ビッグデータを活用した住宅市場の分析 - fujitsu · 2016-02-29 · page. big data...

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page. ビッグデータを活用した住宅市場の分析 -不透明な未来を予測する- Feb 24, 2016 Chihiro Shimizu (清水千弘) シンガポール国立大学 Professor, Institute of Real Estate Studies National University of Singapore

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Page 1: ビッグデータを活用した住宅市場の分析 - Fujitsu · 2016-02-29 · page. Big Data & Housing Market • In the community of analytics, it is widely accepted that big

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ビッグデータを活用した住宅市場の分析 -不透明な未来を予測する-

Feb 24, 2016

Chihiro Shimizu (清水千弘)

シンガポール国立大学 Professor, Institute of Real Estate Studies

National University of Singapore

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1. ビッグデータは住宅市場を変えるのか?

Machine Learning and Big Data.

• What is big data?

• Big data is not a new phenomenon, but one that is part of a

long evolution of data collection and analysis. Among

numerous definitions of big data that have been introduced

over the last decade, the one provided by Mayer-Schönberger

and Cukier (2013) appears to be most comprehensive: Big

data is “ the ability of society to harness information in

novel ways to produce useful insights or goods and

services of significant value” and “things one can do at a

large scale that cannot be done at a smaller one, to extract

new insights or create new forms of value .”

• Mayer-Schönberger,V and Cukier K, (2013), Big Data: A revolution that will

transform how we live, work and think, UK: Hachette.

2 [email protected]

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• In the community of analytics, it is widely accepted that big

data can be conceptualized by the following three dimensions

( Laney, 2001 ):

• a). Volume :データの量

• b). Velocity :即時性

• c). Variety :多様性

• Laney D,(2001), 3D data management: Controlling Data

Volume, velocity, and variety, US:META Group.

3 [email protected]

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機械学習: Machine Learning.

4 [email protected]

• The development of computer algorithms to transform data into

intelligent action → machine learning .

• Available data, statistical methods, and computing power rapidly

and simultaneously evolved.

• Growth in data necessitated additional computing power, which

in turn spurred the development of statistical methods to analyze

large datasets.

Brett Lanz (2015)

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Knowledge representation

• a) Mathematical equations

• b) Relational diagrams such as trees and graphs

• c) Logical if/else rules

• d) Groupings of data known as clusters

• →The choice of model is typically not left up to the machine.

Instead, the learning task and data on hand inform model

selection.

5 [email protected]

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アルゴリズム

Model Learning Task

Supervised Learning Algorithms

Nearest Neighbor Classification

Naive Bayes Classification

Decision Trees Classification

Classification Rule Learners Classification

Linear Regression Numeric prediction

Regression Trees Numeric prediction

Model Trees Numeric prediction

Neural Networks Dual use

Support Vector Machines Dual use

Unsupervised Learning Algorithms

Association Rules Pattern detection

k-means clustering Clustering

Meta-Learning Algorithms Bagging Dual use

Boosting Dual use

Random Forests Dual use

6 [email protected]

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自動不動産価格査定装置

• AIは不動産鑑定士に代わることができるのか?

• 将来なくなる職業

• a) Regression models,

• b) Artificial neural networks and

• c) Decision trees.

7 [email protected]

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評価バイアス: Evaluation Bias

• Evaluation Bias is a necessary evil associated with the

abstraction and generalization processes inherent in any

learning task. In order to drive action in the face of limitless

possibility, each learner must be biased in a particular way.

• Consequently, each learner has its weaknesses and there is no

single learning algorithm to rule them all. Therefore, the final

step in the generalization process is to evaluate or measure

the learner's success in spite of its biases and use this

information to inform additional training if needed.

8 [email protected]

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階層型ニューラルネットワーク

9 [email protected]

[入力層] [出力層][中間層1] [中間層2]

不動産価格形成要因

不動産価格

Input Intermediate layer1 Intermediate layer2 Output

Housing Prices

Factor:

Age,

Location,

Space

Etc.

Chihiro Shimizu(2016), Introduction to Statistics for Market Analysis, Asakura-shoten. (in Japanese)

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決定木: Artificial intelligence /AI

10 [email protected]

Chihiro Shimizu(2016), Introduction to Statistics for Market Analysis, Asakura-shoten. (in Japanese)

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Validation with Prediction Power: Boxplot of Number of trials

500 times with Sampling and Replacement.

11 [email protected]

Regression Decision Tree Neural Network

Chihiro Shimizu(2016), Introduction to Statistics for Market Analysis, Asakura-shoten. (in Japanese)

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過学習とオーバーフィッティング

• A model that seems to perform well during training, but does

poorly during evaluation, is said to be overfitted to the

training dataset, as it does not generalize well to the test

dataset.

• Solutions to the problem of overfitting are specific to

particular machine learning approaches. For now, the

important point is to be aware of the issue. How well the

models are able to handle noisy data is an important source of

distinction among them.

12 [email protected]

Brett Lanz (2015)

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2. ビッグデータが語る住宅市場の未来: 人口減少・高齢化がもたらす住宅価格の暴落?

13

• 人口減少は,何をもたらすのか?

• Mankiw, N. G., and D. N. Weil (1989), "The baby boom, the baby bust,

and the housing market," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Vol.

19, 235-258.

• 米国の住宅価格は,25年間で47%下落する

• →移民政策の強化→サブプライム問題

• Japan: Shimizu and Watanabe(2010) , “Housing Bubble

in Japan and the United States,” Public Policy Review

Vol.6, No.2,pp.431-472.(財務省研究会より)

[email protected]

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日本の人口

Population in Japan : losing Japan

14

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,0001

95

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49

[email protected]

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高齢化 Aging

15

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

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Population

Labour

[email protected]

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Demand: Number of live births (JPN)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1920

1925

1930

1935

1940

1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

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1995

2000

2005

2010

(Ten thousands)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

Number of Live Births [Left Scale]

Total Fertality Rates [Right Scale]Baby boom(1947-49)

Echo baby boom(1971-73)

Baby bust(1955-60)

Source: Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare

Shimizu,C and T.Watanabe(2010), “Housing Bubble in Japan and the United States,” Public Policy Review Vol.6, No.2,pp.431-472

16 [email protected]

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人口と住宅市場の関係 モデル

17

ln ln GDPPC ln OLDDEP

ln TPOP

it it it

it it

P

(1)

GDPPC is per capita GDP,

OLDDEP is the old age dependency ratio, which is defined

by the ratio of population aged 65+ to the working population

(i.e. population aged 20-64),

TPOP is total population.

The disturbance term is represented by it .

Empirical method

Shimizu, Deng, Kawamura and Nishimura (2015)

[email protected]

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予測可能な世界: 人口の変化と高齢化:

• Nishimura (西村清彦)(2011)

• 依存人口比率=

0−19人口 𝑎𝑛𝑑 65以上人口,

20−64歳人口

• Takáts (2012)

• 老齢人口依存比率

=65歳人口,

20−64歳人口

18

Saita,Y., C.Shimizu and T.Watanabe(2013), “Aging and Real Estate Prices: Evidence

from Japanese and US Regional Data,” CARF Working Paper Series (東京大学),

CARF-F-334.

[email protected]

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人口構成の変化と住宅市場

19

-0.040

-0.030

-0.020

-0.010

0.000

0.010

0.020

0.030

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Tokyo

Real land price in log (left scale)

Old age dependency ratio(right scale)

Dependency ratio(right scale)

(Index: 1970=100)

-0.080

-0.060

-0.040

-0.020

0.000

0.020

0.040

90

95

100

105

110

115

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Osaka

Real land price in log (left scale)

Old age dependency ratio(right scale)

Dependency ratio(right scale)

(Index: 1970=100)

-0.025

-0.020

-0.015

-0.010

-0.005

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

104

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Aomori

Real land price in log (left scale)

Old age dependency ratio(right scale)

Dependency ratio(right scale)

(Index: 1970=100)

-0.060-0.050-0.040-0.030-0.020-0.0100.0000.0100.0200.030

90

95

100

105

110

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Kagawa

Real land price in log (left scale)

Old age dependency ratio(right scale)

Dependency ratio(right scale)

(Index: 1970=100)

[email protected]

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-0.050-0.040-0.030-0.020-0.0100.0000.0100.0200.0300.0400.050

90

95

100

105

110

115

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

California

Real housing price in log (left scale)

Old age dependency ratio(right scale)

Dependency ratio(right scale)

(Index: 1970=100)

-0.050-0.040-0.030-0.020-0.0100.0000.0100.0200.0300.0400.050

9596979899

100101102103104105

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Texas

Real housing price in log (left scale)

Old age dependency ratio(right scale)

Dependency ratio(right scale)

(Index: 1970=100)

-0.030

-0.020

-0.010

0.000

0.010

0.020

0.030

0.040

0.050

90

95

100

105

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

West Virginia

Real housing price in log (left scale)

Old age dependency ratio(right scale)

Dependency ratio(right scale)

(Index: 1970=100)

-0.030

-0.020

-0.010

0.000

0.010

0.020

0.030

90

95

100

105

110

115

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

New York

Real housing price in log (left scale)

Old age dependency ratio(right scale)

Dependency ratio(right scale)

(Index: 1970=100)

[email protected]

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不動産価格はどのように決まっているのか?

21

No. of

observa

tions

Adj. R2

Japan 1,645 0.629 0.2188 0.0000 -1.3167 0.0000 0.9177 0.00 -0.1033 0.00

Standard error/t value 0.058 / 3.76 0.186 / -7.06 0.290 / 3.17 0.009 / -11.33

U.S. 1,836 0.439 0.4515 0.0000 -0.9067 0.0000 0.7514 0.00 -0.1272 0.00

Standard error/t value 0.042 / 10.66 0.116 / -7.79 0.116 / 6.46 0.010 / -12.29

Old dependency ratio Total population EC termGDP per capita

一人あたりGDP:

Japan 0.2188, US 0.4515, Takáts:0.8842.

高齢化比率:

Japan -1.3167, US -0.9067, Takáts:-0.6818.

総人口:

Japan 0.9177 , U.S. 0.7514, Takáts: 1.0547.

[email protected]

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今後30年間の人口構成の変化と住宅市場

• Forecast the real land prices in Japan using the regression,

• The projection on demographic changes released by the

IPSS(National Institute of Population and Social Security

Research).

• Based on natural increases/decreases calculated from the

survival probability and the number of births by cohort and

social increases/decreases due to movement between regions.

• Population projections : the medium variant projection,

which is based on the assumption of medium fertility, unless

otherwise mentioned.

22 [email protected]

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人口のインパクト

• Assumption on future population – The medium variant projection on demographic changes calculated by IPSS(National

Institute of Population and Social Security Research)

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

2020 2030 2040Total population Old dependency ratio (right scale)

million percent

Note : IPSS projection is based on natural increases/decreases calculated from the

survival probability and the number of births by cohort and social increases/decreases

due to movement between regions. .

23 [email protected]

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人口変化による価格の押し下げ効果-2015-2040

24

Country Year TPOP POP20-64 POP65+ DEPDemocraphic

Impact

2015 49,750,234 32,992,745 6,470,745 19.61%

2040 52,269,547 27,300,208 15,958,224 58.45%

2040/2015 1.051 0.827 2.466 2.980

2015 1,401,586,609 931,915,242 132,457,293 14.21%

2040 1,435,499,255 834,430,851 316,725,513 37.96%

2040/2015 1.024 0.895 2.391 2.671

2015 127,758,767 70,979,780 33,533,262 47.24%

2040 114,517,258 56,121,848 39,496,695 70.38%

2040/2015 0.896 0.791 1.178 1.490

-3.523%

-3.813%Korea

China

Japan -1.971%

Saita,Shimizu and Watanabe(2013):

人口要因 : 2015-2040 -1.56 %

[email protected]

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• 空き家ゾンビの増殖が止まらない。ゾンビとは?

• マンション,区分所有建物は,a)建て替えには5分の4

の居住者,持ち分の賛成が必要,b)区分所有権の解消

のためには全員同意が必要,など更新,滅失させるためには極めて大きなコストがかかる仕組みとなっている。

• [目的]

• 区分所有建物,とりわけ老朽化した区分所有建物の地域集積が,外部不経済を発生させるか,発生させるとすればどの程度発生させるのかを明らかにする。

25

3. ビッグデータが予見するスラム化する大都市: 老朽化マンションの増加とそのスラム化と生き残る市場

[email protected]

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持ち家世帯の分布

26 [email protected]

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1970年以前に建築されたマンション分布

27 [email protected]

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1980年以前に建築されたマンション分布

28 [email protected]

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1990年以前に建築されたマンション分布

29 [email protected]

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2000年以前に建築されたマンション分布

30 [email protected]

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建築後25年以上マンションの増加

31

0

500,000

1,000 ,000

1,500 ,000

2,000 ,000

2,500 ,000

3,000 ,000

3,500 ,000

4,000 ,000

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

10km未満

10km以上20km未満

20km以上30km未満

30km以上40km未満

40km以上50km未満

50km以上60km未満

70km以遠

老朽

マン

ショ

ンス

トッ

ク数

(戸):

O(t

)

老朽

マン

ショ

ン増

加数

: O(t)-O

(t-5)70km以遠

60km以上70km未満

50km以上60km未満

40km以上50km未満

30km以上40km未満

20km以上30km未満

10km以上20km未満

10km未満

10km未満

[email protected]

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東京都における距離帯別老朽マンションの将来予測

32

0

20,000,000

40,000,000

60,000,000

80,000,000

100,000,000

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

10km未満

10km以上20km未満

20km以上30km未満

30km以上40km未満

40km以上50km未満

40km以上50km未満

30km以上40km未満

20km以上30km未満

10km以上20km未満

10km未満

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老朽マンションの増加がもたらす住宅価格の下落

老朽マンション効果

33

( , ) 0 2 ,

3 4 ( , )

1 ,log log

n

T A i

m m

i j i j

m

n n s

k i i j

s

P a a X

a N H

O

E

a

a

1 , :T A ia O A 年以前に建築されたマンション

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推計結果

34

東京都全地域 マンション地域

Model.1 Model.2 Model.3

回帰係数 t値 回帰係数 t値 回帰係数 t値

定数項 -57572.910 -28.71 -57302.060 -28.53 -61060.460 -24.04

O: マンション効果

マンション存在効果:2010 -0.015 -1.79 - -

Or(-90):1990年以前建築マンション比率 -0.046 -3.33 -0.032 -2.31

Or(91-00):1991-2000年建築マンション比率 -0.007 -0.32 -0.008 -0.42

地域コントロールダミー 0.042 21.45 0.042 21.59 - -

X : 建物属性

S: 専有面積 0.584 142.25 0.584 142.29 0.580 134.40

L:土地面積 0.295 101.97 0.295 101.96 0.294 95.43

A:建築後年数 -0.065 -112.72 -0.065 -112.75 -0.060 -92.00

W:前面道路幅員 0.033 14.03 0.033 14.02 0.028 10.69

TS:最寄駅までの距離 -0.075 -49.51 -0.075 -49.58 -0.080 -47.71

Bus:バス圏ダミー -0.074 -19.04 -0.074 -19.02 -0.099 -17.42

NR: 部屋数 -0.005 -7.34 -0.005 -7.35 -0.003 -3.90

WD:木造ダミー -0.073 -21.57 -0.073 -21.61 -0.069 -19.54

CD: 車庫ありダミー 0.015 4.15 0.015 4.13 0.012 3.26

PR: 私道ダミー -0.002 -1.07 -0.002 -1.06 -0.002 -1.10

MK : 市場特性

MT: 市場滞留時間 (×1000) 0.199 27.69 0.199 27.69 0.190 24.21

時間効果存在効果 時間効果

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老朽マンション(建築後25年以上)影響エリア:2005年

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老朽マンション(建築後25年以上)影響エリア:2015年

36 [email protected]

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老朽マンション(建築後25年以上)影響エリア:2025年

37 [email protected]

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老朽マンション(建築後25年以上)影響エリア:2035年

38 [email protected]

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大都市で発生する空きビル問題:生き残る市場

• 理論的分析: Brueckner(1980), Wheaton(1982)

– 再開発が行われる条件

– VR : 再開発された不動産から得られる収入の割引現在価値

– VC : 現在の用途から生まれる不動産収入の割引現在価値

• 実証分析:

– [ VR-VC ] が再開発の確率をどの程度高めているか.

– Rosenthal and Helsley (1994:住宅), Munneke (1996:商業不動産),McGrath (2000:土壌汚染)

• (1)の仮説を支持(シカゴ市の不動産物件を対象にした分析)

• Shimizu, C. (2012), “Selection of the Winning Office Investment Market

in Tokyo,” Real Estate Issue, Vol. 37, No. 2-3, 51-60.

10 CR VV

39 [email protected]

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CBD(都心中心)からの距離

収益(賃料) 事務所

住宅

超過収益

機会損失

都心からの距離と付け値曲線

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機会損失が発生しているビル:2004年

41

オフィスの分布 機会損失ビルの分布

Source) Shimizu and Karato(2010), Microstructure of Office Investment Market in Tokyo Metropolitan Area,(forthcoming)

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機会損失ビルの発生プロセス.1995,2000年

42

1995年 2000年

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オフィスから住宅への用途転換 Office properties to Residential properties

Source : Shimizu,C , K.Karato and Y.Asami(2010), “Estimation of Redevelopment Probability using Panel Data-Asset

Bubble Burst and Office Market in Tokyo-,”Journal of Property Investment & Finance,Vol.28,No.4, pp.285-300.

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オフィス超過収益エリア

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4.ビッグデータ・機械学習は住宅市場にイノベーションを起こすことができるのか?

• 様々な人が集まり,交流が生まれることで情報の交換が促され,互いに刺激を与えあうことが可能となる地域」であり,かつ「そうした場所でこそ可能であることとして独創的なアイディアや技術が生み出さられ,結果として持続的な成長を可能とする地域」

• →創造性(creative),イノベーション(innovation)

• 都市にどのような特徴を持つ人々が居住するか,そしてそれがどう移り変わっていくか」 (Storper and Scott

(2009))。

• 「かつての都市のあり方とちがって現在では,土地でも資本でもなく,人々の創造的なアイディアこそ経済の成長における最も重要な原動力である」(Clark (2004))。

45 [email protected]

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年収は住むところによって決まる

• アメリカ合衆国において,アメニティが充実している都市ほど人口が多い(Glaeser et al (2001) )

• スペインを対象にした研究においてアメニティによる質の高い文化的消費の機会が得られる地域ほど,居住者の収入が高い(Navarro et al. (2012))

• →アメニティの集積がもたらす人口集積・所得

[email protected] 46

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住宅新産業研究会の提案(2016)

• 提案1.不動産取引価格情報の整備と適切な開示

• 提案2.売り手・買い手・仲介業者の責任を明確にすると共に、インスペクションに代表される品質情報を生産する仕組みの一層の普及

• 提案3.製造段階、保有段階、流通段階など様々な局面で蓄積される情報を、製造者

、所有者、売り手のそれぞれの責任を明確にした上で情報を生産し、蓄積する社会システムを構築する。

• 提案4.開示が必要とされる地域情報を地域単位で定義し、それを整備すると共に消費者に対して提供する仕組みを創設する

• 提案5.低価格物件、無価値化物件が流通できるように、手数料体系の抜本的見直しを行うと共に、C to C市場の創設の阻害要因となっている制度改正を進める

• 提案6.海外からの投資、またはB&Bなどに代表される新しい利用方法、リノベーションなどによる建物利用転換などを含む、住宅需要を拡大させる市場育成に努める

• 提案7.ビッグデータの活用と市場変革、生産性を向上させるために、データ間の融合が可能になるような情報流通の制度を設計する

• 提案8.不動産価格指数、リスク評価ができる情報インフラなどが開発でき

る環境を整備し、市場リスクを評価できる技術開発を進めることで、新しい金融市場が創設できるような情報インフラを整備する。

• 提案9.高度不動産人材の育成

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機械学習の実践: Machine learning in practice

• a) Data collection : The data collection step involves

gathering the learning material an algorithm will use to

generate actionable knowledge.

• b) Data exploration and preparation : The quality of any

machine learning project is based largely on the quality of its

input data.

• c) Model training : By the time the data has been prepared

for analysis, you are likely to have a sense of what you are

capable of learning from the data.

48 [email protected]

Brett Lanz (2015)

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• d)Model evaluation : Because each machine learning model

results in a biased solution to the learning problem, it is

important to evaluate how well the algorithm learns from its

experience.

• e)Model improvement : If better performance is needed, it

becomes necessary to utilize more advanced strategies to

augment the performance of the model. Sometimes, it may be

necessary to switch to a different type of model altogether.

49 [email protected]

Brett Lanz (2015)

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データ整備をどのように進めればいいのか?

• 不動産IDは作ることができるのか?

• There is about 1.7 million(1,665,152) buildings Metropolitan

Area.

50 [email protected]

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• Land uses and use conversions

51 [email protected]

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5. 住宅市場の進化のための条件

• 行政が中心となって不動産価格情報を整備する

• 情報流通のルールを策定する

• 不動産ID,データ交換が可能なプラットフォームを構築していく

• →Big Data & Machine Learning →Innovationの循環を作る

52 [email protected]

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高度人材育成の重要性

• 教育体系:清水のNUSの講義ノートより

• Step1: Find research topic / Lecture 1

• Step2: Hypothesis and Research Design / Lecture 2

• Step3: Literature Review / Lecture 2

• Step4: Data Collection / Lecture 3

• Step5: Analyzing Data / Lecture 4

• Step6: Interpretation of results / Lecture 5

• Step7: Validation of results / Lecture 5

• Step8: Writing the thesis or report with conclusion /

Lecture6 and Tutorial

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ArtとScienceの融合,人材の輩出

• からくさ不動産塾(2016-)

• 日本の住まいの未来を創る会(大垣・池田・下関 2016-)

• 清水ゼミ(岐阜(2015-)・京都(2016-))

54 [email protected]

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清水千弘 : Chihiro Shimizu, PhD

シンガポール国立大学不動産研究センター 教授

Professor, Institute of Real Estate Studies

National University of Singapore

21 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, #04-02

Singapore 119613

Tel: (65) 6601 4925 Fax: (65) 6774 1003

Email: [email protected]

55 [email protected]