fcxqy iqflrdkµ10 f'kdkxks ds 'kghn et+nwj usrkvksa dh dgkuh

f'kdkxks ds'kghn et+nwj usrkvksa

dh dgkuh

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fcxqy iqfLrdkµ10

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2 @ f'kdkxks ds 'kghn et+nwj usrkvksa dh dgkuh

ISBN 978-81-906415-7-9

ewY;ewY;ewY;ewY;ewY; % #- 10-00izFke laLdj.k % tuojh] 2008

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Chicago ke Shaheed Mazdoor Netaon ki Kahaniby Howard Fast

f'kdkxks ds 'kghn et+nwj usrkvksa dh dgkuh @ 3

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vius la?k"kZ ds nkSjku et+nwj oxZ us cgqr&ls uk;d iSnk fd;s gSaA vYcVZ iklZUlHkh et+nwjksa ds ,d ,sls gh uk;d gSaA ;g dgkuh vYcVZ iklZUl vkSj f'kdkxks dsmu 'kghn et+nwj usrkvksa dh gS] ftUgsa vke esgurd'k turk ds gd+ksa dh vkokt+mBkus vkSj vkB ?k.Vs ds dke ds fnu* dh ek¡x dks ysdj esgurd'kksa dh vxqokbZdjus ds dkj.k 11 uoEcj] 1887 dks f'kdkxks esa Qk¡lh ns nh x;hA

ebZ fnol ds 'kghnksa dh ;g dgkuh gkoMZ i+$kLV ds e'kgwj miU;kl vesfjdu*dk ,d fgLlk gSA blesa f'kfyax uke dk ,d c<+bZ et+nwj vkUnksyu ls lgkuqHkwfrj[kus okys tt ihVj vkYVxsYM dks vYcVZ iklZUl dh ft+Unxh vkSj f'kdkxks esa gqbZ?kVukvksa vkSj et+nwj usrkvksa dh o+$qckZuh ds ckjs esa crk jgk gSA f'kfyax yscj ikVhZls tqM+k ,d bZekunkj et+nwj dk;ZdrkZ gS] tks iklZUl dks rc ls tkurk gS tc oglektoknh ugha cuk FkkA gkyk¡fd og iklZUl ds fopkjksa ls lgefr ugha j[krk Fkk]ysfdu og mldh usdfnyh] bZekunkjh vkSj esgurd'k yksxksa dh lPph vkt+knh ikusds y{; ds izfr mldh lPph Hkkouk dh iwjs fny ls bT+t+r djrk FkkA

iklZUl tkurk Fkk fd ;s eqëhHkj FkSyh'kkg viuh et+hZ ls et+nwjksa ds [+kwu dh,d&,d cw¡n fupksM+dj vius ,s'kks&vkjke ds lkeku tqVkuk cUn ugha djsaxsA oget+nwjksa dks laxfBr gksus vkSj vius vfèkdkjksa ds fy, yM+us dh jkg crkrk FkkAml oD+r et+nwjksa ls pkSng&pkSng] lksyg&lksyg ?k.Vs dke fy;k tkrk FkkA nqfu;kHkjesa vyx&vyx txgksa ij fnu esa vkB ?k.Vs dke djk;s tkus dh ek¡x dks ysdjvkUnksyu gks jgs FksA vkB ?k.Vs ds dke ds fnu* dks ysdj f'kdkxks 'kgj dh eq[;lM+d fef'kxu ,osU;w ij vYcVZ iklZUl ds usrRo esa et+nwjksa us ,d 'kkunkj tqywlfudkykA

nwljh rji+$] et+nwjksa dh c<+rh rko+$r vkSj muds usrkvksa ds vfMx ladYi lsMjs gq, m|ksxifr] QSDVjh ekfyd mu ij geyk djus vkSj et+nwj usrkvksa dh gR;kdj nsus dh ?kkr esa FksA mUgksaus iqfyl vkSj fiadjVu ,tsalh ds xq.Mksa dks et+nwjksa


ij geyk djus ds fy, rS;kj j[kk FkkA3 ebZ dks rkykcUnh ds f[k+yki+$ vkSj vkB ?k.Vs ds dke ds fnu dh ek¡x dks

ysdj gM+rky dj jgs fugRFks et+nwjksa ij iqfyl us xksfy;k¡ pyk;h ftlesa pkjet+nwj ekjs x;sA bl ccZj neu ds fojksèk esa 4 ebZ dh 'kke dks gs ekdsZV pkSdij ,d tulHkk j[kh x;hA bl 'kkfUriw.kZ tulHkk dks o+$jhc 180 iqfylokyksa us?ksj fy;k vkSj fdlh ds b'kkjs ij ,d ce QVk ftlesa ,d iqfylokyk ekjk x;kvkSj ik¡p ?kk;y gq,A fQj D;k Fkk] ixyk;h iqfyl us vUèkkèkqUèk xksfy;k¡ pykuh'kq: dj nhA bl xksykckjh esa Ng et+nwjksa dh ekSr gks x;h vkSj 200 ls T+;knk ?kk;ygks x;sA

v[kckjksa vkSj ekfydksa us tq>k: et+nwjksa vkSj muds usrkvksa ds f[kyki+$ vUèkkèkqUèkizpkj fd;k vkSj mUgsa idM+us dk vfHk;ku NsM+ fn;k x;kA dqN gh fnuksa esa lkrusrk & Likbl] i+$hYMsu] ekbdsy 'okc] ,MkWYi+$ fi+$'kj] tkWtZ ,afty] yqbl fyaXx vkSjvkWLdj uhcs dks fxj¶+rkj dj fy;k x;kA iklZUl dks iqfyl ugha idM+ ik;h ysfdueqo+$nes okys fnu os [+kqn gh vius etnwj lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk dV?kjs esa [kM+s gksus dsfy, vnkyr igq¡p x;sA

ftl rjg ls eqo+$nek pyk mlls fcydqy lki+$ Fkk fd ekfydksa vkSj ljdkjus gj dher ij etnwj usrkvksa dks Q¡lkus dh Bku yh gSA ljdkjh i{k ,slk dksbZlcwr ugha is'k dj ik;k fd mu vkB yksxksa esa ls fdlh us Hkh ce Qsadk gS ;k muesals dksbZ Hkh ce Qsadus dh lkft+'k esa 'kkfey FkkA uhcs ds vykok ckdh lcdks ekSrdh ltk lquk;h x;hA ckn esa i+$hYMsu vkSj 'okc dh ekSr dh ltk dks vkthoudkjkokl esa cny fn;k x;kA bDdhl lky ds fyaXx us vius eq¡g esa Mk;ukekbVdk foLQksV djds tYykn dks ;g ekSdk ugha fn;k fd mls Qk¡lh ij p<+k ldsA'ks"k pkj] vYcVZ iklZUl] Likbl] ,afty vkSj fi+$'kj dks 11 uoEcj] 1887 dksQk¡lh ns nh x;hA

Ng o"kZ ckn] bfyukW; jkT; ds xouZj tkWu ,YVtsYM us uhcs] i+$hYMsu vkSj'okc dks vktkn dj fn;k vkSj ekSr dh ltk ikus okys ik¡pksa yksxksa dks ejus dsckn cjh djrs gq, ;g crk;k fd muds f[kyki+$ is'k fd;s x;s T;knkrj lcwr i+$t+hZFks vkSj eqo+$nek ,d ukVd FkkA

f'kfyax muds eqo+$nes ds tt jgs ihVj vkYVxsYM dks ;g lkjh dgkuh lqukrkgS vkSj iklZUl dh ft+Unxh ds ckjs esa crkrk gSA


bl iqfLrdk esa geus iklZUl dh iRuh ywlh }kjk vnkyr esa fn;s x;s c;kuvkSj iklZUl }kjk viuh iRuh vkSj cPpksa dks fy[ks x;s i=kksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;kgSA iklZUl Hkys gh vkt thfor u gks] ij vxyh ihf<+;ksa dks fn;k x;k mldklUns'k vkSj mlds fopkj ges'kk thfor jgsaxsA iklZUl ds lkFk gh Qk¡lh ij p<+k;sx;s muds ,d lkFkh Likbl us ywV ij fVdh ekuonzksgh O;oLFkk ds uqekbUnksa dkstks psrkouh nh Fkh mldh xw¡t vkt Hkh ef)e ugha iM+h gSA mlus dgk Fkk %

ßvxj rqe lksprs gks fd gesa Qk¡lh ij yVdkdj rqe et+nwj vkUnksyu dks-ßvxj rqe lksprs gks fd gesa Qk¡lh ij yVdkdj rqe et+nwj vkUnksyu dks-ßvxj rqe lksprs gks fd gesa Qk¡lh ij yVdkdj rqe et+nwj vkUnksyu dks-ßvxj rqe lksprs gks fd gesa Qk¡lh ij yVdkdj rqe et+nwj vkUnksyu dks-ßvxj rqe lksprs gks fd gesa Qk¡lh ij yVdkdj rqe et+nwj vkUnksyu dks---x+jhch vkSj cngkyh esa dejrksM+ esgur djusokys yk[kksa yksxksa ds vkUnksyu dks--x+jhch vkSj cngkyh esa dejrksM+ esgur djusokys yk[kksa yksxksa ds vkUnksyu dks--x+jhch vkSj cngkyh esa dejrksM+ esgur djusokys yk[kksa yksxksa ds vkUnksyu dks--x+jhch vkSj cngkyh esa dejrksM+ esgur djusokys yk[kksa yksxksa ds vkUnksyu dks--x+jhch vkSj cngkyh esa dejrksM+ esgur djusokys yk[kksa yksxksa ds vkUnksyu dksdqpy Mkyksxs] vxj rqEgkjh ;gh jk; gS & rks [+kq'kh ls gesa Qk¡lh ns nksA ysfdudqpy Mkyksxs] vxj rqEgkjh ;gh jk; gS & rks [+kq'kh ls gesa Qk¡lh ns nksA ysfdudqpy Mkyksxs] vxj rqEgkjh ;gh jk; gS & rks [+kq'kh ls gesa Qk¡lh ns nksA ysfdudqpy Mkyksxs] vxj rqEgkjh ;gh jk; gS & rks [+kq'kh ls gesa Qk¡lh ns nksA ysfdudqpy Mkyksxs] vxj rqEgkjh ;gh jk; gS & rks [+kq'kh ls gesa Qk¡lh ns nksA ysfdu;kn j[kks---vkt rqe ,d fpaxkjh dks dqpy jgs gks ysfdu ;gk¡&ogk¡] rqEgkjs ihNs];kn j[kks---vkt rqe ,d fpaxkjh dks dqpy jgs gks ysfdu ;gk¡&ogk¡] rqEgkjs ihNs];kn j[kks---vkt rqe ,d fpaxkjh dks dqpy jgs gks ysfdu ;gk¡&ogk¡] rqEgkjs ihNs];kn j[kks---vkt rqe ,d fpaxkjh dks dqpy jgs gks ysfdu ;gk¡&ogk¡] rqEgkjs ihNs];kn j[kks---vkt rqe ,d fpaxkjh dks dqpy jgs gks ysfdu ;gk¡&ogk¡] rqEgkjs ihNs]rqEgkjs lkeus] gj vksj yiVsa HkM+d mBsaxhA ;g taxy dh vkx gSA rqe bls dHkhrqEgkjs lkeus] gj vksj yiVsa HkM+d mBsaxhA ;g taxy dh vkx gSA rqe bls dHkhrqEgkjs lkeus] gj vksj yiVsa HkM+d mBsaxhA ;g taxy dh vkx gSA rqe bls dHkhrqEgkjs lkeus] gj vksj yiVsa HkM+d mBsaxhA ;g taxy dh vkx gSA rqe bls dHkhrqEgkjs lkeus] gj vksj yiVsa HkM+d mBsaxhA ;g taxy dh vkx gSA rqe bls dHkhHkh cq>k ugha ikvksxsA---,d fnu vk;sxk tc gekjh [+kkeks'kh mu vkokt+ksa lsHkh cq>k ugha ikvksxsA---,d fnu vk;sxk tc gekjh [+kkeks'kh mu vkokt+ksa lsHkh cq>k ugha ikvksxsA---,d fnu vk;sxk tc gekjh [+kkeks'kh mu vkokt+ksa lsHkh cq>k ugha ikvksxsA---,d fnu vk;sxk tc gekjh [+kkeks'kh mu vkokt+ksa lsHkh cq>k ugha ikvksxsA---,d fnu vk;sxk tc gekjh [+kkeks'kh mu vkokt+ksa lsT+;knk rko+$roj lkfcr gksxh ftudk rqe vkt xyk ?kksaV jgs gks!ÞT+;knk rko+$roj lkfcr gksxh ftudk rqe vkt xyk ?kksaV jgs gks!ÞT+;knk rko+$roj lkfcr gksxh ftudk rqe vkt xyk ?kksaV jgs gks!ÞT+;knk rko+$roj lkfcr gksxh ftudk rqe vkt xyk ?kksaV jgs gks!ÞT+;knk rko+$roj lkfcr gksxh ftudk rqe vkt xyk ?kksaV jgs gks!Þ

& fcxqy lEiknd e.My& fcxqy lEiknd e.My& fcxqy lEiknd e.My& fcxqy lEiknd e.My& fcxqy lEiknd e.My15-1-200815-1-200815-1-200815-1-200815-1-2008


vkt ?kks"k.kk djus dk fnuge Hkh gSa balku

gesa pkfg, csgrj nqfu;kdjrs gSa ,syku

?k`f.kr nklrk fdlh :i esaugha gesa Lohdkj

eqfDr gekjk vfeV LoIu gSeqfDr gekjk xku


f'kdkxks ds 'kghn et+nwj usrkvksadh dgkuh

ßeSa lki+$&lki+$ dguk pkgrk gw¡]Þ f'kfyax us cksyuk 'kq: fd;k] ßeSa dgukpkgrk gw¡ rkfd ihV vkYVxsYM tku tk;s fd esjk eo+$ln D;k gSA eki+$ djuk tt];w¡ le> yks eSa cksyrs gq, gh lksp jgk gw¡ vkSj ;gk¡ pydj vkrs gq, eSaus ckj&ckjbl loky ij lkspk fd eq>s rqEgsa D;k dqN crkuk gSA ysfdu ckr le> esa vktk;s blds fy, eq>s gj pht+ dks mldh lgh txg ij j[kuk gksxkA ,d vPNsteZu dh rjg & tks ,slk gh djrk gSA vkSj eSa ,d teZu dh rjg gh lkspw¡xkA;g ,d ,slh pht+ gS ftlls eSa cp ugha ldrkA gks ldrk gS blhfy, eSaus iklZUlds ckjs esa ckr djuk r; fd;k gS] Likbl] fQ'kj vkSj ,afty ds ckjs esa ughaA mudsckjs esa blls T+;knk vkSj D;k dgw¡ fd os ml ns'k ds jgusokys gSa tgk¡ vkt+knh lscsrjg ui+$jr dh tkrh gS] tt] csrjg ui+$jr dh tkrh gSA D;k rqEgha us ;g ughacrk;k Fkk fd dSls rqEgkjs cki us pkcqd dh enn ls rqEgsa vkKkdkfjrk dk ikBi<+k;k Fkk\ eSa fQj eki+$h pkgw¡xkA eSa cl ;g ckr lki+$ dj nsuk pkgrk Fkk fdeSa iklZUl ds gh ckjs esa D;ksa ckr dj jgk gw¡] vkSj mu rhuksa ds ckjs esa ugha] tksteZu Fks vkSj vkt+knh dh ryk'k esa ogk¡ ls pys vk;s FksAÞ

ßrks iklZUl ds ckjs esa gh ckr 'kq: djks]Þ tt us B.Msiu ls dgkAßBhd gS] ij ;kn j[kuk fd pkjksa gh FkksM+h nsj esa ej tkus okys gSaAÞ tt us

dqN ugha dgkA mldh vk¡[ksa fQjrh gqbZ vkfr'knku ij j[kh ?kM+h ij iM+hA f'kfyaxcksyrk jgk &

ßeSa iklZUl ds ckjs esa cgqr dqN tkurk gw¡ ij eSa pht+ksa dks mudh lgh txgij j[kuk pkgrk gw¡A dqN yksx vYcVZ iklZUl ds [kkunku ls 'kq: djsaxsA ;g pht+vPNh gS ;k cqjh] eSa ugha tkurk] eSa [+kqn gh dksbZ [kkunkuh vkneh ugha gw¡A vkSj blns'k esa rks bl ekeys esa ,dne gh ?kkyesy gSA ,d vksj rks lEifÙk dh oa'kkoyh gSA


felky ds rkSj ij] vxj rqEgkjk cki djksM+ifr Fkk rks rqe cM+s yksxksa ds chp txgikus ds go+$nkj gks tkrs gks( ysfdu nwljh vksj vkt+knh dh oa'kkoyh Hkh gS vkSj eq>s yxrkgS fd bl vk'p;Ztud vkSj vthc ns'k esa ;gh lcls cM+k vUrjfojksèk gSA vkt+knhdh oa'kkoyh & tks egt ;gha gS] vkSj dgha ugha] fdlh ns'k] fdlh txg esa ugha gS &;g dgrh gS fd vxj rqEgkjk firk ;k rqEgkjs nknk dk firk vkt+knh ds bUo+$ykc esayM+k Fkk rks vesfjdk rqEgkjk _.kh gS] ,slk _.k tks dHkh ugha pqdsxkA D;ksa dg jgkgw¡ eSa ,slk\ egt blhfy, ugha fd iklZUl dk LFkku bl ijEijk esa Å¡pk] cgqr Å¡pkgS & ek¡ dh vksj ls mldk ,d iwoZt tujy tkWtZ okf'kaxVu dk lgk;d Fkk vkSj firkdh vksj ls nks [k+kl iwoZt Fks & estj tujy lSeq,y iklZUl ftlus eSlkP;qlsV~l dhVqdM+h dk usrRo fd;k Fkk vkSj dSIVu iklZUl] eSa mldk iwjk uke ugha tkurk] tks cadjfgy dh yM+kbZ esa ?kk;y gqvk FkkA eSa ,slk blfy, dg jgk gw¡ fd vesfjdk dks dsoybUgha ckrksa ds vkèkkj ij ugha le>k tk ldrk] ij bUgsa NksM+dj Hkh Hkyk dSls le>ktk ldrk gS\ vesfjfd;ksa ds ikl ge teZuksa dh rjg dh Lefr;k¡ ugha gSA ;gk¡ dHkhykMZ] M~;wd vkSj tqadj ¼jkts&jtokM+s] tkxhjnkj½ tSls cqjkbZ ds vorkj ugha Fks] tks muds'kjhj vkSj vkRek nksuksa dks u"V dj nsrsA ;gk¡ ,slk nkSj dHkh ugha jgk Fkk vkSj blfy,os ugha tkurs fd ;g D;k gksrk gSA ysfdu buds ikl gS og vfo'oluh; vUrjfojksèk]vkSj vkt+knh dh Å¡ph oa'k ijEijk ftudh ckr eSaus vHkh&vHkh dh FkhA iklZUl dsckjs esa ckr djrs le; gesa ;g ;kn j[kuk pkfg,A

ß;g eqefdu gS fd iklZUl vkt tks dqN Hkh gS] mlds ,slk gksus esa ;g pht+de egÙoiw.kZ u gksA gesa iklZUl dks ,slk cukus okyh dqN pht+ksa dks le>uk gksxk]lc rks le> gh ugha ldrs D;ksafd 'kk;n gh dksbZ vkneh gks ftldk thou ,djgL;e; fdrkc u gks] ftldk bruk lkjk Hkkx ,slh xw<+fyfi esa u fy[kk gks ftlscl [+kqnk gh ck¡p ldrk gksA ysfdu dqN ckrsa rks gSa gh] tSls ;g lPpkbZ fd iklZUl;q) esa yM+k FkkA ;g lp gS fd og nwljh rji+$ ls yM+k Fkk ij blfy, fd ogVsDlkl esa jgrk Fkk] ogha dke djrk Fkk] vkSj lksyg&l=kg lky dk yM+dk Hkykvius lkfFk;ksa ds f[k+yki+$ dSls tkrk vkSj og tedj yM+kA fdlh us mls dk;jugha dgkA gkyk¡fd ckn esa ftl rjg uhxzks yksxksa dks fQj ls x+qqyke cuk fn;k x;kmls og ipk ugha ik;kA vkSj mlus iqufuZekZ.k ljdkj ¼vesfjdk esa nkl&izFkk ds[k+kRes ds fy, gq, xg;q) ds ckn cuh ljdkj½ dk i{k fy;k] mlesa dke djusyxk vkSj fQj mldk ,d vax cu x;kA vkSj Hkh cgqr dqN gS tks eSa ugha tkurkA


tSls ;g fd chl lky dh mez esa gh iklZUl lkjh dfBukb;ksa ds ckotwn mrus lki+$vkSj [kjs <ax ls dSls lksp ysrk Fkk\ [+kSj] mlus viuk thou [+kqn gh <kykA oguhxzks yksxksa dk] dqpys gq, xksjs yksxksa dk vkSj mu bf.M;u yksxksa dh rji+$ ls cksyusokyk cu x;k ftUgsa yxkrkj if'pe dh vksj [knsM+k vkSj u"V fd;k tk jgk Fkk]Bhd mlh rjg tSls teZuksa us t+ehu gM+ius ds fy, Lyko yksxksa dk lQk;k fd;kFkkA

ßcgqr dqN gS iklZUl ds ckjs esa crkus dks] ij oD+r cgqr gh de gS] clbruk gS fd ;gk¡&ogk¡ ls pqudj dqN VqdM+s lquk nw¡A tSls mldh iRuh ywlh] tksvkèkh jsM bf.M;u vkSj vkèkh Lisuh Fkh] vdsys 'kku ls f[kyus okys taxy ds xqykcksadh rjg lk¡oyh] lqUnj] gkj u ekuus okyhA ,d nwljs ds fy, mudk I;kj iqjkus<ax ds b'd tSlk Fkk] ij Fkk [kjk I;kj!--- vkSj D;k crkÅ¡\ og NikbZ djrk Fkk]v[+kckjksa esa fy[krk Fkk] lEiknu dk dke djrk FkkA ij lcls igys og Vkbi lsVdjus okyk ,d et+nwj FkkA ysfdu mlds gkFk dke djus esa dq'ky Fks( og ,dvPNk c<+bZ Fkk vkSj tc&rc nsgkrksa esa eosf'k;ksa ds >q.Mksa dks pjkus dk dke Hkh djfy;k djrk FkkA rqe ,sls vknfe;ksa dks tkurs gks tks vkSjr dh rjg dksey vkSjbLikr dh rjg l[+r gksa\ rqe i+$kSt esa ,sls vknfe;ksa ls feys gksxsA iklZUl Bhd,slk gh FkkA eSa le>rk gw¡ fd eSa vkSj Hkh cgqr dqN crk ldrk gw¡] ij eSa mldhodkyr ugha dj jgkA cgqr&lh ckrksa esa vlger gw¡ eSa mllsA eSa rks gs ekdsZV¼vesfjdk ds f'kdkxks 'kgj dk eq[; ckt+kj½ okys ekeys esa ,d&nks ckrsa crkukpkgrk gw¡ tks 'kk;n rqEgsa ekywe u gksaA

ßgk¡] eSa ;g t+:j crkuk pkgw¡xk fd eSa igyh ckj mlls dSls feykA rqeus;g iqjkuh dgkor rks lquh gh gksxh fd fny rks cl ,d ckj ns[krk gS] fQj rksvk¡[ksa gh ns[krh gSaA* eSa ml fnu dh ;kn djrk gw¡ tc igyh ckj ml ij ut+jiM+hA 1877 dh ckr gS] cM+h jsyos gM+rky ds fnuksa dh] tc et+nwj vkUnksyu tkxkFkk] tSls mlh le; tUek FkkA gM+rky dh izÑfr gh tUe tSlh FkhA 'kq: djrsle; njvly dksbZ laxBu ugha FkkA igys ,d txg et+nwjksa us dke cUn fd;k]fQj nwljh txg] fQj ,d vkSj txg vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs og ,d ,slh gM+rky cu x;htSlh bl ns'k esa igys dHkh ugha gqbZ Fkh vkSj blh ds lkFk et+nwj vkUnksyu Hkh mB[kM+k gqvkA ij dksbZ egÙoiw.kZ usrk ugha FkkA usrRo dks Hkh gM+rky dh rjg Lor%LQwrZ<ax ls] vkUnksyu ds chp ls iSnk gksuk FkkA vYcVZ iklZUl blh jkLrs ls vk;kA


gk¡] blds igys ,d vkSj ckr % og ,d laxBudrkZ jgk Fkk] ;wfu;u dk vPNkdk;ZdrkZ Fkk] ehfVaxksa esa cksyk Fkk] ysfdu 1877 ds tqykbZ eghus esa ;gk¡ et+nwjksadh og ehfVax gqbZ tSlh blds igys dHkh ugha gqbZ FkhA et+nwjksa dks ckt+kj dh lM+dij cqyk;k x;k vkSj os esfMlu pkSjkgs ds ikl bdëk gq,A fdrus yksx Fks ogk¡]Hkxoku gh tkurk gSA dksbZ chl gt+kj dgrk gS] dksbZ rhl gt+kjA eSa rks cl ;ghcrk ldrk gw¡ fd ?k.Vksa rd os vkrs gh jgs vkSj fQj rks psgjksa dk ,slk lkxj ygjkusyxk tSlk eSaus viuh ft+Unxh esa dHkh ugha ns[kk FkkA tgk¡ dgha Hkh yksx [kM+s gksldrs Fks ogk¡ Åij dks mBs psgjksa dk ygjkrk gqvk dkyhu fn[krk FkkA muds ÅijFkha e'kkysa vkSj >.MsA eq>s Mj&lk eglwl gksus yxkA ;g Hkh yx jgk Fkk tSls [+kq'khls jks iM+Ã¡xkA vkSj rc vYcVZ iklZUl [kM+k gqvk vkSj mlus cksykA rHkh eSaus mlsigyh ckj ns[kkA

ßrqeus mls ugha ns[kk gS] gS u\ ysfdu rqeus rLohjsa rks ns[kh gSaA dqN vPNhgSa muesaA Å¡ph HkkSagsa] lqUnj dkyh vk¡[ksa] ukd vkSj Bqìh jRu dh rjg rjk'ks gq,]dkyh js'keh ew¡NsaA tgk¡ rd lkSUn;Z dks ljkgus vkSj ml ij vfo'okl djus dhHkh ckr gS] eSa rks [+kqn gh cq)w tSlk fn[krk gw¡A ysfdu iklZUl dh ckr vkSj FkhAckr ekuks] vkneh Hkwy tkrk Fkk fd og lqUnj gS] lkeusokyk cl mls viuk ekuysrk Fkk vkSj mldh ckr lqurk jgrk FkkA eSa mls lquus yxkA eSaus mldh ckrksadks fy[kuk pkgk ij cl 'kq: esa ghA mlds ckn eSaus fy[kuk cUn dj fn;k vkSjcl lqurk jgkA tkurs gks mlus dSls 'kq: fd;k\ mlus dgk] vesfjdh lkfFk;ks!vkt+knh ftudh jksVh gS vkSj LorU=krk ftudk nwèk] eSa rqels U;k; vkSj vU;k; dhckr djuk pkgrk gw¡A vkneh ds vfèkdkjksa ds ckjs esa ugha] cfYd vk'kkvksa ds ckjsesa] D;ksafd gekjs ikl vfèkdkj cgqr de gSa vkSj vk'kk,¡ cgqr&lhA* bruk eq>s ;kngS vkSj fQj fy[kuk cUn dj fn;k Fkk eSausA ysfdu ckn esa eSaus [+kqn ls iwNk] mlesafdruk okLrfod gS\ fdruk lp gS\ vkSj mlesa fdl gn rd vfHku; gS\ ogcwFk tSlk yxk] ,Mfou cwFk ¼ml le; dk ,d vesfjdh vfHkusrk½ tSlk! vkSjgekjs fy, rc og ,d vthc vkneh FkkA

ßeSa vxys fnu vius yksxksa ds v[+kckj ds n¶+rj esa mlls feykA geus gkFkfeyk;s] dqN ckrsa gqb±A ckr dj gh jgs Fks fd iqfyl mls idM+us vk x;hA rqetkurs gh gks] dSlsA nks Fks] mUgksaus viuh fiLrkSysa mlds isV esa yxk nhaA os mls iSnyflVh gkWy rd ys x;s] fQj fgdh ds n¶+rjA fgdh ml le; iqfyl phi+$ FkkA


vi+$ljksa ls dejk Hkj x;kA mUgksaus mlls loky iwNs vkSj tc mlus tokc nsus dhdksf'k'k dh rks mlds eq¡g ij FkIiM+ksa dh >M+h yxk nhA mUgksaus mlls iwNk fdVsDlkl ds ckx+h nksxys] f'kdkxks vkdj xM+cM+h djus dk rsjk eryc D;k Fkk\ tcmlus crkus dh dksf'k'k dh fd og et+nwj ikVhZ dh ,d lHkk esa cksyk Fkk] mluset+nwjksa dks muds ernku ds vfèkdkj ds ckjs esa crk;k Fkk rks iqfyl us mls cUndj fn;k vkSj fQj ihVkA fQj mUgksaus mls NksM+ fn;kA ij mUgksaus mls psrkouh nsnhA mUgksaus mls èkedk;k fd ;g cgqr gh vklku gS fd fdlh fnu og fdlh xyhds uqDdM+ ij ejk ik;k tk;sA mUgksaus dgk fd vxj mlus et+nwjksa dks HkM+dkuk tkjhj[kk rks gks ldrk gS fdlh fnu dksbZ HkhM+ mls ySEi iksLV ls yVdk nsA ;g lcmlus ykSVdj gesa crk;kA ge mldk bUrt+kj dj jgs FksA

ßblh ds ckn og vYcVZ iklZUl lkeus vk;k ftldh eSa ckr dj jgk gw¡Arqe iklZUl tSls vkneh dks èkedk ugha ldrs] rqe mls ihV ugha ldrs] mls tgk¡ls vk;k Fkk ogha pys tkus dks ugha dg ldrsA tks yksx fpYykrs] xjtrs vkSj gk¡drsgSa] ,sls yksxksa ds lkFk rks ;g py ldrk gS] ysfdu iklZUl tSlksa ds lkFk] VsDlklokyksa ds lkFk] lkSE;] uez vkSj 'kkfUr ls cksyus okyksa ds lkFk ;g lc djuk csdkjgSA

ßvkus okys o"kksZa esa iklZUl D;k cu x;k] bls tkuks vkSj rc rqe le>ksxsfd mlds tSlk cl ,d vkSj Fkk] vkSj og Fkk flfYol ¼,d vkSj et+nwj usrk½AflfYol ej x;k ysfdu iklZUl dh mUgsa gR;k djuh iM+ jgh gSA vkSj iklZUl lseSa lger ugha gw¡ fQj Hkh eq>s rqEgsa ;g lc crkuk gh gksxkA eSa pkgrk gw¡ fd rqeml vkneh ij x+kSj djks] ns[kks fd mlds lkFk D;k gqvkA --- fQj] vkBosa n'kdds vkf[kjh o"kks± esa geus ,dlkFk dke fd;kA ernku esa mldh vHkh Hkh vkLFkkFkh vkSj f'kdkxks esa yscj ikVhZ fnu nwuh] jkr pkSxquh c<+ jgh FkhA dSlk vkneh Fkkog\ og Fkd ugha ldrk FkkA vlQyrk mls vkSj et+cwr cuk nsrh FkhA ge lcdspsgjs vxj cqjh rjg mrjs gksrs] rc Hkh og eqLdqjk ldrk FkkA og ,d 'kke esapkj&pkj txg Hkk"k.k nsrk Fkk vkSj rqe tkurs gh gks fd turk ds chp cksyus lsT+;knk tkuysok 'kk;n gh dqN gksA og ßukbV~l vkWQ yscjÞ ¼,d et+nwj laxBudk uke½ esa dke djrk FkkA og fy[krk FkkA og ,dlkFk chl dke djrk Fkk vkSjfQj Hkh ges'kk iRuh ds fy, dki+$h le; fudky ysrk FkkA lM+dksa ij og iRuhds lkFk ,sls pyrk tSls nqfu;k esa mlls T+;knk egÙoiw.kZ dqN gks gh ugha & nksuksa


,d&nwljs dh dej esa gkFk Mkys gksrs vkSj ,d nwljs dks fugkjrs pyrs tSls mUgksausmlh fnu vkSj mlh {k.k ,d&nwljs dks [kkst fudkyk gksA

ßtSlk eSaus dgk] mlds fy, dqN Hkh T+;knk ugha FkkA vxys dqN lkyksa esa geusmls pquko yM+k;k & ,YMj eSu] fQj dkm.Vh DydZ] fQj dkaxzslA vkSj og fli+$Zvius fy, ugha] gekjs gj mEehnokj ds fy, cksyrk FkkA vkSj bl lcds lkFk mlusf'kdkxks esa igyh VsªM~l vlsEcyh cqykus ds fy, Hkh le; fudky fy;kA mldkigyk vè;{k cuk] vius is'ks esa VkbiksxzkfQdy ;wfu;u cuk;hA vkSj vxj dksbZHkh ;wfu;u cukus esa lykg vkSj rko+$r ek¡xrk Fkk rks iklZUl mldk eq¶+r lykgdkjvkSj lg;ksxh cuus dks rS;kj jgrk FkkA ,d le; ge mls vesfjdk ds jk"Vªifrds fy, yscj ikVhZ dk igyk mEehnokj cukuk pkg jgs FksA ij tkurs gks] mldhmez gh ugha FkhA lksp ldrs gks Hkyk] og fli+$Z iSarhl dk FkkA vkt Hkh og fli+$ZrSarkfyl dk gSA

ßij eSa viuh dgkuh ls HkVd jgk gw¡A eq>s rqEgkjs èkS;Z dh ijh{kk fy, fcuktYnh ls tYnh bls la{ksi esa crk nsuk pkfg,A 1880 esa og yscj ikVhZ ls vyxgks x;kA D;ksa\ ge vkSj rqe O;kogkfjd yksx gSa] ij iklZUl ns[k jgk Fkk fd D;kgks jgk gSA ?kwl] oksVksa dh [k+jhn&Qjks[+r] Hkz"VkpkjA ,d ckj mlus eq>ls dgk Fkk]^rqe ,d vkneh ls ckjg ?k.Vs dke djkrs gks vkSj mls ft+Unk jgus dh t+:jrksadk vkèkk Hkh ugha nsrs vkSj ;s mEehn djrs gks fd og lkoèkkuh vkSj bZekunkjh lsoksV nsxkA eSa lp dg jgk gw¡] vxj mlds cPps Hkw[kksa ejrs gksa rks mlds viuk oksVcsp nsus dh ckr ij gSjku er gksukA*

ßeSaus mlls iwNk Fkk fd og D;k djus dk bjknk j[krk gSA mlus dgk vkB?k.Vs dke ds fnu dh yM+kbZ ds fy, dke djuk vkSj et+nwjksa dks laxfBr djukAml le; dke ds ?k.Vs vkB* vkUnksyu esa gekjh rko+$r c<+uh 'kq: gh gqbZ FkhAlkjh VsªM ;wfu;uksa us feydj iklZUl dks iwjs eè;&if'pe vesfjdk esa HkstkA oggj txg cksykA eSa ns'k ds ,sls ,d Hkh vkneh dks ugha tkurk ftlus et+nwjksa dksbruk fn;k gks ftruk iklZUl usA mls vkB ?k.Vs dke ds ckjs esa okf'kaxVu ds cM+slEesyu esa f'kdkxks dk izfrfufèk cukdj Hkstk x;kA lEesyu esa mls ml desVhesa pqu fy;k x;k ftldk dke okf'kaxVu esa jgdj laxfBr et+nwjksa ds vkUnksyuksaesa rkyesy djuk Fkk vkSj vkB ?k.Vs ds dke ds fnu ds loky dh xgjkbZ lstk¡p&iM+rky djuk FkkA


ßokf'kaxVu esa iklZUl ds lkFk D;k gqvk] mlus ogk¡ D;k ns[kk] ;g eSa ughatkurkA og fdl rjg dk vkneh Fkk] bls ges'kk ;kn j[kuk pkfg,A vxj eq>slUrksa esa fo'okl gksrk rks eSa mls ,d lUr dgrkA ysfdu og rks thou ls brukycjst+] jkst+&jkst+ ds thus ds vUnkt+ ls bruk eqXèk vkSj bl o+$nj bUlku Fkk fdD;k dgw¡A ;g ckr lUrksa esa rks ugha gksrh] ;k gksrh gS\ vkSj og viuh iRuh lsikxyksa dh rjg I;kj djrk Fkk & ,slk I;kj ugha ftls yksx 'kq) I;kj dgrs gSa] cfYd,slk I;kj ftlesa nks O;fDr;ksa ds 'kjhj ,d&nwljs dks le>rs gSaA mu nksuksa dks,dlkFk ns[krs gh ;g ckr le> esa vk tkrh FkhA ysfdu okf'kaxVu esa dqN ,slkgks x;k fd og cny x;kA mlus ns[kk fd ns'k ij 'kklu dSls gksrk gS vkSj mldsckn ls mldh ckrksa dk <ax cny x;kA

ßmlds ckn og gels iwjh rjg vyx gks x;k vkSj vUrjjk"Vªh; et+nwj la?k¼b.Vjus'kuy ofd±x ihiqYl ,lksfl,'ku½ esa 'kkfey gks x;kA og ØkfUrdkjhlektoknh cu x;kA vjktdrkoknh\ vjktdrkoknh rks mls dgk x;k gS] mldkfcYyk yxk;k x;k gS ml ijA eSa tkurk gw¡ og D;k Fkk! fdlh Hkh gkyr esa eSamlds f[k+yki+$ jgw¡xk ysfdu og Fkk ogh] ,d ØkfUrdkjh lektoknhA ml csgwnsdkVwZu tSlk ugha] tSlk fd mls iw¡thifr;ksa ds v[k+ckjksa esa fn[kk;k x;k gS & nksuksagkFkksa esa ce fy;s ,d nk<+hokyk ikxy vkSj uhps fy[kk gqvk gS vjktdrkoknhAiklZUl ,slk ugha gSA ;g ekurs gq, Hkh fd og ,d ,slk vkneh gS ftlus x+yrjkLrk pquk] eSa ;gh dgw¡xk fd og ,slk ugha gSA

ßvkSj fQj Hkh tc eSa lksprk gw¡ fd mlds ckn mlus D;k fd;k rks eSa Hkykfdl gn rd mldh cqjkbZ dj ldrk gw¡\ og yksxksa ds ikl x;kA og dks;yk {ks=kksaesa x;k] isuflYokfu;k vkSj bfyuk; ds ujd tSls uxjksa esa ?kwekA og [kku et+nwjksals ckrphr djrk Fkk] mUgha ds lkFk jgrk Fkk] gj ges'kk lektokn ds y{; dkizpkj djrk gqvkA fQj Hkh] ;gk¡ ls ik¡p lkS ehy ds nk;js esa et+nwjksa dk ,slk dksbZla?k"kZ ugha Fkk] ftlesa mlus Hkkx u fy;k gksA mlus vius b.Vjus'kuy ds igysvaxzst+h lkIrkfgd v[k+ckj vykeZ* dh LFkkiuk dh] mldk lEiknu fd;k] ;s rksrqe tkurs gh gksA dqN o"kks± igys tc cM+h&cM+h gM+rkysa gqb±] rc og et+nwjksa dslkFk FkkA ;s er lkspuk fd mUgksaus igys mls ekj Mkyus dh dksf'k'k ugha dh FkhAfiadjVUl ¼vesfjdk dh igyh [+kqfi+$;k iqfyl] ftldk dke et+nwjksa dk neudjuk] mudh gM+rkysa rksM+uk vkSj muds fgrksa dks mBkus okys usrkvksa dks ekj Mkyuk


Fkk½ dh VqdfM+;ksa dks iklZUl dks [kRe dj nsus ds xqIr vkns'k Fks] eSaus viuh vk¡[kksals ns[kk gSA vkSjksa ds fy, Hkh Fks] ij fyLV esa igyk uke iklZUl dk FkkA iqfyldks funsZ'k Fks fd igyk ekSo+$k ikrs gh mls ykfB;ksa ls ihV&ihVdj ekj Mkyk tk;sAvkSj mUgksaus bldh dksf'k'k Hkh dh] gjpUn dksf'k'k dhA

ßgs ekdsZV dh ckr crkus ls igys vkSj D;k gS crkus dks\ tkuuk pkgksxs dSlsjgrk Fkk og\ mlds ikl vkthfodk dk dksbZ fuf'pr tfj;k ugha jg x;k FkkAywlh gksf'k;kj FkhA eSaus ns[kk gS dSls og iklZUl ds igu&igudj fpFkM+k gq, diM+ksadh ejEer djrh FkhA cph&[kqph pht+ksa ls [kkuk rS;kj dj nsrh Fkh ogA ,sls Hkhlky xqt+js Fks tc mlds ikl dksbZ dke gh ugha FkkA if'pe ds gj v[k+ckj vkSjgj Nkik[k+kus dh CySdfyLV esa mldk uke FkkA rc mlds vius yksx viuh FkksM+h&lhdekbZ esa ls mls f[kykrs FksA tc rd t+cjnLrh ugha dh tkrh og dqN ugha ysrkFkkA mlus dHkh dqN ek¡xk ugha] dHkh f'ko+$k;r ugha dhA ,d ckj eSa mlls feykrks mlus iwjs nks fnu ls dqN ugha [kk;k Fkk] ij ,d ?k.Vs ls T+;knk le; chr tkusij gh eSa le> ik;k fd Hkw[k ls mls pDdj vk jgs gSaA

ßeSa tkurk gw¡ eq>s ehfVax dh ckrsa nksgjkdj rqEgsa cksj djuk iM+sxk D;ksafd ;slc ge nksuksa tkurs gSaA eSa rks vius fy, dg jgk gw¡] rqe eq>s lqu jgs gks] bldsfy, 'kqfØ;kA ysfdu igys eSa ml vkneh dh ckr iwjh dj yw¡A ;s yksx vkt mlsHkys gh ekj Mkysa ij og ejsxk ughaA dqN yksx ejrs ugha gSaA gks ldrk gS ge nksuksadk ckn esa mlls okLrk iM+sA blhfy, eSa mls le>uk pkgrk gw¡] vius fy, HkhvkSj rqEgkjs fy, HkhA os dgrs gSa fd lektokn fons'kh pht+ gS] ysfdu iklZUl esafons'kh D;k gS\ ,d ckj eSa VsDlkl&fuoklh vesfjdh lsuk ds ,d ek'kZy ls feykFkkA og Hkh iklZUl dh rjg Fkk] 'kkUr] lkSE;] fouezA dHkh vkokt+ Å¡ph ugha djrkFkk vkSj ekuks eki+$h ek¡xus ds vUnkt+ esa ckr djrk FkkA ij mls ,d cgknqj vknehds :i esa tkuk tkrk Fkk vkSj og Hkh vius <ax ls mlh dk i{k ysrk Fkk tks detksjgks] grk'k gksA ysfdu ;g er lkspuk fd iklZUl dksbZ Hkksanw gSA og gj pht+ ijB.Ms fnekx+ ls vkSj rkfdZd <ax ls lksprk&le>rk gSA et+nwj vkUnksyu vkSjlektokn ij tks dqN Hkh mls fey ldk og lc mlus i<+ j[kk gSA mldh ckrksaesa fopkj gksrs gSaA esjk mu fopkjksa ls cgqr T+;knk fojksèk gSA eSa dgrk gw¡ mlds fopkjx+yr gSa] [k+rjukd <ax ls x+yrA tks dqN gqvk D;k og lkfcr ugha djrk fdiklZUl x+yr Fkk\ mlds fglkc ls rks ,d gh jkLrk gS] og ;g fd et+nwj mB


[kM+s gksa vkSj t+ehu ij] mRiknu ds lkèkuksa ij] dkj[k+kuksa ij] Ldwyksa vkSj U;k;ky;ksaij o+$Ct+k dj ysaA esjs [k+;ky ls ;g ikxyiu gSA bl rjg] rqe ns[k gh jgs gks fdeSa Hkh mlds f[k+yki+$ gw¡A Likbl vkSj nwljksa ds Hkh f[k+yki+$ gw¡A ysfdu pw¡fd eSa mulslger ugha gw¡] rks D;k fli+$Z blh otg ls mUgsa ej tkuk pkfg,] D;k fli+$Z blhotg ls mudk o+$Ry dj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

ßrqe iwN ldrs gks fd vxj iklZUl ,slk ekurk Fkk rks mls vkB ?k.Vs dkeds fnu ds fy, et+nwjksa dh gj rjD+o+$h vkSj gj ek¡x ds fy, bruh dfBu yM+kbZyM+us dh D;k xjt FkhA cgqr fnypLi ckr gS ;gA eSaus [+kqn iklZUl ls ;g iwNkFkkA ysfdu mlds fy, blesa dksbZ vUrjfojksèk ugha FkkA dSls\ oks bl rjg fdet+nwjksa dh gj miyfCèk] mudh gj thr mlds vius y{; ds fy, vkSj muds y{;ds fy, ,d miyfCèk] ,d thr FkhA eSa ;g crkus ds fy, bls dg jgk gw¡ fdog vkneh tks dgrk Fkk] ogh djrk Hkh FkkA iklZUl fli+$Z ,d gS] cl ,dA

ßeSa vkSj Hkh cgqr dqN crk ldrk FkkA iklZUl ds ckjs esa bèkj&mèkj dh ckrsadjds lkjk fnu xqt+kj ldrk FkkA ij blds fy, vkt cgqr oD+r ugha gSA fli+$ZMs<+ ?k.Vs vkSj gSaA blfy, ml vkneh dh ckr ls 'kq: djds ns[ksa fd vkf[k+j gqvkD;k FkkA

ßrqEgsa ;kn gS vkt ls Ms<+ lky igys geus r; fd;k Fkk fd lky dk ,dfnu vesfjdh et+nwjksa dks lefiZr fd;k tk;s] ,d fnu tks gekjk gksxk] tks gekjh,drk vkSj vkB ?k.Vs dke ds la?k"kZ esa gekjs n<+ladYi dk izrhd gksxkA geus igyhebZ dk fnu pqukA o+$le ls] rqeus lkspk gksxk fd geus vius fy, ,d fnu] viusfy, ,d Nqêh ek¡xdj ns'k dh cqfu;kn gh u"V dj nhA rqEgsa ;kn gksxk fd tSls&tSlsog fnu o+$jhc vk;k] D;k gqvkA fiadjVUl dh iwjh i+$kSt f'kdkxks esa meM+ iM+hAiqfylokys lj ls ik¡o rd gfFk;kjksa ls ySl gks x;sA lM+dksa ij ?kweus okys lkjsvkokjksa dks gekjs f[k+yki+$ rSukr dj fn;k x;kA us'kuy xkMZ dks lkoèkku dj fn;kx;kA ;gk¡ rd fd f'kdkxks esa 'kkfUr cuk;s j[kus ds fy, i+$kSt dh VqdfM+;ksa dhek¡x dh x;hA ysfdu D;k gels 'kkfUr dks [k+rjk Fkk\ geus rks cl vkB ?k.Vsdke ds vkUnksyu ds fy, viuh ,dtqVrk iznf'kZr djus ds fy, ,d fnu ek¡xkFkkA vkSj 'kfuokj dk og fnu vk;k vkSj chr x;kA dksbZ xM+cM+h ugha gqbZA xM+cM+hrks gekjh nq'eu FkhA gesa viuk mís'; irk FkkA ge lkjs ns'k esa laxfBr Fks & fgalkls gesa D;k ykHk feyrk\


ßysfdu 3 ebZ dks] lkseokj ds fnu ,d cqjh ckr gks x;hA rqe tkurs ghgks blds ckjs esa] ij eSa gj pht+ dks mldh txg ij j[kuk pkgw¡xkA eSdkfeZddkj[k+kus ij vk;ksftr izn'kZu fli+$Z yEcj 'kksolZ ;wfu;u dk gh izn'kZu ugha Fkk]ogk¡ eSdkfeZd dkj[kkus ds Hkh ,d gt+kj ls T+;knk gM+rkyh et+nwj FksA gkyk¡fdvkxLr Likbl ogk¡ cksyk Fkk ij mlus xM+cM+h djus dk ukjk ugha fn;k FkkA mlus,drk ds fy, vkàku fd;k FkkA ;g dksbZ vijkèk gS D;k\ xM+cM+h rks rc 'kq:gqbZ tc gM+rky Hksfn;s dkj[k+kus ls ckgj tkus yxsA gM+rkfy;ksa us mUgsa ns[k fy;kvkSj cqjk&Hkyk dguk] xkfy;k¡ nsuk 'kq: dj fn;k tks ;gk¡ nksgjkus yk;d ugha gSAml n'; dh dYiuk djksA nks ;wfu;uksa ds N% gt+kj gM+rkyh et+nwj ckgj lHkk djjgs gSa vkSj mudh ut+jksa ds lkeus ls gM+rky Hksfn, pys tk jgs gSaA eSaus ns[kk ogk¡D;k gqvkA eSdkfeZd ds gM+rkyh dkj[k+kus dh vksj c<+us yxsA fdlh us muls dgkugha Fkk] fdlh us mUgsa mdlk;k ugha FkkA mUgksaus lquuk cUn dj fn;k Fkk vkSj osQkVdksa dh vksj c<+ jgs FksA gks ldrk gS mUgksaus dqN iRFkj mBk j[ks gksa] gks ldrkgS mUgksaus Hkíh ckrsa dgha gks & ysfdu muds dqN djus ls igys gh dkj[k+kus dhiqfyl us xksfy;k¡ pykuh 'kq: dj nhaA gs Hkxoku] yxrk Fkk tSls dksbZ ;q) gksAgM+rkyh fugRFks Fks vkSj iqfyl ekuks pk¡nekjh dj jgh gks] fiLrkSysa gkFk Hkj dh nwjhij Fkha] jk;i+$ysa Hkh ruh gqbZ Fkha & èkk¡;] èkk¡;] èkk¡;---A

ßyksxksa dk dguk gS fd dkj[k+kus us dqeqd ek¡xh FkhA blesa dqN oD+r yxrk]yxrk ;k ugha] ysfdu feuVksa esa iqfylokyksa ls ynh ,d x'rh xkM+h vk èkedhvkSj muds ihNs nkSM+rs gq, vk;h nks lkS gfFk;kjcUn vknfe;ksa dh VqdM+hA

ß,slk n'; iqjkuh nqfu;k esa lEHko Fkk] ;gk¡ ughaA et+nwj ,sls fxj jgs Fks tSlsyM+kbZ dk eSnku gksA tc mUgksaus fVddj [kM+s gksus dh dksf'k'k dh rks iqfylokysp<+ nkSM+s vkSj ykfB;ksa ls ihVdj mUgsa vyx dj fn;kA tc os frrj&fcrj gksdjnkSM+s rks iqfylokyksa us mudk ihNk fd;k] ihNs ls ykfB;k¡ cjlk;haA ns[kk ugha tkrkFkkA ;g Øwjrk Fkh] og'khiu FkkA Hkkx tkus dk eu dj jgk FkkA yxrk Fkk dS gkstk;sxhA vkSj ;gh fd;k eSausA ij Likbl Hkkxdj ^vkjckbVsj t+kbVqax* ¼Jfedlekpkji=k½ ds n¶+rj igq¡pk vkSj bl ?kVuk dk fojksèk djus ds fy, gs ekdsZV pkSjkgsij ehfVax dh i+$kSjh [k+cj pkjksa vksj fHktok;hA ;g Fkh 'kq#vkrA blfy, 'kq: gqvk;g lc D;ksafd ge vius fnu] ebZ fnol ij 'kkUr vkSj la;fer Fks vkSj os blsxokjk ugha dj ldrs FksA cUnwo+$ksa ls] cUnwo+$ksa ls os vlyh xM+cM+h QSyk ldrs Fks


vkSj rc yksx ph[k+&ph[k+dj ØkfUr dh ckr djrsAij vly ckr ;g gS fd iklZUl ogk¡ ugha FkkA Bhd oSls gh tSls iklZUl ml

oD+r gs ekdsZV esa ugha Fkk tc ce Qsadk x;kA fli+$Z eSdkfeZd ds vkSj ydM+h <ksusokys et+nwj gh gM+rky ij ugha FksA iqyeSuokys] czqUtfodokys] iSfdax dkj[kkuksa dset+nwj] lHkh gM+rky ij Fks vkSj f'kdkxks gh ugha ls.V yqbZ] fluflukVh] U;w;kdZ]lku ÝkaflLdks gj txg gM+rky FkhA iklZUl dgha Hkh gks ldrk Fkk] ij og ;gk¡ugha FkkA iklZUl Fkdk gqvk vkSj chekj FkkA og ?kj vkrk vkSj fcLrj ij <g tkrkAet+nwjksa ds laxBudrkZ dh ft+Unxh T+;knk ugha pyrhA igys isV tokc nsrk gS] fQjVk¡xsa vkSj tc vkidks vPNh rjg ihVk vkSj ykfB;ksa ls dw¡pk tk pqdk gks rc fljvkSj fnekx+ Hkh tokc nsus yxrs gSaA

ßrks mUgksaus vxys fnu gs ekdsZV esa ehfVax j[khA gs ekdsZV dks mUgksaus blfy,pquk Fkk D;ksafd og txg cM+h FkhA Likbl rks tSls ikxy gks mBk FkkA ?kk;y vkSjej jgs vknfe;ksa dh rLohj mlds fnekx ls gVrh gh ugha FkhA og lksp jgk Fkkfd gt+kjksa&gt+kj et+nwj fojksèk izn'kZu esa vk tk;saxsA ysfdu eSdkfeZd rks ,d fojkVla?k"kZ dk NksVk&lk fgLlk Hkj Fkk vkSj et+nwjksa dh gkj rks 'kq: gks pqdh FkhA gj txgmUgsa dqpyk vkSj rksM+k tk jgk FkkA ,d vkSj ehfVax ls Hkyk D;k gks tkrk\ ijLikbl dks de er le>ukA og cgqr rst+ vkneh Fkk] vkSj bZekunkj HkhA fons'kksaesa tUes et+nwjksa ds chp mldh ogh gSfl;r Fkh tks vesfjdh et+nwjksa ds chp iklZUldh FkhA og lksprk Fkk fd ;g ,d ,slk ekSo+$k gS ftls x¡okuk ugha pkfg,A vxjgs ekdsZV eas chl gt+kj et+nwj bdëk gks tkrs gSa rks dke ds ?k.Vs vkB* vkUnksyudk #[k+ cny ldrk gSA gks ldrk gS fd ,slk gh gksrk] ij irk ugha] tSlk eSa dgjgk Fkk] eSa bu yksxksa ls lger ugha gw¡A ØkfUr dh ckr ls esjh yM+kbZ vkxs ughac<+rh] ckfèkr gh gksrh gSA eSa rks ,slk gh le>rk gw¡A

ßysfdu vxyh 'kke dks gsekdsZV esa chl gt+kj yksx ugha bdëk gq,A tcLikbl ogk¡ igq¡pk rks cgqr FkksM+s yksx FksA 'kke xqt+jus ds lkFk yksx c<+s rks lgh]ij dHkh Hkh HkhM+ rhu gt+kj rd Hkh ugha igq¡phA pw¡fd HkhM+ de Fkh blfy, mUgksausehfVax dh txg gs ekdsZV ls cnydj ns Iysu dj nh] tks ysd vkSj jSMksYi+$ ds chpdh ,d txg FkhA ysfdu eSa rqEgsa iklZUl ds ckjs esa crk jgk gw¡A fli+$Z blhfy,rks vkt lqcg rqEgkjk oD+r cjckn dj jgk gw¡A eSa rqEgsa crk jgk gw¡ fd dSls iklZUlogk¡ ugha Fkk] dSls mls ehfVax ds ckjs esa irk rd ugha FkkA oSls rks lSe i+$hYMsu


¼iklZUl vkSj Likbl dk nksLr vkSj et+nwj laxBudrkZ½ Hkh gs ekdsZV dh ehfVax dsckjs esa ugha tkurk FkkA

ßysfdu iklZUl ij ykSVsaA mlus nks ebZ dks f'kdkxks NksM+ fn;k Fkk vkSj Hkk"k.knsus fluflukVh pyk x;k FkkA rhu ebZ ds iwjs fnu tc eSdkfeZd dkj[k+kus ij;g Hk;kud ?kVuk ?kV jgh Fkh] rc iklZUl ;gk¡ Fkk gh ughaA og pkj dh lqcg?kj igq¡pkA og lkjh jkr lks;k ugha FkkA tc ywlh mls crk jgh Fkh fd ;gk¡ D;kgqvk rc og Fkdku ls fu<ky gks jgk FkkA [+kqn mlus fluflukVh esa tks dqN ns[kkFkk mlls dqN vyx ugha Fkk ;gA ekfyd yksx ukjkt+ FksA ekfydksa ds fy, [+kqndks pqukSrh nsus dh T+kqjZr djus okys xUns jk{kl dks dqpy Mkyuk t+:jh Fkk] vkSjos mldks dqpyus esaa yxs gq, FksA vkSj gj dgha og VqdM+s&VqdM+s gks jgk FkkA Hkw[ks]Fkds] fugRFks vkneh dh xSVfyax cUnwo+$ ds lkeus D;k fclkr Fkh!

ßiklZUl iRuh dk c;ku lqurk jgkA vius nksuksa cPpksa ds lkFk [ksyrk jgkAmlus iRuh dh nh gqbZ dkWi+$h ih] ikojksVh dk ,d VqdM+k [kk;kA mlus ywlh ls dgk]^gesa dqN djuk gh gksxkA* ij djus dks Fkk gh D;k\ og cksyh] rqe cgqr Fkd x;sgksA vkt jkr ehfVax ugha dj ikvksxsA* og gs ekdsZV dh ehfVax dh ckr ugha djjgh FkhA ml ehfVax ds ckjs esa rks og tkurh gh ugha FkhA ^ehfVax rks djuh ghgksxh]* iklZUl us dgkA iklZUl ds usrRo esa dke djus okyksa dks ge yksx vesfjdhxzqi* dgrs Fks D;ksafd muesa ls T+;knkrj vesfjdk esa iSnk gq, et+nwj FksA mlus r;fd;k fd ehfVax gksxh vkSj csgn Fkds gksus ds ckoT+kwn Msyh U;wt+* esa ?kks"k.kk djokuspyk x;kA fQj og ?kj ykSVk vkSj cPpksa ds lkFk FkksM+h nsj vkSj [ksykA fQj lks x;kAtkxus ij og dki+$h vPNk eglwl dj jgk FkkA igys tSlk] g¡lrk&g¡lkrkA ywlhcrkrh gS fd mlus gkj dh ugha thr dh ckrsa dha] vkSj dgk fd mlds cPps ,d,sls vesfjdk esa cM+s gksaxs tks nqfu;k dks U;k; vkSj vkt+knh dh vksj ys tk;sxkA

ß'kke dks og] ywlh vkSj nksuksa cPps ehfVax esa x;sA ges'kk dh rjg og vkSjywlh lkFk&lkFk py jgs Fks] izsfe;ksa dh rjg ,d&nwljs dks fugkjrs gq,A

ßbl chp gs ekdsZV dh ehfVax NksVh rks Fkh gh] 'kq: gh ugha gks jgh FkhA dSlhcqjh jkr Fkh! Mjkouh] dHkh Hkh ikuh cjlus dk [k+rjk cuk gqvk FkkA ckfj'k ds Mjls dki+$h yksx ugh vk;s FksA tks vk;s Fks os bUrt+kj dj jgs Fks fd dc ehfVax 'kq:gks vkSj [k+Re gksA ysfdu tkurs gh gks] lc iklZUl ij fuHkZj Fks ij irk pyk fdgjsd us iklZUl dks ehfVax esa ykus dh ckr fdlh vkSj ij NksM+ j[kh gSA Likbl


ehfVax dks iklZUl ds fcuk 'kq: ugha djuk pkgrk Fkk vkSj tc fdlh us Msyh U;wt+*dh ?kks"k.kk ds ckjs esa crk;k rks Likbl cksyk fd og [+kqn iklZUl dks ysus tk;sxkAysfdu ,slk djus ls rks ehfVax dh tku gh fudy tkrhA mUgksaus Likbl dks cksyuk'kq: djus ds fy, rS;kj dj fy;k vkSj dksbZ nwljk iklZUl dks <w¡<+us pyk x;kALikbl us cksyuk 'kq: fd;kA mlus tks dgk mls nksgjkus dh t#jr ughaA v[k+ckjksaesa dki+$h Ni pqdk gSA ysfdu ;g ;kn djus dh t+:jr gS fd mlus eq[; rkSj ij^dke ds ?k.Vs vkB* vkUnksyu dh ckr dhA mlus dgk fd lcdqN fli+$Z blhfy,[k+Re ugha gks tkuk pkfg, fd et+nwjksa ij ykfB;k¡&xksfy;k¡ cjlk;h x;h gSaA gesavkSj ,dtqV gksuk gksxk] vkSj dfBu la?k"kZ djuk gksxkA vkSj mlus crk;k fd fiNysfnu eSdkfeZd ij D;k gqvk FkkA bl chp dksbZ nwljh okyh ehfVax esa iklZUl dsikl igq¡p pqdk FkkA ogk¡ i+$hYMsu Hkh FkkA og rks gksrk gh] D;ksafd Hkys gh og vaxzst+gS ij vesfjfd;ksa ds lkFk eq>ls csgrj <ax ls ckr dj ldrk gSA iklZUl cqjh rjgFkdk gqvk Fkk ij mlus dgk fd og vk;sxk vkSj fQj ls cksysxkA i+$hYMsu Hkh mldslkFk vk;kA i+$hYMsu yEck&rM+axk gSA ;kdZ'kk;jokyksa dh rjg mls x+qLlk nsj ls vkrkgS ij pkjksa vksj tks dqN gks jgk Fkk og mlls Hkhrj gh Hkhrj mcy jgk FkkA mldseu esa dM+okgV Hkj x;h FkhA vkSj tc og cksyrk Fkk rks ;g dM+okgV ckgj vktkrh FkhA

ß[k+Sj! iklZUl viuh iRuh vkSj nksuksa cPpksa ds lkFk ns Iysu LVªhV x;k tgk¡Likbl dh ehfVax FkhA cPps rc rd Fkd pqds FksA ,d ywlh dh xksn esa Fkk] nwljkiklZUl dhA gk¡&gk¡] ;g eSa rqEgkjh lgkuqHkwfr ikus ds fy, gh dg jgk gw¡A vktds ckn oD+r ugha gksxkA vkSj eq>s rqels lgkuqHkwfr ikus esa dksbZ 'keZ ugha gSA

ßvHkh Hkh dkys vkleku ds uhps o+$jhc nks gt+kj vkneh iklZUl dk bUrt+kjdj jgs FksA rqe ugha le>ksxsA ij eSaus nks&nks ?k.Vs [kM+s jgdj iklZUl ds cksyusdk bUrt+kj fd;k gSA ogk¡ nks xkfM+;k¡ FkhaA ,d xkM+h dk bLrseky Hkk"k.k nsus okyseap dh rjg dj jgs Fks vkSj nwljh ij yksx cSBs Fks] ij mUgksaus ywlh iklZUl vkSjcPpksa ds fy, txg cuk nhA iklZUl dks ns[kdj Likbl dks jkgr feyhA rqEghalkspks] dSlk yxsxk tc rqEgkjh ut+j esa bruk egÙoiw.kZ ekSo+$k gks vkSj HkhM+ f[klduk'kq: dj nsA

ßLikbl dks ,slk gh yx jgk FkkA rqe rks [+kqn gh dki+$h fnuksa ls jktuhfresa jgs gksA le> ldrs gks fd vxj Jksrk ehfVax NksM+dj tkus yxsa] vkSj og Hkh


,d&,d djds ugha] >q.Mksa esa] rks vPNs ls vPNk vkneh Hkh iLr gks tk;sxkAcgjgky] tc iklZUl cksyus ds fy, [kM+k gqvk rks ukS ct pqds FksA yksx #d x;sAt+jk mldh gkyr ds ckjs esa lkspksA og rhl ?k.Vksa ls ugha lks;k FkkA ,d ehfVaxesa cksydj lhèks ogk¡ igq¡pk FkkA og lcdqN ftlds fy, og yM+rk jgk Fkk] mlsviuh vk¡[kksa ds lkeus VwVrs] fc[kjrs ns[k jgk FkkA fQj Hkh og cksyk] vkSj vPNhrjg cksykA mlus vkB ?k.Vs ds dke* vkUnksyu ls ckr 'kq: dh] fQj et+nwjksa dsckjs esa cksykA eSa ugha le>rk] vesfjdk esa et+nwjksa ds ckjs esa dksbZ iklZUl ls T+;knktkurk gksxkA og bt+kjsnkjh ds c<+us ds ckjs esa cksyk & ;g lc Bhd gSA rqeusmldk c;ku i<+k gS] rqe tkurs gks og fdlds ckjs esa cksykA ysfdu ;g ckrsaljklj >wBha gSa fd mlus igys ls fy[kdj rS;kj fd;k gqvk dksbZ Hkk"k.k fn;k] ;gfcYdqy >wB gSA mlds fnekx esa tks ckrsa vkrh x;ha] og cksyrk x;kA dksbZ fy[kkgqvk Hkk"k.k ugha Fkk vkSj u gh fdlh us mldh ckrksa dks fy[kk FkkA gk¡] vxys fnu,d Hkk"k.k dk vkfo"dkj dj fy;k x;k] ij og iklZUl dk ugha FkkA

ßvkSj fQj mlus ckr [k+Re dh vkSj i+$hYMsu dk ifjp; djk;kA ;gk¡ cSBdjrqels ckrsa djrs gq, i+$hYMsu dh ckrksa dks ;kn djuk fnypLi gS D;ksafd i+$hYMsuo+$kuwu ds ckjs esa cksyk FkkA èkfudksa dk dkuwu] x+jhcksa dk ugha] èkfudksa dh vnkyrsa]x+jhcksa dh ughaA Bhd gS] eSa iklZUl ds ckjs esa gh crkrk gw¡A cSBks] vkSj esjh ckrlquks] ;k gks ldrk gS rqe esjh ckr u lquks vkSj lkspks fd ;g csodwi+$ c<+bZ csdkjesa rqEgkjk oD+r cjckn dj jgk gSA ysfdu bl c<+bZ dk yscj ikVhZ esa jktuhfrdizHkko gS] rqEgsa mldh ckrsa lquuh pkfg, vkSj mldh Hkkoukvksa dks Bsl ugha igq¡pkukpkfg,A Bhd gS] fQj eq>s viuh rjg ls crkus nksA

ßi+$hYMsu us cksyuk 'kq: fd;k rks iklZUl xkM+h ds ikl x;k vkSj NksVs cPpsdks mBk fy;kA rHkh ckfj'k 'kq: gks x;hA ,d cPpk jksus yxkA tks dqN gqvk mldhjks'kuh esa bl ckr ij x+kSj djukA cPps dks xksn esa fy, gq, iklZUl eap rd x;ktgk¡ ls i+$hYMsu cksy jgk FkkA mlus dgk fd ckfj'k gks jgh gS] D;ksa u os tsQ gkWyesa pys pysa tgk¡ vDlj mudh ehfVaxsa gqvk djrh FkhaA mlus ,slk blfy, lkspkD;ksafd mldh xksn esa cPpk Fkk vkSj og [+kqn cgqr Fkdk gqvk FkkA ysfdu nks gt+kjyksxksa dks lM+dksa ls gksdj 'kkfUr ds lkFk ys tkuk vkSj gkWy esa ys tkdj O;ofLFkr<ax ls cSBkuk dSls gksrk gSA eSa cl nks feuV esa ckr [k+Re djrk gw¡]* i+$hYMsu cksykAiklZUl us flj fgyk;k ij og cPpksa ds lkFk ckfj'k esa ogk¡ [kM+k ugha jg ldrk


FkkA HkhM+ N¡V jgh FkhA ml oD+r rd ogk¡ djhc N%&lkr lkS yksx gksaxs] tks vHkhHkh ckfj'k esa [kMs+ Hkk"k.k lqu jgs FksA

ßrks iklZUl] ywlh] nksuksa cPps vkSj ,d nksLr ehfVax ls tsQ gkWy pys x;sAos FkksM+h nsj ds fy, gh x;s Fks ogk¡] dqN yksxksa ls feyus] vkSj mlds ckn mUgsa ?kjtkuk FkkA ysfdu èkekdk mUgksaus ogha ij lqukA

ßvkSj og èkekdk] og ce & rqe rks tkurs gh gks dSls gqvk] ;k gks ldrkgS u tkurs gksA bl ckr dks cgqr fnu gks x;s gSa] gks ldrk gS esjs vPNs nksLrdks ckr ;kn u gksA i+$hYMsu cksy gh jgk Fkk fd okMZ vkSj cksui+$hYM ds usrRo esanks lkS iqfylokys HkhM+ dks Bsyrs gq, vk èkedsA D;ksa\ dSls\ fdlfy,\ ml 'kkUr]O;ofLFkr ehfVax ds fy, tks [+kqn fc[kj jgh Fkh\ eqf'dy ls ik¡p lkS yksx cpsgksaxs ml oDr rdA vkSj flikfg;ksa ds vkxs [kMk+ okMZ fpYykus yxk fd os QkSjufrrj&fcrj gks tk;saA i+$hYMsu D;k djrk\ cksyuk cUn djds og xkM+h ls mrjusyxkA HkhM+ lM+d ds nwljh vksj tkus yxhA rHkh ce Qsadk x;k] Hkxoku tkus dgk¡lsA og iqfylokyksa ds lkeus gh QVkA ,d ogha ej x;k] dbZ ?kk;y gq,A fdlusQsadk Fkk ce\ Ms<+ lky ls bl nq[k dh uxjh esa geus blds flok dqN ugha lqukgS fd ce fdlus QsadkA Hkxoku ;k 'kfDr ;k HkkX; tks Hkh gks] eSa mldh o+$le[kkdj dgrk gw¡ tt] fd gekjs fdlh vkneh us ce ugha QsadkA gk¡] ;gh jk; gSesjhA vkSj esjs iwokZxzg gSaA eSa ,d et+nwj gw¡ vkSj fuf'pr rkSj ij esjs iwokZxzg gSaAij vc tcfd dqN ?k.Vksa esa iklZUl ejus tk jgk gS] eSa ;g o+$le [kkdj dgrkgw¡A eq>s fgalk ls ui+$jr gSA eSa o+$le [kkdj tks dg jgk gw¡W] ml ij eq>s fo'oklgSA ;g ce gekjs nq'euksa us Qsadk FkkA rc ls vc rd tks dqN gqvk gS ml ijx+kSj djks vkSj lkspks fd D;k blds vykok dksbZ vkSj ckr gks ldrh Fkh\ lkspks fdce Qsads tkus ds rqjUr ckn D;k gqvk] dSls iqfylokyksa us cUnwo+$sa rku yha vkSjxksfy;k¡ pykuh 'kq: dj nhaA blds vkxs rks ,d fnu igys dh eSdkfeZd dh ?kVukekewyh iM+ x;h FkhA mUgksaus ikxyksa dh rjg xksfy;k¡ pyk;haA mUgksaus et+nwjksa dks]mudh chfo;ksa dks vkSj cPpksa dks Hkwu MkYkkA ge fugRFks FksA gekjh rji+$ ls dksbZxksyh ugha pyhA ysfdu iqfyl xksfy;k¡ cjlkrh jghA HkhM+ frrj&fcrj gks x;h FkhvkSj yksx ph[k+rs gq, pkjksa vksj Hkkx jgs FksA

ß;g gS lPpkbZ]Þ NksVs o+$n ds ml c<+bZ us dgk] ßeSaus ogk¡ ekStwn lSdM+ksa yksxksals ;gh dgkuh lquh gSA ;gh lPpkbZ gSAÞ


mUgsa 'kqØokj dks Qk¡lh nh x;hA vxys fnu v[kckjksa esa Qk¡lh ds foLrr C;ksjs vkSj<sjksa ys[k Nis Fks & ejusokys O;fDr;ksa ds ckjs] o+$kuwu vkSj O;oLFkk ds ckjs esa] turU=kds ckjs esa] lafoèkku vkSj blds <sjksa la'kksèkuksa ds ckjs esa & ftuesa ls dqN dks fcyvkQ jkbV~l* dgk tkrk gS & ØkfUr] x.krU=k ds laLFkkidksa vkSj xg;q) ds ckjsesaA blh ds lkFk Nih Fkha vUR;sf"V dh lwpuk,¡A 'kgj ds vfèkdkfj;ksa us ik¡pksa erO;fDr;ksa & fyaXx] tks viuh dksBjh esa ej x;k Fkk] iklZUl] Likbl] fQ'kj vkSj,afty ds lEcfUèk;ksa vkSj fe=kksa dks muds 'kjhj izkIr dj ysus dh vuqefr ns nhFkhA ;s fe=k vkSj lEcUèkh ;fn pkgsa rks mUgsa lkoZtfud vUR;sf"V djus dh Hkhbtkt+r FkhA es;j jks'k us ?kks"k.kk dj nh Fkh fd okbYMgkbe dczxkg tkrs gq, ekrehtwywl fdu&fdu lM+dksa ls xqt+j ldrk FkkA ;g lc ckjg ls nks ds chp gksukFkkA fli+$Z ekreh laxhr ct ldrk FkkA gfFk;kj ugha ys tk;s tk ldrs Fks] >.MsvkSj cSuj ysdj pyuk euk FkkA v[k+ckjksa ds eqrkfco+$ gk¡ykfd ;s yksx lekt ds?kksf"kr nq'eu Fks] vijkèkh vkSj gR;kjs Fks] fQj Hkh ,slk gks ldrk Fkk fd vUR;sf"Vesa 'kkfey gksus ds fy, dqN lkS yksx pys vk;saA vkSj lafoèkku ds ml fgLls dseqrkfco+$] tks èkkfeZd LorU=krk dh xkj.Vh nsrk gS] bl vUR;sf"V dh btkt+r nsukU;k;laxr gh FkkA

brokj dks tt us iRuh ls dgk fd og ckgj Vgyus tk jgk gSA gkyk¡fd ,Eekdks 'kd Fkk fd og Vgyrs gq, dgk¡ tk;sxk ij og dqN cksyh ughaA u gh mlus;g dgk fd brokj dh lqcg mlds vdsys ckgj tkus dh bPNk dqN vthc FkhAysfdu njvly] ;g dksbZ rkTtqc dh ckr ugha Fkha] tqywl ds jkLrs dh vksj tkrsgq, tt us eglwl fd;k fd og rks gt+kjks&gt+kj f'kdkxksokfl;ksa esa ls cl ,dgSA vkSj fQj ,slk yxus yxk ekuks o+$jhc&o+$jhc vkèkk 'kgj f'kdkxks dh mnkl]xUnh lM+dksa ds nksuksa vksj [kM+k tqywl dk bUrt+kj dj jgk gSA

lqcg B.Mh Fkh vkSj og ;g Hkh ugha pkgrk Fkk fd yksx mls igpkusaA blfy,mlus dksV ds dkyj mBk fy;s vkSj gSV dks ekFks ij uhps [khap fy;kA mlus gkFktscksa esa Bw¡l fy;s vkSj 'kjhj dk cks> dHkh ,d fBBqjs gq, iSj rks dHkh nwljs ij Mkyrkgqvk bUrt+kj djus yxkA

tqywl fn[kk;h iMk+A ;g oSlk ugha Fkk ftldh mEehn FkhA oSls rks drbZ ughaFkk tSlh mEehn djds 'kgj ds vfèkdkfj;ksa us btkt+r nh FkhA dksbZ laxhr ugha Fkk]


flok; gYds inpkiksa vkSj vkSjrksa dh èkheh fllfd;ksa ds vkSj ckdh lkjh vkokt+sa]lkjs 'kksj tSls buesa Mwc x;s FksA tSls lkjs 'kgj dks [k+keks'kh ds ,d fo'kky vkSj'kksdiw.kZ di+$u us <¡d fy;k gksA

lcls igys >.Mk fy;s gq, ,d vkneh vk;k] tqywl dk ,dek=k >.Mk] ,diqjkuk jax mM+k gqvk flrkjksa vkSj ifê;ksaokyk >.Mk tks xg;q) ds nkSjku xoZ ds lkFk,d jsthes.V ds vkxs pyrk FkkA mls ysdj pyus okyk xg;q) esa yM+k ,d flikghFkk] ,d vèksM+ mez dk vkneh ftldk psgjk ,slk yx jgk Fkk ekuks iRFkj dk x<+kgksA

fQj vk;ha vfFkZ;k¡ vkSj rkcwrA fQj iqjkuh] [kqyh gqbZ ?kksM+kxkfM+;k¡ vk;ha] ftuesaifjokjksa ds yksx FksA muesa ls ,d esa vkYVxsYM us ywlh iklZUl dks ns[kk] og viusnksuksa cPpksa ds lkFk cSBh Fkh vkSj fuxkgsa lhèkh lkeus fVdh gqbZ FkhaA ---fQj vk;sejus okyksa ds vfHkUu nksLr] muds dkejsMA os pkj&pkj dh drkj esa py jgs Fks]muds psgjs Hkh mnkl Fks] tSls xg;q) ds flikgh dk psgjk FkkA

fQj vPNs diM+ksa esa iq#"kksa vkSj fL=k;ksa dk ,d lewg vk;kA muesa ls db;ksadks vkYVxsYM tkurk vkSj igpkurk Fkk] odhy] tt] MkWDVj] f'k{kd] NksVs O;kikjhvkSj cgqr&ls nwljs yksx tks bu ik¡pksa ejusokyksa dks cpkus dh yM+kbZ esa 'kkfey FksA

fQj vk;s et+nwj ftudh dksbZ lhek gh ugha FkhaA os vk;s Fks iSfdax djus okyhdEifu;ksa ls] ydM+h ds dkj[k+kuksa ls] eSdkfeZd vkSj iqyeSu dkj[k+kuksa lsA os vk;sFks feyksa ls] [kkn dh [kfÙk;ksa ls] jsyos ;kMks± ls vkSj duLrj xksnkeksa lsA os vk;sFks mu ljk;ksa ls ftuesa csjkst+xkj jgrs Fks] lM+dksa ls] xsgw¡ ds [ksrksa ls] f'kdkxks vkSj,d nt+Zu nwljs 'kgjksa dh xfy;ksa lsA cgqr&ls vius lcls vPNs diM+s igus gq,Fks] viuk ,dek=k dkyk lwV ftls igudj mudh 'kknh gqbZ FkhA cgqrksa ds lkFkmudh ifRu;k¡ Hkh Fkha] cPps Hkh muds lkFk py jgs FksA dqN us cPpksa dks xksn esamBk j[kk FkkA ysfdu cgqrsjs ,sls Hkh Fks ftuds ikl dke ds diM+ksa ds flok dksbZdiM+s ugha FksA os viuh iwjh onhZ vkSj uhyh thal vkSj i+$ykySu dh deht+sa igusgq, FksA pjokgs Hkh Fks tks ik¡p lkS ehy ls vius ?kksM+ksa ij ;g lkspdj vk;s Fks fdf'kdkxks esa bu yksxksa dh lt+k eki+$ djk;h tk ldrh gS D;ksafd ;gk¡ ds yksxksa esafo'okl vkSj bPNk'kfDr gSA vkSj tc bls ugha jksdk tk ldk rks os vFkhZ ds lkFkpyus ds fy, #d x;s FksA os vius cs<axs Å¡ph ,fM+;ksa okys twrksa esa py jgs FksAmuesa 'kgj ds vklikl ds nsgkrksa ds yky psgjksa okys fdlku Fks] batu Mªkboj Fks


vkSj fo'kky >hyksa ls vk;s ukfod FksAlSdM+ksa iqfylokys vkSj fiadjVu ds vkneh lM+d ds nksuksa vksj [kM+s FksA ysfdu

tc mUgksaus tqywl dks ns[kk rks os pqipki [kM+s gks x;s] mUgksaus cUnwo+$sa j[k nha vkSjfuxkgsa t+ehu ij fVdk yhaA ---D;ksafd et+nwj 'kkUr FksA lquk;h iM+rh Fkha rks fli+$Zmudh lk¡lsa vkSj pyrs gq, dneksa dh vkokt+A ,d Hkh 'kCn ugha lquk;h nsrk FkkAdksbZ cksy ugha jgk FkkA u enZ] u vkSjrsa] cPps rd ughaA lM+d ds fdukjs [kM+s yksxHkh [k+keks'k FksA

vkSj vHkh Hkh et+nwj vkrs gh tk jgs FksA vkYVxsYM ,d ?k.Vs rd [kM+k jgk]ij os vkrs gh jgsA dUèks ls dUèks feyk;s] psgjs iRFkj tSls] vk¡[kksa ls èkhjs&èkhjs vk¡lwcg jgs Fks ftUgsa dksbZ iksaN ugha jgk FkkA ,d vkSj ?k.Vk chrk] fQj Hkh mudk vUrugha FkkA fdrus gt+kj tk pqds Fks] fdrus gt+kj vkSj vkus ckdh Fks] og vUnkt+ugha yxk ldrk FkkA ij ,d pht+ og tkurk Fkk] bl ns'k ds bfrgkl esa ,slhdksbZ vUR;sf"V igys dHkh ugha gqbZ Fkh] lcls T+;knk I;kjk usrk vczkge fyadu tcejk Fkk] rc Hkh ughaA

¼f'kdkxks iqfyl ds eqrkfco+$ 'kghn et+nwj usrkvksa ds ekreh tqywl¼f'kdkxks iqfyl ds eqrkfco+$ 'kghn et+nwj usrkvksa ds ekreh tqywl¼f'kdkxks iqfyl ds eqrkfco+$ 'kghn et+nwj usrkvksa ds ekreh tqywl¼f'kdkxks iqfyl ds eqrkfco+$ 'kghn et+nwj usrkvksa ds ekreh tqywl¼f'kdkxks iqfyl ds eqrkfco+$ 'kghn et+nwj usrkvksa ds ekreh tqywlesa 6 yk[k ls T+;knk yksx 'kkfey gq, FksA½esa 6 yk[k ls T+;knk yksx 'kkfey gq, FksA½esa 6 yk[k ls T+;knk yksx 'kkfey gq, FksA½esa 6 yk[k ls T+;knk yksx 'kkfey gq, FksA½esa 6 yk[k ls T+;knk yksx 'kkfey gq, FksA½


vnkyr esa ywlh iklZUl dk c;ku

ßtt vkYVxsYM] D;k vki bl ckr ls bUdkj djsaxs fd vkids tsy[k+kus x+jhcksa dscPpksa ls Hkjs gq, gSa] vehjksa ds cPpksa ls ugha\ D;k vki bUdkj djsaxs fd vknehblfy, pksjh djrk gS D;ksafd mldk isV [k+kyh gksrk gS\ D;k vkiesa ;g dgus dklkgl gS fd os Hkwyh&HkVdh cgusa] ftudh vki ckr djrs gSa] ,d jkr esa nl lschl O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk lksus esa izlUurk eglwl djrh gSa] viuh v¡rfM+;ksa dksnxokdj cgqr [+kq'k gksrh gSa\Þ

iwjs gkWy esa fojksèk dk 'kksj xw¡tus yxk % ß'keZukdÞ vkSj ß?k.kkLinÞ dh vkokt+samBus yxhA ,d iknjh mBk vkSj vkos'k ls dk¡irs gq, vius Nkrs dks tksj&'kksj lsfgykdj mlus tt ls gLr{ksi djus dks dgkA nwljksa us Hkh 'kksj fd;kA ijUrq ttvkYVxsYM us] tSlk fd vxys fnu v[k+ckjksa us Hkh fy[kk] iz'kaluh; <ax ls vkpj.kfd;kA mlus vius gkFk ds b'kkjs ls 'kksj&'kjkcs dks 'kkUr fd;kA mlus O;oLFkkcuk;s j[kus dk vkns'k fn;k vkSj mls ykxw fd;kA mlus dgk] ßeap ij ,d efgyk[kM+h gSA D;k ge brus mí.M gksdj uezrk dh èkfTt;k¡ mM+k;saxs\Þ fQj JherhiklZUl dh vksj eqM+rs gq, mlus dgk] ßÑi;k vki viuh ckr tkjh j[ksa] JherhiklZUl] vkSj mlds ckn vxj vki pkgsaxh rks eSa vkids loky dk tokc nw¡xkAÞ

rks ;g Fkh cgqpfpZr ywlh iklZUl! gkWy esa QqlQqlkgV gqbZ vkSj JherhiklZUl us] tks bl nkSjku iwjs le; n<+rkiwoZd [kM+h jgh Fkh] cksyuk 'kq: fd;k %ßvki lc yksx tks lqèkkj dh ckrsa djrs gSa] lqèkkj dk mins'k nsrs gSa vkSj lqèkkj dhxkM+h ij p<+dj LoxZ rd igq¡puk pkgrs gSa] vki yksxksa dh lksp D;k gS\ ttvkYVxsYM o+$Sfn;ksa ds fy, èkkjhnkj iks'kkd dh txg Hkwjs lwV dh odkyr djrs gSaAog jpukRed dk;Z] vPNh fdrkcksa vkSj goknkj] lki+$&lqFkjh dksBfj;ksa dh odkyrdjrs gSaA cs'kd mudk ;g dguk lgh gS fd dBksj n.M dh lt+k ik;s o+$Sfn;ksa dksigyh ckj vijkèk ds fy, lt+k Hkqxrus okys o+$Sfn;ksa ls vyx j[kk tkuk pkfg,Aog ,d tt gSa vkSj blfy, tc og U;k; ds i{k esa <sj lkjh ckrsa djrs gSa eq>s


vk'p;Z ugha gksrk D;ksafd vxj dksbZ pht+ ekStwn gh ugha gS rks Hkh mldh ppkZ rksvo'; gksuh pkfg,A ugha] eSa tt vkYVxsYM dh vkykspuk ugha dj jgh gw¡A eSa mulslger gw¡ tc os ;U=k.kk dh Hk;kogrk ds fo#) vkokt+ mBkrs gSaA eSaus ,d ckjugha] vusdksa ckj ro+$yhQsa vkSj ;kruk,¡ cjnk'r dh gSaA esjs 'kjhj ij mlds <sjksafu'kku gSaA ysfdu eSa rqEgkjs lqèkkjksa ds >k¡ls esa ugha vkrhA ;g lekt rqEgkjk gS]tt vkYVxsYMA rqe yksxksa us bls cuk;k gS vkSj ;gh og lekt gS tks vijkfèk;ksadks iSnk djrk gSA ,d L=kh viuk 'kjhj cspus yxrh gS D;ksafd ;g Hkw[ks ejus dhrqyuk esa FkksM+k csgrj gSA ,d bUlku blfy, pksj cu tkrk gS D;ksafd rqEgkjhO;oLFkk mls o+$kuwu rksM+us okyk ?kksf"kr djrh gSA og rqEgkjs uhfr'kkL=k dks ns[krkgS tks fd taxyh tkuojksa ds vkpkj&O;ogkj dk 'kkL=k gS vkSj rqe mls tsy[k+kus esaBw¡l nsrs gks D;ksafd og rqEgkjs vkpkj&O;ogkj dk ikyu ugha djrk gSA vkSj vxjet+nwj ,dtqV gksdj jksVh ds fy, la?k"kZ djrs gSa] ,d csgrj ft+Unxh ds fy, yM+kbZyM+rs gSa] rks rqe mUgsa Hkh tsy Hkst nsrs gks vkSj viuh vkRek dks lUrq"V djus dsfy, gj&ges'kk lqèkkj dh ckr djrs gks] lqèkkj dh ckrsaA ugha] tt vkYVxsYM] tcrd rqe bl O;oLFkk dh] bl uhfr'kkL=k dh fgi+$ktr vkSj j[kokyh djrs jgksxs]rc rd rqEgkjh tsyksa dh dksBfj;k¡ ges'kk ,sls L=kh&iq#"kksa ls Hkjh jgsaxh tks ekSr dhctk; thou pqusaxs & og vijkèkh thou tks rqe mu ij Fkksirs gksAÞ


iRuh ds uke vYcVZ iklZUl dk [k+r

dqd dkm.Vh ckLrh; tsy] dksBjh ua- 29f'kdkxks] 20 vxLr] 1886

esjh fiz; iRuh %vkt lqcg gekjs ckjs esa gq, QSlys ls iwjh nqfu;k ds vR;kpkfj;ksa esa [+kq'kh

Nk x;h gS] vkSj f'kdkxks ls ysdj ls.V ihVlZcxZ rd ds iw¡thifr vkt nkorksa esa'kjkc dh ufn;k¡ cgk;saxsA ysfdu] gekjh ekSr nhokj ij fy[kh ,slh bckjr cutk;sxh tks ui+$jr] cSj] <ksax&ik[k.M] vnkyr ds gkFkksa gksus okyh gR;k] vR;kpkjvkSj bUlku ds gkFkksa bUlku dh x+qykeh ds vUr dh Hkfo";ok.kh djsxhA nqfu;kHkjds ncs&dqpys yksx viuh o+$kuwuh csfM+;ksa esa dlelk jgs gSaA fojkV et+nwj oxZ tkxjgk gSA xgjh uhan ls tkxh gqbZ turk viuh ta+thjksa dks bl rjg rksM+ Qsadsxh tSlsrwi+$ku esa ujdqy VwV tkrs gSaA

ge lc ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds o'k esa gksrs gSaA ge oSls gh gSa tks ifjfLFkfr;ksa us gesacuk;kA ;g lp fnu&c&fnu lki+$ gksrk tk jgk gSA

,slk dksbZ lcwr ugha Fkk fd ftu vkB yksxksa dks ekSr dh lt+k lquk;h x;hgS muesa ls fdlh dks Hkh gsekdsZV dh ?kVuk dh tkudkjh Fkh] ;k mlus bldh lykgnh ;k bls HkM+dk;kA ysfdu blls D;k i+$o+$Z iM+rk gSA lqfoèkkHkksxh oxZ dks ,df'kdkj pkfg, Fkk] vkSj djksM+ifr;ksa dh ikx+y HkhM+ dh [+kwu dh I;klh ph[k+&iqdkjdks 'kkUr djus ds fy, gekjh cfy p<+k;h tk jgh gS D;ksafd gekjh tku ls defdlh pht+ ls os lUrq"V ugha gksaxsA vkt ,dkfèkdkjh iw¡thifr;ksa dh thr gqbZ gS!ta+thj esa tdM+k et+nwj Qk¡lh ds QUns ij p<+ jgk gS D;ksafd mlus vkt+knh vkSjgo+$ ds fy, vkokt+ mBkus dh fgEer dh gSA

esjh fiz; iRuh] eq>s rqEgkjs fy, vkSj gekjs NksVs&NksVs cPpksa ds fy, vi+$lkslgSA

eSa rqEgsa turk dks lkSairk gw¡] D;ksafd rqe vke yksxksa esa ls gh ,d gksA rqels


esjk ,d vuqjksèk gS & esjs u jgus ij rqe tYnckt+h esa dksbZ dke ugha djuk] ijlektokn ds egku vkn'kks± dks eSa tgk¡ NksM+ tkus dks ckè; gks jgk gw¡] rqe mUgsa vkSjÅ¡pk mBkukA

esjs cPpksa dks crkuk fd muds firk us ,d ,sls lekt esa] tgk¡ nl esa lsukS cPpksa dks x+qykeh vkSj x+jhch esa thou fcrkuk iM+rk gS] lUrks"k ds lkFk thoufcrkus ds ctk; muds fy, vkt+knh vkSj [+kq'kh ykus dk iz;kl djrs gq, ejukcsgrj le>kA mUgsa vk'kh"k nsuk( cspkjs NkSus] eSa muls csgn I;kj djrk gw¡A

vkg] esjh I;kjh] eSa pkgs jgw¡ ;k u jgw¡] ge ,d gSaA rqEgkjs fy,] turk vkSjekuork ds fy, esjk I;kj ges'kk cuk jgsxkA viuh bl dkydksBjh ls eSa ckj&ckjvkokt+ yxkrk gw¡ % vkt+knh! bUlki+$! cjkcjh!

& vYcVZ iklZUl


vYcVZ iklZUl dk tsy dh dkydksBjh lsvius cPpksa ds uke i=k

dkydksBjh uEcj&7] dqd dkm.Vh tsyf'kdkxks] 9 uoEcj] 1887

esjs I;kjs cPpks]vYcVZ vkj- iklZUl ¼twfu;j½ vkSj csVh yqyq ,Mk iklZUl]eSa ;s 'kCn fy[k jgk gw¡ vkSj esjs vk¡lw rqEgkjk uke feVk jgs gSaA ge fQj dHkh

ugha feysaxsA esjs I;kjs cPpksa] rqEgkjk firk rqEgsa cgqr I;kj djrk gSA vius fiz;tuksads izfr vius I;kj dks ge muds fy, thdj iznf'kZr djrs gSa vkSj tc vko';drkgksrh gS rks muds fy, ejdj HkhA esjs thou vkSj esjh vLokHkkfod vkSj Øwj eR;qds ckjs esa rqe nwljs yksxksa ls tku yksxsA rqEgkjs firk us Lokèkhurk vkSj izlUurkdh osnh ij viuh cfy nh gSA rqEgkjs fy, eSa ,d bZekunkjh vkSj drZO;ikyu dhfojklr NksM+s tk jgk gw¡A bls cuk;s j[kuk] vkSj blh jkLrs ij vkxs c<+ukA viusizfr lPps cuuk] rHkh rqe fdlh nwljs ds izfr Hkh dHkh nks"kh ugha gks ikvksxsAesgurh] xEHkhj vkSj g¡leq[k cuukA vkSj rqEgkjh ek¡! og cgqr egku gSA mls I;kjdjuk] mldk vknj djuk vkSj mldh ckr ekuukA

esjs cPpks! esjs I;kjks! eSa vkxzg djrk gw¡ fd bl fonkbZ lUns'k dks esjh gjsdcjlh ij i<+uk] vkSj eq>esa ,d ,sls bUlku dks ;kn djuk tks flQZ rqe yksxksa dsfy, gh ugha cfYd Hkfo"; dh vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa ds fy, o+$qjcku gqvkA

[+kq'k jgks] esjs I;kjks! fonk!rqEgkjk firkvYcVZ vkj- iklZUl


ßgekjh ekSr nhokj ij fy[kh ,slh bckjrcu tk;sxh tks ui+$jr] cSj] <ksax&ik[k.M]vnkyr ds gkFkksa gksus okyh gR;k] vR;kpkjvkSj bUlku ds gkFkksa bUlku dh x+qykeh dsvUr dh Hkfo";ok.kh djsxhA nqfu;kHkj dsncs&dqpys yksx viuh o+$kuwuh csfM+;ksa esadlelk jgs gSaA fojkV et+nwj oxZ tkx jgkgSA xgjh uhan ls tkxh gqbZ turk viuhta+thjksa dks bl rjg rksM+ Qsadsxh tSls rwi+$kuesa ujdqy VwV tkrs gSaAÞ

& vYcVZ iklZUl

vYcVZ iklZUlvYcVZ iklZUlvYcVZ iklZUlvYcVZ iklZUlvYcVZ iklZUltUe % 20 twu] 1848tUe % 20 twu] 1848tUe % 20 twu] 1848tUe % 20 twu] 1848tUe % 20 twu] 1848

e`R;q % 11 uoEcj] 1887 dks Qk¡lhe`R;q % 11 uoEcj] 1887 dks Qk¡lhe`R;q % 11 uoEcj] 1887 dks Qk¡lhe`R;q % 11 uoEcj] 1887 dks Qk¡lhe`R;q % 11 uoEcj] 1887 dks Qk¡lhis'kk % fizf.Vax izsl dk et+nwjis'kk % fizf.Vax izsl dk et+nwjis'kk % fizf.Vax izsl dk et+nwjis'kk % fizf.Vax izsl dk et+nwjis'kk % fizf.Vax izsl dk et+nwj

ß,d fnu vk;sxk tc gekjh[+kkeks'kh mu vkokt+ks a ls T+;knkrko+$roj lkfcr gksxh ftudk rqevkt xyk ?kksaV jgs gks!Þ

& vkxLV Likbl vkxLV LikblvkxLV LikblvkxLV LikblvkxLV LikblvkxLV LikbltUe % 10 fnlEcj] 1855tUe % 10 fnlEcj] 1855tUe % 10 fnlEcj] 1855tUe % 10 fnlEcj] 1855tUe % 10 fnlEcj] 1855

e`R;q % 11 uoEcj] 1887 dks Qk¡lhe`R;q % 11 uoEcj] 1887 dks Qk¡lhe`R;q % 11 uoEcj] 1887 dks Qk¡lhe`R;q % 11 uoEcj] 1887 dks Qk¡lhe`R;q % 11 uoEcj] 1887 dks Qk¡lhis'kk % QuhZpj dkjhxjis'kk % QuhZpj dkjhxjis'kk % QuhZpj dkjhxjis'kk % QuhZpj dkjhxjis'kk % QuhZpj dkjhxj

f'kdkxks ds et+nwj usrk


ß,afty et+nwj oxZ ds la?k"kZ dk ,dcgknqj flikgh FkkA og esgurd'kksa dh eqfDrds y{; ds fy, thtku yM+k nsus okyk ckx+hFkkAÞ

& vkWLdj uhcs

tkWtZ ,aftytkWtZ ,aftytkWtZ ,aftytkWtZ ,aftytkWtZ ,aftytUe % 15 vizSy] 1836tUe % 15 vizSy] 1836tUe % 15 vizSy] 1836tUe % 15 vizSy] 1836tUe % 15 vizSy] 1836

eR;q % 11 uoEcj] 1887 dks Qk¡lheR;q % 11 uoEcj] 1887 dks Qk¡lheR;q % 11 uoEcj] 1887 dks Qk¡lheR;q % 11 uoEcj] 1887 dks Qk¡lheR;q % 11 uoEcj] 1887 dks Qk¡lhis'kk % f[kykSus cspusokykis'kk % f[kykSus cspusokykis'kk % f[kykSus cspusokykis'kk % f[kykSus cspusokykis'kk % f[kykSus cspusokyk

ßog bUlkfu;r dh eqfDr ds fy, viuhtku dh o+$qckZuh nsus dh bPNk j[krk Fkk vkSjmls mEehn Fkh fd ,slk gh gksxkA mls et+nwjoxZ dh gkyr esa FkksM+s cgqr lqèkkj djus okysmik;ksa ij t+jk Hkh Hkjkslk ugha FkkAÞ

& fofy;e gksYEl

,MkWYQ fQ'kj,MkWYQ fQ'kj,MkWYQ fQ'kj,MkWYQ fQ'kj,MkWYQ fQ'kjtUe % 1858tUe % 1858tUe % 1858tUe % 1858tUe % 1858

e`R;q % 11 uoEcj] 1887 dks Qk¡lhe`R;q % 11 uoEcj] 1887 dks Qk¡lhe`R;q % 11 uoEcj] 1887 dks Qk¡lhe`R;q % 11 uoEcj] 1887 dks Qk¡lhe`R;q % 11 uoEcj] 1887 dks Qk¡lhis'kk % fizf.Vax izsl dk et+nwjis'kk % fizf.Vax izsl dk et+nwjis'kk % fizf.Vax izsl dk et+nwjis'kk % fizf.Vax izsl dk et+nwjis'kk % fizf.Vax izsl dk et+nwj

ßfy[kus&i<+us okyksa ds chp ls vxjdksbZ ØkfUrdkjh cu tk;s rks vke rkSjij bls xqukg ugha ekuk tkrk] ysfdu vxjdksbZ x+jhc et+nwj ØkfUrdkjh cu tk;s rks;g Hk;adj xqukg gks tkrk gSAÞ

& lSeqvy i+$hYMsu

lSeqvy i+$hYMsulSeqvy i+$hYMsulSeqvy i+$hYMsulSeqvy i+$hYMsulSeqvy i+$hYMsutUe % 25 Qjojh] 1847tUe % 25 Qjojh] 1847tUe % 25 Qjojh] 1847tUe % 25 Qjojh] 1847tUe % 25 Qjojh] 1847e`R;q % 7 Qjojh] 1922e`R;q % 7 Qjojh] 1922e`R;q % 7 Qjojh] 1922e`R;q % 7 Qjojh] 1922e`R;q % 7 Qjojh] 1922

is'kk % lkekuksa dh <qykbZ djusokyk et+nwjis'kk % lkekuksa dh <qykbZ djusokyk et+nwjis'kk % lkekuksa dh <qykbZ djusokyk et+nwjis'kk % lkekuksa dh <qykbZ djusokyk et+nwjis'kk % lkekuksa dh <qykbZ djusokyk et+nwj

vkWLdj uhcsvkWLdj uhcsvkWLdj uhcsvkWLdj uhcsvkWLdj uhcstUe % 12 tqykbZ] 1850tUe % 12 tqykbZ] 1850tUe % 12 tqykbZ] 1850tUe % 12 tqykbZ] 1850tUe % 12 tqykbZ] 1850e`R;q % 22 vizSy] 1916e`R;q % 22 vizSy] 1916e`R;q % 22 vizSy] 1916e`R;q % 22 vizSy] 1916e`R;q % 22 vizSy] 1916is'kk % [+kehj cspusokyhis'kk % [+kehj cspusokyhis'kk % [+kehj cspusokyhis'kk % [+kehj cspusokyhis'kk % [+kehj cspusokyh,d nqdku esa Hkkxhnkjh,d nqdku esa Hkkxhnkjh,d nqdku esa Hkkxhnkjh,d nqdku esa Hkkxhnkjh,d nqdku esa Hkkxhnkjh

ßet+nwjksa dks rko+$r ds ne ij nckdjj[kk tkrk gS vkSj bldk tokc Hkh rko+$rls gh fn;k tkuk pkfg,AÞ

& yqbl fyaXx

yqbl fyaXxyqbl fyaXxyqbl fyaXxyqbl fyaXxyqbl fyaXxtUe % 9 flrEcj] 1864tUe % 9 flrEcj] 1864tUe % 9 flrEcj] 1864tUe % 9 flrEcj] 1864tUe % 9 flrEcj] 1864e`R;q % 10 uoEcj] 1887e`R;q % 10 uoEcj] 1887e`R;q % 10 uoEcj] 1887e`R;q % 10 uoEcj] 1887e`R;q % 10 uoEcj] 1887

¼tsy dh dksBjh esa vkRegR;k½¼tsy dh dksBjh esa vkRegR;k½¼tsy dh dksBjh esa vkRegR;k½¼tsy dh dksBjh esa vkRegR;k½¼tsy dh dksBjh esa vkRegR;k½is'kk % c<+bZis'kk % c<+bZis'kk % c<+bZis'kk % c<+bZis'kk % c<+bZ

ekbdsy 'okcekbdsy 'okcekbdsy 'okcekbdsy 'okcekbdsy 'okctUe % 9 vxLr] 1853tUe % 9 vxLr] 1853tUe % 9 vxLr] 1853tUe % 9 vxLr] 1853tUe % 9 vxLr] 1853e`R;q % 29 twu] 1898e`R;q % 29 twu] 1898e`R;q % 29 twu] 1898e`R;q % 29 twu] 1898e`R;q % 29 twu] 1898is'kk % cqdckb.Mjis'kk % cqdckb.Mjis'kk % cqdckb.Mjis'kk % cqdckb.Mjis'kk % cqdckb.Mj

ßeSa tkurk gw¡ fd gekjs lius bl lky;k vxys lky iwjs gksus okys ugha gSa] ysfdueSa tkurk gw¡ fd vkus okys le; esa] ,du ,d fnu os t+:j iwjs gksaxsAÞ

& ekbdy 'okc

ßuhcs ,d et+nwj laxBudÙkkZ Fkk] fny dklki+$ vkSj ljyA og yksxksa dks bdV~Bk djusvkSj mUgsa la?k"kZ ds fy, ,dtqV djus esa ekfgjFkkA og et+nwjks a dks f'kf{kr djus okysdk;ZdÙkkZvksa ds fy, cgqr ennxkj jgrk FkkAÞ

& fyT++t+h gksEl

• • •

fcxqy iqflrdkµ10 f'kdkxks ds 'kghn et+nwj usrkvksa dh dgkuh

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