fbowb nkôow foôhe/ô - gurmat veechar · 2011. 12. 1. · jkbksk w[skfpe fj; gze b{z bthb ns/...
TRANSCRIPT
;fsr[o gq;kfd..
fBowb nkÙow
foÙhe/Ù
ngD/ ÙpdK ftZu fJT[A fpnkB ehsk L-
T[go'es eEBK nB[;ko dk
nkozG ;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ gftZso
fjod/ ”u'A j'fJnk. e[ºM ;w/A pknd nkg
ih d/ d;t/A ;o{g ;qh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih
B/, T[; ;w/A d/ ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse
jkbksK w[skfpe fJ; gzE B{z BthB
ns/ ;zrfms o{g fdZsk. nkg ih B/ ;qh
gkT[ANk ;kfjp (fonk;s BkjB), j[D
fibQk f;ow"o (fjwkub gqd/Ù) dh
gftºsq Xosh s'A ;zB 1686 JhH ftZu gzi
j'Djko ns/ ftZfdnk gq/wh f;ZyK B{z
ngD/ eo-ewbK d[nkok GrtK t/;
gfjBk e/ (;zfBnk;h)
;kfink. fJBQK ;zsK B{z nB/eK
nkÙhotkd d/ e/ gqkfeqs, fpqi ns/
;z;feqs GkÙk d/ nfXn?B d[nkok j'o
Gkosh ;fs-ÙkÙsoK dk frnkB jk;b
eoB bJh ekÙh (pBko;) G/fink. r[o{
ih B/ co[ wkB ehsk, ““s[;hA pqjw
ftZfdnk gqkgs eoe/ wjkB ftZdtkB
pD'Ar/ ns/ r[owfs d/ frnkB dk
gquko-gq;ko, d/Ù-ftd/Ù ftZu eo'Ar/.””
fJ; nb"fee xNBk s'A bºrGºr 13 ;kb
pknd ;zB 1699 JhH ftZu
B/ ;qh nBzdg[o ;kfjp
fty/ ;ki e/ ykb;k gzE dh
wkfonk f;ek irfs ftfu
BkBe fBowb gzE[ ubkfJnk.
efb:[r BkBe fBowbk
gzE ubkfJU nkfJ.
:Ek
(iBw ;kyh GkJh pkb/ tkbh)
fBowb gzE
fBowb/ ;zs
;qh r[o{ r'fpzd
f;zx ih wjkoki
gzi fgnko/
15thA ;dh ftZu Gkos toÙ dh
Xkofwe, ;wkfie ns/ oki;h jkbs
nsh-dodBke ;h. T[; ;w/A d/
j[ewokB ngDk dhB-JhwkB SZv e/
Ù?skB dk o{g j' u[ºe/ ;B. oki;h
skes to b'e, XZe/ ns/ fjZe d/ 'o
Bkb, ;ko/ wB[Zyh ;wki T[Zs/ jo soQK
Gko{ ;B. wB[Zy-wksq dh jkbs fJZE'A
sºe fBZxo u[Zeh ;h fe T[j ngD/-
nkg B{z wB[ºy efjbkT[D dk jZe th
r[nk p?m/ ;B. Ù{doK ns/ n"osK dk
jkb nsh so;-:'r ;h. oki;h gZy'A,
d/Ù d/ jo-fJZe e'B/ ftZu pd-
fJzskwh, p/fJB;kch eoe/ p/u?Bh dh
Gowko ;h. oki/, ngDh goik B{z
e;kJhnK tKr e'Ajd/ ;B. gq/w, ;Zu,
fBnK, d:k dk Bkw'A-fBÙkB BjhA ;h.
jo soc Bos, e{V ns/ co/p dk jh
p'b-pkbk ;h.
d/ gqrN j'D
Bkb ;z;ko s'A nfrnkB dk nzXeko
d{o j'fJnk ns/ oZph frnkB dk
gqekÙ j'fJnk.
efb eksh oki/ ek;kJh
Xow[ gzy efo T[vfonk..
e{V[ nwkt; ;u[ uzdqwk
dh;? Bkjh ej ufVnk..
nkfg BokfJD[ ebk Xkfo
ir wfj gotfo:T[..
nfij/ nºfsnkukoK Bkb d[yh iht
f;qÙNh dh g[eko ;[De/, nekb g[oy,
fBozeko gqG{ ih B/ ;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih
d/ o{g ftZu, fJ; ;V oj/ ;z;ko dh
oZfynk eoB bJh ;zB 1469 JhH
ftZu ntsko Xkfonk.
;qh r[o { BkBe d/t ih
;fsr[o[ BkBe[ gqrfNnk
fwNh X[zX[ ifr ukBD[ j'nk.
nkg ih B/ ;z;ko d/ ;w[Zu/ ihtK dk
fXnkB, T[; nsh T[Zu/-;[Zu/ ihtB tºb
fdtkfJnk fijVk fe g/qwk-Grsh s/
wB[ºy-wksq dk fgnko fdqVkT[Adk j?.
gqwkswk fJZe j? ns/ ;koh f;qÙNh T[;
dh ouBk j?. T[j ;ot-ftnkge j? ns/
;d?t jh ;Zu j?. T[j gqwkswk fJ;
;keko ftZu fBokeko ns/ ;or[D ftZu
fBor[D j'e/ fpokiwkB j?. r[o{ ih dk
ihtB wB'oE fJ; ;z;ko d/ jo fJZe
gqkDh-wksq B{z T[Zu nfXnksfwe
nt;Ek pyÙe/ nfrnkB o{gh pzXBK s'A
w[es eoBk ;h. ;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/
nrzwh nB[Gt ”u'A fi; fBokb/, ıkb;,
Ù[ZX ns/ dk ;zebg ;c[os
j'fJnk, T[; pko/ GkJh r[odk; ih B/
fBowb gzE
;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih wjkoki
;fsr[o gq;kfd ..
fBowb gzE L ;zy/g ikDekohfBowb gzE L ;zy/g ikDekoh
fBowb gzE ubkfJU J/e ftt/e Grs fdqVkJh. efb:[r BkBe ebk fdykJh.
1
;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih wjkoki
;qh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih wjkoki
fgnko/ GkJh Xow f;zx ih
;zs pkpk rzvk f;zx ih
;zs dopkok f;zx ih (;ofjzd tkb/)
pkpk ;kfjp f;zx ih
pkpk ;'Yh dhg f;zx ih
;zs okw f;zx ih “ftoæes”
;zs mke[o fdnkb f;zx ih (nzfwqs;o)
;zs Xow f;zx ih “;wkXh tkb/” (nzfwqs;o)
g{iBhe wjzs pkpk p[ZYk f;zx ih wjkoki
(;z;Ekge fBowbnkÙow-foÙhe/Ù)
˝
;qhwkB wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih wjkoki
(toswkB rædh-BÙhB)
fBowb nkÙow-foÙhe/Ù
wjzs nkswk f;zx ih wjkoki
wjzs BkokfJD f;zx ih wjkoki
;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx ih wjkoki
“ftoæes”
Bkdh-tzÙ gqzgokBkdh-tzÙ gqzgok
......
..
2
i'fs Ujk i[rfs ;kfJ ;fj ekfJnk c/fo gbNhn?..
f;oiDk ehsh. fJj nB'yh xNBk r[o{
je[ w, e[opkBh, ;wogD ns/ fsnkr
dh nsh T[Zsw fw;kb j?. ykb;k ;kiD
d/ fJ; nb"fee gq;zr s'A s[ozs pknd
ekÙh s'A nfXnksfwe ftºfdnk gqkgs
eoe/, T[j gzi ;zs th, r[o{ ;kfjp d/
uoBK ftZu jko j'J/. ;qh r[o{ ih d/
gktB uoBK s/ BwÙeko eoe/ nB/eK
nÙhotkd bJ/ T[gqzs nzfwqs dh dks
gqkgs eoB bJh p/Bsh ehsh. r[o {ih d/
je[ w nB[;ko (fgnko/) GkJh dfJnk
f;zx ih ns/ (fgnko/) GkJh Xow f;zx
ih, nzfwqs SekT[D ;w/A fJBQK gziK ;zsK
d/ T[gd/Ù dksk j'J/. fJ; gqeko fJBQK d'
fgnkfonK s'A, T[BQK gzi ;zsK d/ wkfXnw
okjhA i' Bkdh-tzÙ gzqgok uZbh, T[; dk
Bkw noEks
gqf;ZX j'fJnk. T[; Bkdh-tzÙ gzqgok
dh gqtkfjs bVh ”u'A ni'e/ ;w/A ”u fJZe
wjkB Ùy;hns jB -
toswkB rZdh-BÙhB) fBowb
nkÙow- foÙhe/Ù.
“fBowb ;zgqdkfJ” “fBowb
gzE”
gow g{iBhe
;qhwkB wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih wjkoki,
(
;qh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih wjkoki
dh ;zrs ns/ ;/tk gqkgs j[zdh j?.
r[opkDh ftZu th pko/
c[owkB j?-
nºi s'A ;Zm(60) e[ ;kb gfjbK pqjw
frnkBh, pqjw fBÙm, wjkB-sgº;th
ih B/ ngDh uoB S'j gqdkB
eoe/, eoBkb (jfonkDk) dh Xosh B{z
Gkr bkJ/. nkg ih, doÙB eoB nkJh
;zrs d/ jo/e ftnesh B{z gqG{ f;woB
ns/ fBÙekw ;/tk eoB dh gq/oDk fdzd/
;B.
;zs wfjwk
gowg{iBhe ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx
“ftZoes”
wfjwk ;kX{ ;zr eh ;[Bj[ w/o/ whsk..
wb? [yJ' h ef'N nr jo /fBowb GJ /uhsk..
f;wfo f;wfo Bkw[ pkoz pko..
BkBe ihn ek fJj? nXko ..
;/tk eos j'fJ fBjekwh..
fs; eT[ j's gokgfs ;[nkwh..
:Ek
gzE osB frnkBh ;zs f;zx ih
“w;ehB” f;Zy irs ftZu r[owfs d/
T[Zx/ ftZdtkB j'J/ jB. fBowb
nkÙow foÙhe/Ù d/ ;zs pkpk pbtzs
f;zx ih s'A nfsnzs gqGkfts j'e/ e[ºM
;wK T[BQK s'A r[opkDh d/ noE-p'X
ns/ r[ji ftfdnk gqkgs ehsh. T[j
fJsBh ;[zdo Ù?bh ftZu eEk eod/ ;B
fe jo Ùq'sk, T[BQK dh ekpbhns dh
dkd fdzdk ;h. T[BQK dk efjDk ;h fe
;fs;zr ftZu p?m/ jkoK gqkDhnK ”u'A
e/tb fJZe nZX jh ifrnk;{ j[zdk j?
fi;B{z gqw/Ùo Bkb fwbD dh sKx
T[sgzB j[zdh j't/. jko e[ ifrnk;{nK
ftºu'A e/tb fJZe nZX jh ;kX{ dh
gqhGkÙk s/ g[Zrdk j? i' gqw/Ùo gqkgsh
bJh g{oh brB Bkb fXnkB ns/
;kXBk eodk j't/. nfij/ ;kX{ pko/ r[o{
;kfjp c[owkT[Ad/ jB-
nfijh wfjwk tkb/ jkoK ;kX iBK
”u'A e/tb fJZe nZX jh pqjw frnkBh,
g{oB g[oÙ iK ;zs j[zdk j? i' ihtK d/
sgd/ fjofdnK B{z r[opkDh frnkB d/
nzfwqs puBK d[nkok ÙKs eodk j?.
tk;st ftZu nfij/ ;zs jh gqw/Ùo dk
og{ jzd[ / jB-
wB[ºyk ihtB ftZu fe;/ tvGkrh
gqkDh B{z jh fJj' fij/ g{oB go[ Ù, ;zs
;kX eh wfjwk p/d B ikBfj ..
i/sk ;[Bfj s/sk pfynkBfj ..
pqjw frnkBh eT[ y'ifj wj/;[o..
BkBe pqjw frnkBh nkfg gow/;[o..
;zs wfjwk;zs wfjwk
e'fN wX/ e'Jh ;zs fdykfJnk.. BkBe[ fsB e? ;zfr sokfJnk..
3
;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx ih “ftoZes”
jo/e ftnesh B{z nkg ih d/ fujo/ d/
B{okBh ibkb d/ doÙB eoe/ wkBf;e
ÙKsh wfj;{; j[zdh ;h. nkg ih B/ g{oph-
gZSwh gzikp, jfonkDk, fdZbh, T[Zso
gqd/Ù ns/ fpjko nkfd gqd/ÙK dhnK
;zrsK B{z r[opkDh d/ bV bkfJnk.
“ftoZes” ih wjkoki pV/ fBXVe,
;gÙNtkdh ns/ fBo'b ;Zu s/ nkXkfos
T[gd/Ù eoB tkb/ wjKg[oÙ ;B feT[Afe
T[j i' efjzd/ ;B, T[jh eod/ ;B.
g{iBhe ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx “ftºoes”
wjkoki ih d/ nfij/ T[Zu/-;[Zu/ ihtB
s'A fiZE/ nB/eK gqkDh gqGkfts j'J/ T[ZE/
jh eoBkb Ùfjo d/ fJZe j'Djko pkbe
ow/Ù uzdo T[oc “okw” B/ th nkg ih dh
ÙoD ftZu nkT[Dk Ù[o { ehsk. ;e{b'A
nkT[Ad/ jh fBowb e[Nhnk s/ mfjo/ ;zsK
wjKg[oyK B{z BwÙeko eoe/, bzro
gekT[D dh ;/tk eoB bZr iKd/. j'o
;/tktK d/ Bkb-Bkb wjKg[oyK dh
fBZih ;/tk tZb th o[Zuh tXdh rJh.
nkokw d/ ;w/A ngD/ r[o{d/t ;zs pkpk
fBZek f;zx ih wjkoki d/ uoBK ftZu
jh nk;D brk b?Ad/ ;B. fit/A fit/A
nt;Ek tXdh rJh, fst/A fst/A ngD/
r[o { ih dh ;/tk ns/ doÙBK gqsh th
fyZu tZXdh rJh. cb ;og{ ngDk
;wZ[uk ihtB r[od{ /t ih dh nkfrnk
ns/ ;/tk ftZu bkT[D dk gZek fBÙuk
eo fbnk. ;wK gk e/ fJ; nfBzB ;/te
B/ ngDk-nkgk (sB wB XB) r[o{
uoBK ”u nogD eo fdZsk. fBo;zd/j
r[o{ ns/ fÙÙ dk fgnko nEkj
T[ukJhnK B{z S{jD bZrk. d?th je[ w
Bkb fJZe n?;k tvGkrk ;wK nkfJnk
id'A “ftoZes” wjkoki ih B/ soZ[m e/
ngD/ ;[:'r ;/te B{z (wJh 1981 ftZu)
ngDk jh o{g d/ fdZsk. fJ; wjkB
j;sh B{z jh nZi n;hA
d/ BkT[A Bkb
;fsekod/ jK. gq/w, fBzwqsk ns/ eoD[ k
dh w{os, ;d?t ngD/ r[od{ /t dh :kd
ftZu i[V/ ofjzd/ jB. nkg ih jo/e gqkDh
B{z gqG{-f;woB, Ù[ZG-eow eoB ns/
fBÙekw-;/tk eoB dh gq/oDk fdzd/ jB.
g{iBhe wjzs
pkpk okw f;zx ih
jfo ek Bkw[ iB eT[ G'r i'r ..
jfo Bkw[ igs eS[ Bkfj fpUr[ ..
;fsr[o f;y eT[ Bkw XB[ d/fJ..
r[o ek f;y tvGkrh j/fJ..
efo feogk fi; eT[ Bkw[ dhnk..
BkBe ;' iB[ fBowb[ Ehnk..
f;wfo f;wfo Bkw pkoz pko ..
BkBe ihn ek fJj? nXko ..
r[opkDh d/ fJ; wjkB nkÙ/ B{z w[Zy oºyd/
j'J/, nkg ih nB/eK ÙoXkb{ gqkDhnK B{z
Bkw igD dh pıfÙÙ eod/ jB.
:Ek
ifrnk;n{ K Bz{ fJjh nkfrnk jdz[ h j? fe-
g{iBhe wjkoki ih d[nkok fBowb
nkÙow dh ;/tk ;zGkbD d/ Bkb jh
iB-fjs d/ nB/eK ;wkfie, ftºfdne
ns/ fufes;e ;/tk-ekoiK dk nozG j'
frnk. :kson{ K, ;kX-{ ;zsK, ;zrsK
ns/ rohpK bJh nzB-S/sq, bzro
ftt;Ek dk ft;Eko j'fJnk. ;wkfie
;/tktK ftZu ;G s'A gfjbK fBowb
nkÙow j;gskb dk fBowkD (1990)
ns/ ;zsK-wjKg[oyK d/ nzfwqswJh
puBK dk gqekÙB (1993) dh nozGsk
j'Jh.
rohpK, b'VtzdK B{z G'iB, eºgVk,
dtkJhnK ns/ ftºfdnk-dkB nkfd
;/tktK B{z nsh T[Zsw ;/tk wzBd/ j'J/
eod/ ns/ eotkT[Ad/ jB. nkg ih,
nksw-nBzd, r[o{-j[ew ns/ gqG{ dh
wfjwk ftZu ;d?t jh bhB ofjzd/ jB.
nkg ih d/ fjod/ ftZu ojº;e ;Zu dk
frnkB gquzv j? ns/ fJ;/ jh frnkB d/
gqekÙ dk gquko d[BhnK Go ftZu
c?bkT[D bJh :sBÙhb jB. g{iBhe
wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih wjkoki, ;kb
ftZu bZrGZr nZm(8) e[ wjhB/ Gkos
ns/ ftd/ÙK ftZu ;w[Zuh wkBtsk B{z
r[opkDh okjhA gqG{ Bkw-f;woB ns/
Ù[ºG-eowK Bkb i'Vd/ j'J/ fBÙekw-;/tk
eoB dk efbnkDekoh ;zd/Ù fdzd/ jB.
;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih ftZu dh
pj[s wfjwk toDB ehsh rJh j?. ;ko/
d[ºyK eb/ÙK dk dko{ gqG{ dk Bkw dºf;nk
frnk j?.
:Ek
;op Xow wfj ;q/;N Xow[ ..
jfo e' Bkw[ ifg fBowb eow[ ..
;G s/ T{sw jfo eh eEk..
Bkw[ ;[Bs dod d[y bEk..
“Bkw[”
4
wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih wjkoki
wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih wjkoki, fBowb nkÙow
fty/ gqwkoEe T[gd/Ù eod/ j'J/Gzvko/ dh gzrs ftZu ;i/ j'J/ ;zs-wjKg[oy
mke[o s[w~ ;oDkJh nkfJnk.. T[sfo rfJU w/o/ wB ek ;z;k ip s/ do;B[ gkfJnk..
;zs pkpk i'X f;zx ih wjkoki
5
;op efbnkD ehJ/ r[od/t.. ;/te[ ngBh bkfJU ;/t..
brB B{z d/yd/ j'J/ g{iBhe ;zs pkpk
fBZek f;zx ih wjkoki B/ feqgk eoe/ 3
ngq?b 1983 JhH B{z ;zfBnk; d/ e/
;z;koh pzXBK s'A w[es eo fdZsk. nB/eK
nÙhotkd d/e/, ;qhwkB wjzs pkpk okw
f;zx wjkoki ih d/ Bkb fwbe/ ;/tk
eoB bJh fBowb nkÙow, foÙhe/Ù
ikD dh nkfrnk eo fdZsh.
r[o{ nkfrnk nB[;ko nkÙow dhnK
;kohnK ;/tktK B{z pV/ ;[uºi/ Yzr Bkb
;zGkbD ns/ ubkT[D dh nkozGsk
ehsh. nkg ih pV/ ;{MtkB, d{o-
fdqÙNh tkb/ ns/ ;[bM/ j'J/ gqpzXe jB.
nkÙow dhnK BthnK fJwkosK d/ BeÙ/
fsnko eotkT[D/, fBowkD eokT[Dk,
g[okDhnK fJwkosK dk BthBheoD,
nkÙow d/ ;kbkBk ns/ j'o ;w[Zu/
;wkrwK dk nk:'iB eoBk nkfd ezw
pVh e[Ùbsk Bkb fBGk oj/ jB.
;kohnK ;/tk-;z;EktK fit/A fe d' tZv/
j;gskb, gzi ftÙkb ;e{b, d'
f;bkJh e/Ado, fpoX-xo, nkJhH NhH
nkJhH ns/ gqÙk;eh ezwK nkfd dk jo
;w/A jo gZy'A wkor-doÙB, d/y-o/y
ns/ gqpzX eod/ jB. Bshi/ ti'A nZi
fBowb nkÙow, foÙhe/Ù e/tb fJZe
Xkofwe ;EkB jh BjhA ;r'A T[Zsokyzv
dk fJZe ftÙkb ;wkfie, ftºfdne
ns/ fufes;e ;/tk-;z;EkB pD
u[Zfenk j?. Gkt/A j;gskbK, ;e{bK
ns/ j'o ;z;EktK d/ ;zukbB, d/y-o/y
ns/ ftek; bJh ekch ;wK d/Dk g?Adk j?
fco th nkg ih nkÙow d/ ;kfjs
gqekÙB ftZu ftÙ/Ù fdbu;gh b?Ad/
jB. nkÙow tºb'A SgD tkbhnK
g'EhnK s'A fJbktk nkÙow d/ j'o
gq'rokw T[bhe e/, B/go/ ukVQB bJh
:'iBktK fsnko eoBhnK ns/
b/yDhnK dh n?fvfNzr eoB ftZu nkg
ih dh ftÙ/Ù ou[ h j?.
;zs pkpk i'X f;zx ih fJwkos fBowkD dk wkor-doÙB eod/ j'J/
g{opb/ Ù[ZG eowK d/ cb ;o{g jh Ù[ZG
;z;eko g?dk j[zd/ jB. n?;k jh
tkgfonk,
d/ ihtB ekb ftZu. nkg
ih d/ wksk ih dk ihtB Xkofwe ns/
;zs-;/th j'D eoe/, nkg B{z pugB
ftZu jh gqwkoEe o[uhnK d/ phi
gzx[ oB/ Ù[o{ j' rJ/ ;B. S'Nh T[wo/ ;zs
doÙB, ;zs ;/tk, Bkw igD ns/ gkm
eoB dh ifrnk;k j'Jh sK ;qhwkB ;zs
r'gkb f;zx ih wjkoki B/ Bkw dh dks
pyÙ e/ wjkB feqgk ehsh. g{iBhe
“ftZoes” wjkoki ih dh gftºsq e[Zb
ftZu g?dk j'D eoe/, fJj Ùº[G ;z;eko
ftok;s ftZu th fwb/. ;z;kfoe
ftºfdnk gqkgs eoB d/ Bkb-Bkb, r[o{
feqgk d[nkok nfXnksfwe ns/
r[opkDh dk r[ji frnkB gqkgs
ehsk. nkg ih dk ;zsK gqsh gq/w,
;fs;zrh ;[Gkn, ;z;ko s'A T[gokw
ofjDk, ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih gqsh
nfBzB ÙoXk oºyDk ns/ gqwkoEe
;qhwkB;zs pkpk i'X f;zx
ih wjkoki
6
d/ f;XKs nB[;ko 18 i[bkJh 2008 B{z
fBowb Xkw, wkvb NkT{B eoBkb
fty/, fJZe ftÙkb fJeZm ftºu fJBQK
;ko/ ;/tk-e/AdoK B{z g{iBhe wjzs pkpk
okw f;zx ih wjkoki d/ uoBK s/ pj[s
jh ÙoXk GktBk Bkb ;wofgs eo
fdZsk.
;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx “ftoºes” ih
wjkoki eoBkb Ùfjo dh nkpkdh s'A
pkjo jh mfjfonk eod/ ;B. T[; ;w/A
eZ[M e[ tvGkr/ gqhtkoK B{z nkg ih d/
doÙB, ;zrs ns/ ;/tk eoB dk
nt;o fwfbnk. fJZe ;h- ;H r[opuB
f;zx ih “vkfJwzv ;'Yk tkNo” tkfbnK
dk gqhtko ns/ d{ik tvGkrh gqhtko
;h-Grs bZGk wZb uktbk ih dk.
Grs bZGk wZb ih, T[BQK dh Xow
gsBh-wksk eosko e"o ih ns/ T[BQK
d/ ;ko/ gqhtko B/, ftÙ/Ù eoe/ nwohe
uzd uktbk ih B/ “ftoºes” wjkoki ih
dh jo gqeko Bkb ;/tk eoe/ p/nzs
n;h;K gqkgs ehshnK.
X[o eh pkDh d/ fJ;
eEB B{z nXko wzB e/ nwohe uzd
uktbk ih B/ ngD/ r[o{d/t “ftZoes
ih” dh gftºsq :kd ftZu rohp pZfunK
B{z w[cs ftºfdnk d/D bJh fszB(3)
;e{b, p/;jkok gqkDhnK bJh fJZe
ftÙkb fpoX xo ns/ j'o eJh gqeko
dhnK ;/tktK dh Ù[o{nks ehsh. nkg
eJh ;kbK s'A fJBQK ;/tk e/AdoK dk
;zukbB ns/ ftek; eod/ nk oj/ jB.
r[opkDh-gkm, GiB-ehosB, ;fs;zr
ns/ eEk-tkosk eoBk, T[dkofuZs
j'e/ b'VtzdK dh ;/tk eoBk, ;w{j ;zsK-
wjkswK dk nkdo ;fseko eoBk,
nkg ih dh wjkBsk B{z do;kT[Adk j?.
fJ; soQK goT[geko d/ ekoi eofdnK
fifB fifB ;kX;zr[ gkfJnk..
;' gqfG nkfg sokfJnk..
;op efbnkD ehJ/ r[od/t.. ;/te[
ngBh bkfJU ;/t..
gkDh gyk gh;[ dk; e? sp j'fj fBjkb[.. oki fwby f;edkohnk nrBh wfj ikb[..
fBowb Xkw-eoBkb fty/ ;wogD ;wkrw ;w/A dk fdqÙ
;zs nwohe d/t ih-fBowb Xkw eoBkb
wkBf;e dÙk nsh fnkdk T[gokwsk
ns/ t?okr wJh j'D ekoB ;z;ko s'A
;zfBn;s j'D bZrh. fJZe fdB ngD/
r[o{-;EkB, fBowb e[Nhnk-eoBkb
fty/ gj[zu e/ pqjwbhB r[o{d/t ;qhwkB
108 ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx wjkoki ih d/
uoBK ftZu nodk; ehsh, T[gqzs pkjo'A
th ;zfBnk;h pkDk XkoB eo fbnk. j[D
;koh ;zrs nkg ih B{z
eoe/ ikDdh j?. fJ; ozr-oZs/ o{g
ftZu ofje/ th eJh ;kbK sZe ngD/
r[o{d/t ih d/ Bkw T[Zs/ Ù[o{ ehshnK
iB-GbkJh fjs ;/tktK B{z go{ h nk;Ek,
brB, fwjBs ns/ tuB-pZXsk Bkb
fBGkT[Ad/ oj/ gqzs{ id'A t?okr B/ shpo
t/r gefVnk sK-
;zs nwohe d/t
ih
fi; eh p;s[ fs;[ nkr? oky?..
gqG eh nkfrnk wkB? wkE?..
epho w/ok w[M wfj feS[ Bjh
i' feS[ j? ;' s/ok..
s/ok s[M eT[ ;T[gs/
fenk bkr? w/ok..
:Ek
;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih
;qh r[o{ nwo dk; ih
d/ ihtB dh
w[Ybh ;kyh “;Zuk ;"dk” B{z e"D BjhA
ikDdk< fgsk ;qh wfjsk ekb{ ih B/
(pkbe) BkBe B{z thj (20) og[ J/ d/ e/
nkfynk fe Ùfjo s'A bkj/tzd ;"dk
eoe/ nkT[. pkbe BkBe ih, fJZe
;fs;zr eo ojh ;kX{-wzvbh B{z T[BQK
thj o[fgnK dk okÙD nkfd G/Nk eoe/
tkfg; xo nk rJ/. T[BQK dk fB;uk ;h
fe fJ; s'A tºX bkj/tzd ;"dk e'Jh j'o j'
jh BjhA ;edk. rohp, ;kX{-;zsK B{z
bzro SekT[D dh wjkB gqzgok, f;Zy
irs ftZu ;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih s'A jh
uZbh. fJ;/ eoe/ ;kX{-;zsK ns/ rohp
gqkDhnK B{z G'iB SekT[Dk r[o{-xo
ftºu ;G s'A T[Zsw ;/tk wzBh iKdh j?.
nepo pkdÙkj fdºbh s'A bkj"o iKd/
j'J/ d/ doÙB
eoB tk;s/ T[BQK d/ v/o/ frnk. iks-
gks, T[Zu-Bhu d/ ftseo/ ofjs
bzro SeD bJh ;KMh gzrs bZrh t/y
fBowb/ ;zs r[o{ feqgk Bkb ghVQh-do-
ghVQh fBGkT[Ad/ nk oj/ jB. ;zB 1970
JhH ftZu B/
fBowb nkÙow-foÙhe/Ù fty/
“ftoºes” wjkoki ih dh gq/oBk ns/
nkfrnk Bkb ;t/o dk nzB-S/so (r[o{
ek bzro) Ù[o{ ehsk. gqzgok nB[;ko j[D
th gqsh fdB ;t/o/ seohpB 800 ;zs-
wjkswK G'iB b?D bJh nkT[Ad/ jB.
T[BQK d/ ;fseko ti'A nkosh ns/ c[ZbK
dh toyk eoB s'A pknd, ÙoXk ;fjs
bzro toskfJnk iKdk j?. ;kbkBk
;wkrwK ns/ j'o eJh w"fenK s/ ;kX{-
;zsK bJh ftÙ/Ù Gzvko/ th ehs/ iKd/
jB. fJwkosK dh T[;koh eo oj/
fw;sohnK ns/ wd{oK B{z, j;gskbK
wjzs nkswk f;zx ih
e/ T[j pVk gq;zB j'fJnk.
ns/ r[o{ e/ wjb
bzro dh ;/tk ngD/ jZEhA eod/ ;B.
dh bzro fsnko eoB dh
;/tk f;Zy fJfsjk; ”u gqf;ZX j?.
B/ bzro ftt;Ek tZb
ftÙ/Ù fXnkB fdZsk. ngD/ e[ZM e[
u'Dt/A f;ZyK B{z ;kX ;zrs, nfGnkrs
ns/ nfsEhnK bJh bzro dh ftt;Ek
eoB dk j[ew ehsk. fJZe oks B{z nkg
ih, ;kX{nK tkbk GrtK G/y gfjBe/
nZXh okshA bzro d/ gqpzXK dh iKu eoB
bJh febQ/ s'A pkjo rJ/. (fgnko/)
d/ bzro gqpzX s'A gq;zB
j'e/, r[o{ ;kfjp ih B/ T[BQK B{z nB/eK
todkB fdZs/. j[ew j'fJnk s[jkv/ s'A i'
;zgqdkfJ uZb/rh, T[; ;zgqdkfJ d/
wjKg[oÙ uko-gdkoEK (Xow, noE,
ekw, w'yÙ) d/ dks/ j'Dr/.
rohpK, nBkEK ns/ b'VtzdK bJh
bzro ubkfJnk eoBr/. fJ; gqzgok B{z
;qh r[o{ okw
dk; ih phph GkBh ih
wksk yhth ih
;qh r[o{
r'fpzd f;zx ih
GkJh
Xow f;zx ih
gzrs-;zrsgzrs-;zrs
BkBe G[;ohnk gekJhnk gkJhnk Ekb? wkfj.. fiBh r[o{ wBkfJnk ofi ofi ;/Jh ykfj..
r[o{ nwo dk; ih d/ v/o/ s/ nepo pkdÙkj gzrs ftZu p?m e/ r[o{ ek bzro SeD dk nkBzd wkDd/ j'J/
7
;qh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih wjkoki bzro ftt;Ek
dh iKu eod/ ;w/A Grt/A t/; ftZu
8
fBowb e[Nhnk-eoBkb fty/ ;t/o dk bzro toskT[D ;w/A dh w{zj p'bdh s;tho
yktfj youfj ofb fwfb GkJh.. s'fN B nkt? tXd' ikJh..
g{iBhe wjkoki ih fBowb nkÙow-foÙhe/Ù fty/ ;t/o d/ nzB-S/sq toskT[D dh jZEhA ;/tk eod/ j'J/
d/ ;Nkc ns/ wohK dh o{os nB[;ko
bzro gj[zukfJnk iKdk j?. fBowb
e[Nhnk eoBkb (sg-;EkB ;zs pkpk
fBZek f;zx ih) fty/ r[o{ e/ bzro dk
gqtkj fBozso ubdk j?. fJE/ th jo o'
eohp 1200-1500 rohp, wd{o ns/
p/;jkok gqkDh fpBK fe;/ G/d Gkt s'A
gzqgok nB[;ko gzrsK ftZu p?m e/ bzro
Sed/ jB. fJ;/ ;EkB s/ ;qhwkB ;zs
fBofGzdo f;zx ih “;ogzu” ns/ ;zs
pkpk eztbfJzdo f;zx ih, ngD/ jZEhA
bzro toskT[D dh ;/tk fBsk-gqsh
ÙoXk g{ope eod/ jB.
S/so b?D nkJ/ ;kX{-;zsK dh nkosh T[skod/ ns/ cºb[ K dh toyk eod/ j'J/
eoB bJh foÙhe/Ù fty/ ;zB 1986 JhH
d/ jfod[nko e[zG w/b/ d"okB 16 ngq?b
B{z ;kX{-;zsK ns/ ;kX ;zrs dh Gog{o
jkoh ftºu j;gskb dh fJwkos dk
BhAj gZEo oZfynk frnk. 13 ngq?b ;zB
1990 JhH B{z ft;kyh d/ Ù[ºG fdjkV/ s/
fJ;/ fJwkos ftZu ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp
ih d/ 11 ;qh nyzv gkmK d/ G'r,
ehosB ns/ nodk; T[gozs
(NAH) dh ;/tk
nozG ehsh rJh. j;gskb d/ Bkb
brdh j'o iwhB yqhd e/ fJºe ftÙkb
(gzi wz bK) fJwkos pDkJh
rJh. rohpK d/ w;hjk, ;zs Ùq'wDh
wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih dh fdnkbsk
;dek fJ; j;gskb ftºu dhB-
d[yhnK, rohpK, ngkjiK ns/ ;kX{-
fBowb
nkÙow j;gskb
GkJh ;kfjp ih jh fJ; ;z;Ek dh
;EkgBk dk w{b jB.
fiEº / ;hq ro[ { rf'pdz f;xz ih wjkoki B/
:Z[X ys/ q ftZu iM{ d/ ;o{ pho ywhnK Bz{
;wsk-Gkt Bkb gkDh fgbkTD[ ns/
wZbwQ -gZNh eoB dh wjkB ;t/ k GkJh
xBJº hnk ih Bz{ pıÙh TZ[E/ fBowb/ ;sz K
Bz{ fJj todkB fdZsk fe Tj[ gkq Dh wksq
Bz{ nksfwe frnkB okjhA wB dh
nkor' sk ns/ dtkJhnK okjhA Ùohoe
or' K dh Bftosh eoe/ sB-do;[ sh dk
;Z[y pyÙD. fJ;/ todkB ;dek fBowb
;zgqdkfJ d/ ;zs-iB, EK-EK s/
fv;gA?;ohnK ns/ j;gskbK dh ;EkgBk
eoe/ or' hnK dh ;t/ k eo oj/ jB.
g{iBhe ;qhwkB ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx
ih “ftoºes” c[owkfJnk eod/ ;B fe
““GkJh! ;G s'A gqwZ[y ;/tk fe;/ G[Zy/
gqkDh B{z o'Nh d/Dk, d{ih fe;/ Bzr/ B{z
sB YeD bJh eºgVk d/Dk ns/ shih
T[Zsw ;/tk fe;/ th b'Vtzd phwko B{z
dtkJh-p{Nh d/D dk gqpzX eoBk j?.””
fJBQK ;ko/ puBK B{z nkg ih d/ nfBzB
;/te GkJh okw f;zx ih B/ ngD/ fjod/
ftZu ;zGkb e/ oZfynk j'fJnk ;h.
;qhwkB wjzs BkokfJD f;zx ih d/ Ùoho
ÙKs j'D T[gozs fBowb nkÙow-
foÙhe/Ù dh ;/tk ;zs pkpk okw f;zx ih
B{z ;"Agh rJh. “ftZoes” ih dh nkfrnk
Bkb, fBowb ;kX{ ;wki B/ nkg ih B{z
nkÙow dk wjzs Ekfgnk. ngD/
g{iBhe r[o{d/t d/ puBK B{z ;keko
r[o{ xo ftZu ;/tk dk ftÙ/Ù ;EkB j?.
dÙw/Ù fgsk ;qh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih dh
ngko pyfÙÙ gqkgs eoe/
;/tk, fsnkr ns/
goT[geko dh ;keko w{os pD/. izrK
;w/A oD-sZs/ ftZu ngD/ fprkB/ d/
G/d-Gkt fwNk e/ ;w-fdqÙNh Bkb
fgnkf;nK B{z r[o{-og{ ;wM e/ ib
SekT[Dk s/ ywhnK dh wZbQw-gZNh
eoBk, ft;wkdh MoBkNK S/VB tkbh
fJe nB'yh fJfsjk;e xNBk j?. GkJh
;kfjp, ;/tk dk n?;k gzE ubk rJ/ fe
nZi sZe bZyK BjhA, eo'VK gqkDh fJ;
ib Bkb jo/ j' u[Ze/ jB. toswkB
ftZu d[BhnK dh ;G s'A tZvh ;wki -
;/th ;z;Ek (Red Cross) j? i'
iB ihtB d/ jo y/sq ftZu fpBK fe;/
G/d-Gkt s'A ib, wZbQw-gZNh- dtkJh
d/ e/ ihtB dkB d/D dh wjkB ;/tk
eodh j?. :ehBB jh fJj ;z;Ek GkJh
xBºJhnk ih dh T[; wjkB ftseo/-
ofjs ;/tk dk jh ftÙkb o{g j? nEtk
ftfu d[Bhnk ;/t ewkJhn?..
sk dorj p?;D[ gkJhn?..
GkJh
xBºJhnk ih
o?v eok;
ib, wZbQw-gZNh, dtkJh, ihtBib, wZbQw-gZNh, dtkJh, ihtB
fp;fo rJh ;G skfs gokJh.. ip s/ ;kX;zrfs w'fj gkJh..
9
GkJh xBºJhnk ih izr d/ w?dkB ftZu ıwhnK
B{z fpBK G/d-Gkt d/ ib SekT[Ad/ j'J/
10
;zsK d/ o'rK dk fJbki w[cs j[zdk j?.
;[:'r ns/ nB[Gth vkeNo, fwjBsh
;Nkc ns/ nkX[fBe ;[ftXktK Bkb
;[;ºfis fJj j;gskb, foÙhe/Ù ns/
nk; gk; d/ y/sqK ftZu t;d/
BkrfoeK d/ jo tor bJh fJZe
todkB j?. fJZe ;w/A g{i: wjkoki ih
d/ nfBzB ;/te ;qh uzdo{ e/tbokwkBh
B/ ;wki Gb/ Bkb ;zpzfXs e'Jh ;/tk
eoB bJh p/Bsh ehsh. T[BQK d/ fJ;
Ùº[G ;zebg B{z g{ok eoB bJh ;zB
2005 JhH ftºu g{iBhe wjkoki ih B/
fBowb nkÙow j;gskb d/ fszB e[
ewfonK ftºu nZyK d/ jo gqeko d/
o'rK dh iKu, nkgo/ÙB nkfd dh
w[cs ;/tk Ù[o{ eokJh. wohiK B{z xo'A
fbnkT[D s/ nkgo/ÙB T[gozs pZ;K
ftºu tkg; SºvD dh ;/tk ehsh iKdh
j?. ;cb nkgo/ÙB s/ ;[uZih ;/tk d/
ekoB wohiK dh frDsh tZXD brh
ns/ irQk dh xkN wfj;{; j'D bZrh.
fJBQK ;kohnK b'VK B{z d/yd/ j'J/ ns/
fJ; ;/tk dk ft;sko eoB bJh
jfod[nko s'A d//jokd{B ;Ve s/
B/gkbh ckow d/ B/V/ n?BH ihH J/H
(NGA) ;e{b d/ Bkb brdh iwhB
yqhd e/
dh ;EkgBk j'Jh.
fJºE/ nºyK d/ ;ko/ o'rK d/ fJbki dh
;[ftXk j?. e?AgK s'A fbnKd/ ;ko/ rohp
wohiK dhnK nZyK dk fJbki w[cs
ehsk iKdk j?.
g{iBhe wjkoki ih d[nkok fiZE/
r[opkDh ;zE:k, ehosB f;ykT[Dk,
r[o{ ek bzro (ns[ZN) ubkT[Dk, fszB
;e{bK okjhA nB/eK rohp pZu/ ns/
pZuhnK B{z w[cs gVQkJh eokT[Dk,
fBowb nkÙow nkJh
fJz;NhfuT{N (NEI)
fpoXK ns/ nBkE pZfunK dh ;/tk
eoBk eoBkb Ùfjo ftZy/ gfjb/ jh j?
T[ZE/ j[D rohp iBsk d/ Ùohoe o'rK
dk w[cs fJbki eoB bJh
dh fJwkos,
fÙt eb'Bh eoBkb fty/ fBowkD
nXhB j?.
;zs fBºek
f;zx u?ohN/pb j;gskb
11
12
fBowb nkÙow nkJh fJBz;NhfuT{N (NEI) y?oh ebK, foÙhe/Ù (T[Zsokyzv)
vkeNoK ns/ ;Nkc bJh fojkfJÙh wekB gkofezr
13
g{Bw-nkgo/ÙB s'A gfjbK g{Bw-nkgo/ÙB s'A pkd
(Commerce) fszB'A ftfÙnK d/ gVQB
dh ;[ftXk j?. d/Ù ftd/Ù s'A nkJ/
ftfdnkoEhnK bJh ;kc-;[Eo/
tksktoD ftZu dh th
;f[tXk j? fiZE/ ÙZX[ tÙ? Bz{ Gi' B ns/
;eb{ dh ftZu fsnko
ehs/ ÙZ[X gdkoE pZfunK ns/ ;Nkc Bz{
Tg[ bGº X eokJ/ iKd/ jB. fJEº / jh
;ftfwrz gb{ ns/ fJZe pj-[ we;dh jkb
pDkTD[ dh :i' Bk ftuko nXhB j.?
p'ofvzr jkT{;
fBowb pe/ oh
fit/A ;{oi d/ gqekÙ Bkb uzdowk b[gs
j' iKdk j? fst/A jh wB[ºyh fjod/ ftºu
frnkB gquzv j'D Bkb nfrnkB dk
nzX/ok fwN iKdk j?. r[opkDh dk fJj
eEB, wB[Zyh ihtB ftºu ftºfdnk dk
wjZst do;kT[Adk j?. 20t] ;dh d/
nzs ns/ 21t] ;dh d/ Ù[o{ ftZu, wB[Zy
B/ jo gZXo s/ ftÙ/Ù T[gbºGdhnK
ehshnK jB i' fe nkX[fBe ftZfdnk
;dek jh ;zGt j' gkfJnk j? gqzs{
gqzgoktkdh ftuko-Xkok s'A pr?o
nkX[fBe y'i ns/ ;kXB ng{oD jh
ofjzd/ jB.
fJ; gqeko Xow s'A fpBK ftfrnkB dk
nf;fss Bj] wzfBnk ik ;edk.
fBowb nkÙow foÙhe/Ù d[nkok
;' gfVnk ;' gzfvs[ phBk
fiB~h ewkDk BkT[..
;zukfbs ;ko/ ftZfdnk e/AdoK ftZu
fJjh ;z:[es gqDkbh bkr{ j?.
foÙhe/Ù s'A jfod[nko wkor s/
bZrGZr 8 feb'whNo dh d{oh s/ ;fEZs
fÙnkwg[o, nzro/ h wkfXnw d[nkok
ni'eh ftºfdnk d/D dk fJ; fJbke/ dk
Ùq'wDh ;e{b j?. ;hH phH n?;H JhH
(CBSE) s'A wkfBnsk gqkgs fJj
;e{b fBoXkfos gkm:eow d/ Bkb-
Bkb :'rk, ;K;feqse rshftXhnK,
y/vK, B?fse ns/ Xkofwe f;Zfynk
gqdkB eodk j?. fJZE/ pZfunK d/ T[Zu
nkuoD tºb th g{ok fXnkB fdZsk
iKdk j?. fJ; ;w/A ;e{b ftZu bZrGZr
1600 ftfdnkoEh jB. fJZE/ nkoN;
(Arts), ;kfJz; (Science) ns/ ekwo;
fBowb nkÙow dhgwkbk (;hBhno
;?ezvoh) gpfbe ;e{b (NDS)
frnkB dkBfrnkB dkB
14
p'ofvzr jkT{; dk wº[y d[nko
fBowb dhgwkbk gpfbe ;e{b (NDS) fÙnkwg[o (foÙhe/Ù) d/ gqKrD dk fdb fyZutK fdqÙ
T[rt? ;{o[ B ikg? uzd[..ij frnkB gqrk;[ nfrnkB[ fwNzs[..
15
N D S RISHIKESH
r[o go;kdh ftfdnk thuko? gfV gfV gkt? wkB[..
fgZS/ dZf;nk ik u[fenk j? fe ftZfdnk
s'A pr?o wBº[y dk wkBf;e ftek;
n;zGt j?. fJ; bJh ftZfdnk ;wki d/
;ko/ torK d/ gqkDhnK dh o{os j?.
nkofEe s"o s/ uzr/ xoK d/ pZu/ sK
T[Zu-;so dh ftZfdnk ;ji/ jh gqkgs
eo ;ed/ jB gqzs{ nsh rohp xoK d/
pZu/ nfijh T[Zu-;so dh uzrh
ftZfdnk s'A tKM/ ofj iKd/ jB. fJ;
gZy dh go{ sh eoB bJh
dh ;EkgBk y?oh ebK fty/ ehsh rJh.
fJ; ;e{b ftZu iks, Xow, ozr, B;b
ns/ y/soh G/d-Gkt s'A nbºr ofje/
e/tb nkofEe s"o s/ fgSV/ wkfgnK d/
pZfunK B{z jh dkybk fdZsk iKdk j?.
;hH phH n?;H JhH fdZbh d/ gkm:eow s/
nkXkfos, nzrq/ h whvhnw d/ fJ;
;e{b ftZu e'Jh th h; BjhA pbfe
pZfunK B{z ;e{b- :{Bhckow, g[;seK,
;N/ÙBoh, d[ZX-BkÙsk, nktkikJh d/
;kXB nkfd ;kohnK ;[ftXktK w[cs
gqdkB ehshnK iKdhnK jB.
ftZfdnkoEhnK dk vkeNoh w[nkfJBk
ns/ fJbki th w[cs ehsk iKdk j?.
;e{b dk nB[Gth ns/ fwjBsh ;Nkc
th fJBQK pZfunK B{z ;wofgs GktBk
ns/ fwjBs Bkb gVQkJh eokT[Adk j?.
ezfgT{No f;Zfynk, j;s-ebk, y/vK,
;zrhs, r[opkDh-gkm ns/ ehosB
f;ykT[D dk th ftÙ/Ù gqpzX ehsk
frnk j?. fJj ;e{b, foÙhe/Ù s'A
bZrGZr 13 feb'whNo d{o jfod[nko-
d/jokd{B o'v s/ B/gkbh ckow d/ B/V/,
jo/ Go/ tksktoD ftZu ;fEZs j?.
fBowb
nkÙow frnkB dkB ne?vwh (NGA)
16
29 wkou, 2009 B{z fJZe nsh ;[zdo ns/
ftÙkb gqÙk;eh ftGkr dh nozGsk
j'Jh j?. fJ; d/ Bdhe jh ;hBhno ;
;?ezvoh pbke fBowkD nXhB j?.
pj[-we;dh jkb, y/v-w?dkB ns/
;N/vhnw th :'iBk nXhB jB.
ftfdnk thukoh sK goT[gekoh..
gqÙkÙeh ftGkr d/ T[dxkNB ;w/A dh fJºe Mkeh
NGA
KHAIRI
KALAN
RISHIKESH
17
fBowb nkÙow frnkB dkB ne?vwh
y?ohebK-foÙhe/Ù
n?B ih J/ ;e{b
dhnK w[Zy rshftXhnK
N G A Activities
jw o[bs/ fcos/ e'Jh pks B g{Ssk r[o ;fsr[o ;zfr eho/ jw Ekg/.. (r[opkDh Ùpd rkfJB)
nfXnkge ns/ pZu/ fJZe ;[o j'e/ rkT[Ad/ j'J/ ;e{b rhs- “w/ok fgnkok n?B ih J/”
s[w wks fgsk jw pkfoe s/o/.. s[woh feqgk wfj ;{y xB/o/..
18
;kX ;/tk tvGkrh gkJhn?.. ;kX;zfr jfo ehosB[ rkJhn?..
S N S
KARNAL
dkBtho okik eoB s'A to';kJ/ Bro
T[Zgo ;dhnK s'A jh ;zsK-
wjKg[oyK dh pyfÙÙ ojh j?. ;zB 1556
JhH d/ eohp ;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dk
eoBkb Ùfjo fty/ nkrwB j'fJnk.
nZi eZbQ T[; ;EkB s/ :kdrkoh
r[od[nkok ;qh wzih ;kfjp ;[Ù'fGs j?.
:ehBB jh fi; fJbke/ ftZu fe;/ g{oB
wjKg[oy, ;kX{-;zs dk nkrwB ns/
fBtk; j[zdk j?, T[; fJbke/ dh fck jh
pdb iKdh j?.
eoBkb Ùfjo dh Xosh GkrÙkbh j?
fiZE/ gow g{iBhe, ftoZes Ùq'wDh, ;zs
pkpk fBZek f;zx ih wjkokil ;qhwkB ;zs
pkpk Grs f;zx ih wjkokil ;qhwkB ;zs
pkpk doÙB f;zx ih ns/ ;qhwkB ;zs
r'gkb f;zx ih d/ uoB gJ/. toswkB
ekb ftZu ;qhwkB wjzs pkpk okw f;zx
ih wjkoki d/ gktB uoB g?D Bkb fJºE'A
d/ t;BheK ftZu nkg;h GkJhukok, gq/w,
Xkofwe ;z;eko ns/ fBÙekw ;/tk dh
GktBk j'o tX/o/ ikfrqs j'Jh j?. ;zs
pkpk fBZek f;zx “ftoºes” ih dh fJj
sg'-G{wh (eoBkb) nkw iBsk bJh
r[o{ e/ bzro, r[opkDh gkm, ;e{bh
gVQkJh, vkeNoh fJbki dh fBÙekw
;/tk dk e/Ado pDh j'Jh j?. 1.
, fBowb Xkw 2.
3.
(CBSE) ohck
ckow- ;ko/ ;e{bK ftZu feskpK,
NoK;g'oN, f;Zfynk, todhnK nkfd
w[cs gqdkB ehshnK iKdhnK jB. fJ;
;w/A seohpB 3600 pZu/-pZuhnK w[cs
ftZfdnk gqkgs eo oj/ jB.
eoBkb
;zs fBZek
f;zx (rob ;hBhno ;?ezvoh) gpfbe
;e{b ;zs fBZek f;zx
gpfbe ;e{b- ;zs fBZek
f;zx gpfbe ;e{b
;do pkko
;zs
fBZek
f;zx
gpfbe
;e{b
eoBkb
T[go'es ;/tktK s'A fJbktk rohp,
p/;jkok ns/ p/o[ rko n"osK B{z
ngDh o' h-o'Nh ewkT[D d/ :'r
pDkT[D bJh, foÙhe/Ù fty/
uZb fojk j? fiZE/ rohp
n"osK B{z eNkJh-f;bkJh dh f;ybkJh
w[cs eokJh iKdh j?. f;ybkJh e'o;
ftºu T[shoD j'D s/ ;oNhche/N d/
Bkb Bkb jo f;fynkoEh B{z ;jkfJsk
ti'A fJZe f;bkJh wÙhB th w[cs
fdZsh iKdh j?. eoBkb fty/
(I.T.I.) ;?Bh eb'Bh ftZu bVehnK
B{z ezfgT{No, f;bkJh, eYkJh ns/
Pathology Lab Technician dh w[cs
f;Zfynk fdZsh iKdh j? sK i' bVehnK
gVQkJh g{oh eoB s'A pknd, nk;kBh
Bkb B"eoh iK ;?o' rko okjhA ngDk
ihtB fBopkj eo ;eD.
joh feqgk
f;bkJh e/Ado
;zs fBZek f;zx t:t;kfJe gqfÙyÙB
e/Adq
19
;zs fBZek f;zx gpfbe ;e{bK (SNS) d/ pZfunK dhnK rshftXhnK
r[o fpB[ ;'Mh p{M B j'fJ.. ;kuk oft ofjnk gqG[ ;'fJ..
VOCATIONAL TRAINING
w[Zy ;/tk e/Adow[Zy ;/tk e/Ado
20
fBowb pkr-eBıb (jfod[nko) fty/ dopko ;kfjp GtB ns/ fojkfJÙh fJwkos
gkm ;EkB
nkX[fBe rT{ÙkbkBkBe dopko
w[Zy d[nko
;/te eT[ ;/tk pfB nkJh.. j[ew[ p{fM gow gd[ gkJh..
fBowb nkÙow d[nkok uZb ojhnK
fBÙekw ;/tktK dk gqtkj e/tb
T[Zsokyzv gqd/Ù sZe jh ;hfws BjhA
pbfe j'o gqd/ÙK ftZu th ;/tk-e/AdoK
okjhA b'e GbkJh d/ ekoi j' oj/ jB.
T[BQK ftZu'A gqwº[y jB-fBowb e[Nhnk-
eoBkb, fBowb ;zs fBtk;-w[zpJh ns/
;zrs frnkB r[ck-ekÙh (T[Zso gqd/Ù).
T[Zsokyzv dk fJj d{ik wjkB ;/tk-
e/Ado gqkfeqse ;[zdosk Bkb Gog{o
owDhe ;EkB j?. fJE/ ;qh dopko ;kfjp
GtB fty/ wfonkdk nB[;ko fBZs
fB:w Bkb gkm j[zdk j?. ;zrs d/
mfjoB dh ;[ftXk ns/ bzro dk uzrk
gqpzX j?. fJZe ftÙkb ;fs;zr jkb j?
fiZE/ jo ;kb wjKg[oyK d/ po;h
;wkrw wBkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJZE/ jh fJºe
nkX[fBe Yzr dh rT{Ùkbk j?, fiZE/
ftd/Ùh B;b dhnK rT{nK oZyhnK
j'JhnK jB. fJBQK jh rT{nK dk d[ZX
;e{bK d/ ftfdnkoEhnK bJh G/fink
iKdk j?.
fBowb pkr-eBıb (jfod[nko)L
BkBe dopko dh Ù'Gk fBokbh j?.
fBowb pkr, c{;rVQ fty/ rT{Ùkbk j?
fiZE/ ftd/Ùh B;b dhnK nsh T[Zsw
rT{nK oZyhnK j'JhnK jB. fJ;
rT{Ùkbk dh ;/tk-;zGkb ns/ ;ckJh
t/yD :'r j?. rT{nK bJh jok ukok
T[sgkdB s'A fJbktk eJh fe;w d/
cbdko g/V-g"d/, irQk dh ÙkB ns/
o"De tXkT[Ad/ jB.
fBowb e[Nhnk-eoBkb (jfonkDk) L
pqjw frnkBh pqjwbhB ;qhwkB 108
;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx “ftoZes” ih dh
fJ; sg'G{wh s/ ;kok ;kb ;qh r[o{ rqzE
;kfjp ih d/ nyzv gkmK dk gqtkj
fBozso ubdk ofjzdk j?. ÙoXkb{
:kso{nK bJh fBtk; ns/ bzro dk
;[uZik gqpzX j?. r[o{ ek bzro 24 xzN/
ns[ZN tosdk j?. “ftoZes” wjkoki ih
d/ gftZso eo-ewbK Bkb ;Ekfgs
21
;zrs frnkB r[ck-ekÙh (T[Zso gqd/Ù) L
;zrs frnkB r[ck
fBowb ;sz fBtk;-wpz[ Jh (wjkokÙNo) L
;qhwkB gzfvs ntsko f;zx ih fÙÙ
;qhwkB ;zs ;"dkro f;zx ih fÙÙ ;zs
mke[o fdnkb f;zx ih B/ ekÙh fty/
eoD xzNk fJbke/ nzdo, ;zB 1901 JhH
ftºu fJZe wekB yohfdnk fi; dk BK
oºfynk. ;zB 1924
JhH ftZu nkg ih B/ fJj ;EkB wjzs
pkpk p[ZYk f;zx ih wjkoki B{z nogD
eo fdZsk. wjzs ih wjkoki B/ ;zB
1929 JhH ftZu Bkb brdh j'o EK yohd
e/ fJZe uzrh fJwkos pDk bJh i' nºi
th ;[Ù'fGs j?. fJ;/ jh ;EkB s/ ofj e/
;zs noiB f;zx ih “fGyÙ{”, ;zs fBZek
f;zx ih “ftoZes”, ;zs Gos f;zx ih
ns/ j'o nB/eK ;zsK B/ ;z;feqs okjhA
r[owfs dh ftºfdnk jk;b ehsh.
fJZE/ fB:ws og{ Bkb ro[ pkDh gVBQ -
gVkQ TD[ dh ;t/ k j' ojh j.? ;hq ro[ { rEzq
;kfjp ih d/ nyvz gkmK ns/ ;fji
gkmK dk gtq kj fBosz o ubdk ofjdz k j.?
joe/ ns? tko Bz{ ;kX-;rz s tZbA'
ehosB ns/ brz o dk ftÙÙ/ gpq Xz jdz[ k
j.? fBoXkfos ;wA/ nB;[ ko ;kbkBk
;EkgBk fdt;, gi{ Bhe wjsz pkpk okw
f;xz ih dh ;og;q sh jm/ wBkfJnk iKdk
j.? esº e dh go{ BwkÙh Bz{ ;hq ro[ { BkBe
dt/ ih dk geq kÙ go[ p ns/ ;hq ro[ { rf'pdz
f;xz ih dk nkrwB fdt; pVh ÙoXk
Bkb wBkfJnk iKdk j.? fJ; ;EkB s/
f;Xz h ns/ giz kph ;rz s dh nEkj ÙoXk
j.? wZ[y ;t/ kdko GkJh GrtkB f;xz ih
fJEA' dh ;t/ k ;Gz kb eod/ jB.
fiE? p?;fB ;kX iB ;' EkB[ ;[jzdk.. UfJ ;/tfB ;zfwqE[ nkgDk fpB;? ;G[ wzdk..
iBw ;EkB ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx ih wjkoki
fJBQK gqw[Zy ;/tk-e/AdoK s'A fJbktk
eJh s/ th fBowb e[Nhnk
d/ Bkw s/ ;EkB w"i{d jB fit/A fe
fibQk gfNnkbk ftºy/ fgzv y'y-e'Nbh,
E{jk, e[spBg[o, n;og[o, b'j-
f;zpbh ns/ G'V/. fgzv G'sBk ns/ fgzv
XB"bk fibQk ;zro{o, iBw ;EkB ;zs
pkpk fBZek f;zx ih wjkoki fgzv ;hjK
d"d, fibQk b[fXnkDk. r[okfJnk-
j'o ;EkBK
fBowb ;zs fBtk; w[zpJh (wjkokÙNo)
fJwkos ;zrs frnkB r[ck-ekÙh (T[Zso gqd/Ù)
fibQk ibzXo, fgzv yNeV-y[od
fibQk BtK Ùfjo, fBowb nfpBk;h
e[Nhnk-fgzv Ybktbh (rzr'j) T[Zso
gqd/Ù, p/rwg[ok e[Nhnk-fgzv soktVh,
fibQk eoBkb (jfonkDk)
;kfjs gqqekÙB;kfjs gqekÙB
22
fBowb nkÙow d[nkok ftZdts,
nB[Gth wjKg[oyK d/ nzfwqswJh puBK
B{z gqekfÙs eoB dk T[gokbk th eJh
;kbK s'A uºb fojk j?. g{iBhe wjzs
pkpk pZ[Yk f;zx ih wjkoki (;z;Ekge-
fBowb nkÙow foÙhe/Ù) ih d/ e[ºM
gqtuBK B{z gzikph, fjzdh ns/ nzro/ h
GkÙk ftZu nB[tkd eoe/
d/ BK s/ SgtkfJnk frnk j?.
;qhwkB ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx wjkoki ih
d/ nw'be, nksw-frnkB GoG{o,
;/tk-f;woB ns/ Grsh-gqXkB
gqtuBK dk ;zebB f;ob/y
j/m fsnko ehsk frnk j?. fJBQK
gqtuBK ftZu'A e[ºM e[ u'Dt/A ftuko
u[De/
d/ Bkw j/m nzrq/ h ftZu fJZe
;[zdo g'Eh Skgh rJh j?. gzikph iK fjzdh
Bk gVQ ;eD tkb/ d/Ù-ftd/Ù ftZu
ofjzd/ ÙoXkb{nK bJh fJj nw'be
puB T[gbºGX eokJ/ rJ/ jB. fJ; s'A
T[gozs wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih dh
gq/oDk ;dek Bkwe
g'Eh dk gqekÙB j'fJnk fi; ftZu
fBowb ;zgqdkfJ ns/ ;zgqdkfJ mke[oK d/
;zy/g fJfsjk; s'A fJbktk nkÙow Bkb
;zpzfXs ;ko/ wjKg[oyK d/ goT[gekoh
ihtB ft;sko g{ote fby/ rJ/ jB.
fJj g[;se Bk e/tb nkÙow dh pbfe
;w{j dh nBw'b g{zih
j?. fBowb ;zs pkDh dhnK fJj g'EhnK
ifrnk;{nK B{z fBowb nkÙow-
fBowb
T[gd/Ù
“;ji eEk”
gob nkc No[ºE (Pearls of
Truth)
“n;uoi t;s{”
fBowb ;zgqdkfJ
ehosBh iZEk-phph jofwzdo e"o ih ehosBh iZEk-phph i;ihs e"o ih
jfo i;[ fbyfj p/nzs ;'jfj ;/ jEk.. uoB g[Bhs gftsq ukbfj gqG gEk..
foÙhe/Ù ns/ w[Zy ÙkyktK s'A jw/Ùk jh
gqÙkd o{g ftZu fwbdhnK jB.
g{iBhe ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx ih
“ftZoes” wjkoki ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp
ih d/ nyzv gkm ;kfjp d/ G'r T[gozs
fJbkjh j[ewBkw/ dh eEk efonk eod/
;B. e[ZM ÙoXkb{nK d[nkok fJBQK
gqtuBK dhnK gfjb/ foekov ehshnK
e?;NK s'A j[D BthnK e?;NK$;hvhnK
fsnko ehshnK rJhnK jB i' nkÙow
d/ dcso s'A gqkgs ehshnK ik
;edhnK jB. wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih
wjkoki jo ;wkrw dh ;wkgsh s/
ngD/ r[o{d/t ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx
wjkoki ih d/ fgnko ftZu fGZie/ pVh
ÙoXk, ohM, fBzwqsk, ;fseko ns/
mfjokt Bkb T[ BQ K d/
nw'be puBK B{z “ ” g'Eh ”u'A
gVQd/ jB. fJBQK puBK dh foekofvzr
th ehsh rJh j? fi; dhnK ;hvhnK th
T[gbºGX jB. fJ; s'A fJbktk wjzs
pkpk okw f;zx wjkoki ih d/ eEk o{g
nw'be puB ns/ fBowb nkÙow d/
ehosBh iºfEnK d/ r[opkDh Ùpd
ehosB dhnK ;hvhnK th nkÙow d/
dso s'A fwbdhnK jB.
;ji eEk
g{iBhe wjkoki ih ;ji eEk g'Eh gVQd/ j'J/
;zs ;wkrw;zs ;wkrw
23
g{iBhe wjkoki ih dh gq/oDk Bkb
fJZe nb"fee ns/ wjkB-:Zr ;zgzB
j'fJnk. 10 Btzpo 1993 B{z fJZe
ftÙkb Bro ehosB j'fJnk. fJ;
;wkrw d"okB ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih d/
fJZem/ jh
fJZe gzvkb ftZu 11 s'A 13 Btzpo sZe
pVh ÙoXk ns/ wfonkdk nB[;ko ehs/
rJ/. dhtkbh dh ;koh oks, r[opkDh
Ùpd ehosB ns/ nzfwqs t/b/ nk;k dh
tko s'A pknd ;wkgsh j'Jh. r[o{ ek
bzro fJZe jcsk ns[ºN tosdk fojk.
251 ;qh nyzv gkm ;kfjp
dh ;wkgsh T[gozs wjzs pkpk okw f;zx
ih wjkoki ;koh ;zrs B{z ;/tk, f;woB,
;fs;zr ns/ Ù[ZG-eowK ftºu gqftos
ofjD dk nÙhotkd og{ h ;zd/Ù fdzd/ jB.
nkÙow dhnK ftfGzB ÙkyktK s/ th
fBoXkfos ;w/A nB[;ko
wBkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK ;wkrwK d"okB
g{iBhe wjkoki ih ;zrsK B{z nw'be
gqtuB ns/ nÙhotkd pyfÙÙ eoe/
fBjkb eod/ jB.
;zB 1993 JhH dh
dhtkbh d/ Ù[ZG w"e/ s/ eoBkb fty/
po;h ;wkrw
wjkB :Zr-eoBkb L
g{iBhe ;qhwkB wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih
dh nrtkJh j/m fBowb nkÙow tZb'A
;w/A ;w/A Xkofwe ;wkrwK dk ftÙkb
nk:'iB ehsk iKdk j?. fBowb pkr-
eBıb (jfod[nko) ns/ fBowb
nkÙow-foÙhe/Ù fty/ ;szpo$ nes{po
d/ wjhB/ ftZu tZv/ wjKg[oyK dh gftºsq
:kd ftºu wBkJ/ iKd/ jB.
s/ th nkÙow ftZu j;gskb
(NAH) ns/ ;e{b (NDS) dk
wBkT[D bJh fJZe nb"fee
;wkrw j[zdk j?. NGA ns/ NEI dk
;EkgBk fdt;, NGA d/ ftÙkb gqKrD
ftZu wBkfJnk iKdk j?. fJBQK ;ko/
;wkrwK ftZu ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih d/
;qh nyzv gkmK d/ Bkb-Bkb, fBopkD
Ùpd ehosB ns/ ;zs ;wkrw j[zd/ jB.
;zrsK ns/ ;zsK bJh r[o{ ek bzro
(Gzvkok) ehsk iKdk j?. ;/tk, ;fs;zr
ns/ f;woB d/ fJBQK wjkB ;wkrwK
ftZu d/Ù-ftd/Ù s'A jkoK ÙoXkb{ pVh
ÙoXk ns/ gq/w Bkb Ùkwb j' e/ wjKg[oyK
dk nÙhotkd gqkgs eod/ jB. ;wkrwK
po;h ;wkrw
Bt/A ;kb
;EkgBk
fdt;
EkB[ ;[jktk gfts[ j? fiE? ;zs ;Gk.. Y'Jh fs; jh B' fwb? fifB g{ok r[o{ bGk..
;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih d/ 251 ;qh nyzv gkm ;kfjp ih (fJZe' gzvkb ftZu)
r[opkDh Ùpd ehosB, eEk-gqtuB
ns/ pqjw-ftuko fBozso ikoh oj/.
fJ; wjkB-:Zr dh Ù'Gk bZyK
ÙoXkb{nK B/ ;zrs og{ ftZu i[V e/
tXkJh. fJ; nb"fee ;wkrw ftZu ;ko/
gkmh ns/ ;/tkdkoK B/ fBÙekw ;/tk
ehsh. g{oh d[BhnK d/ f;Zy-irs d/
fJfsjk; ftZu fJj ngD/ fe;w dh
gfjbh T[dkjoD j?.
fBowb
nkÙow-foÙhe/Ù dk ;" ;kbk ;EkgBk
fdt; (21 s'A 23 f;szpo 2003)
fBowb nkÙow d/ ;z;Ekge g{i:
wjzs pkpk p[ZYk f;zx ih wjkoki ns/
pqjw frnkBh ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx ih
wjkoki ihnK d/ po;h ;wkrw d/ w"e/
s/ pVh X{wXkw ns/ ÙoXk ;fjs
wBkfJnk frnk. fJ; ;w/A ;qh r[o{ rqzE
;kfjp ih d/ 31 gktB ;o{gK dk gqekÙ
eoe/ ;qh dopko ;kfjp dh BthA
fJwkos dk T[dxkNB ehsk frnk.
wjkB ehosB dopko, ftÙkb Bro
ehosB, wjKg[oÙK bJh Gzvko/, r[o{ ek
bzro, ;ji eEk-g'Eh shih dk
ftw'uB ns/ Bt/A y'bQ/ ikD tkb// w[cs
;e{b
dh fJwkos dk BhAj
gZEo oZyDk nkfd T[; ;wkrw dhnK
wjkB ;/tktK ;B. nkÙow d/ fJ;
fJfsjk;e fdjkV/ d/ w"e/ s/ jh foÙhe/Ù
Ùfjo fty/ jfod[nko-bSwD M{bk w[Zy
wkor s'A nkÙow tZb B{z ikD tkb/
w[yoih wkor T[Zs/ fJºe nkeoÙe ns/
:kdrkoh dh ;EkgBk
ehsh rJh.
Ùskpdh ;wko'j-foÙhe/Ù L
fBowb nkÙow frnkB dkB
ne?vwh (NGA)
Ùskpdh d[nko
24
s;thoK okjhA Ùskpdh ;wko'j (2003) d/ doÙB
nm;fm shoE ij ;kX gr Xo? .. sj p?e[zm ij Bkw T[uofj ..
25
;qhwkB wjzs nkswk f;zx ih wjkoki ;qhwkB wjzs BkokfJD f;zx ih wjkokig{iBhe wjzs pkpk p[ZYk f;zx ih wjkoki
(pkBh - fBowb nkÙow-foÙhe/Ù, T[Zsokyzv)
iBw
iBw n;EkB
fgsk
wksk
;zy/g ihtB
nzs ekb
L;zB 1861 JhH
Lfgzv-jZb'tkb (r[odk;g[o)
L;qH cs/j f;zx ih
L;qhwsh ÙKsh d/th ih
L;zs mke[o fdnkb f;zx ih d/
gow fÙÙ ;zs Xow f;zx ih “;wkXh tkfbnK”
dh d/y-o/y ftºu Ùohoe, ftfdne ns/
nfXnkswe ftek; j'fJnk.
fBowb gzukfJsh nıkVk, eBıb
(jfod[nko) d/ ;eZso fB:[es ehs/ rJ/.
e[ºM ;w/A pknd ows nykVk gquko-wzvbh
d/ gqXkB Ekg/ rJ/.
;zB 1903 JhH ftZu foÙhe/Ù fty/ fBowb
nkÙow dh BhAj oZyh.
1911 JhH ftZu fBowb pkr, eBıb dh
;EkgBk ehsh.
1924 JhH ftZu ekÙh fty/ ;zrs frnkB
r[ck nkÙow ;Ekgs ehsk.
1927 JhH ftZu (;zs) fBZek f;zx ih nkg
ih dh ÙoB nkJ/.
1931 JhH ftZu ;zs nkswk f;zx ih B{z
wjzsh dh gZr fdZsh.
1932 JhH ftZu fBowb nkÙow n?;N/N
w;{oh tkbk nkÙow ;Ekgs j'fJnk.
1934 JhH ftZu fBowb nkÙow dh ;koh
ikfJdkd dk uZb-nuZb Noº;N pDkfJnk.
L30 f;szpo, ;zB 1937 JhH B{z
fBowb pkr-eBıb (jfod[nko) fty/
;uyzv fgnkBk ehsk.
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iBw
iBw n;EkB
fgsk
;zy/g ihtB
nzs ekb
L;zB 1885 JhH
Lfgvz -gZs' jhok f;xz (fco' go[ )
L;H gqskg f;zx ih
L;zB 1908 JhH ftºu wjzs pkpk
p[ZYk f;zx ih dh ÙoD ftZu nkJ/.
Ss/ h jh nkÙow d/ ewz K-ekoK dk Gs/ ;wM e/
;t/ k ftuº iN[ rJ/ ns/ ro[ d{ t/ d/ je[ w nB;[ ko
Bkb jh ro[ pkDh dh ;Ez :k ;gz o{ D ehsh.
nDEZe ;/tk s/ gq;zB j' e/ r[o{d/t ih
d[nkok Bkw dh dks ns/ ;zfBnk;h G/y
pyfÙnk.
1926 JhH ftZu wjzs pkpk p[ZYk f;zx ih
Bkb dºyD ns/ g{op dh shoE :ksqk s/ rJ/.
1931 JhH ftZu wjzs pkpk p[ZYk f;zx
wjkoki ih B/ nkg B{z wjzsh dh gZr d/ e/
fBtkfink.
;zB 1939 JhH ftZu f;zX gqKs ns/ 1954
ftZu ;qh bzek dh :ksqk (gfjbh tko) ehsh.
1966 JhH ftZu nkgD/ r[o{ d/t ih dh :kd
ftZu fBowb gzukfJsh nykV/ B{z ;'B/ dh
gkbeh G/Nk ehsh.
1967 JhH ftZu nkg ih B/ nkÙow ftZu
T[j EVQk pDtkfJnk fi; T[Zgo b/N e/ nkg
ih B/ ;oho (1973 ftZu) fsnkfrnk.
1970 JhH ftZu ;kX{-;zsK ns/ rohpK bJh
;t/o d/ nzB-S/so dk nozG.
L9 nr;s 1973 JhH B{z Ùkw d/ 5
ti/ gzi G"fse Ùoho fsnkr e/ pqjwbhB j'
rJ/.
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iBw
iBw n;EkB
fgsk
wksk
;yz g/ ihtB
nzs ekb
L;zB 1905 JhH
Lj[fÙnkog[o (gzikp)
L;H ;zs'y f;zx ih
Lwksk oZbh ih
LSN' h Tw[ o/ ;Bz 1922 JhH ftZu
xo-pko SZv e/ fBowb nkÙow-foÙheÙ/ nkJ./
;zB 1925 JhH ftZu wjzs pkpk p[ZYk f;zx ih
B/ nkg ih B{z gzfvs okw p;zs f;zx ih (oki-
r[o{) gfNnkbk tkfbnK gk;'A noEK ;w/s
r[opkDh dh ;zg{oD ;zE:k b?D bJh gfNnkbk
G/fink.
;zB 1973 JhH ftZu wjzs nkswk f;zx ih
d/ gob'e rtB j'D s'A T[gozs 25 nr;s
1973 JhH B{z nkg ih B{z fBowb G/y tZb'A
wjzsh dh d;sko j'Jh.
r[o{d/t wjzs nkswk f;zx ih dh :kd ftZu
;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx wjkoki ih d[nkok ;zB
1976 JhH ftZu w"i{dk tZvk jkb ns/ Bkb
tkb/ 42 ewfonK dh BhAj oyk e/ E'VQ/ ;w/A
ftºu jh fsnko eotkfJnk.
nzB-S/so dh ftt;Ek ftZu j'o ft;Eko
ehsk.
1 i{zB 1981 JhH B{z v/o/ dh ;koh uZb-nuZb
;zgsh dh t;hns gow ;/te ;zs okw f;zx
ih d/ Bkw fbZy fdZsh.
L25 nes{po 1982 JhH B{z fBowb
nkÙow foÙhe/Ù fty/ ;oho fsnkr fdZsk.
;skoQthA dk G'r 10 Btzpo ;zB 1982 JhH B{z
j'fJnk ns/ ;zs okw f;zx ih B{z grVh dh o;w
j'Jh.
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iBw woD d[jj{ wfj Bkjh iB goT[gekoh nkJ/..
ihn dkB[ d/ Grsh bkfJfB jfo f;T[ b?fB fwbkJ/..
26
g{iBhe ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx ih wjkoki;qhwkB wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih wjkoki ;qhwkB ;zs pkpk i'X f;zx ih wjkoki
iBw
iBw n;EkB
fgsk
wksk
;zy/g ihtB
nzs ekb
LbZrGZr ;zB 1894 JhH
Lfgzv ;hjK d"d (b[fXnkDk)
L;H w;skB f;zx ih
L;qhwsh JhÙo e"o ih
Lr[opkDh dh wº[Ybh ftfdnk
fgzv d/ T[dk;h ;zsK s'A gqkgs ehsh.
c"i ftZu Gosh j'e/ ;zB 1914 JhH d/ gfjb/
ftÙt :[ZX ftZu Gkr b?Dk. B"eoh s'A pknd
y/sh pkVh eoBh.
1926 JhH jfodn[ ko eGz[ wb/ / d/ we" / s/ gi{ Bhe
wjsz pkpk pZ[Yk f;xz ih Bkb wb/ jD' k.
1927 JhH ftZu sB wB XB ;G nogD eo
d/Dk.
1928 JhH ftZu r[o{d/t d/ nkd/Ù nB[;ko
;z;feqs ftfdnk gVQB bJh ekÙh ikDk.
1938 JhH ftZu jfod[nko e[zG w/b/ s/ ;zs
Grs f;zx ih, pkpk p/nzs f;zx ih ns/ ;zs
doÙB f;zx ih B{z gfjbh tko fwbDk.
1944 JhH ftZu fgzv y'y, 1950 JhH ftZu
eoBkb ns/ 1967 JhH ftZu gfjbh tko
r[okfJnk Bro ikDk.
10 Btzpo 1982 B{z gow ;/te ;zs okw
f;zx ih B{z fBowb nkÙow dk wjzs EkgDk.
;zB 1982 ftZu fBowb e[Nhnk eoBkb
fty/ BkBe dopko dh ;EkgBk eokT[Dk.
ft;kyh 13 ngq?b 1983 JhH B{z BkBe
dopko dk T[dxkNB eoBk.
L22 i[bkJh 1983 B{z fBowb
e[Nhnk r'okfJnk fty/ ;uyzv fgnkBk ns/
23 i[bkJh B{z eoBkb fty/ nzfsw ;z;eko.
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iBw
iBw n;EkB
fgsk
wksk
;zy/g ihtB
L17 nes{po, ;zB 1950 JhH
LeoBkb (jfonkDk)
L;qh no{V uzd ih T[Zgb
L;qhwsh ftwbk d/th ih
LpugB s'A jh S'Nh ns/ tZvh
fBowb e[Nhnk fty/ ;zsK wjkg[oÙK d/ doÙB
ns/ ;/tk eoBk.
1970 JhH s'A 1981 JhH sZe gzikp n?Av f;zX
p?Ae (poBkbk Ùkyk) ftZu ezw ehsk.
wJh 1981 JhH B{z fBowb pkr, eBıb
(jfod[nko) fty/ r[o{d/t “ftoZes” wjkoki
ih d[nkok ;zs ;kie/ wjzs BkokfJD f;zx
ih dk T[ZsokfXekoh EkgDk.
wjzs BkokfJD f;zx ih dk 25 nes{po
;zB 1982 JhH B{z ;uyzv fgnkBk eoBk.
10 Btpz o 1982 JhH (17 thA d/ Gr' s)/
fBowb Gy/ ns/ “ftoZes” ih dn[ kok fBowb
nkÙow-foÙheÙ/ dh wjsz h dh d;sko pBz kQTD[ h.
eoBkb fty/ fdtkbh d/ we" / s/ 1993 JhH Bz{
251 ;hq nyvz gkm ;kfjp ns/ wjkB :Zr
;gz Bz eoBk.
iBfjs ;/tktK-NAH j;gskb 1990
JhH, NDS ;e{b 1997 JhH, NGA ;e{b
2005, joh feqgk f;bkJh e/Ado 2005 JhH ns/
NEI j;gskb 2005 JhH.
fBowb nkÙow-foÙhe/Ù fty/ Ùskpdh
;wko'j 2003
18 i[bkJh 2008 B{z ;zs nwohe d/t ih
d[nkok eoBkb fty/ uºb oj/ ;ko/ ;/tk e/AdoK
B{z nkg ih d/ uoBK s/ ;wofgs eoBk..
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iBw
iBw n;EkB
fgsk
wksk
;zy/g ihtB
L14 nr;s ;zB 1948 JhH
Lfgzv ;hjK d"d (b[fXnkDk)
L;H bSwD f;zx ih
L;qhwsh frnkB e"o ih
LS'Nh T[wo/ jh ;qhwkB ;zs
r'gkb f;zx ih s'A Bkw dh dks gqkgs j'Jh.
;zB 1968 JhH ftZu wb/oe'Nbk s'A phH J/H
gk; eoBh.
1972, 73, 74 JhH ”u y/sh pkVh eoBh.
1975 JhH d/ Ù[o{ ftZu nzfwqs SeDk.
1976 JhH gzikp n?Av f;zX p?Ae ftZu Gosh
j'Dk ns/ fdZbh fty/ 7 ;kb B"eoh eoBk.
3 ngq?b 1983 B{z ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx ih
wjkoki d[nkok ;zs Ekg e/ fBowb nkÙow
fty/ wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih d/ Bkb ;/tk
eoB dh nkfrnk eoBh.
;qhwkB wjzs wjkoki ih dh bZrGZr 9
wjhB/ dh o{jkBh :ksqk d"okB tX/o/ fizw/tkoh
dk j'Dk ns/ fBGkT[Dk.
;zsK-wjkg[oyK d/ gqtuBK B{z SgtkDk.
;kfjse o[Zuh j'Dk.
BthnK fJwkosK d/ fBowkD tºb fnkdk
fXnkB d/Dk.
fBowb j;gskb (NAH), fBowb ;e{b
(NDS), fBowb ne?vwh (NGA) ns/
fBowb nºyK dk j;gskb (NEI) dk ;zukbB
eoBk.
nkÙow dhnK ;kohnK ÙkyktK dk gqpzX,
d/y-o/y ns/ wkor doÙB eoBk.
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;zs Xow f;zx ih
nkg ih dk iBw, ;zB 1902 JhH ftZu
fgzv bKvoK, fibQk w'jkbh (gzikp)
ftZy/ j'fJnk. nkg ih B/ ;zs fBjub
f;zx ih “;or'X/ tkfbnK” s'A
f;ZfynkFdhfynk gqkgs ehsh i' fe
wjzs pkpk p[ZYk f;zx ih d/ nfBzB
;/te ;B. ;zs Xow f;zx ih B/ ;kok
ihtB, fBowb nkÙow dh d/y-o/y
eofdnK, fBÙekw ;/tk ftZu
r[ikfonk. gqG{ j[ew nB[;ko 30 wJh,
;zB 1994 Jha ftZu nkg ih fBowb
e[Nhnk, fgzv y'y (Bdhe BkGk) fty/
pqjwbhB j' rJ/.
27
;zs wzvb wfj jfo wfB t;?.. ;zs wzvb wfj d[os[ ;G[ B;?.
;zs eosko f;zx ih ;zs Grs f;zx ih (eoBkb)
;zs r'gkb f;zx ih ;zs doÙB f;zx ih ;zs r[fozdo f;zx ih (S'N{ pkpk)
nkg ih thjthA ;dh d/ nkozG ftZu
fgzv dkB- rVQ, fibQk ;zro{o fty/,
fJZe r[of;Zy xokD/ ”u g?dk j'J/. nkg
ih B/ ;qhwkB ;zs frnkBh uzdk f;zx
ih “eZN{” tkfbnK s'A r[owfs ftZfdnk
gqkgs ehsh. 1960 Jha d/ eohp
fBowb nkÙow, foÙhe/Ù dhnK ;/tktK
Bkb i[V/ ns/ ngDk pkeh ihtB fJZE/
jh ;wofgs eo fdZsk. r[o{ xo dh
fBÙekw ;/tk eod/ j'J/ 16 nr;s
1988 Jha B{z gzi G"fse Ùoho fsnkr
fdZsk.
nkg ih dk iBw bZrGZr ;zB 1880
JhH ftZu fgzv sıs-jkok, fibQk
;or'Xk (j[D gkfe;skB) ftZu j'fJnk.
gq/wk-Grsh ns/ t/dKs doÙB d/
w{oshwkB ;o{g ;zs ih B{z wB, puB
ns/ eow eoe/ f;ºXh gqkgs ;h. ;[nk;
;[nk; ftZu tZ;/ “okw” wzso dh wX[o
X[Bh, nkg ih dh o;Bk s/ fBozso
tfjzdh ;h. nksw frnkB dh gqkgsh
nkg ih B{z pqjw frnkBh ;zs pkpk
fBZek f;zx wjkoki ih s'A gqkgs j'Jh
fiBQK gqsh nkg ih dh nEkj ÙoXk ;h.
nkg ih dk iBw fgzv sys-jkok,
fibQk ;or'Xk fty/ bºrGZr ;zB 1908
Jha ftZu wksk beÙwh d/th ih dh e[ºy
s'A j'fJnk. nkg ih Grsh d/ ;z;eko
ngD/ g{iBhe fgsk ;zs Grs f;zx ih
wjkoki s'A fwb/ ;B gqzs{ fjod/ ftZu
r[opkDh gq/w dh brB g{iBhe r[o{d/t
“ftoZes” ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx ih
wjkoki B/ bkJh. fJ; s'A pknd Bkw-
f;woD, r[o{-Grsh, nokXBk ns/
;kXBk d/ wkor s/ ubd/ j'J/, r[o{ feqgk
d[nkok g{oB gdth gqkgs j'J/. Ùoho
dk dkj ;z;eko S'Nh e[Nhnk eoBkb
fty/ ehsk frnk.
nkg ih dk iBw fgzv uºe-wºbª, fibQk
j[fÙnkog[o fty/ j'fJnk.r[owfs doÙB
d/ nB[Gth, r[opkDh d/ Ù[ZX T[ukoe
ns/ ;zgqdkJh noEK d/ frnkBh ;B.
nkg ih d/ ;[Gkn ftZu ;jDÙhbsk,
;obsk, fBzwosk, ;kdrh, ;jisk ns/
;ziw nkfd Ù[ZG r[D e[dos tZb'A jh
Gog{o ;B. nkg ih ;d?t g{iBhe ;zs
pkpk fBZek f;zx “ftoZes” ih dh
nkfrnk ftZu fBowkDsk Bkb oj/.
fJbkjh j[ew nB[;ko 25 fd;zpo ;zB
1978 JhH B{z fBowb e[Nhnk, eoBkb
fty/ pqjwbhB j' rJ/. fJZE/ jh Ùoho dk
dkj ;z;eko ehsk frnk.
nkg ih dk Ùoho r'okfJnk Bro dk j?.
ngD/ wkskFfgsk d/ ;zr s'A Xkofwe
gqGkt ns/ ;kX{F;/tk dk wjksw rqfjD
ehsk. pugB s'A jh r[ow[y gqhtko d/
Bkb fBowb e[Nhnk, fsBfjok ike/
wjKg[oyK dh ;/tk, ;fs;zr s/ doÙB
eoB dk ;[Gkr gqkgs eod/. tX/o/ ;wK
g{i: r[o{d/t ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx ih dh
;/tk ftZu jko ofjzd/. ;zB 1983 JhH
ftZu ;zfBnk; fbnk. r[o{ nkfrnk
nB[;ko eJh ;kb fBowb nkÙow-
foÙhe/Ù ns/ fJ; Bkb ;zpzXs Ùkyktª dh
;/tk ehsh. toswkB ftZu T[gokw ofje/
gq/wh ;zrsK ftZu ftuod/ ofjzd/ jB.
;zs wzvb wfj fBowb ohfs.. ;zs;zfr j'fJ J/e gohfs..
nkg ih dk iBw 30
wkou, ;zB 1946 JhH B{z
fgzv fpÙBg[ok (b'g/)
fibk gfNnkbk fty/
fJZe r[of;Zy gqhtko
ftZu j'fJnk. ;zB 1966
JhH ftZu Ùkdh j'Jh. e[ZM
;wK GkJh oDXho f;zx ih
;zs fBofGzdo f;zx ih
“;og≥u”
Bkozrtkb tkfbnK dh ;zrs eod/ oj/. fco
gftZsq nkswk ;zs pkpk JhÙo f;zx ih
okVk ;kfjp tkfbnK d/ nbkjh ehosB
ns/ T[gd/ÙK s'A ekch gqGkfts j'J/. thj e[
;kb dh T[wo ftZu g{iBhe ;zs pkpk fBZek
f;zx wjkoki ih dh uoB-S'j gqkgs j'Jh
ns/ r[o{ feqgk d[nkok ngDh iwhB ”u
r[od[nkok ;kfjp ns/ fBowb e[Nhnk dh
;EkgBk ehsh. r[opkDh dh w[ZYbh
ftZfdnk GkJh GrtkB f;zx ih wbQ/tkb
tkfbnK s'A gqkgs ehsh. r[o{ nkfrnk
nB[;ko fgzv n;og[o d/ gq/whnK B{z g{oh
brB Bkb ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih dh ;zE:k
eotkJh. e[ZM ;wK fBowb nkÙow foÙhe/Ù
fty/ ofje/ ;/tk eod/ oj/. ;zB 1994 ftZu
w[zpJh e[Nhnk dh ;/tk ;zGkb d/ Bkb-Bkb
“n;uoi t;s{” g'Eh fbyD dh ;/tk th
ubdh ojh. gzi e[ ;kb dh nDEZe ;/tk
T[gqzs nkg ih B{z foÙhe/Ù p[bkfJnk frnk
fiZE/ g{iBhe wjkoki ih B/ nkg dh ;/tk
ns/ fsnkr B{z d/yd/ j'J/ ;zfBnk; d/ e/ ;zs
Ekg fdZsk. T[d'A s'A jh fBowb e[Nhnk
eoBkb dh ;/tk ;zGkb pV/ jh ;[uZi/ Yzr
Bkb fBGk oj/ jB.
;zs uwB bkb ih
;qh uwB bkb “okigkb”
ih dk iBw ;zB 1919
JhH ftZu j'fJnk. ;zB
1979 JhH ftZu ;?ANqb p?Ae
nk fJzvhnk d/ fvgNh
uh n;o dh gdth s'A
;/tk-w[es j'D T[gozs
1983 JhH sZe “ftoZes” wjkoki ih dh
;/tk eod/ oj/. ;zfBnk; T[gozs 1990 JhH
sZe fBowb pk, eBıb d/ gqpzXe d/ s"o
s/ ;/tk g{oh e[Ùbsk Bkb fBGkJh. nkg ih
pj[s jh fwbkgV/, fwmp'bV/, j;w[Zy,
fdnkb{, dkBh ;[Gkn tkb/ ns/ ;fs;zr
gq/wh ;B. 20 ngq?b, ;zB 1990 Jha B{z Ùoho
fsnkr e/ gowkswk d/ uoBK ftZu ik
fpoki/.
28
(gzfvs)
;zs wj/Ù uzdo ih
nkg ih dk ;oho fgzv
GZNhtkb-ebK fbQk
;zro{o (gzikp) dk ;h.
r[o{d/t ;qhwkB ;zs fBZek
f;zx ih Bkb fwbkg
BkGk fty/ j'fJnk. ;zB
1983 JhH ftZu ;zfBnk;
XkoD eoe/ r[o{ ih dh
nkfrnk nB[;ko fBowb pkr-eBıb
fty/ ofje/ ;/tk eod/ oj/. nkg ih r[o{
puBK dh ewkJh eod/ j'J/ fBowb pkr-
eByb fty/ rT{Ùkbk, y/sh-pkVh ns/
pkr-prhu/ dh nDEZe ;/tk g{oh brB,
ÙoXk ns/ gq/w Bkb eod/ oj/. r[o{ GkD/
nB[;ko 9 cotoh 2006 B{z d/j fsnkr e/
r[o{ uoBK ftZu ik fpoki/.
;zs Gos f;zx ih
nkg ih dk iBw fgzv
phphnkg[o fbQk r"Avk
(:{HghH) fty/ j'fJnk.
nkg d/ fgsk ;qh d/teh
BzdB ns/ wksk okigsh
d/th ih pqkjwD gqhtko
d/ ;B. “ftoºes”
wjkoki ih d/ j[ew nB[;ko ;zB 1980 JhH
ftZu ekÙh gj[zu e/ ;z;feqs ns/ j'o
Ùk;soK dh ftfdnk gqkgs ehsh. j[D
nes{po 1996 s'A fBowb pkr eBıb
ns/ ;zrs frnkB r[ck-pBko; dh jo
gqeko Bkb ;/tk-;zGkb pVh fizw/tkoh
Bkb fBGk oj/ jB.
nkg ih dk iBw 25
eZse, ;zB 1949 B{z fgzv
pK;k (fibQk eoBkb)
fty/ j'fJnk. pkoQthA sZe
ftfdnk gqkgs eoB s'A
pknd ykBdkBh feZsk-
ys/ h-pkVh ehsh. nesp{ o
1983 B{z j/we[zN ;kfjp
;zs eztbfJzdo f;zx ih
dh :ksqk ;w/A fBowb nkÙow, foÙhe/Ù fty/
mfjoD dk w"ek fwfbnk sK g{iBhe wjzs
pkpk okw f;zx wjkoki ih d/ gfjbh tko
doÙB ehs/. T[gqzs wjkoki ih dh gzikp
:ksqk d"okB gfNnkbk, XB"bk nkfd ;EkBK
s/ ike/ doÙB eod/ oj/. fJZe ;w/A
r'okfJnk s'A ;zrs d/ Bkb, wjkoki ih dh
nrtkJh j/m ;qh nzfwqs;o ih d/ doÙB
fJÙBkB eoB th rJ/. j"bh j"bh t?okr
tXdk frnk, cb;o{g nkg ih B/ ngDh
i[zvbk ;fEZs fBZih iwhB (23 J/eV)
g{iBhe wjkoki ih d/ uoBK s/ ;wofgs
eo fdZsh. foÙhe/Ù ;zB 1992 dh po;h s/
Bkw dh dks gqkgs j'Jh. nkg dh wkBf;e
dÙk T[gokwsk tkbh d/yd/ j'J/ 8H8H1997
B{z g{iBhe wjkoki ih B/ nkg B{z ;zfBnk;h
pkDk gfjBk fdZsk. T[; fdB s'A jh r[o{
nkfrnk nB[;ko fBowb e[Nhnk eoBkb
fty/ ;qh ;ogzu wjkoki ih Bkb ;/tk eotk
oj/ jB. 8 Btzpo 2009 B{z g{iBhe
wjkoki ih B/ i[zvb/ tkbh iwhB s/
fBowb e[Nhnk dk BhAj gZEo oy e/ nkg
dh ;/tk B{z gqwkDhe pDk fdZsk.
;zs nwohe d/t ih
ewkT[D bJh ekch ;zxoÙ eoBk fgnk.
fgsk ;qh bZGk wZb ih ns/ wksk ;qhwsh
eosko e"o ih B/ ;zs Grs f;zx ih dh
gq/oBk d[nkok ;zs pkpk fBZek f;zx ih dh
;zrs ehsh. wjkg[oÙK dhnK nk;h;K ;dek
fdB p-fdB soZeh j'D bZrh ns/ ibdh jh
T[x/ T[d:'rgsh pD rJ/. nDEZe r[o{ ;/tk,
rohpK dh ;jkfJsk ns/ fdnkb{ ;[Gkn B{z
d/yd/ j'J/ “ftoZes” ih B/ fJZe ;w/A puB
eofdnK fejk “nwohe fuZN/ eZgfVnK ftZu
;zs j?.” T[jh puB nZi ;keko jB.
“ftoZes” wjkoki ih d/ ;oho ÙKs T[gzqs
T[BQK dh gftZsq :kd ftZu eoBkb fty/ fszB
(w[cs) ;e{b, fpoX nkÙow ns/ I.T.I. dh
;EkgBk ehsh. ;/tk d/ ekoi eofdnK id'A
wkBf;e dÙk nsh finkdk T[gokw ns/
t?okrwJh j'D brh skA ;zfBnk;h pkDk
XkoB eo fbnk. eJh ;kbK s'A fJ; ozr-oZs/
o{g ftZu ;/tk eo oj/ jB. gqzs{ id'A t?okr B/
shpo t/r gefVnk sK fJBQK ;ko/ ;/tk
e/AdoK B{z g{iBhe wjzs pkpk okw f;zx ih
wjkoki d/ uoBK s/ ;wofgs eo fdZsk ns/
j[D T[ZBQK dh nkfrnk nB[;ko ;/tk fBGk
oj/ jB.
nkg ih dk iBw 20
nes{po ;zB 1934 JhH
B{z fgzv ehb/, fibQk
Ù/y{g[ok (j[D gkfe;skB)
fty/ j'fJnk. d/Ù dh tzv
T[gqzs ;kok gqhtko
eoBkb nk tZf;nk. S'Nh
T[wo/ jh o'Nh-o' h
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