陸上各競争種目世界記録保持者（ 2005年当時）

陸上各競争種目世界記録保持者（ 2009年現在）

Distance Athlete Time Ancestry

100m Usain Bolt(JAM) 9.58 West Africa

110m hurdles Dayron Robles(CUB) 12.87 West Africa

200m Usain Bolt(JAM) 19.19 West Africa

400m M. Johnson(USA) 43.18 West Africa

400m hurdles Kevin Young(USA) 46.78 West Africa

800m W. Kipketer(KEN) 1:44.11 East Africa

1000m Noah Ngeny(KEN) 2:11.96 East Africa

1500m E. Guerrouji(MOR) 3:26.00 North Africa

Mile E. Guerrouji(MOR) 3:43.13 North Africa

3000m D. Komen (KEN) 7:20.67 East Africa

5000m K. Bekele(ETH) 12:37.35 East Africa

10000m K. Bekele(ETH) 26:17.53 East Africa

Marathon H. Gebrselassie(ETH) 2h03:59 East Africa

Continental Variations in the production of world class athletes

Continent Absolute Output (persons) Per Capita Indices

Oceania 85 6.53

Europe 1851 3.59

America 1027 2.47

Africa 303 1.06

Asia 297 0.20

World 3563 1.00

Kenya in an African Context

Nation No. of Rankings Per Capita Indices (Africa=1.00)

South Africa 1,071 5.72

Kenya 628 4.65

Namibia 34 3.62

Morocco 285 2.14

Djibouti（ジブチ） 4 1.85

Senegal 68 1.75

Tunisia 75 1.74

Algeria 192 1.46

Rankings=“African top 100” in any event in a given year 別掲の地図を参照して各国の位置を確認のこと

African Variations in the production of world class athletes

Nation Per Capita Indices (World=1.00 Africa=1.06)

Kenya 6.03

South Africa 2.54

Namibia 1.65

Senegal 1.25

Morocco 1.21

Botswana 1.12

別掲の地図を参照のこと “Kenya in world track and field space”も参照のこと

Per Capita Variations in Provincial Production of Superior Kenyan Runners

Province Number of runners Per capita index

Rift Valley 141 3.7

Nyanza 23 0.6

Central 13 0.4

Eastern 12 0.4

Western 8 0.1

North Eastern 0 0

Nairobi 0 0

Coast 0 0

Kenya 197 1.0

別掲の地図も参照のこと

Per Capita ‘Production’ of Superior Kenyan Runners at the District Level

District Per Capita Indices (Kenya=1.0)

Nandi 22.9

Baringo 4.6

Elegyo Marakwet 4.3

Uasin Gishu 2.4

Kericho 2.1

Kisii, Nyanza 1.7

別掲の地図も参照のこと

なぜナンディなのか

• Rift Valley Province is a large area of high altitude bordering Sudan and Ethiopia in the north and Tanzania in the south.

• Within in there are a large number of districts occupied by various ethnic groups.

• In terms of population the main ethnic groups were the Kikuyu (20.8 per cent), the Luhya (14.3 per cent), the Luo (12.3 per cent), and the Kamba and the Kalenjin (each 11.4 per cent).

• There are several smaller tribal groupings within the Kalenjin: Elgeyo, Endorois, Kipsigis, Marakwet, Nandi, Pokot, Sabaot, Terik, and Tugen.

• The Nandi accounts for less than 2 per cent of the Kenyan population, and are know as the tribe which resisted imperial rule with the greatest ferocity.

• Many medals and records at athletic competitions were achieved by one group within the Kalenjin, the Nandi.

ナンディの文化と価値観１

• 個人主義と闘争心

– “We are the Nandi: all other people are nothing.”

– “Their ethnic feeling is, indeed, aggressive, and even superficial observers of the Nandi considered himself the equal of any man, and supeiror to all who are not Nandi.”

– The Nandi was the only tribe to engage in prolonged ‘guerrilla’ resistance against the British

ナンディの文化と価値観2

• 攻撃性と家畜泥棒の伝統 – Cattle raiding was common to most of east Africa’s

pastoral peoples, but in Kenya, the Kalenjin were arguably its foremost practitioners.

– Kalenjin raids usually relied on stealth and speed. Most were ad hoc operations carried out by 20 men or fewer, moving at night. They might trek more than 100 miles to capture a herd that had previously been scouted and found vulnerable. The aim was to silently round up the cattle and drive them out of range of pursuers before an alarm was raised.

– The Nandi were among the most aggressive groups involved in cattle raiding.

カレンジン（ナンディ）の中の 誰が速いのか？

• The superior running of the Kenyans could be well attributed to the empirical fact as to how much training they do during childhood.

–ケニア＞カレンジン＞ナンディ（人口）

–ケニア＜カレンジン＜ナンディ（１＜3.7＜22.9）

• 人口一人あたりの長距離走世界レベルトップアスリートの割合

–ケニア人の走行に注目したもう一つの研究

Onywera et al. 2005

• “Kenyan athletes have dominated international distance running in recent years. Explanations for their success include favorable physiological characteristics, which could include favorable genetic endowment, and advantageous environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to compare the demographic characteristics of elite Kenyan runners with those of the general Kenyan population. Questionnaires, administered to 404 elite Kenyan runners specializing in distances ranging from the 800 m to the marathon and 87 Kenyan controls, obtained information on place of birth, language, and distance and method of travel to school. Athletes were separated into two groups according to athletic success: those who competed in international competition and those who competed in national competition.” – Onywera, V. O., Scott, R. A., Boit, M. K. and Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2006)

“Demographic characteristics of elite Kenyan endurance runners”, Journal of Sports Sciences 24 (4), 415-22.

優越した長距離走行についての仮説

• “Kenyan athletes have dominated international distance running in recent years. Explanations for their success include favorable physiological characteristics, which could include favorable genetic endowment, and advantageous environmental conditions.” – ケニア人の走行に対する注目 – 諸々の仮説

• 生理学的利点 • 遺伝学的利点 • 環境的利点

Onywera et al. による結論

• In conclusion, Kenyan runners are from a distinctive environmental background in terms of geographical distribution, ethnicity and travelled further to school, mostly by running.

–ケニア人トップアスリートは、居住地とエスニシティの点で共通する特徴を有する（リフトバレー地区、カレンジン、ナンディ）

–ケニア人トップアスリートは、通学手段・距離の点で共通する特徴を有する（長距離、走行による通学）

Saltin et al. (1995b)による結論

• “The success of Kenyan runners, and the Nandi tribe in particular, was probably due to cultural factors such as the success of previous Nandi runners and by the culture of organized training and competition instilled in Nandi schools. –文化的要因の重要性

–ロールモデル

–ナンディ（族・人）の学校における練習・訓練