$-$n w#et#e" to

w$t##o/- 'o&t& f"o *n *e//*nt e;en t#o!# #$& 'on;$'t$on #*- ,een

$$/*"/+ t#e "ee*/ of t#e "e.9() *n- (2) ,*" -oe& not e*n t#*t e"&on&

f*'$n -$&'$/$n*"+ '#*"e& '*n &$/+ $n&$&t on ,e$n e"$tte- to ,e /e*//+"e"e&ente-. #*t $t e*n& $& t#*t t#e -$&'$/$n*"+ t"$,!n*/ #*& * -$&'"et$on to

e"$t &!'# * e"&on to ,e /e*//+ "e"e&ente- *n- o!/- -o &o $f "ef!&$n

&!'# e"$&&$on wo!/- ,e !nf*$".

2.7#e"e *"e &oe -$&'$/$n*"+ t"$,!n*/& ,efo"e w#$'# /e*/ "e"e&ent*t$on $&

*/w*+& to ,e *"o*'#e- *& &!'# *n- ne;e" to ,e *,!&e-. Mo&t of t#e

'e"t*$n/+ nee- no "e$n-e" of t#*t. B!t 6!&t $n '*&e &oe of t#e $#t

&oet$e& nee- &!'# * "e$n-e" I #*;e &een f$t "e&e'tf!//+ to $&&!e one

e*n$n of 'o!"&e no offen'e t#e"e,+.

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3

Assessment primarily for the tribunal to ma%e

28.It $& */w*+& to ,e "ee,e"e- t#*t w#et#e" f*$"ne&& "e

*&&e&&ent e:'et fo" /*$n/+ 'oe//$n "e*&on&. It *+ t"*n&$"e t#*t

-ef*!/te" "o'ee-$n& $n w#$'# f*$"ne&& "e

'$"'!&t*n'e& of e*'# '*&e.

"mpairment of operational efficiency is an element of the offence

29.Be$n of t#e ;$ew t#*t t#e *e//*nt& *tt*' **$n&t t#e "e.9() *n- (2)

,*" *n- t#e"efo"e t#e f$"&t *"t of #$& *"!ent &!''ee-& I t!"n to t#e

&e'on- *"t of #$& *"!ent. It $& t#*t t#e $*$"ent of oe"*t$on*/ eff$'$en'+

$& *n e/eent of t#e offen'e !n-e" PDO >0(8). $n'e PDO >0(8) $& * en*/

"o;$&$on *n+ *,$!$t+ $n $t wo!/- #*;e to ,e "e&o/;e- $n f*;o!" of * e"&on

'#*"e- !n-e" $t. A& $t #*en& #owe;e" t#e *e//*nt -oe& not e;en nee- to"e/+ on t#*t '*non of 'on&t"!'t$on. PDO >0(8) &*+& $n /*$n te"& t#*t w#*t

w$// "e&!/t $n -$&'$/$n*"+ *'t$on $& ?H&e"$o!& e'!n$*"+ e,*""*&&ent

&te$n f"o f$n*n'$*/ $"!-en'e w#$'# /e*-& to t#e $*$"ent of *n

off$'e"& oe"*t$on*/ eff$'$en'+@. If t#e e,*""*&&ent -oe& not /e*- to &!'#

$*$"ent t#en $t $& /*$n/+ not w#*t PDO >0(8) &*+& w$// "e&!/t $n

-$&'$/$n*"+ *'t$on. In + ;$ew t#e $*$"ent of oe"*t$on*/ eff$'$en'+ $& *n

e/eent of t#e -$&'$/$n*"+ offen'e !n-e" PDO >0(8). It o!/- $n f*$"ne&& to

t#e Co!"t of Ae*/ $n t#e "e&ent '*&e ,e ent$one- t#*t t#e+ we"e 'onf"onte-

,+ "e;$o!& -e'$&$on& of t#e$"& $n'/!-$n$eung Fuk ah v. #ommissioner of

olice H2002 3 1KLR 53 to t#e effe't t#*t *& 7*n VP !t $t $n t#e "e&ent

'*&e ?&e"$o!& e'!n$*"+ e,*""*&&ent wo!/- necessarily/e*- to $*$"ent

of oe"*t$on*/ eff$'$en'+@. (E#*&$& &!/$e-.)

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4

30.$n'e t#e $*$"ent of oe"*t$on*/ eff$'$en'+ $& *n e/eent of t#e offen'e

t#e ,!"-en of "o;$n $t $& on t#o&e w#o ,"$n * '#*"e. A& to t#e &t*n-*"- of

"oof not#$n nee- ,e *--e- to w#*t we &*$- $n t#e Solicitor )(/0+1, '*&e. In

&o f*" *& tone % #e/- $nNg Kam #huen v. Secretary for 4ustice H999 2 1KC

29 t#*t t#e $*$"ent of oe"*t$on*/ eff$'$en'+ $& *n e/eent of t#e

-$&'$/$n*"+ offen'e !n-e" PDO >0(8) #e w*& "$#t. B!t I * !n*,/e to

*''et #$& ;$ew (e:"e&&e- *t .29A>) t#*t ?!on t#e -eon&t"*t$on of

&e"$o!& e'!n$*"+ e,*""*&&ent t#e e;$-ent$*/ ,!"-en t#en $ft& to t#e

*''!&e- off$'e" to e&t*,/$ t#*t #$& eff$'$en'+ *& *n off$'e" #*& not ,een

$*$"e-@ o" */te"n*t$;e/+ t#*t t#e"e $& * ?"e,!tt*,/e "e&!t$on@ of &!'#

$*$"ent. (E#*&$& $n t#e o"$$n*/.) In + ;$ew t#*t $& not &o. 7#e

o&$t$on $& &t"*$#tfo"w*"-. "*w$n $nfe"en'e& $& /e$t$*te. B!t t#e o&$t$on

$& not 'o/$'*te- ,+ *n+ "e&!t$on o" t#e $ft$n of *n+ on!& e;$-ent$*/ o"

ot#e"w$&e.

&egal representation should have been permitted

3.1*;$n #e/- $n f*;o!" of t#e &e'on- *"t of t#e *e//*nt& *"!ent I t!"n

to t#e t#$"- *"t of #$& *"!ent. It $& t#*t #e o!/- #*;e ,een e"$tte- to ,e

/e*//+ "e"e&ente- *t t#e -$&'$/$n*"+ #e*"$n. $n'e t#e+ "e*"-e- t#e

"e.9() *n- (2) ,*" *& ;*/$- ne$t#e" t#e -$&'$/$n*"+ t"$,!n*/ no" e$t#e" of t#e

'o!"t& ,e/ow *-e *n *&&e&&ent of w#et#e" $n t#e '$"'!&t*n'e& of t#e

"e&ent '*&e f*$"ne&& "e

"e"e&ente- *t t#e -$&'$/$n*"+ t"$,!n*/. !'# *n *&&e&&ent #*& to ,e *-e

#e"e *n- now.

32.In "*nt$n t#e *e//*nt /e*;e to *e*/ to !& t#e Co!"t of Ae*/

e:"e&&/+ *n- "$#t/+ -e'/$ne- to t"e*t t#e *e//*nt& o$nt& of /*w *&

*'*-e$'. I * of t#e ;$ew t#*t $n *// t#e '$"'!&t*n'e& f*$"ne&& "e

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5

A''o"-$n/+ I * of t#e ;$ew t#*t t#e t#$"- *"t of t#e *e//*nt& *"!ent

&!''ee-&.

Might have been ac'uitted if legally represented

33.#*t "e*$n& $& t#e fo!"t# *n- f$n*/ *"t of t#e *e//*nt& *"!ent. It $&

t#*t $f #e #*- ,een /e*//+ "e"e&ente- #e $#t #*;e ,een *'0(8).

34.In t#$& 'onne't$on too $t $& e"t$nent to note t#*t $n "*nt$n t#e *e//*nt

/e*;e to *e*/ to !& t#e Co!"t of Ae*/ e:"e&&/+ *n- "$#t/+ -e'/$ne- to t"e*t

t#e *e//*nt& o$nt& of /*w *& *'*-e$'. !o&e t#e *e//*nt #*- ,een

/e*//+ "e"e&ente- *t t#e -$&'$/$n*"+ #e*"$n. M$#t #e t#en #*;e ,een

*'

#$& oe"*t$on*/ eff$'$en'+ #*- ,een $*$"e- w$t#$n t#e e*n$n of PDO >

0(8)= 7#e

&$n'e t#e &!,6e't>*tte" $& ,+ -ef$n$t$on *n oe"*t$on*/ *tte". B!t $n t#e

"e&ent '*&e t#e"e $& * "e*/ o&&$,$/$t+ t#*t t#e &t*te of t#e e;$-en'e wo!/- #*;e

,een '"!'$*//+ -$ffe"ent $f t#e *e//*nt& -efen'e *t t#e -$&'$/$n*"+ #e*"$n

#*- ,een $n t#e #*n-& of * /e*/ "*'t$t$one". In ot#e" wo"-& t#e -$ffe"en'e

$#t we// #*;e ,een t#e -$ffe"en'e ,etween *n *'

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$n-ee- * /*w+e" $n "$;*te "*'t$'e. o t#e ,*" to /e*/ "e"e&ent*t$on oe"*te&

on/+ **$n&t -ef*!/te"&. An- t#*t P"of. C#*n &*$- e*n& t#*t t#e "e.9() *n-

(2) ,*" $& */&o $n'on&$&tent w$t# t#e e

-ef*!/te" to ,e "e&ente- ,+ * o/$'e off$'e". 7#$& o$nt *& to *n $ne

*"& -oe& not *e*" to #*;e ,een '*n;*&&e- ,e/ow. An- t#e"e $& no nee- to

"ono!n'e on $t &$n'e t#e '#*//ene to t#e ;*/$-$t+ of t#e "e.9() *n- (2) ,*"

&!''ee-& w$t#o!t $t.

!esult

3.Fo" t#e fo"eo$n "e*&on& I wo!/- *//ow t#e *e*/ *n-

w$ to e:"e&& + t#*n& to ,ot# /e*/ te*& fo" t#e ;e"+ #e/f!/ *"!ent&

w#$'# t#e+ #*;e "e*"e- *n- "e&ente-.

M' $st"%e C!an P&

3.I *"ee w$t# t#e 6!-ent of M" %!&t$'e R$,e$"o P%.

M' $st"%e R"+e"'o P&

38.In t#$& *e*/ t#e */$'*,$/$t+ *n- oe"*t$on of A"t$'/e 0 of t#e B$// of

R$#t& (?A"t$'/e 0@) f*// to ,e 'on&$-e"e- $n 'onne't$on w$t# o/$'e

-$&'$/$n*"+ "o'ee-$n&. 7#e *e//*nt * o/$'e 'on&t*,/e 'o/*$n& t#*t t#e

e:'/!&$on of "ofe&&$on*/ /e*/ "e"e&ent*t$on ,+ t#e "e/e;*nt "e!/*t$on&

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-e"$;e- #$ of * f*$" #e*"$n. 1e t#e"efo"e '#*//ene& t#e 'on&t$t!t$on*/

;*/$-$t+ of t#*t e:'/!&$on *n- t#e /*wf!/ne&& of t#e -$&'$/$n*"+ "o'ee-$n&.

A# )he disciplinary proceedings

A#1 )he conduct of the appellant

39.7#e *e//*nt 6o$ne- t#e Fo"'e $n 988 *n- #*- * 'oen-*,/e "e'o"- of

&e";$'e 'on&$&tent/+ "*te- *& ?;e"+ oo-@. 1owe;e" $n t#e &$:>ont# e"$o-

,etween No;e,e" 999 *n- M*+ 2000 #e en*e- $n &e'!/*t$on on t#e

&to' *"et *n- $n'!""e- &$n$f$'*nt /o&&e&. 1e #*- * ont#/+ &*/*"+ of

2220 ,!t w*& /*'$n ,!+ *n- &e// o"-e"& $n f$;e>f$!"e (*n- o''*&$on*//+ $n

/ow &$:>f$!"e) *o!nt&. !'# t"*-$n w*& $n$t$*//+ f$n*n'e- f"o #$& own

&*;$n& ,!t #e went on to $n'!" -e,t& ,+ -"*w$n on &e;en '"e-$t '*"-& *n-

t*$n e"&on*/ /o*n& f"o f$;e f$n*n'e 'o*n$e&. 1e ,o!#t *"e& fo" t#e

tot*/ &! of 82508.49 *n- &o/- t#e fo" 34035.9 *n- &o /o&t

482.80 on #$& t"*-e&. #en #e "e*/$&e- t#*t #$& $n-e,te-ne&& #*- ,e'oe

!n*n*e*,/e #e *-e * f!// "eo"t of #$& &$t!*t$on to #$& &!e"$o" off$'e"&-$&'/o&$n *n $n-e,te-ne&& of 2404. On 2 ete,e" 2000 #e w*&

-e'/*"e- ,*n"!t !on #$& own et$t$on.

A#* )he policy of the Police +orce

40.7#e *e//*nt $& !nfo"t!n*te/+ not t#e on/+ o/$'e off$'e" to f$n- #$&e/f $n

&!'# * "e-$'*ent. Po/$'$e& *n- "o'e-!"e& #*;e ,een e&t*,/$e- fo" -e*/$n

w$t# ?off$'e"& w$t# !n*n*e*,/e -e,t&@ *,,"e;$*te- $n o/$'e te"$no/o+ to

?O&@. It $& "e'on$e- t#*t *n O *+ ,e 'o"o$&e- o" &!&'et$,/e to

'o""!t o;e"t!"e&. An- $n * n!,e" of '*&e& t#e &t"e&&e& of &!'# -e,t& #*;e

t"*$'*//+ -"$;en off$'e"& to &!$'$-e. 7#e&e 'on&$-e"*t$on& #*;e "e&!/te- $n

-et*$/e- *-$n$&t"*t$;e $n&t"!'t$on& ,e$n $&&!e- f"o t$e to t$e *$e- *t

7#e A-$n$&t"*t$;e In&t"!'t$on& on t#e M*n*eent of In-e,te-ne&&-$&t"$,!te- !n-e" 'o;e" of t#e Co$&&$one"& Meo -*te- A"$/ 2000 we"e t#o&e$n fo"'e *t t#e "e/e;*nt t$e.

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8

"e;ent$n off$'e"& f"o $n'!""$n !n*n*e*,/e -e,t& *t $-ent$f+$n *n-

*n*$n t#o&e w#o #*;e -one &o *n- *t -e*/$n w$t# t#e -$&'$/$n*"+ *&e't&

of &!'# 'on-!'t. 7#e+ "o;$-e !$-*n'e *& to t#e *"o"$*te -e/o+ent of

O& &o *& to *;o$- fo" $n&t*n'e o&t$n& w#e"e !,/$' one+ *+ ,e

#*n-/e- o" w#e"e "e*te" oo"t!n$t$e& *+ e:$&t fo" 'o""!t$on. Con&$-e"*t$on

*/&o #*& to ,e $;en *& to w#et#e" *n O o!/- ,e *//owe- to '*""+ f$"e*"&.

4.7#e *-$n$&t"*t$;e $n&t"!'t$on& &t*te t#*t off$'e"& #*;e t#e "e&on&$,$/$t+ not

to $n'!" e:en&e& t#e+ *"e !n*,/e to *ffo"- $n'/!-$n e:en&e& $n "e/*t$on to

?&e'!/*t$on $n t#e &to' f$n*n'$*/ *n- "oe"t+ *"et@. #$/e * &+*t#et$'

;$ew $& t*en of off$'e"& w#o ,e'oe $n-e,te- -!e to !nfo"e&een o"

'o*&&$on*te '$"'!&t*n'e& t#e"e $& ?no &+*t#+ fo" off$'e"& w#o ... #*;e

#*- !n*n*e*,/e -e,t& -!e to f$n*n'$*/ $"!-en'e "e&!/t$n $n t#e

$*$"ent of t#e off$'e"& oe"*t$on*/ eff$'$en'+@.

A#, )he disciplinary provisions

42.7#e Po/$'e Fo"'e $& of 'o!"&e * -$&'$/$ne- fo"'e. B+ &e't$on 30 of t#e

Po/$'e Fo"'e O"-$n*n'e2e;e"+ o/$'e off$'e" $& "e

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9

45.7#e Po/$'e ($&'$/$ne) Re!/*t$on& *-e !n-e" &e't$on 45 '"e*te

-$&'$/$n*"+ offen'e& $n'/!-$n t#e offen'e !n-e" "e!/*t$on 3(2)(e) of

?'ont"*;ent$on of o/$'e "e!/*t$on& o" *n+ o/$'e o"-e"& w#et#e" w"$tten o"

;e",*/@. 7#e Re!/*t$on& /*+ -own -et*$/e- "!/e& *& to t#e "o'e-!"e to ,e

fo//owe- *t -$&'$/$n*"+ #e*"$n& *n- o&t $o"t*nt/+ fo" "e&ent !"o&e&

,+ "e!/*t$on& 9() *n- 9(2) t#e+ "o;$-e t#*t

?() A -ef*!/te"3*+ ,e "e"e&ente- ,+>

(*) *n $n&e'to" o" ot#e" 6!n$o" o/$'e off$'e" of #$& '#o$'e o"

(,) *n+ ot#e" o/$'e off$'e" of #$& '#o$'e w#o $&

(2) !,6e't to *"*"*# () no ,*""$&te" o" &o/$'$to" *+ *e*" on ,e#*/f of t#e-ef*!/te".@

M" An-e"&on C#ow C *e*"$n w$t# M" Lo!$e on DC fo" t#e

Co$&&$one" "e*/$&t$'*//+ *''et& t#*t t#e&e "e!/*t$on& "e"e&ent * tot*/ ,*n

on "ofe&&$on*/ /e*/ "e"e&ent*t$on. An off$'e" w#o #*& *'

Mo"eo;e" /e*//+

"o/e of "e"e&ent*t$;e.

4.7#e o/$'e ene"*/ o"-e" $&&!e- $n "e&e't of !n*n*e*,/e -e,t& $& PDO >

0(8) w#$'# $n t#e ;e"&$on */$'*,/e *t t#e *te"$*/ t$e "o;$-e-

?A o/$'e off$'e" *// ,e "!-ent $n #$& f$n*n'$*/ *ff*$"&. e"$o!& e'!n$*"+e,*""*&&ent &te$n f"o f$n*n'$*/ $"!-en'e w#$'# /e*-& to t#e $*$"entof *n off$'e"& oe"*t$on*/ eff$'$en'+ w$// "e&!/t $n -$&'$/$n*"+ *'t$on.@

3 ef$ne- ,+ "e!/*t$on 2 *& ?* o/$'e off$'e" '#*"e- w$t# * -$&'$/$n*"+offen'e@.

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20

A#- )he disciplinary proceedings

4.7#e '#*"e **$n&t t#e *e//*nt w*& t#*t 'ont"*"+ to "e!/*t$on 3(2)(e)

?... on 2 ete,e" 2000 $n 1on Kon +o! -$- f*$/ to ,e "!-ent w$t# +o!"f$n*n'$*/ *ff*$"& ,+ $n'!""$n !n*n*e*,/e -e,t& of *,o!t 1K20000 t#*t "e&!/te-$n &e"$o!& e'!n$*"+ e,*""*&&ent *& e;$-en'e- ,+ t#e *$n of * ,*n"!t'+o"-e" **$n&t +o! w#e"e,+ +o!" oe"*t$on*/ eff$'$en'+ *& * o/$'e off$'e" w*&$*$"e- 'ont"*"+ to PDO >0(8).@

48.In f*'t two &et& of -$&'$/$n*"+ "o'ee-$n& we"e #e/-. 7#e f$"&t too /*'e

$n %*n!*"+ 200 ,efo"e !e"$nten-ent C#en Po>+*n &$tt$n *& t#e

A-6!-$'*t$n Off$'e". 7#e "o&e'!to" w*& In&e'to" Ge!n C#!n>o w#o

'*//e- w$tne&&e& $n'/!-$n t#"ee of t#e *e//*nt& &!e"$o" off$'e"& n*e/+

e"e*nt Ge!n K*$>won In&e'to" L$ 1on>*n *n- C#$ef In&e'to" on

Koon>#o. P!"&!*nt to "e!/*t$on 9() t#e *e//*nt w*& "e"e&ente- ,+ en$o"

In&e'to" on *$>#!n. 7#e *e//*nt w*& fo!n- !$/t+ *n- on 3 M*"'#

200 #e w*& &enten'e- to ,e -$&$&&e-. 7#*t w*& t#e o&t &e;e"e !n$ent

*;*$/*,/e4 *n- wo!/- #*;e $n;o/;e- not on/+ te"$n*t$on of t#e *e//*nt&

e/o+ent ,!t */&o t#e /o&& of #$& en&$on "$#t&.

49.1owe;e" on 9 A!!&t 200 t#e *e//*nt w*& to/- t#*t $t #*- ,een

-e'$-e- to &et *&$-e #$& 'on;$'t$on *n- to #*;e * "e>#e*"$n. 1e w*& /*te" to/-

t#*t t#$& w*& ,e'*!&e t#e Fo"'e $&'$/$ne Off$'e" 'on&$-e"e- t#e"e to #*;e

,een "o'e-!"*/ $""e!/*"$t$e& o" otent$*/ !nf*$"ne&& *t t#e #e*"$n ,!t t#*t

"$* f*'$e e;$-en'e to &!o"t t#e '#*"e ne;e"t#e/e&& e:$&te-.

50.7#e &e'on- &et of "o'ee-$n& &t*"te- $n e'e,e" 200 *n- w$t# ;*"$o!&

*-6o!"nent& "*n $nto M*"'# 2002. 7#e A-6!-$'*t$n Off$'e" t#$& t$e w*&

!e"$nten-ent Lo 7*t>f*$. 7#e "o&e'!to" *n- o/$'e w$tne&&e& '*//e- we"e t#e

&*e. 1owe;e" t#e en$o" In&e'to" w#o #*- "e"e&ente- t#e *e//*nt w*&

not *;*$/*,/e *n- t#e *e//*nt #*- -$ff$'!/t+ f$n-$n &oeone to "e"e&ent #$.

1e e;ent!*//+ &e'!"e- t#e *&&$&t*n'e of en$o" In&e'to" on Kwo>$n

4 n-e" "e!/*t$on 3.

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2

,!t /*'$n 'onf$-en'e $n #$ *&e- #$ to w$t#-"*w *t *n e*"/+ &t*e. On 22

%*n!*"+ 2002 #e *&e- t#e t"$,!n*/ w#et#e" #e 'o!/- e/o+ * &o/$'$to" (o" *n

*!:$/$*"+ off$'e" o" * '$;$/ &e";*nt f"o *not#e" -e*"tent) to "e"e&ent #$

*n- w*& to/- t#*t #e 'o!/- on/+ #*;e * &o/$'$to" w#o w*& * &e";$n "e!/*"

off$'e" *n- t#*t ot#e"w$&e t#e *n&we" w*& ?no@. 1e t#e"efo"e "e"e&ente-

#$&e/f *t t#e #e*"$n&.

5.On 2 M*"'# 2002 t#e t"$,!n*/ fo!n- t#e *e//*nt !$/t+ *n- "efe""e- t#e

'*&e to * &en$o" o/$'e off$'e"5fo" &enten'e. 1e w*& $n$t$*//+ $;en * &enten'e

of 'o!/&o"+ "et$"eent w$t# -efe""e- ,enef$t& &!&en-e- fo" 2 ont#&.

1owe;e" t#$& w*& 'on&$-e"e- $n*-e

on 2 %!/+ 2002 $n'"e*&e- $t to *n $e-$*te &enten'e of 'o!/&o"+

"et$"eent w$t# -efe""e- ,enef$t&. 7#$& e*nt t#*t t#e *e//*nt& e/o+ent

*& * o/$'e off$'e" w*& te"$n*te- *n- w#$/e #$& *''"!e- en&$on "$#t& we"e

not /o&t #$& en&$on 'o!/- not ,e -"*wn !nt$/ #e "e*'#e& w#*t wo!/- #*;e ,een

t#e no"*/ *e of "et$"eent. 7#e &enten'e w*& "*t$f$e- ,+ t#e Co$&&$one"

on 2 O'to,e" 2002.

# )he appellants complaint and the decisions below

52.On 2 %*n!*"+ 2003 t#e *e//*nt /o-e- w#*t w*& -e&'"$,e- *t f$"&t

$n&t*n'e *& * ?#oe*-e@ not$'e of */$'*t$on fo" 6!-$'$*/ "e;$ew. Afte" /e*/

*$- w*& o,t*$ne- *n- ;*"$o!& e:ten&$on& of t$e "*nte- * fo"*/ */$'*t$on

"e*"e- ,+ 'o!n&e/ w*& /o-e- on 5 O'to,e" 2004. 7#$& &o!#t o"-e"& of'e"t$o"*"$

5 ef$ne- ,+ "e!/*t$on 2 to e*n ?* '#$ef &!e"$nten-ent *&&$&t*nt

'o$&&$one" o" &en$o" *&&$&t*nt 'o$&&$one"@. !&en-e- &enten'e& *"e -e*/t w$t# ,+ "e!/*t$on 28.

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22

53.7#e *tte" '*e ,efo"e C#!n % w#o -$&$&&e- t#e */$'*t$on fo" 6!-$'$*/

"e;$ew. 1$& -e'$&$on -e*/& w$t# "o!n-& t#*t *"e no /one" "e/$e- on *n- -oe&

not *--"e&& *n+ of t#e $&&!e& t#*t #*;e ,e'oe *te"$*/ $n t#e "e&ent *e*/.

54.In t#e Co!"t of Ae*/8M& M*"*"et N t#en *e*"$n *& 'o!n&e/ fo" t#e

*e//*nt (now *&&$&t$n M" %o#*nne& C#*n C on t#e "e&ent *e*/)

*-;*n'e- t#e *"!ent w#$'# $& *t t#e 'o"e of t#$& *e*/ n*e/+ t#*t $n

-e"$;$n t#e t"$,!n*/ of *n+ -$&'"et$on to e"$t /e*/ "e"e&ent*t$on

"e!/*t$on& 9() *n- 9(2) "e;ente- t#e *e//*nt f"o #*;$n * f*$" #e*"$n

$n 'ont"*;ent$on of A"t$'/e 0. 7#$& w*& "e6e'te- ,+ 7*n VP ($;$n t#e

Co!"t& 6!-ent) on t#e "o!n- t#*t t#e Co!"t w*& ,o!n- ,+ t#e !n"eo"te-

Co!"t of Ae*/ -e'$&$on $n (#han Keng-chau v

#ommissioner of olice,.9 In t#*t '*&e Ge!n %A 'on&$-e"e- t#e "ote't$on

*ffo"-e- to *n off$'e" on -$&'$/$n*"+ '#*"e& &!ff$'$ent on t#e ,*&$& t#*t

6!-$'$*/ "e;$ew w*& *;*$/*,/e *n- t#*t off$'e"& $n * -$&'$/$ne- fo"'e *"e ,ette"

e

1CAL 2003 (23 A!!&t 2005).

8 H2008 2 1KLR 2 (7*n VP Ge!n %A *n- G* %).

9 1CMP 28242004 Ge!n %A *n- 7*n % (29 e'e,e" 2004).

0 QQ48>5. H9 JB 240.

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23

5.7#e Co!"t of Ae*/ went on to #o/- t#*t $n *n+ e;ent 6!-$'$*/ "e;$ew

o!/- ,e "ef!&e- &$n'e on t#e 'on&t"!'t$on of PDO >0(8) *-ote- $n e*"/$e"

Co!"t of Ae*/ -e'$&$on&2 *n- on t#e *-$tte- f*'t& t#e *e//*nt&

'on;$'t$on $n t#e "e&ent '*&e w*& $ne;$t*,/e.

5.1owe;e" t#e Co!"t of Ae*/ "*nte- /e*;e to *e*/ to t#$& Co!"t.3 7#"ee

6!-ent "en-e"e- $n * '"$$n*/ '*&e o" $n * &!$t *t /*w *// ,e *-e !,/$' e:'etw#e"e t#e $nte"e&t of 6!;en$/e e"&on& ot#e"w$&e "e

59.A"t$'/e 0 $& $n te"& $-ent$'*/ to A"t$'/e 4. of t#e Inte"n*t$on*/ Co;en*nt

on C$;$/ *n- Po/$t$'*/ R$#t& (?ICCPR@)4 w#$'# I w$// "efe" to &$/+ *&

?A"t$'/e 4.@. It fo//ow& t#*t t#e Dene"*/ Coent& *n- !,/$e-

2 (#han Keng-chau v #ommissioner of olice)1CMP 28242004 Ge!n %A *n- 7*n % (29 e'e,e" 2004) *n- $eung Fuk ah v#ommissioner of oliceH2002 3 1KLR 53.

3 CACV 3402005 7*n VP Ge!n %A *n- G* % (3 M*+ 2008).

4 A-ote- *n- oene- fo" &$n*t!"e "*t$f$'*t$on *n- *''e&&$on ,+ n$te-N*t$on& Dene"*/ A&&e,/+ Re&o/!t$on 2200 A (SSI) of e'e,e" 9.

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24

Co!n$'*t$on& of t#e 1!*n R$#t& Co$ttee (?1RC@) 'on'e"n$n A"t$'/e

4. $;e !$-*n'e to *n !n-e"&t*n-$n of A"t$'/e 0.

0.A"t$'/e 39 of t#e B*&$' L*w $;e& 'on&t$t!t$on*/ fo"'e to A"t$'/e 0

&t$!/*t$n t#*t t#e ICCPR& "o;$&$on& ?*& */$e- to 1on Kon@ *//

"e*$n $n fo"'e *n- ?*// ,e $/eente- t#"o!# t#e /*w& of t#e 1KAR@

*n- t#*t

?7#e "$#t& *n- f"ee-o& en6o+e- ,+ 1on Kon "e&$-ent& *// not ,e "e&t"$'te-!n/e&& *& "e&'"$,e- ,+ /*w. !'# "e&t"$'t$on& *// not 'ont"*;ene t#e "o;$&$on& oft#e "e'e-$n *"*"*# of t#$& A"t$'/e.@

.A"t$'/e () of t#e E!"oe*n Con;ent$on fo" t#e P"ote't$on of 1!*n R$#t&

*n- F!n-*ent*/ F"ee-o& (?EC1R@)5 w#$'# I *// "efe" to *& ?A"t$'/e

()@ $& $n ;e"+ &$$/*" te"&

?In t#e -ete"$n*t$on of #$& '$;$/ "$#t& *n- o,/$*t$on& o" of *n+ '"$$n*/ '#*"e**$n&t #$ e;e"+one $& ent$t/e- to * f*$" *n- !,/$' #e*"$n w$t#$n * "e*&on*,/e t$e

,+ *n $n-een-ent *n- $*"t$*/ t"$,!n*/ e&t*,/$e- ,+ /*w. %!-eent *// ,e"ono!n'e- !,/$'/+ ,!t t#e "e&& *n- !,/$' *+ ,e e:'/!-e- f"o *// o" *"t of t#et"$*/ $n t#e $nte"e&t of o"*/& !,/$' o"-e" o" n*t$on*/ &e'!"$t+ $n * -eo'"*t$'

&o'$et+ w#e"e t#e $nte"e&t& of 6!;en$/e& o" t#e "ote't$on of t#e "$;*te /$fe of t#e*"t$e& &o "e

t"*&,o!" (?t#e E!"oe*n 'o!"t@ o" ?t#e t"*&,o!" 'o!"t@) $n "e/*t$on to

A"t$'/e () $& of $e-$*te "e/e;*n'e to *n !n-e"&t*n-$n of A"t$'/e 4. *n-

A"t$'/e 0 notw$t#&t*n-$n 'e"t*$n -$ffe"en'e& $n wo"-$n.

3.$ffe"en'e& *e*" $n t#e En/$ te:t& of t#e two t"e*t$e& *"t$'!/*"/+ $n

"e/*t$on to t#e 'on-$t$on& w#$'# t"$e" en*eent of t#e "e&e't$;e *"t$'/e&.

(*) In A"t$'/e () t#e "$#t to ?* f*$" *n- !,/$' #e*"$n w$t#$n *

"e*&on*,/e t$e ,+ *n $n-een-ent *n- $*"t$*/ t"$,!n*/

5 Oene- fo" &$n*t!"e ,+ e,e" &t*te& of t#e 'o!n'$/ of E!"oe *t Roe on 4No;e,e" 950.

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25

e&t*,/$e- ,+ /*w@ $& *'t$;*te- $f t#e e"&on '/*$$n $t&

"ote't$on f*'e& ?* -ete"$n*t$on of #$& civil rights and

o5ligations@.

(,)An- $n A"t$'/e 4. (*n- $t oe& w$t#o!t &*+$n $n t#e $-ent$'*/

wo"-$n of A"t$'/e 0) t#e ent$t/eent ?to * f*$" *n- !,/$'

#e*"$n ,+ * 'oetent $n-een-ent *n- $*"t$*/ t"$,!n*/

e&t*,/$e- ,+ /*w@ $& t"$e"e- w#e"e t#e $n-$;$-!*/ 'on'e"ne-

f*'e& * ?-ete"$n*t$on of ... #$&rights and o5ligations in a suit at

law@.

4.1owe;e" t#e "en-e"$n of t#e wo"-& I #*;e $t*/$'$&e- $& "e'$&e/+ t#e &*e

$n t#e F"en'# te:t& of ,ot# t"e*t$e&. 7#e+ ,ot# "efe" to ?droits et o5ligations de

caract6re civil@. A& t#e %o$nt $&&ent$n O$n$on of t#e E!"oe*n 'o!"t $n

Feld5rugge v 7he Netherlandse:/*$n& t#e En/$ te:t of A"t$'/e () #*-

o"$$n*//+ */&o fo//owe- t#e wo"-$n of A"t$'/e 4. "efe""$n to ?"$#t& *n-

o,/$*t$on& $n * &!$t *t /*w@. It w*& '#*ne- *t t#e /*&t oent to "efe" $n&te*-

to ?'$;$/ "$#t& *n- o,/$*t$on&@ e"e/+ to */$n t#e En/$ te:t o"e '/o&e/+

w$t# t#e /*n!*e of t#e F"en'# te:t *n- not to effe't *n+ &!,&t*nt$;e '#*ne.

5.Mo"eo;e" $n + ;$ew e;en w$t#o!t #*;$n "e*"- to t#e -"*ft$n #$&to"+ of

t#e two *"t$'/e& t#e o"-$n*"+ e*n$n of t#e two #"*&e& $n t#e En/$ te:t

!n-e"&too- $n t#e 'onte:t of e*'# *"t$'/e $& t#e &*e. 7#e+ ,ot# "efe" to

-ete"$n*t$on& of '$;$/ "$#t& *n- o,/$*t$on& -$&t$n!$$n t#e f"o

7#e F"en'# te:t of A"t$'/e 4. "e/e;*nt/+ "o;$-e&87o!& &ont T*!: -e;*nt/e& t"$,!n*!: et /e& 'o!"& -e 6!&t$'e. 7o!te e"&onne * -"o$t U 'e

,$en>fon-T -e to!te *''!&*t$on en *t$"e Tn*/e -$"$Te 'ont"e e//e.@ (98) 8 E1RR 425 *t 444>445 QQ20>22.

8/13/2019 FACV9_2008 Lam Siu Po

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8/13/2019 FACV9_2008 Lam Siu Po

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2

? ... $n '$;$/ *tte"& one '*n &'*"'e/+ 'on'e$;e of t#e "!/e of /*w w$t#o!t t#e"e ,e$n *o&&$,$/$t+ of #*;$n *''e&& to t#e 'o!"t&.@20

.#1#b A historical gap

8.It $& **$n&t t#$& ,*'-"o "e'on$$n t#e ,*&$' $o"t*n'e of A"t$'/e 0

*n- $t& e

e&t*,/$$n w#en t#e "ote't$on& *"e en*e- o!/- ,e ;$ewe-.

9.7#o&e -$ff$'!/t$e& &te f"o * * $n t#e "ote't$on& 'ont*$ne- $n t#e te:t of

t#e ICCPR (w#$'# *& we #*;e &een w*& -!/$'*te- $n t#e EC1R). 7#*t *

w#$'# #*& ,een t"*'e- $n t#e $nte"n*t$on*/ 6!"$&"!-en'e2

'on'e"n& t#e &'oe oft#e wo"-& ?"$#t& *n- o,/$*t$on& $n * &!$t *t /*w@ *n- ?'$;$/ "$#t& *n-

o,/$*t$on&@. 7o * 'oon /*w+e" t#e e:$&ten'e of &!'# * * *+ not ,e

o,;$o!& &$n'e one $#t *&&!e t#*t t#e #"*&e ?'$;$/ "$#t& *n- o,/$*t$on&@

en'o*&&e& *// "$#t& *n- o,/$*t$on& o!t&$-e t#e e"e of t#e '"$$n*/ /*w.

1owe;e" $n *n+ 'o!nt"$e& &!,&'"$,$n to t#e ICCPR *n- t#e EC1R ?'$;$/

"$#t& *n- o,/$*t$on&@ wo!/- not ,e !n-e"&too- to ,e &o *//>e,"*'$n.

$&t$n't$on& *+ ,e -"*wn fo" $n&t*n'e ,etween !,/$' *n- "$;*te /*w "$#t&

*n- ,etween t#e /*w *-$n$&te"e- $n '$;$/ *n- *-$n$&t"*t$;e 'o!"t&. A& Lo"-

1off*nn e:/*$n&

?... t#e te" '$;$/ "$#t& *n- o,/$*t$on& w*& o"$$n*//+ $nten-e- to e*n t#o&e "$#t&*n- o,/$*t$on& w#$'# $n 'ont$nent*/ E!"oe*n &+&te& of /*w we"e *-6!-$'*te-!on ,+ t#e '$;$/ 'o!"t&. 7#e&e we"e e&&ent$*//+ "$#t& *n- o,/$*t$on& $n "$;*te/*w. 7#e te" w*& not $nten-e- to 'o;e" *-$n$&t"*t$;e -e'$&$on& w#$'# we"e

'on;ent$on*//+ &!,6e't to "e;$ew ($f *t *//) ,+ *-$n$&t"*t$;e 'o!"t&. It w*& not t#*tt#e -"*ft&en of t#e Con;ent$on -$- not t#$n $t -e&$"*,/e t#*t *-$n$&t"*t$;e-e'$&$on& o!/- ,e &!,6e't to t#e "!/e of /*w. B!t *-$n$&t"*t$;e -e'$&$on>*$n"*$&e- &e'$*/ "o,/e& w#$'# e*nt t#*t $t 'o!/- not ,e /!e- $n w$t# t#e*-6!-$'*t$on of "$;*te /*w "$#t& *n- *-e &!,6e't to t#e &*e 6!-$'$*/ "e

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0.7#e nee- fo" 'e"t*$n *-$n$&t"*t$;e "o'e&&e& w#$'# *ffe't t#e "$#t& *n-

o,/$*t$on& of $n-$;$-!*/& to ,e -e*/t w$t# on * &e*"*te *n- -$ffe"ent foot$n

w*& &e/t o!t fo" $n&t*n'e $n t#e %o$nt $&&ent$n O$n$on $nFeld5rugge v 7he

Netherlands*& fo//ow&23

?7#e 6!-$'$*/$&*t$on of -$&!te "o'e-!"e& *& !*"*ntee- ,+ A"t$'/e () $&e$nent/+ *"o"$*te $n t#e "e*/ of "e/*t$on& ,etween $n-$;$-!*/& ,!t notne'e&&*"$/+ &o $n t#e *-$n$&t"*t$;e e"e w#e"e o"*n$&*t$on*/ &o'$*/ *n-e'ono$' 'on&$-e"*t$on& *+ /e$t$*te/+ w*""*nt -$&!te "o'e-!"e& of * /e&&

6!-$'$*/ *n- fo"*/ $n-. 7#e "e&ent '*&e $& 'on'e"ne- w$t# t#e oe"*t$on of *'o//e't$;e &t*t!to"+ &'#ee fo" t#e *//o'*t$on of !,/$' we/f*"e. A& e:*/e& of t#e&e'$*/ '#*"*'te"$&t$'& of &!'# &'#ee& *te"$*/ to t#e $&&!e of "o'e-!"*/&*fe!*"-& one $#t '$te t#e /*"e n!,e"& of -e'$&$on& to ,e t*en t#e e-$'*/*&e't& t#e /*' of "e&o!"'e& o" e:e"t$&e of t#e e"&on& *ffe'te- t#e nee- to ,*/*n'et#e !,/$' $nte"e&t fo" eff$'$ent *-$n$&t"*t$on **$n&t t#e "$;*te $nte"e&t.%!-$'$*/$&*t$on of "o'e-!"e& fo" *//o'*t$on of !,/$' we/f*"e ,enef$t& wo!/- $n *n+'*&e& ne'e&&$t*te "e'o!"&e ,+ '/*$*nt& to /*w+e"& *n- e-$'*/ e:e"t& *n- #en'e/e*- to *n $n'"e*&e $n e:en&e *n- t#e /ent# of t#e "o'ee-$n&.@

.#$/e 'oon /*w &+&te& *+ not -$&t$n!$ ,etween *-$n$&t"*t$;e *n-

?6!-$'$*/$&e-@ "o'e&&e& *ffe't$n '$;$/ "$#t& *n- o,/$*t$on& $n te"& of t#e

&t"!'t!"e of t#e$" 'o!"t& o" t#e /e*/ '/*&&$f$'*t$on& !&e- t#e -$&t$n't$on ,etween

t#e "o'e&&e& $& ne;e"t#e/e&& "e*/ *n- t#e nee- to *;o$- t#e ?o;e">/*w+e"$n@ o"

?o;e">6!-$'$*/$&*t$on@ of "o'e-!"e& $n 'e"t*$n *-$n$&t"*t$;e *n- -$&'$/$n*"+

t"$,!n*/& $& "e'on$&e-.24

2.A& t#e travaux "r="aratoiresof t#e ICCPR25ow $t w*& *'now/e-e- ,+

t#e -e/e*t$on& 'on'e"ne- t#*t t#e "oe" *"o*'# to -ete"$n*t$on& of "$#t&

*n- o,/$*t$on& ,+ *-$n$&t"*t$;e ,o-$e& ?#*- not ,een f!//+ t#"*e- o!t *n-

o!/- ,e e:*$ne- o"e t#o"o!#/+@. !'# ?t#"*$n o!t@ #*& #owe;e" not

o''!""e- #en'e t#e *.

22 3una ;egum v 7ower Hamlets $;# H2003 2 AC 430 *t 445 Q28.

23 (98) 8 E1RR 425 *t 443 Q5.

24 E 7he Stock Exchange of Hong Kong $td and New orld !evelo"ment #o$td(200) 9 1KCFAR 234 *t 2 Q09.

25 Re/*t$n to t#e f$ft# &e&&$on of t#e n$te- N*t$on& Co$&&$on on 1!*nR$#t& #e/- on %!ne 949.

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?A''o"-$n to t#e 'on&$&tent '*&e /*w of t#e t"*&,o!" 'o!"t t#e 'on'et of '$;$/"$#t& *n- o,/$*t$on& $& *!tonoo!&. It& &'oe '*nnot ,e -ete"$ne- &o/e/+ ,+"efe"en'e to t#e -oe&t$' /*w of t#e "e&on-ent &t*te... An+ ot#e" 'on'/!&$on 'o!/-/e*- to "e&!/t& $n'o*t$,/e w$t# t#e o,6e't *n- !"o&e of t#e Con;ent$on &$n'e $two!/- ,e oen to 'ont"*'t$n &t*te& ,+ "e'/*&&$f+$n t#e "$#t& "*nte- ,+ t#e$" own

-oe&t$' /e*/ &+&te& to e:'/!-e *"t$'!/*" '*teo"$e& of '$;$/ *'t$on& f"o t#eoe"*t$on of *"t$'/e ().@29

.In >von $andry v #anada30t#e 1RC e:ten-e- A"t$'/e 4.& &'oe $n two

*--$t$on*/ w*+&. F$"&t $t "e6e'te- t#e o;e"nent*/ o" !,/$' &t*t!& of one of

t#e *"t$e& *& * ,*&$& $n $t&e/f fo" e:'/!-$n t#e "ote't$on& *n- &e'on-/+ (*&

w*& o$nte- o!t ,+ M" An-e"&on C#ow C) $t #e/- t#*t t#e "ote't$on& *"e

*/$'*,/e w#e"e * '*&e w#$'# $#t ot#e"w$&e #*;e f*//en o!t&$-e t#e *"t$'/e $&

$n f*'t *-6!-$'*te- !on ,+ * t"$,!n*/ #*;$n 6!-$'$*/ '#*"*'te"$&t$'&. 7#e we//>

nown *&&*e $n t#e Co!n$'*t$on "!n& *& fo//ow&

?... t#e 'on'et of * &!$t *t /*w o" $t& e

,e *-6!-$'*te- !on e&e'$*//+ $n 'oon /*w &+&te& w#en t#e"e $& no $n#e"ent-$ffe"en'e ,etween !,/$' /*w *n- "$;*te /*w *n- w#e"e t#e Co!"t& no"*//+

e:e"'$&e 'ont"o/ o;e" t#e "o'ee-$n& e$t#e" *t f$"&t $n&t*n'e o" on *e*/ &e'$f$'*//+"o;$-e- ,+ &t*t!te o" e/&e ,+ w*+ of 6!-$'$*/ "e;$ew. In t#$& "e*"- e*'#'o!n$'*t$on !&t ,e e:*$ne- $n t#e /$#t of $t& *"t$'!/*" fe*t!"e&.@3

.Anot#e" &te t*en tow*"-& /!$n t#e * #*& $n;o/;e- t#e t"*&,o!"

'o!"t -e'$-$n t#*t A"t$'/e () $& en*e- w#e"e t#e -ete"$n*t$on $n;o/;e&

e/eent& of ,ot# !,/$' *n- "$;*te /*w ,!t w#e"e t#e /*tte" *"e fo!n- to ,e

"e-o$n*nt. 7#!& $n H v ;elgium32* '*&e 'on'e"n$n t#e */$'*t$on of *

-$&,*""e- avocat to ,e "e*-$tte- to t#e "o// of avocats t#e Co!"t fo!n- t#*t

29 3una ;egum v 7ower Hamlets $;# H2003 2 AC 430 *t 459 Q82 '$t$nK?nig v Federal 3e"u5lic of &ermany (98) 2 E1RR 0 *t 92>93 Q88 *n-;enthem v 7he Netherlands(985) 8 E1RR *t 9 Q34.

30 (Co!n$'*t$on No 28) (8 A"$/ 98).

3 At Q9.2. ee */&o t#e $&&ent$n O$n$on of M& R!t# e-woo- $n olfgang$eder5auer v 2ustria Co!n$'*t$on No 454200 (2008) Vo/ 5 No I1RRQQ5.5 *n- 5. *n-erterer v 2ustria Co!n$'*t$on No 05200 (2005) Vo/ 2

No I1RR 80 Q9.2.32 (98) 0 E1RR 339 *t 34>349 QQ45>48.

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3

*&e't& of t#e "ofe&&$on of avocat *n- t#!& of t#e -ete"$n*t$on !n-o!,te-/+

#*- !,/$' /*w fe*t!"e& ,!t t#*t t#e+ we"e o!twe$#e- ,+ ot#e" fe*t!"e& of *

"$;*te /*w '#*"*'te".

8.A *6o" e:ten&$on w*& *-e $n 3ingeisen v 2ustria )No @,33 w#$'# w*&

'on'e"ne- w$t# t#e "e!/*t$on of /*n- t"*n&fe"& ,+ * $&t"$'t L*n- 7"*n&*'t$on&

Co$&&$on w$t# *n *e*/ to * Re$on*/ Co$&&$on. It t#e"efo"e $n;o/;e-

*& Lo"- 1off*nn note& $n 3 )2lcon5ury !evelo"ments $td, v Secretary of

State for the Environment34 ?* '/*&&$' "e!/*to"+ owe" e:e"'$&*,/e ,+ *n

*-$n$&t"*t$;e ,o-+@. 7#e E!"oe*n 'o!"t ne;e"t#e/e&& #e/- t#*t A"t$'/e ()

w*& en*e- *n- t#*t $t 'o!/- $nte";ene on t#e "o!n- t#*t t#e *-$n$&t"*t$;e

-e'$&$on w*& ?-e'$&$;e@ fo" t#e enfo"'e*,$/$t+ of t#e "$;*te /*w 'ont"*'t fo" t#e

&*/e of /*n-. ?7#!&@ *& Lo"- 1off*nn o$nt& o!t ?* -e'$&$on on *

!,/$' /*w ,+ *n *-$n$&t"*t$;e ,o-+ 'o!/- *tt"*'t *"t$'/e () ,+ ;$"t!e of $t&

effe't on "$;*te /*w "$#t&.@35 7#$& #*& #*- * *6o" $*'t &$n'e *n+

-e'$&$on& ,+ *-$n$&t"*t$;e ,o-$e& *n- -$&'$/$n*"+ t"$,!n*/&3 #*;e * -$"e't

$*'t on t#e '$;$/ "$#t& *n- o,/$*t$on& of t#e $n-$;$-!*/ 'on'e"ne- *tt"*'t$nt#e "ote't$on of A"t$'/e 0.

9.7#$& e:ten-e- *"o*'# #*& ,een #e/- to */+ to /*nn$n '*&e&.3 It #*&

*/&o ,een *-ote- $n "e/*t$on to '/*$& fo" non>'ont"$,!to"+ we/f*"e ,enef$t& *&

$n Salesi v %taly38*n-Mennitto v %taly.'* A& Lo"- M$//ett e:/*$n& $n "e/*t$on to

t#o&e two '*&e&

?7#e -e'$&$on& #*- t#e effe't of e:ten-$n *"t$'/e () to -$&!te& $n 'onne't$on w$t#non>'ont"$,!to"+ we/f*"e &'#ee&. In e*'# '*&e t#e '"$t$'*/ fe*t!"e w#$'# ,"o!#t $t

33 (9) E1RR 455.

34 H2003 2 AC 295 *t 328 Q80.

35 At Q80.

3 A& $nKonig v Federal 3e"u5lic of &ermany(98) 2 E1RR 0.

3 E;ryan v

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32

w$t#$n *"t$'/e () w*& t#*t t#e '/*$*nt &!ffe"e- *n $nte"fe"en'e w$t# #e" e*n& of&!,&$&ten'e *n- w*& '/*$$n *n $n-$;$-!*/ e'ono$' "$#t f/ow$n f"o &e'$f$'"!/e& /*$- -own $n * &t*t!te $;$n effe't to t#e Con&t$t!t$on (2 E1RR 8 99 Q9).@40

.#1#d )he (s%elinen decision

80.In $t& "e'ent -e'$&$on $n Ailho Eskelinen v Finland4t#e D"*n- C#*,e" of

t#e t"*&,o!" 'o!"t too * *6o" &te tow*"-& e:ten-$n t#e "ote't$on of

A"t$'/e () to '$;$/ &e";*nt& ene"*//+ *-ot$n *n *"o*'# w#$'# *+

$n-$'*te t#e 'o!"&e w#$'# /*te" -e;e/oent& $n t#e 6!"$&"!-en'e $#t t*e.

8.A& "e;$o!&/+ note- t#e "e/*t$on$ ,etween '$;$/ &e";*nt& *n- t#e t*te *&e/o+e" #*- o"$$n*//+ not ,een $nten-e- to 'oe w$t#$n t#e "e/e;*nt *"t$'/e&.

1owe;e" t#e "o'e&& of "*-!*/ e:ten&$on of t#e "ote't$on& #*& */&o o''!""e-

$n t#$& 'onte:t. $om5ardo v %taly42w*& * '*&e $n;o/;$n t#e '/*$ fo" *n

en#*n'e- en&$on ,+ * #ara5inieri off$'e" w#o #*- ,een $n;*/$-e- o!t of

&e";$'e. 7#e It*/$*n o;e"nent 'onten-e- t#*t A"t$'/e () w*& not en*e-

*"!$n t#*t *& * '$;$/ &e";*nt t#e '/*$*nt& "e/*t$on$ w$t# t#e t*te #*-

,een of * !,/$' /*w n*t!"e #$& *o$ntent #*;$n ,een * !n$/*te"*/ *'t ,+ t#e

t*te !"&!*nt to &e'$*/ /e$&/*t$on. 7#e Co!"t nonet#e/e&& #e/- t#*t A"t$'/e

() */$e- t"e*t$n t#e en&$on '/*$ *& * e'!n$*"+ o" e'ono$' '/*$

f*//$n o!t&$-e t#e '$;$/ &e";$'e "e/*t$on$.43

82.In ellegrin v France44 t#e E!"oe*n 'o!"t "o'ee-e- to "e-!'e

&!,&t*nt$*//+ t#e n!,e" of '$;$/ &e";*nt& e:'/!-e- f"o "ote't$on ,+"oo!n-$n * new ?f!n't$on*/ '"$te"$on@. It note- t#*t 'e"t*$n '$;$/ &e";*nt&

?w$e/- * o"t$on of t#e t*te& &o;e"e$n owe"@ *n- "e*&one- t#*t $n "e/*t$on to

40 3una ;egum v 7ower Hamlets $;# H2003 2 AC 430 *t 40>4 Q90.

4 (200) 45 E1RR 43.

42 (992) 2 E1RR 88.

43 At Q.44 (200) 3 E1RR 2.

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33

t#*t '*teo"+ of e"&on& t#e t*te *+ #*;e * /e$t$*te $nte"e&t ?$n "e

A"t$'/e () t"$,!n*/. It &t*te-

?7#e Co!"t t#e"efo"e "!/e& t#*t t#e on/+ -$&!te& e:'/!-e- f"o t#e &'oe of A"t$'/e() of t#e Con;ent$on *"e t#o&e w#$'# *"e "*$&e- ,+ !,/$' &e";*nt& w#o&e -!t$e&t+$f+ t#e &e'$f$' *'t$;$t$e& of t#e !,/$' &e";$'e $n &o f*" *& t#e /*tte" $& *'t$n *& t#e-eo&$t*"+ of !,/$' *!t#o"$t+ "e&on&$,/e fo" "ote't$n t#e ene"*/ $nte"e&t& of t#et*te o" ot#e" !,/$' *!t#o"$t$e&. A *n$fe&t e:*/e of &!'# *'t$;$t$e& $& "o;$-e-

,+ t#e *"e- fo"'e& *n- t#e o/$'e.@45

7#e Co!"t *-e *n e:'et$on e;en w$t#$n t#e e:'/!-e- '*teo"+ $n "e&e't of

en&$on '/*$& &$n'e ?on "et$"eent e/o+ee& ,"e* t#e &e'$*/ ,on- ,etween

t#e&e/;e& *n- t#e *!t#o"$t$e& ...@4

83.#$/e t#e ot$;*t$on ,e#$n- t#$& new ?f!n't$on*/ '"$te"$on@ w*& to e:*n-

t#e 'o;e"*e of A"t$'/e () $t w*& /*$n/+ not * &*t$&f*'to"+ o" e*&$/+ wo"*,/e

e*n& fo" -e/$ne*t$n w#en t#e *"t$'/e& "ote't$on& *"e en*e-. It $&

$n#e"ent/+ -$&'"$$n*to"+ *& ,etween '$;$/ &e";*nt& *n- ,*&e- !on t#e

&oew#*t +&t$'*/ 'on'et of ?* &e'$*/ ,on- of t"!&t *n- /o+*/t+@ w$t# t#e

t*te.

84.7#e !n&*t$&f*'to"+ fe*t!"e& of ellegrinwe"e "o$nent/+ e:o&e- $n t#e

Eskelinen '*&e4w#$'# $n;o/;e- '/*$& ,+ f$;e o/$'e off$'e"& *n- * '$;$/$*n

off$'e *&&$&t*nt wo"$n *& * !,/$' &e";*nt fo" w*e &!/eent& *&

'oen&*t$on fo" ,e$n o&te- $n * "eote *"t of t#e 'o!nt"+. A& t#e D"*n-

C#*,e" note-

?On * &t"$'t */$'*t$on of t#e ellegrin*"o*'# $t wo!/- *e*" t#*t t#e off$'e*&&$&t*nt */$'*nt $n t#e "e&ent '*&e wo!/- en6o+ t#e !*"*ntee& of A"t ()

45 At Q.

4 At Q.4 (200) 45 E1RR 43.

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34

w#e"e*& t#e"e $& no -o!,t t#*t t#e o/$'e off$'e" */$'*nt& wo!/- not. 7#$& wo!/- ,e&o $""e&e't$;e of t#e f*'t t#*t t#e -$&!te w*& $-ent$'*/ fo" *// t#e */$'*nt&.@48

85.It o,&e";e- t#*t

?A"t& *n- 4 of t#e Con;ent$on &t$!/*te t#*t e;e"+one w$t#$n Ht#e 6!"$&-$'t$on oft#e 'ont"*'t$n &t*te& !&t en6o+ t#e "$#t& *n- f"ee-o& $n e't$on I w$t#o!t-$&'"$$n*t$on on *n+ "o!n-.@

An- $t e:"e&&e- t#e o$n$on t#*t

?A& * ene"*/ "!/e t#e !*"*ntee& $n t#e Con;ent$on e:ten- to '$;$/ &e";*nt&@49*n-t#*t ?... t#e"e o!/- t#e"efo"e ,e 'on;$n'$n "e*&on& fo" e:'/!-$n *n+ '*teo"+ of*/$'*nt f"o t#e "ote't$on of A"t ().@50

8.A''o"-$n/+ t#e ellegrinf!n't$on*/ '"$te"$on w*& "e/*'e- ,+ * two>fo/-

te&t

?...$n o"-e" fo" t#e "e&on-ent t*te to ,e *,/e to "e/+ ,efo"e t#e Co!"t on t#e*/$'*ntW& &t*t!& *& * '$;$/ &e";*nt $n e:'/!-$n t#e "ote't$on e,o-$e- $n A"t two'on-$t$on& !&t ,e f!/f$//e-. F$"&t t#e t*te $n $t& n*t$on*/ /*w !&t #*;e e:"e&&/+e:'/!-e- *''e&& to * 'o!"t fo" t#e o&t o" '*teo"+ of &t*ff $n

$#t e:$&t t#e Co!"t -$- ent$on t#*t $t wo!/- ,e ?fo" t#e t*te to ow t#*t

t#e &!,6e't *tte" of t#e -$&!te $n $&&!e $& "e/*te- to t#e e:e"'$&e of &t*te owe"

o" t#*t $t #*& '*//e- $nto

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35

t#e "e&on-ent $n t#e "e&ent '*&e. 1owe;e" *& &t*te- *,o;e I f$n- $t -$ff$'!/t

to $;e "*'t$'*/ e*n$n to t#$& *,&t"*'t not$on of * ?&e'$*/ ,on-@.

88.Of o"e 'on'"ete ;*/!e $& t#e Co!"t& &t*teent 54w#$'# fo//owe- !on $t&

o,&e";*t$on t#*t ?t#e"e o!/- t#e"efo"e ,e 'on;$n'$n "e*&on& fo" e:'/!-$n

*n+ '*teo"+ of */$'*nt f"o t#e "ote't$on of A"t ()@. 7#e Co!"t &*$-

?In t#e "e&ent '*&e w#e"e t#e */$'*nt& o/$'e off$'e"& *n- *-$n$&t"*t$;e *&&$&t*nt*/$e #*- *''o"-$n to t#e n*t$on*/ /e$&/*t$on t#e "$#t to #*;e t#e$" '/*$& fo"*//ow*n'e& e:*$ne- ,+ * t"$,!n*/ noground related to the effective functioning ofthe State or any other "u5lic necessity #*& ,een *-;*n'e- which might reBuire theremoval of #onvention "rotection**$n&t !nf*$" o" /ent#+ "o'ee-$n&.@55 ($t*/$'&&!/$e-)

89.7#e Eskelinen '*&e t#e"efo"e $n + ;$ew /*+& -own t#e "$n'$/e-

*"o*'# of ($) /*'$n t#e on!& on t#e t*te to &e'$f+ $n /e$&/*t$on t#e

*"t$'!/*" '/*&& of '$;$/ &e";*nt& w#o *"e to ,e e:'/!-e- f"o t#e Con;ent$on&

"ote't$on *n- ($$) &!,6e't$n &!'# /e$&/*t$on to &'"!t$n+ ,+ t#e Co!"t w#$'#

*&& w#et#e" o,6e't$;e "o!n-& "e/*te- to t#e effe't$;e f!n't$on$n of t#e t*te

o" &oe ot#e" !,/$' ne'e&&$t+ w#$'# 6!&t$f+ "eo;*/ of Con;ent$on "ote't$on

#*;e ,een e&t*,/$e-. A& t#e D"*n- C#*,e" &t*te-

?If * -oe&t$' &+&te ,*"& *''e&& to * 'o!"t t#e Co!"t w$// ;e"$f+ t#*t t#e -$&!te $&$n-ee- &!'# *& to 6!&t$f+ t#e */$'*t$on of t#e e:'et$on to t#e !*"*ntee& of A"t .If $t -oe& not t#en t#e"e $& no $&&!e *n- A"t ()w$// */+.@ 5

90.7#$& $& '/e*"/+ *n *"e* of -e;e/o$n 6!"$&"!-en'e *n- t#e Eskelinen

-e'$&$on */t#o!# fo//owe- $n &!,&e

o,;$o!&/+ not t#e /*&t wo"- on t#e &!,6e't. I *!&e to note t#*t t#e 1RC #*&

e;$-ent/+ f*//en ,e#$n- t#e E!"oe*n 'o!"t $n -e;e/oent& $n t#$& *"e*. In $t&

54 At Q59.

55 %5id.

5 At Q.

5 ee e Mitin v

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3

Dene"*/ Coent No 32 -*te- 23 A!!&t 200 58 $t 'ont$n!e& to *-ot *

$e'ee*/ *n- ne'e&&*"$/+ -$&6o$nte- *"o*'# to t#e #"*&e ?$n * &!$t *t /*w@

/$&t$n ;*"$o!& $n&t*n'e& w#en t#e "ote't$on& *"e en*e- $n'/!-$n $n t#*t /$&t

'*&e& $n;o/;$n ?t#e te"$n*t$on of e/o+ent of '$;$/ &e";*nt& fo" ot#e" t#*n

-$&'$/$n*"+ "e*&on&@.59 I wo!/- "e&e'tf!//+ *-ot $n "efe"en'e t#eEskelinen

*"o*'# *& t#e o"e "$n'$/e-. It $& o,;$o!&/+ o"e &*t$&f*'to"+ not to

-$&'"$$n*te **$n&t &oe '/*&&e& of '$;$/ &e";*nt& $n 'onne't$on w$t# t#e$"

*''e&& to * 6!-$'$*/ t"$,!n*/ !n/e&& t#e"e $& &t"on 6!&t$f$'*t$on fo" -o$n &o. 7o

"e'on$e *& Dene"*/ Coent No 32 -oe& *n ent$t/eent to "ote't$on w#e"e

t#e e/o+ent $& te"$n*te- fo" other than-$&'$/$n*"+ "e*&on& *e*"& to e

to *'now/e-e t#*t ent$t/eent w#e"e $t $& /e*&t nee-e- *n- to "ef!&e

"ote't$on w#e"e ($n -$&'$/$n*"+ "o'ee-$n&) $t $& o&t /$e/+ to ,e $o"t*nt.

.#1#e Purely disciplinary matters vs civil rights and obligations

9.$n'e A"t$'/e 0& en*eent -een-& on w#et#e" *n $n-$;$-!*/& '$;$/

"$#t& *n- o,/$*t$on& *"e to ,e -ete"$ne- (o" w#et#e" #e $& f*'$n * '"$$n*/'#*"e) $n * &e'$f$' $n&t*n'e A"t$'/e 0 *+ ,e en*e- on/+ $n "e/*t$on to

&oe ,!t not *// t#e *tte"& -e*/t w$t# ,+ * *"t$'!/*" *-$n$&t"*t$;e *!t#o"$t+

o" *-$n$&t"*t$;e t"$,!n*/.

92.In ot#e" wo"-& * &e'$f$' '#*"e ,"o!#t ,efo"e * *"t$'!/*" -$&'$/$n*"+

t"$,!n*/ *+ o" *+ not *tt"*'t A"t$'/e 0 "ote't$on& -een-$n on w#et#e" $t

$n;o/;e& -ete"$n*t$on of * '"$$n*/ '#*"e o" of t#e $n-$;$-!*/& '$;$/ "$#t&*n- o,/$*t$on&. 7#$& $& we//>"e'on$e- $n '*&e& 'on'e"ne- w$t# -"*w$n t#e

/$ne ,etween '"$$n*/ '#*"e& *n- t#e enfo"'eent of $nte"n*/ -$&'$/$ne0*n-

&$$/*" 'on&$-e"*t$on& *"$&e $n "e/*t$on to -$&'$/$n*"+ e*&!"e& *ffe't$n t#e

58 1RC 90t#e&&$on Dene;* 9 to 2 %!/+ 200.

59 At Q.

0

Engel v 7he Netherlands )No @,(9) E1RR 4 #am"5ell and Fell v

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38

#e/- ,+ t#e t"*&,o!" 'o!"t5to $n'/!-e t#e "$#t to "*'t$&e one& "ofe&&$on

?7#e "$#t to "e*$n $n t#e e/o+ent one '!""ent/+ #o/-& !&t ,e * '$;$/

"$#t ...@ Mo"eo;e" w#e"e en&$on "$#t& of '$;$/ &e";*nt& #*;e ,een *ffe'te-

t#e "e/e;*nt "ote't$on& #*;e "e*-$/+ ,een #e/- */$'*,/e *& $n $om5ardo v

%taly*n-ellegrin v France.

95.7#e &*e 'on'/!&$on $& "e*'#e- *-ot$n t#e *"o*'# $n Ailho Eskelinen v

Finland8w#e"e,+ one *&& w#et#e" t#e "ote't$on of A"t$'/e 0 #*& e:"e&&/+

,een e:'/!-e- $n "e&e't of o/$'e off$'e"& &!'# *& t#e *e//*nt f*'$n

-$&'$/$n*"+ "o'ee-$n& *n- $f &o w#et#e" t#e e:'/!&$on $& 6!&t$f$e- on

o,6e't$;e "o!n-& "e/*te- to t#e effe't$;e f!n't$on$n of t#e t*te o" &oe ot#e"

!,/$' ne'e&&$t+ w#$'# 6!&t$f$e& "eo;*/ of t#e *"t$'/e& "ote't$on.

9.In t#e "e&ent '*&e t#e"e #*& ,een *n e:"e&& "o#$,$t$on ,+ &!,o"-$n*te

/e$&/*t$on of *n+ /e*/ "e"e&ent*t$on w#$'# !n-o!,te-/+ ,e*"& on t#e "$#t to *

f*$" #e*"$n "ote'te- ,+ A"t$'/e 0 (*& f!"t#e" -$&'!&&e- ,e/ow). 7o t#*t

e:tent I * "e*"e- to *''et t#*t t#e f$"&t Eskelinen 'on-$t$on $& 'o/$e-

w$t#. 1owe;e" t#e &e'on- 'on-$t$on #*& not ,een et t#e Co$&&$one" #*&

not "o;$-e- &!ff$'$ent 6!&t$f$'*t$on fo" e:'/!-$n A"t$'/e 0 "ote't$on& $n t#e

-$&'$/$n*"+ "o'ee-$n&.

9.7#e 6!&t$f$'*t$on offe"e- *& e:"e&&e- $n t#e Re&on-ent& "$nte- '*&e $&

t#*t A"t$'/e 0& "e

5 $e #om"te: Aan $euven and de Meyere v ;elgium(98) 4 E1RR ;akker v2ustria(2004) 39 E1RR 548.

(992) 2 E1RR 88.

(200) 3 E1RR 2.8 (200) 45 E1RR 43.

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39

98.7#*t &!,$&&$on e'#oe& ;$ew& w#$'# we"e '!""ent $n t#e En/$ Co!"t of

Ae*/ $n t#e 90&. 7#!& $n Fraser v Mudge9* '*&e -e*/$n w$t# "$&on

-$&'$/$ne Lo"- enn$n MR &t*te-

?e *// now t#*t w#en * *n $& ,"o!#t ! ,efo"e #$& 'o*n-$n off$'e" fo" *,"e*'# of -$&'$/$ne w#et#e" $n t#e *"e- fo"'e& o" $n $& *t &e* $t ne;e" #*& ,eent#e "*'t$'e to *//ow /e*/ "e"e&ent*t$on. It $& of t#e f$"&t $o"t*n'e t#*t t#e '*&e&o!/- ,e -e'$-e-

"e"e&ent*t$on *t t#e -$&'"et$on of t#e t"$,!n*/. B!t #$& Lo"-$ ne;e"t#e/e&&

*''ete- t#*t $t w*& /e$t$*te fo" P*"/$*ent o" * $n$&te" to -e'"ee ot#e"w$&e

*"t$'!/*"/+ w#e"e * -$&'$/$ne- fo"'e w*& 'on'e"ne-. Re6e't$n t#e *"!ent

t#*t "e!/*t$on& fo",$--$n /e*/ "e"e&ent*t$on we"e !/t"* ;$"e& #$& Lo"-$&t*te-

?In * -$&'$/$ne- fo"'e $t $& $o"t*nt t#*t t#o&e "e&on&$,/e fo" *$nt*$n$n -$&'$/$neo!/- #*;e t#e 'on-!'t of -$&'$/$n*"+ "o'ee-$n&. o /on *& t#e+ *"e 'on-!'te-f*$"/+ *n- $n *''o"-*n'e w$t# n*t!"*/ 6!&t$'e t#e t"$*/ of -$&'$/$n*"+ offen'e& '*n&*fe/+ ,e /eft to t#e.@2

O"" L% *"ee- *n- *//e" L% 'on&$-e"e- $t *"o"$*te to #*;e ?* 'o*n-$n

off$'e" -e*/$n w$t# t#e -$&'$/$ne of #$& fo"'e f*'$n #$& en w$t#o!t t#e$nte";ent$on of /*w+e"&@ *& ?*n e:ten&$on of e;e"+-*+ -$&'$/$ne.@

00. 7#e /*w #*& o;e- on &$n'e t#en. #$/e (*& note- *,o;e) t#e

nee- to *;o$- t#e ?o;e">/*w+e"$n@ o" ?o;e">6!-$'$*/$&*t$on@ of "o'e-!"e& $n

9 H95 LR 32 *t 33.

0 H9 JB 240.

At 253>254.2 At 254.

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40

'e"t*$n -$&'$/$n*"+ t"$,!n*/& $n'/!-$n t#o&e of -$&'$/$ne- &e";$'e& $& f!//+

*'now/e-e- $t #*& to ,e "e'on$e- t#*t t#e &e'$*/ nee-& of &!'# t"$,!n*/&

!&t ,e !"&!e- w$t# "oe" "e*"- fo" t#e 'on&t$t!t$on*/ &*fe!*"-& 'onfe""e-

,+ A"t$'/e 0.

0. 7#!& &e*$n of "$&on -$&'$/$ne t#e t"*&,o!" 'o!"t $n

#am"5ell and Fell v *-e &*n't$on& w#$'#

*+ not ,e *t t#e -$&o&*/ of t#e o"-$n*"+ 'o!"t& *n- t#e -e&$"e of t#e "$&on*!t#o"$t$e& to "et*$n !/t$*te "e&on&$,$/$t+ fo" -$&'$/$ne w$t#$n t#e$" e&t*,/$ent&.

1owe;e" t#e !*"*ntee of * f*$" #e*"$n w#$'# $& t#e *$ of A"t $& one of t#ef!n-*ent*/ "$n'$/e& of *n+ -eo'"*t$' &o'$et+ w$t#$n t#e e*n$n of t#eCon;ent$on ... A& t#e &older6!-ent ow& 6!&t$'e '*nnot &to *t t#e "$&on *te*n- t#e"e $& $n *"o"$*te '*&e& no w*""*nt fo" -e"$;$n $n*te& of t#e &*fe!*"-&of A"t .@

02. An- t#$& Co!"t not$n t#e &e'$*/ "e

'o$ttee of t#e 1on Kon to' E:'#*ne &t*te-

?E1K& o/$'+ "ef/e'te- $n t#e L$&t$n R!/e& *n- t#e $&'$/$n*"+ P"o'e-!"e& of/$$t$n (*t /e*&t $n t#e f$"&t $n&t*n'e) t#e "o/e of /*w+e"& *t t#e #e*"$n $& ,*&e- !ont#e ,e/$ef t#*t /$$te- "e"e&ent*t$on &!ff$'e& $n o&t '*&e& t#*t *n $nfo"*/ e:e"t/*+ t"$,!n*/ &teee- $n t#e w*+& of t#e &to' e:'#*ne $& ,e&t /*'e- to -e*/effe't$;e/+ *n- &w$ft/+ w$t# -$&'$/$n*"+ $&&!e& t#*t t#e !,/$' $nte"e&t $n *$nt*$n$n'onf$-en'e $n t#e *"et "e

t"$,!n*/& $n 1on Kon 6!&t$f+ * tot*/ ,*n on /e*/ "e"e&ent*t$on "e*"-/e&& of

3 (985) E1RR 5 *t Q9.

4 7he Stock Exchange of Hong Kong $td v New orld !evelo"ment #o $td(200) 9 1KCFAR 234 *t 2 Q09.

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4

t#e "e

"ote't$on.

04. It $& notewo"t#+ t#*t ot#e" o/$'e fo"'e& e"$t &!'# /e*/

"e"e&ent*t$on w$t# no **"ent -$ff$'!/t+. 7#!& $n t#e n$te- K$n-o !n-e"

t#e Po/$'e (Con-!'t) Re!/*t$on& 999 w#e"e *n off$'e" o&&$,/+ f*'e- t#e

&*n't$on& of -$&$&&*/ * "e

t#e 999 Re!/*t$on& #*;e not #*- *n+ #*"f!/ effe't on o/$'$n $n t#e n$te-K$n-o.

05. In B"$t$ Co/!,$* t#e 'o!"t& went f!"t#e". A "o;$&$on $n t#e

"e/e;*nt -$&'$/$n*"+ "e!/*t$on& e:'/!-e- /e*/ "e"e&ent*t$on $n '*&e& w#e"e *

o/$'e off$'e" w*& *''!&e- of * -$&'$/$n*"+ offen'e '*""+$n * *:$!

en*/t+ ot#e" t#*n -$&$&&*/ "e&$n*t$on o" "e-!'t$on $n "*n. It w*& #e/- t#*t

e;en t#$& "e&t"$'t$on /$$te- to '*&e& '*""+$n /e&&e" !n$ent& w*&$n'o*t$,/e w$t# t#e "e

7#e"e $& no $n-$'*t$on t#*t t#$& #*& $e-e- t#e effe't$;e f!n't$on$n of t#e

B"$t$ Co/!,$* o/$'e fo"'e.

5 Re!/*t$on .

Re!/*t$on 2.

Re!/*t$on& 8()(,) 23(3) *n- 24(3).8 4o"lin v #hief #onsta5le of the #ity of Aancouver (985) 20 LR (4t#) 34.

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42

0. I t#e"efo"e 'on'/!-e t#*t t#*t no o,6e't$;e "o!n-& #*;e ,een

e&t*,/$e- to 6!&t$f+ e:'/!-$n t#e -$&'$/$n*"+ "o'ee-$n& $n t#e "e&ent '*&e

f"o t#e "ote't$on of A"t$'/e 0. 7o t#e e:tent t#*t t#e Co!"t of Ae*/ #e/-

$n (#han Keng-chau v #ommissioner of olice,9

t#*t A"t$'/e 0 $& $n*/$'*,/e to o/$'e -$&'$/$n*"+ "o'ee-$n& I wo!/-

o;e""!/e t#*t -e'$&$on.

+# Compliance with Article 10 in general

0. Befo"e t!"n$n to 'on&$-e" w#et#e" A"t$'/e 0 $& 'ont"*;ene- $n t#e

"e&ent '*&e $t $& wo"t#w#$/e 'on&$-e"$n w#*t t#*t *"t$'/e "e

"$&e to *n *n:$et+ t#*t $;$n effe't to A"t$'/e 0 wo!/- ,e to ?o;e">6!-$'$*/$&e@

*n- t#e"efo"e -e&t"o+ o" "*-$'*//+ */te" t#e ent$"e *-$n$&t"*t$;e &+&te ,+

"e

+#1 Compliance viewing the entire determination process

09. It $& #owe;e" '/e*" t#*t A"t$'/e 0 -oe& not oe"*te w$t# &!'# *n

!n-e&$"*,/e effe't. It -oe& not "e

9 1CMP 28242004 Ge!n %A *n- 7*n % (29 e'e,e" 2004).

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43

*n- o,/$*t$on& ,!t on/+ t#*t &!'# "ote't$on& o!/- ,e effe't$;e w#en t#e

-ete"$n*t$on $& ;$ewe- *& *n ent$"e "o'e&& $n'/!-$n *& *"t of t#*t "o'e&&

&!'# *e*/& o" 6!-$'$*/ "e;$ew *& *+ ,e *;*$/*,/e.

0. 7#!& $n $e #om"te Aan $euven*n- de Meyere v ;elgium80 t#e

o$nt w*& *-e *& fo//ow&

?#$/&t A"t$'/e () e,o-$e& t#e "$#t to * 'o!"t... $t ne;e"t#e/e&& -oe& not o,/$et#e Cont"*'t$n t*te& to &!,$t contestations (-$&!te&) o;e" '$;$/ "$#t& *n-o,/$*t$on& to * "o'e-!"e 'on-!'te- *t e*'# of $t& &t*e& ,efo"e t"$,!n*/& eet$nt#e A"t$'/e& ;*"$o!& "e

owe" of -ete"$n$n t#e "$#t of * e,e" to "*'t$&e e-$'$ne. It #e/- t#*t

t#$& w*& 'o*t$,/e w$t# t#e EC1R "o;$-e- t#*t &!$t*,/e 6!-$'$*/ &!e";$&$on

w*& $n /*'e

?... t#e Con;ent$on '*//& *t /e*&t fo" one of t#e two fo//ow$n &+&te& e$t#e" t#e6!"$&-$'t$on*/ o"*n& t#e&e/;e& 'o/+ w$t# t#e "e

&+&te &!,6e'te- &!'# "o'ee-$n& to 6!-$'$*/ "e;$ew *n- &$n'e t#e 'o/*$n*nt

#*- not &o!#t to &!e&t t#*t t#e "ee-$e& t#e 'o!"t 'o!/- "o;$-e ?wo!/- not

80 (98) 4 E1RR *t Q5(*).

8 (983) 5 E1RR 533.

82 At Q29.83 Co!n$'*t$on No 28 (8 A"$/ 98).

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44

#*;e *;*$/e- $n 'o""e't$n w#*te;e" -ef$'$en'$e& *+ #*;e *"e- t#e #e*"$n

of #$& '*&e ,efo"e t#e /owe" 6!"$&-$'t$on&@ t#e 'o$ttee 'on'/!-e-

?... t#e C*n*-$*n /e*/ &+&te -oe& 'ont*$n "o;$&$on& $n t#e Fe-e"*/ Co!"t A't to

en&!"e to t#e *!t#o" t#e "$#t to * f*$" #e*"$n $n t#e &$t!*t$on. Con&e

3. A& Lo"- C/+-e o$nte- o!t $n 3 )2lcon5ury !evelo"ments $td, v

Environment Secretary84

?... t#e oen$n #"*&e $n *"t$'/e () $n t#e -ete"$n*t$on "efe"& not on/+ to t#e*"t$'!/*" "o'e&& of t#e *$n of t#e -e'$&$on ,!t e:ten-& o"e w$-e/+ to t#e w#o/e"o'e&& w#$'# /e*-& ! to t#e f$n*/ "e&o/!t$on.@

1$& Lo"-$ '$te-Dumto5el v 2ustria85w#e"e t#e Co$&&$on "e'*//e- t#*t

?... *"t$'/e () of t#e Con;ent$on -oe& not "e

?#e"e *n *-$n$&t"*t$;e -e'$&$on $& -ete"$n*t$;e of t#e '/*$*ntW& '$;$/ "$#t&$n'/!-$n #$& o" #e" "$#t to &o'$*/ &e'!"$t+ ,enef$t& o" we/f*"e *&&$&t*n'e t#et"*&,o!" 'o!"t #*& *''ete- t#*t $t *+ "oe"/+ ,e *-e ,+ * t"$,!n*/ w#$'# $& not$t&e/f o&&e&&e- of t#e ne'e&&*"+ $n-een-en'e "o;$-e- t#*t e*&!"e& to &*fe!*"-t#e $*"t$*/$t+ of t#e t"$,!n*/ *n- t#e f*$"ne&& of $t& "o'e-!"e& *"e $n /*'e *n- $t&-e'$&$on& *"e &!,6e't to !/t$*te 6!-$'$*/ 'ont"o/ ,+ * 'o!"t w$t# f!// 6!"$&-$'t$on.@

5. I *!&e to note t#*t $n 1on Kon t#$& *"o*'# #*& ,een *-ote-

,+ t#e Ae*/ Co$ttee $n #how Shun >ung v ei ih8

*n- ,+ t#e Co!"t of

84 H2003 2 AC 295 *t 349 Q52.

85 (993) E1RR Q 4.

8 H2003 2 AC 430 *t 43 Q00.

8 (2003) 1KCFAR 299 Q3.88 H2002 4 1KC Q0. 7#e Co!"t of Ae*/ *&&!e- w$t#o!t -e'$-$n t#*t t#e

o/$'$to"& $&'$/$n*"+ 7"$,!n*/ w*& * ?!,/$' *!t#o"$t+@ fo" t#e !"o&e& of &e't$on

of t#e B$// of R$#t& O"-$n*n'e (C* 383). 7#$& $&&!e -oe& not *"$&e on t#e "e&ent*e*/ *n- "efe"en'e& to t#e Co!"t of Ae*/& -e'$&$on $n t#e "e&ent 6!-ent *"enot $nten-e- to $/+ *''et*n'e t#*t t#e 7"$,!n*/ o!/- ,e &o '*teo"$e-.

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45

+#* A court of full 2urisdiction3

. 7#e o&$t$on $& t#e"efo"e t#*t A"t$'/e 0 '*n ,e $;en effe't

w$t#o!t -e*n-$n "*-$'*/ '#*ne& to t#e *-$n$&t"*t$;e &+&te "o;$-e- t#*t

t#e "o'e&& of -ete"$n$n * e"&on& "$#t& *n- o,/$*t$on& ,e$nn$n w$t# t#e

*-$n$&t"*t$;e "o'e&& $& &!,6e't to 'ont"o/ ,+ ?* 'o!"t of f!// 6!"$&-$'t$on@.

. #en t#en '*n * 'o!"t ,e &*$- to #*;e ?f!// 6!"$&-$'t$on@= 7#e

*n&we" "o;$-e- ,+ Lo"- 1off*nn $n 3 )2lcon5ury !evelo"ments $td, v

Environment Secretary89$& #en $t #*& ?f!// 6!"$&-$'t$on to -e*/ w$t# t#e '*&e

*& t#e n*t!"e of t#e -e'$&$on "e;$ew*,/e on $t& e"$t& ,+ *n $n-een-ent *n- $*"t$*/ t"$,!n*/. ...B!t &!,&e

of t#e "ote't$on& *n-*te- ,+ A"t$'/e 0 w#$'# we"e $&&$n ,e/ow fo"

$n&t*n'e ,+ *&&!$n t#e "o/e of t#e ne'e&&*"+ $n-een-ent t"$,!n*/ o" ,+

$;$n t#e $n-$;$-!*/ 'on'e"ne- t#e nee-e- !,/$' #e*"$n. O" $t *+ -o &o ,+

e:e"'$&$n $t& &!e";$&o"+ 6!"$&-$'t$on &o *& to 'o""e't o"

'o/$*nt *&e't of t#e -ete"$n*t$on ,+ t#e *!t#o"$t+ o" t"$,!n*/ 'on'e"ne-

fo" $n&t*n'e w#e"e t#e"e #*& ,een * w*nt of $*"t$*/$t+ o" &oe !nf*$"ne&& $nt#e o"$$n*/ "o'e&&. If $n *&&!$n &!'# * "o/e t#e 'o!"t $& *"e- w$t# f!//

6!"$&-$'t$on to -e*/ w$t# t#e '*&e *& t#e n*t!"e of t#e '#*//ene- -e'$&$on

"e

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9. 7#!& $n $e #om"te: Aan $euven and de Meyere v ;elgium90t#e

t"*&,o!" 'o!"t #*;$n "e$te"*te- t#*t t#e EC1R -oe& not "e

*e*/& t"$,!n*/ *n- &!,&e

Fo" $n&t*n'e $n t#e 3una ;egum '*&e92 * -e'$&$on #*- to ,e t*en $n t#e

'onte:t of * /o'*/ 'o!n'$/& -!t+ to #o!&e t#e #oe/e&& *& to w#et#e" t#e

*''oo-*t$on offe"e- to t#e */$'*nt w*& &!$t*,/e *n- w#et#e" $t w*&

"e*&on*,/e fo" #e" to *''et $t. If $t w*& t#e *!t#o"$t+ wo!/- ,e -$&'#*"e-

f"o $t& -!t+ $f t#e offe" w*& ne;e"t#e/e&& "ef!&e-. 7#*t -e'$&$on w*& t*en ,+

* #o!&$n *n*e" w#o w*& o,;$o!&/+ not $n-een-ent &$n'e *& Lo"- M$//ettnote- ?#e w*& *n off$'e" of t#e ;e"+ 'o!n'$/ w#$'# w*& *//ee- to owe t#e

-!t+.@93 1owe;e" t#e A"t$'/e () "e$te"*te- $n

&ulmeC v 7urkey94

!,/$'$t+ $& * #$#/+ $o"t*nt *&e't of * f*$" t"$*/

?7#e Co!"t "e$te"*te& t#*t t#e #o/-$n of 'o!"t #e*"$n& $n !,/$' 'on&t$t!te& *f!n-*ent*/ "$n'$/e en"$ne- $n A"t$'/e Q . 7#$& !,/$' '#*"*'te" "ote't&/$t$*nt& **$n&t t#e *-$n$&t"*t$on of 6!&t$'e $n &e'"et w$t# no !,/$' &'"!t$n+ $t $&

90 (98) 4 E1RR .

9 At QQ5 *n- 0>.

92 H2003 2 AC 430.

93 At Q9.94 H2008 EC1R 33002 Q34.

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*/&o one of t#e e*n& w#e"e,+ 'onf$-en'e $n t#e 'o!"t& '*n ,e *$nt*$ne-. B+"en-e"$n t#e *-$n$&t"*t$on of 6!&t$'e t"*n&*"ent !,/$'$t+ 'ont"$,!te& to t#e*'#$e;eent of t#e *$ of A"t$'/e Q n*e/+ * f*$" t"$*/ t#e !*"*ntee of w#$'# $&one of t#e f!n-*ent*/ "$n'$/e& of *n+ -eo'"*t$' &o'$et+ w$t#$n t#e e*n$n oft#e Con;ent$on...@

B!t t#$& -oe& not e*n t#*t t#e"e !&t ,e !,/$'$t+ *t t#e o"$$n*/ #e*"$n o" *t

e;e"+ &t*e. #e"e t#e *tte" "o'ee-& to * !,/$' #e*"$n ,efo"e * 'o!"t of

f!// 6!"$&-$'t$on t#e "ote't$on **$n&t &e'"et t"$*/& $& *'#$e;e-. 95 7#$& w*& t#e

*"o*'# 'o""e't/+ *-ote- ,+ t#e Co!"t of Ae*/ $n 7se ai #hun aul v

Solicitors !isci"linary 7ri5unal9#o/-$n t#*t w#e"e*& t#e 7"$,!n*/& #e*"$n

#*- ,een #e/- in camera t#e "e

*+ not ,e et. 7#$& $& w#*t t#e t"*&,o!" 'o!"t #e/- to #*;e o''!""e- $n

2l5ert and $e #om"te v ;elgium9notw$t#&t*n-$n t#e !,/$' #e*"$n ,efo"e

t#e Co!"t of C*&&*t$on

?7#e !,/$' '#*"*'te" of t#e '*&&*t$on "o'ee-$n& -oe& not &!ff$'e to "ee-+ t#e-efe't fo!n- to e:$&t *t t#e &t*e of t#e -$&'$/$n*"+ "o'ee-$n&. 7#e Co!"t ofC*&&*t$on -oe& not t*e 'on$&*n'e of t#e e"$t& of t#e '*&e w#$'# e*n& t#*t *n+*&e't& of contestations (-$&!te&) 'on'e"n$n '$;$/ "$#t& *n- o,/$*t$on&

$n'/!-$n "e;$ew of t#e f*'t& *n-*&&e&&ent of t#e "oo"t$on*/$t+ ,etween t#e f*!/t*n- t#e &*n't$on f*// o!t&$-e $t& 6!"$&-$'t$on.@

23. #e"e t#e o"$$n*/ -ete"$n*t$on $& *""e- ,+ * /*' of

$*"t$*/$t+ o" ,+ !nf*$"ne&& t#e 'o!"t of f!// 6!"$&-$'t$on *+ #*;e to

95 ee eH v ;elgium(98) 0 E1RR 339 *t Q54.

9 H2002 4 1KC *t Q2. ee footnote 88 *,o;e *& to t#e *&&!e- ,*&$& of t#$&

-e'$&$on.9 (983) 5 E1RR 533 *t Q3.

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t#*t -ete"$n*t$on to en&!"e 'o/$*n'e. 7#e f*'t t#*t t#e "e;$ew$n 'o!"t $&

$t&e/f $*"t$*/ o" w$// $t&e/f *'t f*$"/+ *+ not ,e &!ff$'$ent &$n'e t#e o"$$n*/

-efe't& *+ #*;e "e&!/te- fo" $n&t*n'e $n &ewe- f*'t!*/ f$n-$n& o" *te"$*/&

w"on/+ e:'/!-e- "e;ent$n t#e 'o!"t f"o f!//+ *--"e&&$n t#e -e'$&$on $n

t#e *nne" -e*n-e-.

24. 7#e "e

t"*&,o!" 'o!"t& 6!"$&"!-en'e *"e &!*"$&e- ,+ Lo"- 1off*nn ($n t#e

'onte:t of t#e "e

t#*t t#e 'o!"t -oe& not on * 6!-$'$*/ "e;$ew 'on-!'t *f"e *n+ f*'t>f$n-$n

e:e"'$&e !n-e"/+$n t#e $!ne- -e'$&$on $& t#e 'o!"t w#$'# e:e"'$&e& $t&

6!-$'$*/ "e;$ew f!n't$on to ,e "e*"-e- *& * ?'o!"t of f!// 6!"$&-$'t$on@=

2. A& we #*;e 6!&t &een Lo"- 1off*nn e#*&$&e& t#*t $t $&

e""oneo!& to ,e/$e;e t#*t * -e'$&$on #*& to ,e "e;$ew*,/e on $t& e"$t& ,efo"e

t#e "e;$ew$n 'o!"t '*n ,e 'on&$-e"e- * 'o!"t of f!// 6!"$&-$'t$on. F!"t#e"o"e

*& we #*;e note- $n >von $andry v #anada99 t#e 1RC 'on&$-e"e- t#e

98 3una ;egum v 7ower Hamlets $;#H2003 2 AC 430 *t Q33.99 Co!n$'*t$on No 28 (8 A"$/ 98).

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*;*$/*,$/$t+ of 6!-$'$*/ "e;$ew !n-e" t#e */$'*,/e C*n*-$*n &t*t!te &!ff$'$ent

to *e t#e -e'$&$on>*$n "o'e&& 'o/$*nt w$t# A"t$'/e 4.. It $& $n +

;$ew '/e*" &!,6e't to w#*t $& &t*te- ,e/ow t#*t w#e"e * 1on Kon 'o!"t $&

*,/e to e:e"'$&e $t& f!// owe"& on 6!-$'$*/ "e;$ew $t $& /$e/+ to

'o!"t of f!// 6!"$&-$'t$on fo" A"t$'/e 0 !"o&e&. 7#$& "oo&$t$on *&&!e& t#*t

t#e"e $& no &t*t!to"+ "e&t"$'t$on on t#e 6!-$'$*/ "e;$ew owe"& *;*$/*,/e to t#e

'o!"t * *tte" of o,;$o!& "e/e;*n'e to t#e "e&ent *e*/ to w#$'# I w$// "et!"n.

2. A& Lo"- M$//ett o$nt& o!t 6!-$'$*/ "e;$ew owe"& *"e &!,&t*nt$*/

*n- $n'/!-e owe"& to $nte";ene ,*&e- on t#e -e'$&$on>*e"& !n&*t$&f*'to"+

t"e*tent of t#e f*'t&

?A -e'$&$on *+ ,e *$n *!t#o"$t+ $&!n-e"&too- o" o;e"/ooe-"e/e;*nt e;$-en'e o" $&-$"e'te- $t&e/f $n /*w. 7#e 'o!"t '*nnot &!,&t$t!te $t& ownf$n-$n& of f*'t fo" t#o&e of t#e -e'$&$on>*$n *!t#o"$t+ $f t#e"e w*& e;$-en'e to&!o"t t#e *n- *$n *!t#o"$t+ *n-not t#e 'o!"t. B!t t#e&e *"e t#e on/+ &$n$f$'*nt /$$t*t$on& on t#e 'o!"tW& 6!"$&-$'t$on*n- t#e+ *"e not ;e"+ -$ffe"ent f"o t#e /$$t*t$on& w#$'# "*'t$'*/ 'on&$-e"*t$on&$o&e on *n *e//*te 'o!"t w$t# f!// 6!"$&-$'t$on to ente"t*$n *e*/& on f*'t o" /*w

,!t w#$'# -e*/& w$t# t#e on t#e *e"& on/+ *n- w$t#o!t #e*"$n o"*/ e;$-en'e.@00

28. !'# owe"& #*;e ,een #e/- &!ff$'$ent $n t#e $nte"n*t$on*/

6!"$&"!-en'e. 7#!& $n;ryan v

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?... **"t f"o t#e '/*&&$' "o!n-& of !n/*wf!/ne&& !n-e" En/$ /*w (o$n to &!'#$&&!e& *& f*$"ne&& "o'e-!"*/ "o"$et+ $n-een-en'e *n- $*"t$*/$t+) t#e$n&e'to"W& -e'$&$on 'o!/- #*;e ,een

-e'$&$on>*$n "o'e&& *n- t#*t t#e"e we"e no -$&!te& *& to "$*"+ f*'t t#e

*"!ent ,e$n /*"e/+ 'on'e"ne- w$t# f$n-$n 6!"$&-$'t$on $n t#e t"$,!n*/ tow#$'# *e*/ /$e& f"o *n *-$n$&t"*t$;e -e'$&$on>*$n ,o-+ -oe& not -$&

/$$t*t$on& $& ene"*//+ &!ff$'$ent

?7#e 'on'e"n of t#e 'o!"t *& $t #*& e#*&$&e- &$n'e &olders'*&e E1RR 524 $& to!#o/- t#e "!/e of /*w *n- to $n&$&t t#*t -e'$&$on& w#$'# on ene"*//+ *''ete-

"$n'$/e& *"e *"o"$*te on/+ fo" 6!-$'$*/ -e'$&$on o!/- ,e &o -e'$-e-. In t#e '*&eof -e'$&$on& *"o"$*te fo" *-$n$&t"*t$;e -e'$&$on $t& 'on'e"n **$n fo!n-e- ont#e "!/e of /*w $& t#*t t#e"e o!/- ,e t#e o&&$,$/$t+ of *-e

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t#$& !"o&e '*&e& /$e;ryan*n-Kingsley*e $t '/e*" t#*t /$$t*t$on& on "*'t$'*/"o!n-& on t#e "$#t to * "e;$ew of t#e f$n-$n& of f*'t w$// ,e *''et*,/e.@0

3. Lo"- 1off*nn -$- #owe;e" *e $t /*$n (e'#o$n t#e

t"*&,o!" 'o!"t $n;ryan) t#*t t#e &!ff$'$en'+ of 6!-$'$*/ "e;$ew $& -een-ent

on t#e &!,6e't *tte" of t#e '#*//ene- -e'$&$on t#e *nne" $n w#$'# $t w*&

*""$;e- *t $t& 'ontent *n- t#e "oo&e- "o!n-& of '#*//ene.0 $ffe"ent

'on&$-e"*t$on& *+ */+ -een-$n fo" $n&t*n'e on w#et#e" t#e $!ne-

-e'$&$on "e/*te& to *-$n$&t"*t$;e o/$'+ o" to t#e w*+ t#e f*'t& we"e fo!n-

?If t#e"efo"e t#e

R$'#on- &!*"$&e& t#e o&$t$on *& fo//ow&

?#*t *o!nt& to f!// 6!"$&-$'t$on ;*"$e& *''o"-$n to t#e n*t!"e of t#e -e'$&$on,e$n *-e. It -oe& not */w*+& "e

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33. 7#e owe"& en6o+e- ,+ * 1on Kon 'o!"t on * 6!-$'$*/ "e;$ew

*"e ;e"+ &$$/*" to t#o&e e:e"'$&e- ,+ t#e 'o!"t& of En/*n- *n- */e& w#$'#

#*;e ,een #e/- to 'on&t$t!te 'o!"t& of f!// 6!"$&-$'t$on. A'