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Module 14模組 14

Farm animal welfare assessment and issues (2)

農場動物 : 福利評估與論述 (2)

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This module will enable you to 本模組教學目標

• Describe the primary husbandry systems in use for farm animal production and routine mutilations used in each 介紹用來生產農場動物和常規致殘措施的主要牧場系統

• Identify the primary inherent welfare issues for each production system and associated mutilations 強調每個生產系統的主要先天的福利議題與相對的致殘措施

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Farm animal welfare – causes of poor welfare

農場動物福利 – 貧乏福利的根源

• Inherent to husbandry system 牧場系統先天的問題– Difficult/impossible to rectify 困難或不可能矯正– System specific 系統特有的– Low welfare potential 低福利潛力

• Poor management/insufficient resources 管理不良 / 資源不足– More easily rectified 更容易矯正– May be poor in any system 可能所有系統都缺乏

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Farm animal welfare: Pigs農場動物福利 : 豬隻

• Sows 母豬• Piglets 未離乳仔豬• Weaners 離乳豬• Fattening pigs 肥育豬

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Piglets: Primary welfare issues仔豬的重要福利議題

• Crushing 擠壓• Mutilations 致殘• Early weaning 早期斷奶

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Piglets: Mutilation examples仔豬致殘範例

• Teeth-clipping 剪齒• Tail-docking 剪尾• Castration 去勢

– Breeding 品種– Vaccine against

GnRH 抗 GnRH 之疫苗

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Piglets: Early weaning仔豬早期斷奶

• Abrupt diet change causing diarrhoea 突然的飲食改變造成腹瀉

• Loss of maternal contact 失去母親接觸• Immature immune system and disease

susceptibility 不成熟的免疫系統和疾病敏感性 • Barren environments, boredom and restriction

of normal behaviour 單調的環境 、厭倦及限制正常行為

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Piglets: Early weaning仔豬早期斷奶

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Husbandry systems: 畜產系統 Fattening pigs 1 肥育豬 1

• Fully slatted 完全使用木條地板• Partially slatted – solid lying area and slatted

dunging area 部份木條地板 - 固定躺臥區和木條排糞區

• Concrete – separate lying and dunging areas, scraped slurry channel 水泥地板 - 分離式躺臥及排糞區，刮漿渠道

• Straw or substrate-based 以稻草或基質為基礎的地板

• Outdoor 戶外

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Husbandry systems: 畜產系統Fattening pigs 2 肥育豬 2

Partially slatted flooring 部分木條型地板

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Husbandry systems: 畜產系統Fattening pigs 3 肥育豬 3

Straw yard 稻草圍欄

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Primary welfare issues:Fattening pigs

肥育豬的主要福利議題• Stocking density 畜養密度• Barren environments 環境單調

– Tail, flank and ear biting 咬尾巴、側腹和耳朵的行為• Dark buildings 建築物黑暗• High atmospheric ammonia 空氣中高濃度氨氣

– Respiratory disease 呼系性疾病

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Husbandry systems: 畜產系統 Meat chickens 1 肉雞 1

• Deep-litter intensive

深屑密集飼養 • Free range 田野放養• Organic

free-range 有機放養• Breeding birds 種鳥• Elite stock 菁英鳥

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Husbandry systems: 畜產系統 Meat chickens 2 肉雞 2

Deep-litter intensive 深洩密集系統

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• High stocking densities 高飼養密度• Genetic selection for fast growth rate 遺傳篩選生長快速品種

– Lameness 跛腳– Contact dermatitis

接觸性皮膚炎– Cardiac insufficiency

心肌機能不全– Severe hunger in

breeders and elite birds 種鳥和菁英鳥的嚴重飢餓

Primary welfare issues: Intensive meat chickens 1密飼肉雞主要福利議題 1 　

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Primary welfare issues: Intensive meat chickens 2

密飼肉雞主要福利議題 2

• High stocking densities 高飼養密度– Poor air quality – ammonia and dust 空氣品質差— 氨

氣和塵土– Heat stress and resulting deaths 熱緊迫和導致之死亡

• Dark barren environments 黑暗單調的環境

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Husbandry systems: 畜產系統Meat chickens 3 肉雞 3

Organic free-range

有機放養

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Primary welfare issues: Free range and organic meat chickens田野放牧和有機飼養雞群之主要福利議題

• Genetic selection for fast growth rate 遺傳篩選生長快速的品種– Hunger due to feed restriction 因為食物限制容易飢餓

• Poor fencing and cover on range 放牧區柵欄的不良保護– Predation and fearfulness

• Organic birds 有機雞種 – Synthetic micronutrients excluded => increased leg

weakness 缺乏微量元素 => 腿虛弱– Feather pecking 啄羽

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Husbandry systems: 畜養系統 Laying hens 蛋雞

• Battery cages 層架式雞籠• ‘Enriched cages’ 豐富化的籠架• Aviaries and percheries 鳥舍和棲木• Free range and organic free range 田野放養

和有機放養

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Husbandry systems: Laying hens蛋雞畜養系統

Battery cages 層架式雞籠( 巴特利籠 )

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Husbandry systems: Laying hens蛋雞畜養系統

Perchery 棲木房

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Primary welfare issues: Laying hens

蛋雞之主要福利議題• Genetic selection for high production (~310 eggs per

year) 基因選拔高生產率雞種 ( 一年約產 310 顆蛋 )– Osteoporosis and bone fractures 易骨質疏鬆和骨折

• High stocking rates and barren cages (320-550 cm2 per bird) 高飼養率與單調的層架雞籠 ( 每隻蛋雞 320-550平方公分 ) – Severe restriction of normal behaviours e.g. wing-

flapping, ground-pecking, walking, nesting, perching and dust-bathing. 嚴重限制正常行為表現

例如 :展翅、啄地、行走、築巢、棲息和沙浴

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Primary welfare issues: Beak trimming

重要福利議題：修剪鳥喙

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Primary welfare issues: Colony systems

重要福利議題：群飼放養系統Large flock sizes 較大飼養空間

Aggressive feather pecking, fear, stress and high mortality. Failure to range 攻擊性啄羽，恐懼，壓

力與高死亡率，放養失敗

Beak ‘trimming’/amputation

鳥喙”修剪” /截肢手術

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Cockerels: Mutilation examples未足歲仔雞之手術範例

• Beak trimming 剪喙• Detoeing and spur removal 修剪腳趾與鳥距• Caponisation/castration 去勢• Dubbing/comb and wattle removal 雞冠與肉垂移除手術

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Laying hens: what happens to the male chicks?公蛋雞的命運

• Euthanasia at 1 day old 一日齡即安樂死– Macerator 碎渣法– Gas 氣體麻醉

• 100% carbon dioxide 純二氧化碳• 90% argon and 2% oxygen, by volume 依體積給

予 90%氬氣和 10%氧氣• 30% carbon dioxide, at least 60% argon + 2%

oxygen, by volume 30% 依體積使用二氧化碳和至少 60%氬氣加 2%氧氣

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Husbandry systems: 畜養系統Dairy cows 乳牛

• Cubicle systems 隔間飼養系統• Straw yards 麥田• Calf systems 仔牛飼養系統

– Veal crates 箱式飼養– Groups on straw yards 麥田群放

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Primary welfare issues: Dairy cows

乳牛的主要福利議題

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Primary welfare issues: Dairy cows

乳牛的主要福利議題• Genetic selection for high production 基

因選拔高生產率種– Holstein Friesian (> 9000 litres per lactation) 荷蘭牛授乳期可產超過 900公升的乳汁

– Increased susceptibility to infections: Mastitis, laminitis 對乳房炎、蹄業炎的疾病感受度增加

– Metabolic disease/hunger 代謝性疾病 / 容易飢餓– Large udders, discomfort, gait abnormalities, foot

disorders 乳房肥大，不適，步伐異常，腿部異常

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Primary welfare issues:Cubicle systems

重要福利議題：隔間系統• Insufficient number of cubicles　隔間不足

– Prolonged standing (especially heifers)　長期站立（特別是女牛）

• Poor cubicle design 隔間設計不良– Discomfort 不舒服– Difficulty lying 橫臥困難– Dirty bedding/concrete and mastitis 污穢的寢具 /

水泥地板和乳房炎

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Primary welfare issues:Cubicle systems

隔間系統的福利議題

Poor cubicle design

粗劣的隔間設計

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Primary welfare issues:Cubicle systems

重要福利議題：隔間系統• Silage feeding 餵食青貯料

– Wet, acid slurry 潮濕，酸泥漿– Foot disease　足疾

• Smooth concrete 光滑水泥地– Slipping

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Primary welfare issues:Dairy cows/calves

乳牛和小牛的主要福利議題

Separation of calves and dams at or close to parturition即刻或接近分娩後就將小牛和母牛分開　

– Loss of maternal contact　失去母親接觸– Immature immune system　免疫系統不成熟

Disease　發展疾病

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Primary welfare issues: Veal calves肉用仔牛的主要福利議題

Crates: 木條箱• Restriction of normal

behaviour (oral, locomotory, social) 限制正常的行為 (口部、

移動和社會行為 )• Nutritional deficiencies

(fibre, iron) 營養缺乏 (纖維，鐵 )• Physical discomfort 生理不適• Enteric disease 腸胃疾病

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Dairy calves乳用仔牛致殘範例

• Mutilations 致殘– Disbudding 去角芽– Castration 去勢– Tail-docking (also in cows/heifers) 剪尾 ( 母牛和女牛也要 )

• Disease 疾病– Diarrhoea 下痢– Respiratory disease 呼吸道疾病

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Primary welfare issues:Beef cattle

肉牛的主要福利議題

Branding causes a lot of pain to calves烙印在小牛身上是非常疼痛的

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Primary welfare issues: Beef cattle

肉牛的主要福利議題 • Mutilations 致殘• Early weaning (multiple sucklers) 提早斷奶 (多

重哺乳兒 )• Parturition problems (foetal oversize) 分娩問題

(胎兒尺寸過大 )• Restriction of normal behaviour and discomfort

(fully slatted and feedlot systems) 限制正常的行為和不舒服 ( 完全用木條和牧場系統 )

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Primary welfare issues:Beef cattle 肉牛的主要福利議題

Double muscling in a beef bull雙肌型品重的公肉牛

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Primary welfare issues: Sheep/goats 山羊 / 綿羊的主要福利議

題• Neglect due to low value 因為低價值而疏忽

– Starvation, disease and parasites due to lack of prophylaxis and treatment (lameness, fly strike, pneumonia) 缺乏預防方法和治療導致飢餓，疾病和寄生蟲病 ( 跛腳，蒼蠅攻擊，和肺炎 )

• Overstocking due to subsidy systems 補助金系統導致的過度畜育

• Mutilations 致殘– Castration 去勢– Docking, mulesing 剪尾和皮膚疤痕整平– Surgical embryo transfer 外科方式胚胎轉移

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Primary welfare issues: Fish魚類的主要福利議題

• Stocking rate 畜養速率• Disease 疾病

– Parasites 寄生蟲

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Primary welfare issues:Other farm animals

其他牧場動物的福利議題• Turkeys 火雞

– Stocking density, low lighting, aggression 飼養密度，低光線，侵略

• Rabbits 兔子– Battery cages, barren environments, stocking

rates and cage height 層架籠舍，單調的環境，飼養比率和籠子高度

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Farm animal welfare: Ducks鴨的主要福利議題

• No access to water

無法取得水源• Trauma due to beaks and claws

因為喙和爪造成 的傷口• Stocking rates

飼養比率

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Farm animal welfare: Geese鵝的動物福利

Force-feeding for pâté de foie gras production

為了生產鵝肝醬進行的強迫餵食

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Summary總結

•Signs of poor farm animal welfare 牧場動物福利貧乏的徵兆

– Routine mutilations 例行性的致殘手術– System injuries/aggressive injuries 系統的傷害 /侵犯的傷害

– Poor condition of animals 動物的虛弱情況– Stereotypies 刻板行為– Poor locomotion of animals 動物缺乏運動– Routine antibiotic use 例行性的抗生素使用 Dark

buildings 暗室

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Summary: Welfare improvement總結：改善福利

• Assess welfare in terms of the Five Freedoms以五項自由評估福利 – What are the problems? 問題為何 ?

• For each problem 對於每個問題…– Why is it occurring? 它為何發生 ?– Is it an inherent or avoidable problem? 它是內在先

天的或是可以改變的問題 ?– What action can be taken to prevent it? 可採取什麼

行動來防止它 ?

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Welfare improvement改善動物福利

• Advice 忠告– Improve husbandry system 改善牧場系統– Change husbandry system 改變牧場系統

• Legislation 立法– Minimum requirements for each system 每個系統的最低要求

– Prohibiting certain systems 禁止某些系統• Marketplace 市場

– Consumers may seek higher welfare standards 消費者可能會找尋更高的福利標準

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Online Resources線上資源

• Animal welfare judging competition – Michigan State University, Animal Behavior

and Welfare Group. www.msu.edu/~zanella/awjc.html

• Reports on farm animal welfare– Compassion in World Farming.

www.ciwf.co.uk– Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC).

www.fawc.org.uk

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Further Reading進階讀物

• Arey D, Brooke P. 2006. Animal Welfare Aspects of Good Agricultural Practice: pig production. Compassion in World Farming, Petersfield.

• Compassion in World Farming (2002). Laid Bare: the case against enriched cages in Europe. Compassion in World Farming, Petersfield.

• Compassion in World Farming. News Release Sept 18 2006. Available from: http://www.ciwf.org.uk/publications/prs/NR1606.pdf

• Flower FC, Weary DM. 2003 The effects of early separation on the dairy cow and calf. Animal Welfare 2003 123: 339-348

• Fraser AF & Broom DM. 1996 Farm Animal Behaviour and Welfare. 3rd Ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford, UK ISBN 0851991602

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Further Reading進階讀物

• Gentle MJ, McKeegan DEF 2007 Evaluation of the effects of infrared beak trimming in broiler breeder chicks. Vet Rec 160: 145-148.

• Gentle MJ, Waddington D, Hunter LN, Jones RB 1990 Behavioural evidence for persistent pain following partial beak amputation in the chicken. Appl Anim Behav Sci 27: 149-157

• Glatz PC. 2000 Review of Beak-Trimming Methods. Asian Australian Journal of Animal Sciences 13: 1619-1637. Available online at: http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/CME/00-72.pdf

• Giersing M, Ladewig J, Forkman B. 2006. Animal welfare aspects of preventing boar taint. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2006, 48(Suppl 1):S3    Available online at: http://actavetscand.com/content/48/S1/S3

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Further Reading進階讀物

• Hay M, Vulin A, Génin S, Sales P, Prunier A. Assessment of pain induced by castration in piglets: behavioral and physiological responses over the subsequent 5 days. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2003;82: 201-218

• Humane Slaughter Association 2006 Gas killing of chicks in hatcheries. HAS, Petersfield. Available on: http://www.hsa.org.uk/TN14.pdf

• Taylor AA, Weary DM. Vocal responses of piglets to castration: identifying procedural sources of pain. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2000;70:17-26.

• Taylor AA, Weary DM, Lessard M, Braithwaite L. Behavioural responses of piglets to castration: the effect of piglet age. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2001;73: 35-43.

• Weary DM, Braithwaite LA, Fraser, D. Vocal response to pain in piglets. Appl Anim Behav Sci 1998;56:161-172.

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Further Reading進階讀物

• Webster J., 1994 Animal Welfare: A Cool Eye towards Eden. Oxford, Blackwell Science ISBN 0632039280

• Webster J. 2006: Animal Welfare: Limping Towards Eden. Oxford, Blackwell Science ISBN 1405118776