ffcj moao;s ;dlaikfõoh - wordpress.com · 2015. 6. 19. · ffcj moao;s ;dlaikfõoh úih ks¾foayh...

ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKfõoh

úIh ks¾foaYh

wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm

Wiia fm< ;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdj

12 iy 13 fY%aKs

úYh ks¾foaY

m%:u uqøKh - 2014

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uqøKh( uqøKd,h

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uyr.u

fjí msgqj - www.nie.lk

ÿrl:kh - 011-7 601601

.re wOHdmk wud;H;=udf.a mKsjqvh

zzuyskao Ñka;kZZ bÈß oelau wkqj ms

.re Wiia wOHdmk wud;H;=udf.a mKsjqvh

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" fh!jk lghq;= yd ksmqK;d ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HdxYh tlaj y÷kajd fok kj —;dlaIKfõoh˜ úIh

Odrdj w;s.re ckdêm;s;=udf.a m%Odk;ajfhka wo Èk y÷kajd §ug ,eîu Y%S ,dxlsl wOHdmk lafIa;%fha ft;sydisl isÿùuls'

rgg wjYH ;dlaIKh ms

.re fh!jk lghq;= yd ksmqK;d ixj¾Ok wud;H;=udf.a mKsjqvh

ld¾ñl wOHdmkh iy jD;a;Sh mqyqKq úIh lafIa;%h mj;sk uÜgñka by< kexùug wod< m%;sm;a;suh ;SrK .Kkdjla u l,ska l,g miq.sh rchka

úiska f.k ;snqK;a th b,lal.; wruqKq lrd

.re wOHdmk wëlaIK uka;%S;=udf.a mKsjqvh

cd;sl wOHdmk moaO;shg kj ;dlaIK úIh Odrdj y÷kajd §fï jevigyk i|yd mKsjqvhla ksl=;a lsÍug wjia:djla ,eîu i;=gg ldrKhla f,i

i,lñ'

w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< i|yd ;dlaIK úIh Odrdj y÷kajd §u kHdhsl nqoaêhg wu;r j m%dfhda.sl yelshdj we;s Y%S ,dxlsl orejkg joe.;a wjia:djls'

w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< .Ks;h yd úoHdj we;=¿j úIhhka yhla iu;a ùu;a bka ´kEu úIhhka ;=kla i|yd iïudk idud¾: ,nd isàu;a ;dlaIK

úIh Odrdj i|yd uQ,sl iqÿiqlï fõ'

uQ,sl isoaOdka; ms

wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha f,alï;=udf.a mKsjqvh

cd;sl wOHdmk moaO;shg ;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdj y÷kajd fok fuu fudfydf;a fï mKsjqvh ksl=;a lrkqfha buy;a fidïkisks'

wmf.a WmdêOdÍkaf.a ksmqK;d W!k;djka Tjqkg /lshd ,nd .ekSfï § ndOlhla j mj;S'

fuu ;;a;ajh Y%S ,xldfõ rchg fuka u Y%u fjf

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha wOHlaI ckrd,a

uydpd¾h ví,sõ'tï' wfír;ak nKavdr uy;df.a mKsjqvh

fhdað; Wiia fm< ;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdj yryd Y%S ,xldfõ idudkH wOHdmk l%uh ;=< mj;skakdjQ jHQyd;aul wiu;=,s;;dj bj;a lsÍug o" Wiia

fm< úoHd yd ;dlaIKsl wOHdmkh i|yd mj;sk wjia:djka jeä lrñka l,d wxYhg we;=

1'0 ye|skaùu

hqfkiaflda wdh;kh yd cd;Hka;r lïlre ixúOdkh j¾I 2002 § bÈßm;a l< ks¾foaYj,ska ;dlaIKsl wOHdmkh y÷kajd §fï we;s jeo.;alu

y÷kdf.k we;' jev f,dalhg yd ;dlaIKsl f,dalhg yd tys Ndú; jkakd jQ fuj,ï" wuqøjH" Ys,amSh l%u iy ksIamdok" fnodyeÍï yd l

3' my; i|yka úIhkaf.ka tla úIhla f;dard .; hq;= fõ'

• wd¾Ól úoHdj

• N+f.da,h

• .Dy wd¾Ól úoHdj

• bx.%Sis NdIdj

• ikaksfõokh iy udOH wOHhkh

• f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh

• Ñ;%

• jHdmdr wOHhkh

• lDIsúoHdj

• .KldêlrKh

wruqKq (

• tÈfkod Ôú;fha § wjYHjk ;dlaIKsl l=i,;d j¾Okh lsÍu'

• ienE jev f,dalfha mj;sk .eg¨ i|yd ;dlaIKsl úi÷ï ,nd§ug wjYH lrk l=i,;d j¾Okh lsÍu'

• /lshd mdol l=i,;d j¾Okh lsÍu'

• isiqkaf.a jD;a;Sh wOHdmkh cd;sl jD;a;Sh iqÿiqlï rduqj iu`. iïnkaO lr.ksñka moaO;shg f.khdug wjia:dj ie,iSu'

;lafiarelrKh

mdi,a mdol we.hSï l%shdj,sh mdi,aj, l%shd;aul jk w;r fï ms

2'0 cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq(

mqoa.,hdg yd iudchg wod< jk m%Odk cd;sl wruqKq lrd

3'0 uQ,sl ksmqK;d

wOHdmkh ;=

(IV) jev f,dalhg iqodkï ùfï ksmqK;d

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg odhl ùu

;u jD;a;Sh

xii

mgqk msgqj

12 jk fY%aKshtallh01' ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKfõh ye¢kaùu 01

02' c, úoHdj yd ld,.=K úoHdj 01

03' mi yd c,h w;r iïnkaO;dj 03

04' ìï uekSu yd uÜgï .ekSu 07

05' Ydl m%pdrK l%u Ys,am 08

06' wdydr fi!LHdrlaIs;;dj 10

07' miq wiajkq ;dlaIKh 12

08' wdydr weiqreïlrKh yd f,an,a lsÍu 13

09' wdydr wuqøjH wkqmd; ks¾Kh 14

10' bf,lafg%dksl ;dlaIKh yd WmlrKSlrKh 15

11' c,fha .=Kd;aulNdjh iy c, mú;%Kh 17

12' c,h tiùu 19

13' c, iïmdokh 20

14' m

ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï M,ld,ÉfÊoixLHdj

1' ffcj moaO;s;dlaIKfõofhaúldYh iym%jK;d úuidn,hs'

2' ld,.=KslidOl ms


2'2 ffcj moaO;sflfrys ld,.=KslidOlj, n,mEuúia;r lrhs'

2'3 ld,.=Ksl o;a;jd¾;d lrhs'

² ld,.=Kh iy foaY.=Kh w¾: oelaùu² ld,.=Ksl idOl

² j¾Idm;kh² wdf,dalh² WIaK;ajh² iq


3'1 mfiys uQ,slix>gl y÷kd.kshs'

3'2 mfiys fN!;sl.=Kdx. úia;rlrhs'

² mi² ye¢kaùu

² mfiys uQ,sl ix>gl² mdxY= >k øjH

² mdxY= Lksc² ldnksl øjH

² mdxY= c,h² mdxY= jd;h² mdxY= Ôùka

² uyd Ôùka² uÊcd Ôùka² laIqø Ôùka

² fN!;sl .=Kdx.² ye¢kaùu² m%Odk .=Kdx.

² mdxY= jhkh² ye¢kaùu yd jeo.;alu² uekSu

² mdxY= jHQyh² ye¢kaùu yd jeo.;alu² uekSu

² mdxY= >k;ajh² i;H >k;ajh

² ye¢kaùu yd jeo.;alu² uekSu

² oDYH >k;ajh² ye¢kaùu yd jeo.;alu² uekSu

• mi y÷kajhs'• mfiys uQ,sl ix>gl úia;r lrhs'• mdxY= Lksc øjH yd ldnksl øjHj,

jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'• mdxY= c, j¾. úia;r lr mdxY=

f;;ukh ks¾Kh lrhs'• mdxY= jd;fha jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'• mdxY= Ôùka j¾.SlrKh lrhs'

• mfiys fN!;sl .=Kdx. w¾: olajhs'• mfia fN!;sl .=Kdx.j, jeo.;alu

úia;r lrhs'• mia ksheÈj, jhkh yd jHQyh ks¾Kh

lrhs'• mfiys i;H iy oDYH >k;ajh ks¾Kh

lrhs'• mdxY= iújr;dj .Kkh lrhs'

05

10

3' fnda. j.dfõ§ mfia iymdxY= c,fhajeo.;aluúuid n,hs'

03


3'''''3 mfiys c,h r|jd.ekSfï Odß;djms


² l%u² úirK² flakaøSh

² fõ.j;a lrk l%u

² mdxY= ydhkh² ye|skaùu² n,mdk l%shdj,s

² mdxY= Ldokh² ye|skaùu² Ldok ldrl² Ldok wdldr

² mdxY= iqixykh² wl%uj;a c, jykh² mfia ldnksl øjH wvq ùu² ,jKSlrKh² wdï,SlrKh² mi ¥IKh ùu

² mdxY= mqkre;a:dmkh² ye¢kaùu² l%u

² mdxY= ixrlaIK l%u² hdka;%sl l%u

² ifudaÉp jeá² ifudaÉp ldkq

² YIH úoHd;aul l%u² jiqka fhoSu² fy,au¿ l%uh

3'5 mdxY= ydhkhj


² ffcj úoHd;aul l%u² fojeá l%uh - SALT² wdjrK fnda. jeùu

² c, jykh l%uj;a lsÍu² oshqKq fnda. j.d l%u yd rgd Ndú;h² mfiys pH w.h ksjerÈ lsÍu² mig ldnksl øjH tl;= lsÍu² mi ¥IKh ùu je


² ìï uekSu yd uÜgï .ekSu(surveying and levelling)

² ye¢kaùu² jeo.;alu

² ñkqï ,nd .ekSfï l%fudamdhka² ;sria ÿr² isria ÿr

² ;, fïi ñks;h² ye¢kaùu² jeo.;alu² wjYH WmlrK² l%ufõo

² mßl%uKh (traversing)² wÍh l%uh (radiation)² fþokh$ ;%sfldaKlrKh$

triangulation

² tla tla l%ufha jdis yd wjdis² ñks; ie,iaula ieliSu² is;shï lshùu

² bvfï j¾.M,h .Kkh lsÍu

² oïje,a uekSu² ye¢kaùu² jeo.;alu² WmlrK² l%ufõoh

² mshjr² ,nd .; hq;= ñkqu

4'1 ìï uekSu yduÜgï .ekSu y÷kd.kshs'

4'2 ìï uekqu i|yd;, fïi ñks;l%u w;ayod n,hs'

4'3 oïje,a uekSfïl%uh w;ayod n,hs'

² ìï uekSu yd uÜgï .ekSu ks¾jpkh lrtajdfha jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'

² ìï uekSfï § yd uÜgï .ekSfï § uQ,slñkqï ,nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; jk fuj,ïyd l%fudamdhhka y÷kd .kshs'

² ;, fïi ñks;h y÷kajhs'² ìï uekSfï § iqÿiq ;, fïi ñks; l%uh

f;darhs'² ;, fïi ñks;fha È fhdod .kakd WmlrK

y÷kd .kshs'² ;, fïi uekqï l%shdj,s úia;r lrhs'² ;, fïi ñks; l%uj, jdis yd wjdis

i|yka lrhs'² ñks; ie,iaula ilihs'² uksk ,o bvfï j¾.M,h .Kkh lrhs'

² oïje,a uekSu y|kajhs'² oïje,a uekSug Ndú; jk WmlrK y÷kd

.kshs'² oïje,a uekSfï § ,nd .kakd úúO ñkqï

úuid n,hs'² iïu; ixfla; Ndú; lrñka ñkqï

ie,iaula ilia lrhs'

03

12

12

4' ìï uekSu yduÜgï .ekSum%dfhda.sl jNdú; lrhs'

07


² ñkqï ie,eiaula ieliSu² Ndú; jk úúO ixfla;² ie,iau we£u

² j¾.M,h fiùu² úúO lafIa;% .eg¨

² ìu uÜgï .ekSu² mdßNdIsl jpk² l%ufõoh² uekSfï mshjr² ñkqï ,nd .ekSu

² isria ÿr² ;sria ÿr

² mdGdxl igyka lsÍu² ie,lsh hq;= lreKq

² Ydl m%pdrKh² ye¢kaùu² l%u

² ,sx.sl m%pdrKh² ye¢kaùu² jdis yd wjdis

² w,sx.sl m%pdrKh² ye¢kaùu² jdis yd wjdis

² oïje,a uekSfï § we;s jk .eg¨ y÷kd.kshs'

² ìï uÜgï .ekSu yd iïnkaO mdßNdIsljpk y÷kd .kshs'

² ìï uÜgï .ekSu i|yd fhdod .kakdWmlrK y|kd .kshs'

² ìï uÜgï .ekSfï § ie,lsh hq;= lreKqúia;r lrhs'

² ;sria yd isria ÿr i,l=Kq lrhs'

² ,sx.sl iy w,sx.sl m%pdrKh w¾:olajhs'

² ,sx.sl iy w,sx.sl m%pdrKfha jdis ydwjdis ikaikaokh hs'

4'4 ìu uÜgï .ekSuw;ayod n,hs'

5'1 Ydl m%pdrKhy÷kajd fohs'

08

025' WÑ; ;dlaIKhNdú; lr Ydlm%pdrKfhakshef


² w,sx.sl m%pdrK l%u² iajdNdúl l%u

² N+.; l|ka u.ska² Odjl u.ska² n,aì, u.ska² fudfrhshka u.ska² n,an u.ska

² lD;%su l%u² len,s lsÍu² w;= ne£u

² jdhj² fN!ñl

² noaO lsÍu² wxl=r noaOh² ßls,s noaOh

² iSudldÍ idOl

² mgl frdamKh yd laIqø m%pdrKh² w¾: oelaùu² Ndú;

² laIqø m%pdrK ls%hdj,sh² uõ Ydl f;Íu² uQ,sl mglh ,nd .ekSu iy iqodkï

lsÍu² frdamK udOHh iqodkï lsÍu² wduql+,kh² .=Kkh lsÍu² mßirhg yqre lsÍu

06

05

² w,sx.sl m%pdrK l%u j¾.SlrKh lrhs'² w,sx.sl m%pdrK l%u w;ayod n,hs'² w,sx.sl m%pdrK l%shdj,sfha § Ndú;

jk WmlrK ksjerÈ j yiqrejhs'² w,sx.sl m%pdrKfha iSudldÍ idOl

úuid n,hs'

² mgl frdamKh yd laIqø m%pdrKh w;rfjki úia;r lrhs'

² laIqø m%pdrKfha uQ,sl mshjr úia;r lrhs'² laIqø m%pdrKfha mshjrhkays § yiqre

l=i,;d m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

5'2 w,sx.sl m%pdrKl%u Ndú;fhkaYdl m%pdrKfhakshef


² wdydrfha ;;a;ajh² ye|skaùu² jeo.;alu

² fN!;sl ,laIK ^bkaøsh f.dapr&² ridhksl ,laIK

² fmdaIl² wys;lr ridhksl øjH

² ;;a;aj iy;sl lsÍu² jeo.;alu² iy;sllrKfha mshjr² ;;a;aj iy;sl lsÍfï wdh;k

² ;;a;aj l


04

03

6'2 fi!LHdrlaIs;wdydrhl wjYH;djyd jeo.;alu úuidn,hs'

6'3 wdydr mßyrKhgwod< kS;s ydfr.=,dis úuidn,hs'

² wdydrfha fi!LHdrlaIs;;dj (foodsafety)

² ye¢kaùu² jeo.;alu

² wdydr wid;añl;dj² ye¢kaùu² ,laIK

² wdydr úI ùu² ye¢kaùu² ,laIK

² wdydr mßyrKh ms


² miq wiajkq ydksh² ye¢kaùu² miq wiajkq ydksh i|yd n,mdk

fmr wiajkq idOl² fnda. f;aÍu² ld,.=Ksl idOlj, n,mEu² .=Kd;aul frdamK øjH Ndú;h² c, iïmdokh² fmdfydr Ndú;h² m


² miq wiajkq ydksh wju lsÍu² wjYH;dj² ydksh isÿ jk wjia:d yd wju lsÍu

² wiajkq fk


² wdydr ksIamdokhl fjf


² wdydrhl ix>gl m%udKh ks¾KhlsÍfï l%u bÈßm;a lrhs'

² wdydrhl wvx.= f;;ukh ne,Su i|ydmÍlaIK isÿ lrhs'

² wdydrhl wdhq ld,h y÷kajhs'² wdydrhl wdhq ld,h ks¾Kh lsÍfï

l%u meyeÈ,s lrhs'² ilik ,o wdydrfha wdhq ld,h

ks¾Kh lsÍfï mÍlaIKhla l%shd;aullrhs'

² úÿ,sh yd bf,lafg%dksl lafIa;%fhaNdú; jk uQ,sl rdYSka w;riïnkaO;dj olajhs'

² bf,lafg%dksl mßm:j, Ndú; jkwl%sh Wmdx. msgl m%udKhkaks¾Kh lsÍfïl%uúê úuid n,hs'

9'5 wdydrhl wdhqld,h (Shelf life)ks¾Kh lsÍfï l%ums


² bf,lafg%dksl mßm:j, Ndú; jk il%shWmdx. ms


² md,l j¾. y÷kdf.k kï lrhs'² md,k moaO;s ms


² mdkSh c,h iy wm; c,h mú;%Kl%shdj,sh úia;r lrhs'

² wm c, mú;%K l%shdj,sh w;ayod n,hs'

² ødùh Tlaiscka m%udKh (DO)² ffcj ridhksl Tlaiscka b,a¨u

^BOD&² lÀk;ajh ̂ Hardness&² úoHq;a ikakdhl;dj

² ffcùh mrdñ;s² Coliform m%udKh² E. Coli m%udKh

² c, mú;%Kh² ye¢kaùu

² mdkSh c,h$fnda;,a l< c,h² ye¢kaùu² mdkSh c,fha ,laIK² c, mú;%K l%shdj,sh

² wm c,h mú;%K l%shdj,sh² ye¢kaùu² jeo.;alu² wm c, j¾.

² l=vd mßudKfha wm c,h² ld¾ñl wm c,h² lDIsld¾ñl wm c,h

² wm c,h mú;%K l%shdj,sh

11'2c,fha .=Kd;aulnj ms


² c,h tiùu hkak y÷kajhs'² idïm%odhsl c, Tijk l%u úia;r lrhs'² kùk c, Tijk l%u úia;r lrhs'• úúO c, Tijk l%uj, jdis yd wjdis

ii|hs'

² c,h tiùu² ye|skaùu² l%u

² idïm%odhsl² wdçhd


² c, tijqug iïnkaO .Kkh lsrSï² úi¾ck YS>%;dj² pQIK ysi (Suction Head)² úi¾ck ysi (Delivery Head)² uq¿ iaÓ;sl ysi (Total Static Head)² >¾IK ysi (Friction Head)

² c, fmdïmhla f;dard .ekSu² i,ld n,k lreKq

² c, m%Njh² .eUqre


² fnda.fha c, wjYH;dj² ye¢kaùu² ks¾Kh lsÍu² .Kkh lsÍu

² jdß c, iïmdok wjYH;dj² ye¢kaùu² .Kkh lsÍu

² Y=oaO c, iïmdokh² o< c, iïmdokh

² c, iïmdok ld¾hlaIu;dj² ye¢kaùu² .Kkh lsÍu

² c,h f.k hdfï ld¾hlaIu;dj² c,h fh§fï ld¾hlaIu;dj² c, Ndú; ld¾hlaIu;dj

² mDIaÁh c, iïmdokh² msgdr² we,s$jeá² fíiï² ;Sre

² mDIaÁh c, iïmdok l%u iei£u

² f;dard .;a fnda.hla i|yd c,wjYH;dj .Kkh lrhs'

² jdrs c, iïmdokh y÷kajhs'² Y=oaO yd o< c, iïmdok wjYH;dj

ks¾jpkh lr tajdys jeo.;alu úia;rlrhs'

² Y=oaO yd o< c, iïmdok wjYH;dj.Kkh lsÍu i|yd wjYH iólrKhf.dv k.hs'

² lafIa;%hla i|yd Y=oaO o< c, iïmdokwjYH;d .Kkh lrhs'

² c, iïmdok ld¾hlaIu;dj w¾: olajhs'² c, iïmdok ld¾hlaIu;djg wod< úúO

.Kkh lsÍï iólrK wdY%fhka isÿ lrhs'² f;dard.;a ia:dk lsysmhl c, iïmdok

ld¾hlaIu;dj .Kkh lrhs'² c, ld¾hlaIu;dj by< kexùu i|yd

wjYH lghq;= isÿ lrhs'

² mDIaÁh c, iïmdok l%u úia;r lrhs'² mDIaÁh c, iïmdok l%u ii|hs'

13'2 fnda.fha c,wjYH;dj .Kkhlrhs'

13'3 c, iïmdokwjYH;dj .Kkh lrhs'

13'4 lafIa;%hl c,iïmdokld¾hlaIu;dj.Kkh lrhs'

13'5 mDIaÁh c,iïmdok l%uie,iqï lrhs'

04

06

06

05

21


² Wm mDIAÁh c, iïmdokh² ye¢kaùu² l%u

² laIqø c, iïmdokh² ye¢kaùu² wdldr

² úiqreï c, iïmdokh² ìxÿ c, iïmdokh

² ie,iqï lsÍu² i,ld n,k idOl

² ia:dmkh² .eg¨ yd úi÷ï

² fnda. j.dfõ m


² j,a me<² w¾: oelaùu² jdis yd wjdis² j¾.SlrKh

² ðú; ld,h wkqj² rEmSh ,laIK wkqj• jefvk mßirh wkqj

² j,a me< md,k l%u² hdka;%sl yd fN!;sl l%u

² w;ska .e,ùu$Wo¨ Ndú;h$lmdbj;a lsÍu

² ìï ieliSu u.ska ^mi fmrk;ajhla mj;ajd

.ekSu² ksjerÈ fmdfydr Ndú;h

² ffcùh l%u² jHjia:dms; l%u² ridhksl l%u

² ifudaOdks; j,a me< l


² lDñ yd lDñ fkdjk i;a;aj m


² lDñ m


² jhsria frda.² fmdÿ frda. ,laIK

² frda. ,laIK ksÍlaIKh lsÍu² uia;= mÍlaIdj ^ELISA&² cdk mÍlaIdj

² jgmKq frda.² fmdÿ frda. ,laIK

² frda. ,laIK ksÍlaIKh lsÍu² n¾udka mqkS, l%uh

² *hsfgdma,diaud frda.² fmdÿ frda. ,laIK

² frda. ,laIK ksÍlaIKh² Ydl frda. md,k l%u

² fN!;sl iy hdka;%Sh l%u² ;dm m%;sldr l%u² frda.S Ydl bj;a lsÍu

² YIH úoHd;aul l%u² frda. ldrlj,ska f;dr frdamK øjH

Ndú;h² c, l


² m


² f.dúfmd< i;=ka² ye¢kaùu

² i;a;aj ksIamdok j¾. yd fmdaIKShw.hka² lsß² uia² ì;a;r

² Wiia ;dlaIKh Ndú;h² jeo.;alu² l=l=¿ md,kfha §

² ksjdi iemhSu² wdydr iemhSu² c,h iemhSu² ikSmdrlaIdj

² t< .jhka md,kfha §² ksjdi iemhSu² wdydr iemhSu² c,h iemhSu² lsß foùu² ikSmdrlaIdj² i;=ka y÷kd .ekSu

² fokqkaf.a m%ckk moaO;sh² jHQyh

² ,sx.sl mßK;sh² uo pl%h

² ye¢kaùu² wjÈ yd tajdfha ,laIK

15'1 f.dúfmd< i;a;ajksIamdokj,fmdaIKSh w.hkaúuid n,hs'

15'2 f.dúfmd< i;a;ajmd,kfha § Ndú;jk Wiia;dlaIKsl l%uYs,am úuidn,hs'

15'3 fokqkaf.a m%ckkld¾hlaIu;djby< kexùfïúúO ;dlaIKsll%uYs,am úuidn,hs'

02

05

10

² f.dúfmd< i;=ka y÷kajhs'² f.dúfmd< i;=kaf.a ksIamdok kï lrhs'² i;a;aj ksIamdokj, fmdaIKSh w.hhka

olajhs'

² f.dúfmd< md,kh i|yd Wiia;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSfï jeo.;aluúia;r lrhs'

² l=l=¿ md,kfha § iy t< .j md,kfha§ Wiia ;dlaIKsl l%u fhdod .kakdwhqre úia;r lrhs'

² t


² fmr uoh² uoh² miq uoh² uo w;=r

² m%ckk ld¾hlaIu;dj by< kexùu² jeo.;alu² l%u

² lD;%su isxpkh² ye¢kaùu² l%shd ms


² uo iudfhdackh² ye¢kaùu² l%u

² fm%dfciagfrdaka fydafm%dfciagfrdakuhm%;sl¾uh

² ¨fgkSlrK m%;sl¾uh² fm%dfciagfrdaka yd

¨fgkSldrl ixfhdackNdú;h

² ,sx. ks¾Kh² Y=l%dKq² l,,h

² lsß² ye¢kaùu² jdKsc lsß ksIamdok l¾udka;h

² .=Kd;aul lsß ksmoùu² jeo.;alu² n,mdk idOl² lsß mÍlaId

² jeo.;alu² úúO mÍlaIK

² fïo m%;sY;h² fïo fkdjk >k øjH

(SNF)

² uq¿ >k øjH (TS)² úYsIag .=re;ajh² wdï,sl;dj

10² lsß ks¾jpkh lrhs'² .=Kd;aul núka yd m%udKd;aul núka

by< lsß ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSfïjeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'

² .=Kd;aul lsß ksmoùu i|yd n,mdkidOl úia;r lrhs'

² lsßj, .=Kd;aul nj mÍlaIK u.ska;yjqre lrhs'

² by< lsß ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSuflfrys n,mdk idOl úia;r lrhs'

15'4 jdKsc lsßl¾udka;hgwjYH ;;a;ajúuid n,hs'

30


² m%udKd;aul j by< lsß ksIamdokh² jeo.;alu² n,mdk idOl

² fmdaIKh² fi!LHh² jß.h² jhi

² l=l=¿ uia wdY%s; ksIamdok l¾udka;h² .=Kd;aul uia

² jeo.;alu² n,mdk idOl² mßlaId

² fN!;sl² ridhksl² bkaøsh f.dapr

² ksIamdok² w.h tl;= l< uia

² ì;a;r wdY%s; ksIamdok l¾udka;h² .=Kd;aul ì;a;r

² ye¢kaùu² mÍlaId

² ì;a;r lgqfõ >klu yd jhkh

² kejqï nj² msßisÿ nj

² j¾.SlrKh² jeo.;alu

06

08

² .=Kd;aul l=l=¿ uia ksIamdokfhajeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'

² l=l=¿ uiaj, .=Kd;aul nj flfrysn,mdk idOl úia;r lrhs'

² uiaj, .=Kd;aul nj ks¾Kh lsÍfïúúO l%u úia;r lrhs'

² uia ieliSfï kj l%u úia;r lrhs'

² .=Kd;aul núka hq;a ì;a;r f;darhs'² ks¾Kdhl wkqj ì;a;r fY%aKs .; lrhs'² ì;a;r wdY%s; kj ksIamdok ilik

whqre úia;r lrhs'

15'5 l=l=¿ uia wdY%s;l¾udka;fha kjm%jK;d úuidn,hs'

15'6 ì;a;r wdY%s;ksIamdokl¾udka;fha kjm%jK;d úuidn,hs'

31


² ì;a;r wdY%s; ksIamdokj, kjm%jK;d² ì;a;r mjqv¾² fm;s ^flakes&

² mßirh flfrys n,mEu² jdhqf.da,hg² mig² c,hg² ðùkag

² n,mEï wju lsÍu² 4R ixl,amh

² idïm%odhsl ixpdrl l¾udka;h² j¾;udk ;;a;ajh² wNsfhda. yd .eg¨

² mdßißl ixpdrl l¾udka;h² wjYH;dj² m%;s,dN

² mdßißl ixpdrl l¾udka;fhaúúO;ajh² iajNdj mdol ixpdrl l¾udka;h

(Naturebase tourism)

² úl%udkaú; ixpdrl l¾udka;h(Adventure tourism)

² lDIs ixpdrl l¾udka;h(Agro tourism)

² wOHd;añl ixpdrl l¾udka;h(Spiritual tourism)

04

04

² f.dúfmd< i;=ka ksid we;s jkmdßißl .eg¨ y÷kd .kshs'

² mdßißl .eg¨ wju lsÍug lghq;=lrhs'

² idïm%odhsl ixpdrl l¾udka;fhaj¾;udk ;;a;ajh úia;r lrhs'

² mdßißl ixpdrl l¾udka;fhawjYH;dj u;= lr olajhs'

² mdßißl ixpdrl l¾udka;fhaúúO;ajh f.kyer olajhs'

16' ;sridrjmdßißlixpdrll¾udka;fhakshe


² ixialD;sl ixpdrl l¾udka;h(Cultural tourism)

² ;sridr ixj¾Okhg we;s odhl;ajh

² mdßißl ixpdrl l¾udka;h i|ydm%foaYfha we;s úNj² ffcj úúO;ajh² wdl¾YkSh ia:dk² ft;sydisl ia:dk² .%dóh Ôjk rgd

² mdßißl ixpdrl l¾udka;fhaid¾:l;ajhg n,mdk idOl² há;, myiqlï² ixpdrl fjf


² cSj úoHd;aul idOl² laIqø csùka² uyd csùka

² wdydr mßrlAIKh² ye¢kaùu² wruqKq

² wmf;a hdu je


² meiùu (Fermentation)² ,elaála wï, meiùu² weisála wï, meiùu² uoHidr meiùu

² idkaøSlrKh (Concentration)² iSks Ndú;h² ¨Kq Ndú;h

² ÿï .eiSu (Smoking)² m%úlsrKh (Irradiation)

² wdydr úúOdx.SlrKh² ye¢kaùu

² ire lsÍu (Enrichment)² m%n, lsrSu (Fortification)

² jdis yd wjdis

² wdydr ksIamdokhla ilia lsÍfï talll%shdldrlï² m,;=re ksIamdokhla² OdkH$udY fnda. ksIamdokhla² lsß ksIamdokhla² ud¿ ksIamdokhla

² ilia lrk ,o wdydrh weiqreï lsÍuyd f,an,a lsÍu'

02

15

17'3 wdydrúúOdx.SlrKfhal%u y÷kd.kshs'

17'4 WÑ; talll%shdldrlï iy l%uYs,am Ndú; lrñkawdydr ksIamdokilihs'

² wdydr úúOdx.SlrKh y÷kajhs² wdydr ire lsÍfï yd m%n, lsÍfï l%u

úia;r lrhs'² wdydr úúOdx.SlrKfha jdis yd wjdis

,ehsia;+ .; lrhs'

² úúO j¾.fha wdydr ilia lsrSu i|ydNdú; jk WÑ; l%uYs,am yd talll%shdldrlï úia;r lrhs'

² WÑ; l%uYs,am yd tall l%shdldrlïWmfhda.S lr f.k wdydrhla ilia lrweiqreï lr f,an,a lrhs'

35


² uõ Ydl md,kh² kquqyqka fm< mj;ajd .ekSu² mrd.Kh isÿ lsÍu² fïrE M,hlska îc fjka lsÍu² îc l,a ;nd .ekSfï l%u

² Ys;lrKfha ;eîu² ueá n÷kaj, ;eîu² lr,a f,i .nvd lr ;eîu

² îc m%;sldr² >k îcdjrKh bj;a lsÍu² WKq c, m%;sldrh$wï, m%;sldrh² ksfIaOl øjH bj;a lsÍug fia§u² os,Sr kdYl fh§u

² ;jdka² ye¢kaùu² ia:dkhla f;aÍu² ;jdfka o< ie,iau ilia lsÍu² ;jdka i|yd wdrlaIdj iemhSu

² i;=kaf.ka² iq


² je,s ;jdka² fkßfvdaflda ;jdka² n÷ka ;jdka

² udOH ieliSu² ;jdka ÔjdKqyrKh² îc ixia:dmkh² ;jdka kv;a;=j

² fmdfydr fh§u² c, iïmdokh² m


² me< isgqùu² isgqjk mr;rh ;SrKh lsÍu² j.d j< ieliSu² fmdfydr fh§u

² ldnksl² ridhksl

² ixia:dmkh

² md,s; ;;a;aj hgf;a fnda. j.dj² ye|skaùu² jeo.;alu² md,kh lrk idOl

² jdhj idOl² WIaK;ajh² wdf,dalh² idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj² j¾Idm;kh

² mdxY= idOl

² wdrlaIs; jHQy² j¾.SlrKh

² ;djld,sl jHQy² iQ¾h m%pdrl

² w¾O iaÓr jHQy² oe,a ksjdi² fmd,s;ska Wux

² iaÓr jHQy² yß;d.dr

² mdßißl ;;a;aj md,kh lsÍfïWml%u

19' md,s; mßir;;a;aj hgf;aid¾:l jfnda. j.d isÿlrhs'

² fnda.hg iqÿiq mßÈ isgqjk ia:dkhms


² ks¾mdxY= j.dj² ye|skaùu² jeo.;alu² j.d l%u

² c, frdams; j.dj² ixirKh jk

² fkd.eUqre fmdaIK ødjKmg, ;laIKsh

² .eUqre fmdaIK Odrd;dlaIKh

² ixirKh fkdjk² uq,a .s,a jQ j.dj² md fjk j.dj² flaYsl wjfYdaIK j.dj

² >k udOH ;=< j.dj² isria j.d u¨ ;=<² ;sria j.d u¨ ;=<² n÷ka ;=< j.dj

² l%shd ms


² l%shd msk udOH f;aÍu

² i,ld n,k .=Kdx.² >k udOH j¾.h

² wldnksl iajdNdúl² ldnksl iajdNdúl² wldnksl lD;%su² ldnksl lD;s%u

² >k udOH ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍu² >k udOH iys; j.d jHQyh ;=< me<

ixia:dmkh lsÍu² kv;a;=j

² fmdaIl iemhSu

² wdrlaIs; .Dyhla ;=< ikSmdrlaIl;ajhmj;ajd .ekSu

² úfYaI kv;a;= lghq;=² lmamdÿ lsÍu" mqyqKq lsÍu² M, yd u,a ;=kS lsÍu² mrd.Kh² wdOdrl iemhSu

19'5 >k udOH ;=< j.dl%u w;ayod n,hs'

19'6 wdrlaIs; fnda.j.dfõ §ikSmdrlaIdj iyúfYaI kv;a;=lghq;= msk udOH iys; j.dfõ kv;a;= lghq;=isÿ lrhs'

² wdrlaIs; .Dyhka ;=< ikSmdrlaIdfõwjYH;dj myod fohs'

• wdrlaIs; .Dyhka ;=< isÿ lrk úfYaIfnda. kv;a;= lghq;= isÿ lrk whqrewdo¾Ykh lrhs'

08

04

40


² f.dúfmd< jHQy² ye¢kaùu² jeo.;alu² fnda. j.dj wdY%s; wdrlaIs; jHQy

² yß;d.dr² oe,a .Dy² fmd,s;ska Wux

² i;a;aj md,kh wdY%s; jHQy² nDDvr yd l=l=¿ ksjdi² .j ksjdi

² bÈ lsÍï i|yd wuqøjH² ye¢kaùu² j¾. iy tajdfha .=Kdx.

² fldkal%SÜ² oej² ma,diaála² GI ng² fmd,s;Ska² .fvd,a² fiú,s øjH

² f.dúfmd< jHQy bÈ lsÍu² mshjr

² uQ,sl iQodku² w;a;sjdru oeóu² ì;a;s f.dv ke.Su² fiú,s fh§u

20'1 úúO f.dúfmd<jHQy ms


² m%udK ì,am;a² ye|skaùu² jeo.;alu² ieliSfï l%u² ieliSfï mshjr² m%Odk jev YS¾I i|yd m%udK .ekSu² l%shdldrlï ika;;sh y÷kd .ekSu² ì,m;a ieliSu

² N+ñ w,xlrKh² ye|skaùu² jeo.;alu² b;sydih² uQ,O¾u iy l,d uq,hka

² wkqmd;h² ;=,s; nj² kej; kej; fh§u² talShNdjh² udhsu² iajrEmh² jhkh² j¾Kh

20'4 f.dúfmd< jHQyi|yd m%udKì,am;a ilia lrhs'

21'1 N+ñ w,xlrKuQ,O¾u iy l,duQ,hka úia;rlrhs'

² wuqøjH iy Y%u wjYH;d .Kkh lrhs'² f;dard .;a f.dúfmd< jHQyh i|yd

m%udK ì,am; ilihs'

² N+ñ w,xlrKh i|yd fhdod .kakduQ,O¾u iy l,d uQ,hka ms


² wjYH øjH f;aÍu² uDÿ wx.

² ye¢kaùu² j¾.

² ;DK msá² c, jyk moaO;s ie,iqï

lsÍu² fndaor² Ydl jeá² u,a md;a;s² ;ks Ydl

² ia:dmkh iy kv;a;=j² ;DK msá² fndaor² Ydl jeá² u,a md;a;s² rEÜ fnda,a lrk ,o Ydl

² oDV wx.² ye¢kaùu² j¾.

² m%;sud iy ueá n÷ka² mdrj,a iy w;=rKq² mzf.da,d iy wdrelal=² .suka y,² Èh we,s $fmdl=Kq$md,ï

² ia:dmkh yd kv;a;=j² ks¾udK ie,iqula i|yd wjYH Ydl

iy oDV f;aÍu

² WoHdk ks¾udKh i|yd wjYH uDÿ iyoDV wx. f;darhs'

² uDÿ wx. kv;a;=j ms


² N+ñ w,xlrK wdldr² úêu;a wdldrh² wúêu;a wdldrh² ñY% wdldrh

² úúO WoHdk wx.² cmka WoHdk² mshis WoHdk² .sß WoHdk² kd.ßl WoHdk

² ie,iqï lsÍfï § i,ld ne,sh hq;=lreKq² fiajd odhlhdf.a wjYH;dj² ia:dkfha f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu

² N+ñh² udhsu

² foaY.=Ksl idOl² m%dfoaYSh kS;s Í;s

² ie,iqï lsÍu iy we£u² Ndú; jk ixfla;² is;shï ks¾udKh

² úhou weia;fïka;= lsÍu

² WoHdk kv;a;=j² WoHdk wx. kv;a;=j² WmlrK kv;a;=j² WoHdk wmøjH l


² jHdmdßl u,a j.dj² j¾;udk fjf


² f.dúfmd< hdka;%SlrKh² ye¢kaùu² jeo.;alu

² ìï ieliSu² wjYH;dj² ìï ieliSfï uQ,sl l%shdldrlï² ie,lsh hq;= lreKq

² ld,dka;rh² iS idk .eUqr

² ìï ieliSfï WmlrK² j¾.SlrKh

² l%shd lrùug Ndú; lrk n,hwkqj² ñksia n,fhka² i;aj n,fhka² bkaOk n,fhka

² Ndú; lrk wjia:dj wkqj² m%d:ñl ìï ieliSfï WmlrK² oaú;Shsl ìï ielisfï WmlrK

² l%shd lrjk whqre² kv;a;=j

22'1 f.dúfmd<hdka;%SlrKhy÷kajhs'

22'2 ìï ieliSfïWmlrK l%shd;auljk whqrewOHhkh lrhs'

² f.dúfmd< hdka;%SlrKh y÷kajhs'² hdka;%SlrKfha jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'

² ìï ieliSfï wjYH;d yd uQ,sll%shdldrlï úia;r lrhs'

² ìï ieliSfï oS ie,lsh hq;= lreKqmeyeos,s lrhs'

² ìï ieliSfï WmlrK j¾. lrhs'² ìï ieliSfï WmlrKj, l%shdldß;ajh

úia;r lrhs'² ìï ieliSfï WmlrKj, kv;a;=

lghq;= isÿ lrk whqre meyeÈ,s lrhs'

02

06

22' f.dúfmd<hdka;%SlrKhms


22'3 w;=reh;a .EfïWmlrKhkaysl%shdldß;ajhy÷kd .kshs'

22'4 i;a;aj ksIamdoki|yd wjYH jkhkaf;%damlrKhkaysl%shdldß;ajhy÷kd .kshs'

22'5 oaú frdao iyisõ frdaog%elag¾j,l%shdldß;ajhwdo¾Ykh lrhs'

² w;=reh;a .Efï WmlrK² ye¢kaùu² j¾.SlrKh

² ñksia n,fhka l%shd lrjk² fyda WmlrK² l,aáfõgr² j,a me< fk


² n, iïfm%aIK moaO;Skays Ndú;jk f;,a j¾.

² ;=ka mqrela wE÷fuys l%shdldß;ajh(3 point linkage)² iS iEu² leg fmdä lsÍu² iu;, lsÍu

² c,c Ôj iïm;a l¾udka;h² ye|skaùu² jeo.;alu

² wd¾:slhg² fmdaIKhg² úfkdaodiajdohg

² wdY%s; l¾udka;² úúO ksIamdok² NdKav yd fiajd² há;, myiqlï² úNjh oshqKq lsÍug

² c,c ffcj iïm;a² ye|skaùu² i;a;aj iïm;a

² u;aiH² wdydrhg .kakd² úis;=re

² u;aiH fkdjk² l%iafÜishdjka

23'1 c,c Ôj iïm;al¾udka;fhajeo.;alu ydúNjh úuidn,hs'

23'2 c,c ffcjiïm;a y÷kd.kshs'

² ëjr yd c, cSù l¾udka;fha jeo.;aluúia;r lrhs'

² ëjr yd c, ðù l¾udka;h wdY%s;l¾udka; kï lrhs'

² ëjr yd c, Ôù l¾udka;h oshqKq lsÍugwe;s úNjh úia;r lrhs'

² c,c ffcj iïm;a WodyrK iys; jj¾.SlrKh lrhs'

02

04

23' Wiia ;dlaIKl%uYs,amNdú;fhkac,c ffcjiïm;al¾udka;fhakshef


² fud¨ialdjka² tlhsfkdav¾fïgdjka

² Ydl² wdydrhg .kakd

² lrÈh² ñßÈh

² úis;=re² lrÈh² ñßÈh

² m%udKd;aul úYaf,aIKh² oDYH mdol we.hSu² .yk úYaf,aIKh

² wdydruh c, Ôù j.dj² ye|skaùu² m%Odk úfYaI² j.d l%u

² fmdl=Kqj,² l+vqj,² fldgqj,

² kv;a;=j² wdydr iemhSu² frda. md,kh² c, l


10

08

24' iajdNdúl jkiïm;aj,;sridr Ndú;hms


05

06

0525' Ydlidr ydi%dj wdY%s;ksIamdokilihs'

² jkdka;rj, ffcj úúO;ajh² ye|skaùu

² ffcj úúO;aj wdldr² cdk úúO;ajh² úfYaI úúO;ajh² mßir moaO;s úúO;ajh

² ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIs; f,ijkdka;rj, jeo.;alu

² jkdka;r l


07

09

² Ydl idr² j¾.

² jdIamY,S f;,a² jdIamYS,S fkdjk ixfhda.

² ksiaidrKh² ia:djr f;,a

² mSvkh hgf;a ksiaidrKh² ødjlh f,i c,h Ndú; lr

ksiaidrKh² jdIamYS,S f;,a

² wdijkh² ldnksl ødjKhla oud f;,a

ksiaidrKh² jdI amY S, S fkdjk ixfhd a.

^we,alf,dhsv&² ;eïîfuka fyda ;,d ñßld .ekSu

² wdY%s; ksIamdok

² Ydl i%dj² j¾.

² rn¾ lsß² lcq-ue,shï² mefmd,a lsß² mhskia ue,shï² f;,sÊc ^fmd,a" ;,a" ls;=,a&

² Ydl i%dj ,nd .kakd l%u² Ydl i%dj wdY%s; ksIamdok² meKs² yl=re

² Ydl idr j¾. yd tajd ,nd .kakd Ydlfldgia WodyrK weiqßka fmkajd fohs'

² Ydl idr j¾. ,nd .kakd l%u WodyrKiys;j úia;r lrhs'

² m%foaYfhka imhd .; yels Ydl øjHhlaNdú;fhka Ydl idr ,nd .kshs'

² Ydl idr ksiaidrKfha mshjr úia;rlrhs'

² Ydl idr wdY%s; ksIamdok y÷kd .kshs'

² Ydl i%dj j¾. yd tajd ,nd .kakd Ydlfldgia WodyrK olajñka fmkajd fohs'

² Ydl i%djj,ska isÿ l< yels úúOksIamdok ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'

² m%foaYfhka imhd .; yels Ydl øjHNdú;fhka Ydl idr ksmojhs'

² Ydl i%dj ,nd .ekSfï § u;=jk .eg¨yd tajdg ms


03

12

04

26' n, Yla;swdY%s;.eg¨j,gms


05

04

06

² wdmod je


55

² we.hSu² fm!reI l=i,;d

² wjodkï l

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