გიორგიჭყონია ......sasualebebisa da informaciuli teqnologiebis mirwevebis...

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გიორგი ჭყონია

ძალური ტრანსფორმატორების დიაგნოსტიკის თანამედროვე

მეთოდები და საშუალებები

წარდგენილია დოქტორის აკადემიური ხარისხის

მოსაპოვებლად

საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტი

თბილისი, 0175, საქართველო

ივნისი, 2012 წელი

© საავტორო უფლება გიორგი ჭყონია, 2012 წელი

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ენერგეტიკისა და ტელეკომუნიკაციის ფაკულტეტი

ჩვენ, ქვემორე ხელისმომწერნი ვადასტურებთ, რომ გავეცანით

ჭყონია გიორგის მიერ შესრულებულ სადისერტაციო ნაშრომს

დასახელებით: „ძალური ტრანსფორმატორების დიაგნოსტიკის

თანამედროვე მეთოდები და საშუალებები“ და ვაძლევთ რეკომენდაციას

საქარველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტის ენერგეტიკისა და

ტელეკომუნიკაციის ფაკულტეტის სადისერტაციო საბჭოში მის განხილვას

დოქტორის აკადემიური ხარისხის მოსაპოვებლად.

თარიღი

ხელმძღვანელი: სრული პროფ. თ. მუსელიანი

რეცენზენტი:



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2012 წელი

ავტორი: ჭყონია გიორგი

დასახელება: ძალური ტრანსფორმატორების დიაგნოსტიკის

თანამედროვე მეთოდები და საშუალებები

ფაკულტეტი : ენერგეტიკისა და ტელეკომუნიკაციის

ფაკულტეტი

აკადემიური ხარისხი: დოქტორი

სხდომა ჩატარდა: თარიღი

ინდივიდუალური პიროვნებების ან ინსტიტუტების მიერ

ზემომოყვანილი დასახელების დისერტაციის გაცნობის მიზნით მოთხოვნის

შემთხვევაში მისი არაკომერციული მიზნებით კოპირებისა და გავრცელების

უფლება მინიჭებული აქვს საქართველოს ტექნიკურ უნივერსიტეტს.

ავტორის ხელმოწერა

ავტორი ინარჩუნებს დანარჩენ საგამომცემლო უფლებებს და არც

მთლიანი ნაშრომის და არც მისი ცალკეული კომპონენტების გადაბეჭდვა ან

სხვა რაიმე მეთოდით რეპროდუქცია დაუშვებელია ავტორის წერილობითი

ნებართვის გარეშე.

ავტორი ირწმუნება, რომ ნაშრომში გამოყენებული საავტორო

უფლებებით დაცული მასალებზე მიღებულია შესაბამისი ნებართვა (გარდა

იმ მცირე ზომის ციტატებისა, რომლებიც მოითხოვენ მხოლოდ სპეციფიურ

მიმართებას ლიტერატურის ციტირებაში, როგორც ეს მიღებულია

სამეცნიერო ნაშრომების შესრულებისას) და ყველა მათგანზე იღებს

პასუხისმგებლობას.

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რეზიუმე

ukanasknel aTwleulebSi samrewvelo warmoebis vardnam mogviyvana gacveTili eleqtrodanadgarebis raodenobis mkveTr zrdasTan. eleqtromowyobilobis muSaobis saSualo xangrZli-vobam gadaaWarba 40 wels da maTma 80 % -ma gamoimuSava Tavisi fizikuri resursi. SeiniSneba teqnologiuri darRvevebisa da avariebis raodenobis zrdis myari tendencia, romelTa umetesoba modis zeTiT avsebul mowyobilobebze, pirvel rigSi Zalovan transformatorebze avtotransformatorebsa da reaqtorebze.

Zaluri transformatori warmoadgens nebismieri qvesadguris yvelaze ufro ZviradRirebul elements, romelTa umetesoba mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs sxvadasxva klimatur piro-bebSi da ganicdis eleqtromagnituri da meqanikuri bunebis Sina-gad da garegan zemoqmedebas. amitom transformatorebis eqsplua-taciis dros gamoricxuli ar aris aRiZras sxvadasxva saxis defeqtebi, romlebic sxvadasxva xarisxiT aisaxeba maT muSaobaze.

dReisaTvis saqarTvelos elmomaragebis sistemaSi Zaluri trans-formatorebis mniSvnelovanma nawilma amowura Tavisi muSaobis resursi. Qqveynis ekonomiuri situacia, agreTve trans-formatorebis saerTo raodenobis didi ricxvi ar iZleva uaxloes xanSi maTi Secvlis saSualebas. Aamitom transfor-matorebis drouli diagnostika metad aqtualuri Temaa.

sazRvargareT Catarebulma statistikurma gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom Zaluri transformatoris mtyunebis albaToba weliwadSi Seadgens 0,0062. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es niSnavs, rom 160 zeTiani transformatoris mqone energosistemaSi ukidures SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia erTi avaria weliwadSi.

amJamad Zaluri transformatorebisa da avtotransfor-matorebis saeqspluatacio maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvrisa da sistemebis defeqtebis ganviTarebis donis mdgomareobis Sefase-bisaTvis, sul ufro farTod mimarTaven kompleqsur diagnos-tikur gamokvlevas. aseTi gamokvlevebi saSualebas gvaZleven ara marto gamovavlinoT ganviTarebadi defeqtebi, SevafasoT maTi saSiSroebis done, aramed davasabuToT kapitaluri remontis saWiroeba, moculoba da vadebi.

principul problemas warmoadgens koncefciis Teoriuli uzrunvelyofis arsebiTi CamorCena diagnostikis Tanamedrove saSualebebisa da informaciuli teqnologiebis miRwevebis realuri SesaZleblobebisagan.

ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi msoflio masS-tabiT ganuwyvetliv muSavdeba da praqtikaSi inergeba qvesad-gurebisa da transformatorebis diagnostikuri meTodebi da xelsawyoebi, romlebic damzadebulia Tanamedrove mikro-eleqtronikis bazaze, romlebic advilad uRldebian personalur kompiuterebTan.

teqnikurad dasabuTebuli diagnozis dasma SesaZlebelia mxolod srulyofili informaciis pirobebis statistikuri mona-

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cemebis Sekrebis, gare daTvalierebisa da specialuri xelsaw-yoebis saSualebiT Catarebuli eqsperimentuli gamokvlevebis Sedegad.

amitom udaod aqtualuri xdeba kontrolis iseTi axali meTodebis damuSaveba, romlebiTac transformatoris gaxsnis gareSe moxdeba misTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxvadasxva parametrisa da monacemis gazomva, defeqtebis aRmoCena da aRmofxvra.

naSromis I Tavi eZRvneba literaturul mimoxilvas, sadac moyva-nilia transformatoris mokle istoria da Zaluri transformatorebis daniSnuleba, ZiriTadi elementebi da muSaobis principi. transformatorebis nominaluri monacemebi da teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi. maTi dazianebis ZiriTadi saxeebi. Zalovani transformatorebis kontrolis ZiriTadi meTodebi. Eeleqtruli da qimiuri gamocdebis aucilebeli da damatebiTi CamonaTvlebi; transformatoris diagnostikis xerxebi.

naSromis II TavSi ganxilulia MmaRali Zabvis eleqtromow-yobilobebis diagnostikis sistemis meTodologia. rogorc cnobilia maRali Zabvis mowyobilobebi eqvemdebarebian defeq-tebisa da uwesivrobebis Camoyalibebis maRal risks da aqvT sakmaod maRali avariuli SemTxvevebi. dReisaTvis gamoyenebuli uwesivrobis gamovlenisa da profilaqtikis meTodebi saSualebas iZlevian mxolod ramdenadme SevamciroT mtyunebebi.

am TavSi warmodgenilia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eleqtro-sistemaSi 110-500 kv Zabvis 1500 erTeuli mowyobilobis saxeobebis mixedviT mtyunebebis, uwesivrobisa da defeqtebis gamovlenis jamuri ganawileba qvesadgurebSi, Ria da daxurul gamanawilebel mowyobilobebSi eqspluataciis sami wlis Sedegebis mixedviT.

mocemulia diagnostikis sistemis samdoniani struqturuli sqema,sadac moyvanilia diagnostikuri parametrebis ricxvi da saxeebi. diagnostikuri parametrebis gansazRvraSi mniSvnelovan moments warmoadgens maTi registraciis perioduloba, romelic damokidebulia obieqtis nebismier sakontrolo kvanZsa da detalSi defeqtebis warmoqmnisa da ganviTarebis siCqareze.

amave TavSi mocemulia diagnostirebis algoriTmi, romlis ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens modeli. modeli Sedgeba mTeli rigi nawilebisagan (blokebisagan), romelTac erTmaneTTan gaaC-niaT funqcionaluri kavSirebi. rogorc wesi aseTi nawilebi erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad ar ganixilebian. maTi jamuri wvlili mTlianad modelis funqcionirebaSi ganpirobebulia na-wilebs Soris urTierTqmedebiT. mowyobilobis diagnostirebisas mniSvnelovania vicodeT movlenaTa Tanmimdevroba, romelTac SeuZliaT migviyvanon detalebisa da kvanZebis mtyunebamde.

naSromis mesame TavSi ganxilulia Zaluri transforma-torebis maTematikuri modelebi.

maTematikuri modelireba warmoadgens adamianis mier gare samyaros movlenebis Secnobis erT-erT ZiriTad instruments. igi aris realuri obieqtis, procesis an sistemis Seswavlis saSualeba maTi maTematikuri modeliT Secvlis gziT, romelic ufro mosaxerxebelia gamomTvleli manqanis gamoyenebiT eqsperi-

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mentuli kvlevebis Catarebisas. maTematikuri modelirebis qveS igulisxmeba Sesaswavli movlenis ZiriTadi kanonzo-mierebani da kavSirebi. es SeiZleba iyos formulebi an gantolebebi, wesebis an SeTanxmebebis krebuli gamosaxuli maTematikuri formiT.

maTematikuri modelireba samecniero-teqnikuri progresis ganuyofeli nawilia. Ees aris meTodologia, romelic ar cvlis samecniero disciplinebs, ar uwevs maT konkurencias, magram monawileobs yvela sferoSi mimdinare SemoqmedebiT kvlevebSi.

maTematikuri modelirebis farTo gamoyeneba saSualebasiZleva aiwios Teoriuli gamokvlevebis saerTo done, Catardesisini eqsperimentalur gamokvlevebTan mWidro kavSirSi.

eleqtrodanadgarebis maTematikuri modelebis Seqmna da Seswavla iZleva eleqtrodanadgarebis kvlevis did perspe-qtivebs. DeleqtromowyobilobaTa diagnostikis sferoSi mimdina-re samecniero - kvleviT samuSaoebSi kompiuteris farTod gamo-yenebam aucilebeli gaxada maTematikur modelirebasTan erTad eleqtruli wredebis Teoriis sferoSi axali Teoriuli midgo-mebis damuSaveba da miRebuli Sedegebis WeSmaritebis Sefaseba.

dReisaTvis aqtualurad iTvleba induqciurad dakavSire-buli wredebis modelirebis amocana. aseTi saxis wredebSi mimdinare fizikuri procesebis Sesabamisi maTematikuri mode-lebis Sesadgenad saWiro gaxda axali aTvlis sistemis SemoReba. adekvaturi modelirebis amocana didi xania aRelvebs swavlul eleqtroteqnikosebs, razec metyvelebs eleqtroteqnikosTa saerTaSoriso komisiis kongresze gamarTuli diskusiebi. Zaluri transformatori induqciurad dakavSirebuli wredis klasikuri magaliTia. Aamitom naSromSi Sedgenilia erTfaza da samfaza transformatorebis iseTi maTematikuri modelebi, romlebic srulad asaxaven maTSi mimdinare fizikur procesebs.

datvirTvis reJimSi samfaza transformatoris Sesabamisi gantolebaTa sistemis amosaxsnelad Sedgenili iqna blok-sqema, xolo mis safuZvelze - pirveladi da meoreuli denebis gamosaangariSebeli programa.

naSromis meoTxe TavSi moyvanilia Cems mier damuSavebuli Zalur transformatorSi ganviTarebadi defeqtebis gansazRvris algoriTmi, romelic saSualebas iZleva qromatografiuli analizis monacemebis mixedviTa da specialuri diagnostikuri cxrilebis gamoyenebiT gansazRvruli iqnes defeqtis ganviTareba.

amave TavSi moyvanilia Tbovizoruli diagnostikis dros mdgomareobis SefasebisaTvis gasaTvaliswinebeli faqtorebis CamonaTvali da maTi daxasaTeba, romlebic gavlenas axdenen infrawitel kontrolze.

Zaluri transformatoris gragnilebSi xviaTaSorisi mokled SerTvis Sedegad gamowveuli gragnilebis deformaciis mimarT yvelaze ufro mgrZnobiarea induqciurobis parametri. aseTi transformatorebis gragnilebSi sawyisi deformaciebis aRZvri-sas da xviaTaSorisi mokled SerTvis SemTxvevaSi periodidan periodamde xdeba induqciurobis ganviTarebadi gazrda an Semcireba, romelsac Tan axlavs sakontrolo transformatoris

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gragnilebis Seuqcevadi rRveva. Mam MmeTodis bazaze Seqmnilia Zaluri transformatorebis parametrebis kontrolis sainfor-macio - sazomi sistema, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes mokled SerTvis cdebisa da eqspluataciis dros qselidan gamourTvelad Zaluri transformatorebis gragnilebis mdgoma-reobis operatiuli kontrolisaTvis. sainformacio-sazomi sis-tema saWiroa gamoyenebuli iqnes im reJimebisagan swrafmoqmed dacvasTan kavSirSi, romelnic aRiZvrebian Zalovan transfor-matorebis gragnilebSi mokled SerTvis gamo maTSi eleqtro-dinamiuri Zalvebisagan dazianebebisa da narCeni deformaciis Sedegad parametrebis cvlilebiT.

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Abstract

In the result of industrial production fall during last decades the number of worn-out electrical facilities have abruptly increased. Average duration of working capacity of electrical facilities exceeded 40 years and 80% of them generated their physical resources. A strong tendency of technologic disturbances and accidents is noticed, mostly on facilities filled with oil, first of all in power transformers, autotransformers and reactors. A power transformer represents the most expensive part of any substation most of which work the year round in various climate conditions and undergo internal and external influence of electromagnetic and mechanic nature. That is why, during exploitation of transformers various defects can emerge which are expressed at work in different ways. Nowadays in the system of electric supply a significant part of power transformers exhausted their resources. Economical condition of the country and great number of transformers’ total quantity do not allow to change them. Thus, timely diagnostics of transformers is quite urgent. Statistical studies, carried out abroad, showed that probability of transformers abort is 0.0062 in a year. Saying in other words this means that in energetic system with 160 oil transformers one accident in a year is possible in extreme case. At present for estimation of the state of system defects development and determination of exploitation properties of power transformers and autotransformers, complex diagnostic study is widely used. This kind of studies allow to reveal either developing defects, estimate a level of danger, or necessity of major repair, capacity and terms. Basic problem is a fundamental lagging of theoretical provision of conception of modern facilities and real possibilities of information technology progress. During last two decades diagnostic methods of transformers, substations and devices are implanted in practice and continually processed worldwide. They are made on the base of modern microelectronics easily interrelated with personal computers. Making technically confirmed diagnosis is possible only after gathering statistical data of complete informational terms, external inspection and experimental studies carried out by means of special devices. Thus working out new methods of control is becoming very urgent. By these methods measuring various parameters and data of transformer, revealing defects and their correction will be possible without opening facility. The first chapter of the work is devoted to the literature review where a short history of transformers, dedication of power transformers and an operation concept, nominal data and technical properties of transformers, main types of their damage, basic methods of power transformer control, main and additional lists of chemical and electrical tests, ways of transformer diagnosis are given. In the second chapter of the work methodology of diagnostic system of high potential electrical equipment is discussed. It is commonly known that high potential electrical equipment is under the high risk of forming defects and malfunctions and they have too much accidents. Currently, methods used for prophylaxis and revealing malfunctions allow to decrease aborts somehow. According 1500 units of devices of 110-500 kW voltage in the state electrical system of Georgia, total distribution of revealing aborts, malfunctions and defects

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through substations, open and closed allocating arrangements, subsequent to the results of three year exploitation, are given in this chapter. Three-level structural scheme of diagnostic system with numbers and types of diagnostic parameters is given. In specification of diagnostic parameters periodicity of their registration is important. It depends on defect formation in parts or any control knot of the object and development speed. In the same chapter diagnostic algorithm is given, the main part of which is a model. The model consists of various parts (blocks) which are related to each other functionally. As a rule such parts are not reviewed separately. Their total bit in the model functioning is conditioned by interaction between the parts. When making diagnosis knowing sequence of events is important. These events may cause an abort of details and knots. In the third chapter of the work mathematical models of power transformers are discussed. Mathematical modeling is one of the main instruments for getting to know events of external world by human. It represents a mean for learning a real object, process or system via replacing them with mathematical model. It is more convinient when experimental studies are carried out using calculation machines. Mathematical modeling means basic connections and relationships of learnt event. This can be formulas or equations, collection of rules and coordination in mathematical representation. Mathematical modeling is an integral part of scientific-technical progress. This methodology does not change scientific disciplines, does not compete them but participates in all fields of current creative studies. Wide use of mathematical modeling allows rising general level of theoretical studies and to carry out them in close relation with experimental researches. Making and learning mathematical model of electrical facilities give great perspective for studying electrical facilities. Wide use of computers in scientific works passing in the field of electrical facility diagnostics made it necessary to process new theoretical approaches in the field of electrical circuit theory and estimate validity of the results. Nowadays modeling problem of inductively connected circuits is quite urgent. To make mathematical model corresponding physical processes in such circuits it is necessary to introduce a new counting system. Electric technologists have been conscious about adequate modeling problem for a long time. This is seen in discussions at the congress of international commission of electric technologists. Power transformer is a classical sample of inductively connected circuit. That is why, in the work there is a mathematical model of single-phase and tree-phase transformers which completely expresses physical processes taking place in them. At download mode for solution of equation systems corresponding to three-phase transformers, block chart was made and basing on it – program calculating primary and secondary currents. For solving equation system corresponding to three-phase transformer in the mode of load, a block diagram was made and basing on it – a program for calculation of primary and secondary currencies was created. In the fourth chapter an algorithm (worked out by me) for specification of developing defects in power transformers is represented. This allows to determine development of defects using special diagnostic tables, according data of chromatographic analysis.

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In the same chapter the list of factors to be considered for estimation of condition during infrared diagnostics and characterization of these factors are given. They influence infrared control.

Induction parameters are the most sensitive to windings deformation caused by turn-to-turn faults of power transformers windings. In the windings of such transformers, at forming initial deformities and in case of turn-to-turn faults, developing increase or decrease of inductivity from period to period accompanied by irreversible destruction of controlling transformer windings. Basing on this method informational-measuring control system of power transformer parameters are made. It can be used at short circuit tests and exploitation without switching off from the system for operating control of power transformers’ winding conditions. Informational-measuring system have to be used in conjunction with fast-acting protection from the modes arising in windings of the power transformers due to short circuits with changing parameters in the result of damages due to electrodynamic forces and residual deformations.

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შინაარსიშესავალი ...................................................................................................................15

1. ლიტერატურის მიმოხილვა …...........................................................................21

1.1. transformatoris mokle istoria da Zaluri transfor-

matorebis ZiriTadi elementebi da muSaobis principi .....................21

1.2. transformatoris nominaluri monacemebi da teqnikuri

maxasiaTeblebi.......................................................................................................30

1.3. avtotransformatorebi...............................................................................31

1.4. transformatoris dazianebebis ZiriTadi saxeebi.........................33

1.5. Zalovani transformatorebis kontrolis ZiriTadi

meTodebi..............................................................................................................41

1.6. transformatoris mdgomareobis diagnostikis xerxebi..............44

1.7. sakontrolo- sazomi xelsawyoebis CvenebaTa kontroli da

transformatorebis daTvaliereba.............................................................50

2. შ ე დე გ ე ბ ი და მ ა თი გ ა ნ ს ჯ ა ..............................................................54

თავი II. MmaRali Zabvis eleqtromowyobilobebis diagnostikis

sistemis meTodologia......................................................................................54

Tavi III. Zaluri transformatorebis maTematikuri modelebi.......70

3.1. zogadi cnobebi..............................................................................................70

3.2. erTfaza transformatoris maTematikuri modeli.......................71

3.3. samfaza transformatoris maTEmatikuri modelis saWiroeba.75

3.4. samfaza transformatoris maTematikuri modeli uqmi svlis

reJimSi..............................................................................................................77

3.5. samfaza transformatoris maTematikuri modeli datvirTvis

reJimSi..............................................................................................................80

Tavi IV. Zaluri zeTiani transformatorebis diagnostikის

თანამედროვე მეთოდები......................................................................88

4.1 ძალურ ტრანსფორმატორში განვითარებადი დეფექტების

განსაზღვრის ალგორითმი......................................................................................................88

4.2. eleqtromowyobilobis Tbovizoruli kontroli........................98

4.3. transformatoris gragnilebis dazianebis gansazRvra

induqciuri winaRobis kontroliT ................................................103

3. დასკვნა ................................................................................................................107

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გამოყენებული ლიტერატურა .............................................................................109

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ცხრილების ნუსხა

cxrili 1.1. Zalovani transformatoris jgufebi simZlavrisa da

Zabvis mixedviT...........................................................................30

cxrili 1.2. zeTiani transformatoris dasaSvebi xangrZlivoba

denis mixedviT..............................................................................51

cxrili 4.1. zeTis erTeulovan moculobaSi airebis

koncentraciis mniSvnelobebi.............................................92

cxrili 4.2. normebiT gansazRvruli parametrebi................................91

cxrili 4.3. kavSiri niSanTa da rekomendaciebis nakrebebs

Soris.................................................................................................93cxrili 4.4 zeTSi gaxsnili airebis Sedegebis safuZvelze konkretuli gamocdebis prioritetul Catarebaze

rekomendaciebi..............................................................................94

cxrili 4.5. defeqtebis saxeebi...............................................................................96

cxrili 4.6. dazustebuli defeqtebis saxeebi.............................................96

cxrili 4.7. zeTis zeda fenebis dasaSvebi temperatura..................99

xiv

ნახაზების ნუსხაnax.1.1. erTfaza da samfaza transformatorebis magnituri

nakadebi.................................................................................................................................22

nax.1.2. histerezisis maryuJi.............................................................................................25

nax.1.3. erTfaza da samfaza transformatorebis gare xedi.............28nax..1.4. samfaza transformatoris gragnilebis magnitogamtarze

ganlagebis sqema......................................................................................................28

nax.1.5. samfaza transformatoris mowyobiloba............................................29

nax.1.6. avtotransformatoris saerTo xedi........................................................32

nax.1.7. samfaza avtotransformatoris principuli sqema......................33

nax.1.8. eleqtrosazomi xelsawyoebis CarTvis sqema....................................46nax.1.9. avtotransformatoris gragnilis saerTo nawilSi

denis kontrolisaTvis ampermermetris CarTvis sqema..............48nax.2.1. mtyunebaTa da gamovlenili defeqtebis ganawileba

mowyobilobaTa saxeobebis mixedviT.......................................................55nax.2.2. erTi tipis sxvadasxva klasis izolaciis mqone

mowyobilobebis mtyunebaTa ganawileba.................................................56nax.2.3. maRali Zabvis eleqtromowyobilobis diagnostirebis

algoriTmis struqturuli sqema................................................................58nax.2.4. maRali Zabvis mowyobilobebis mtyunebaTa ganawilebis

simkvrive............................................................................................................................67

nax.3.1. erTfaza transformatoris principuli sqema................................72

nax.3.2 erTfaza transformatoris Canacvlebis sqema................................73

nax.3.3. samfaza transformatoris eqvivalenturi sqema..........................78nax.3.4 datvirTuli samfaza transformatoris magnituri

nakadebis mimarTulebani.....................................................................................81nax.3.5. datvirTuli samfaza transformatoris gantolebaTa

sistemis amoxsnis blok-sqema..........................................................................87

nax.4.1. qromatografiuli monacemebis Sesatani Sabloni ......................98

nax.4.2. temperaturis cvlileba transformatorSi...................................100

nax.4.3. Semyvanis Termoprofili daweuli zeTis doniT .....................102nax.4.4. transformatoris TbovizoriT dasaTvalierebeli

fanjara.............................................................................................................................102nax.4.5. eqspluataciis procesSi qselidan gamourTvelad Zaluri

transformatoris gragnilis kontrolis sainformacio-

sazomi sistemis sqema..........................................................................................104

xv

შესავალი

samuSaos aqtualoba. Uukanaskneli aTwleulebi xasiaTdeba

eleqtruli sadgurebisa da qselebis teqnikur gadaiaraRebaSi

investiciebis dabali doniT. samrewvelo warmoebis vardnam

mogviyvana gacveTili eleqtrodanadgarebis raodenobis mkveTr

zrdasTan. eleqtromowyobilobis muSaobis saSualo xangrZli-

vobam gadaaWarba 40 wels da maTma 80 % -ma gamoimuSava Tavisi

fizikuri resursi. SeiniSneba teqnologiuri darRvevebisa da

avariebis raodenobis zrdis myari tendencia, romelTa umetesoba

modis zeTiT avsebul mowyobilobebze, pirvel rigSi Zalovan

transformatorebze avtotransformatorebsa da reaqtorebze.

Zaluri transformatori warmoadgens nebismieri qvesadgu-

ris yvelaze ufro ZviradRirebul elements. ganasxvaveben saerTo

da specialuri daniSnulebis Zalovan transformatorebs. saerTo

daniSnulebis Zalovani transformatorebi gamoiyeneba iseTi

qselebisa da momxmareblebis kvebisaTvis, romlebic ar

xasiaTdebian muSaobis gansakuTrebuli pirobebiT, datvirTvis

xasiaTiTa da muSaobis reJimebiT. specialuri daniSnulebis

Zalovani transformatorebi gamoiyeneba iseTi qselebisa da

momxmareblebis kvebisaTvis romlebic xasiaTdebian muSaobis

gansakuTrebuli pirobebiT, datvirTvis xasiaTiTa da muSaobis

reJimebiT. aseTi qselebisa da momxmareblebis ricxvs miekuTv-

nebian miwisqveSa maRarosa da Saxtis qselebi da danadgarebi,

gammarTveli mowyobilobebi. Eeleqtruli Rumelebi da sxva.

transformatorebis umetesoba mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi

muSaobs sxvadasxva klimatur pirobebSi da ganicdis eleqtromag-

nituri da meqanikuri bunebis Sinagad da garegan zemoqmedebas.

amitom transformatorebis eqspluataciis dros gamoricxuli ar

aris aRiZras sxvadasxva saxis defeqtebi, romlebic sxvadasxva

xarisxiT aisaxeba maT muSaobaze. erTi saxis defeqtebiT trans-

formatori SeiZleba xangrZlivad darCes muSaobaSi, xolo sxva

saxis defeqtebiT saWiroa maTi dauyonebliv muSaobidan gamo-

xvi

yvana. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi muSaobis Semdgomi gagrZelebis SesaZ-

lebloba ganisazRvreba dazianebis xasiaTiT. Ppersonalis arao-

peratiulobisa da umniSvnelo defeqtebis gamosworebisaTvis zo-

mebis udroo miRebas mivyavarT transformatorebis avariul

gamorTvamde.

dReisaTvis saqarTvelos elmomaragebis sistemaSi Zaluri

transformatorebis mniSvnelovanma nawilma amowura Tavisi muSa-

obis resursi. Qqveynis ekonomiuri situacia, agreTve transfor-

matorebis saerTo raodenobis didi ricxvi ar iZleva uaxloes

xanSi maTi Secvlis saSualebas.Aamitom transformatorebis

eqspluataciis saimedobis SesanarCuneblad mniSvnelovani roli

ekisreba maT diagnostikur kontrols.

msoflio gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom mZlavri transforma-

torebis SemTxveviTi avariiT miyenebuli ekonomiuri zarali, ro-

melic dakavSirebulia mxolod Zabvis Sewyvetis gamo samrewvelo

sawarmoebis gaCerebasTan milionobiT dolarebiT. ukve ar vlapa-

rakobT im udides danaxarjebze, romelic saWiroa am ZviradRi-

rebuli mowyobilobis muSaunarianobis aRsadgenad. amitom tran-

sformatorebis drouli diagnostika metad aqtualuri Temaa [1].

sazRvargareT Catarebulma statistikurma gamokvlevebma [2]

aCvena, rom Zaluri transformatoris mtyunebis albaToba weli-

wadSi Seadgens 0,0062. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es niSnavs, rom

160 zeTiani transformatoris mqone energosistemaSi ukidures

SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia erTi avaria weliwadSi. meore mxriv,

Tanamedrove eleq-troenergetikis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciaa

ZiriTadi Zaluri mowyobilobebis cveTis xarisxis zrda da

arasakmarisi ganaxlebis tempebi.Ddazianebis mizezebi dakavSi-

rebulia eqspluataciis cud pirobebTan, uxarisxo remontsa da

montaJTan. mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs transformatoris

konstruqciis calkeuli elementebis faruli defeqtebi da

arasakmarisi xarisxis saizolacio masalebi.

energetikul bazasa da eleqtroenergiis uwyvet moTxovnas

Soris mdgomareobis obieqturi winaaRmdegoba Tavis asaxvas pou-

xvii

lobs am problemis gadasawyvetad samecniero-teqnikuri gzebis

Ziebis intensifikaciaSi. ganviTarebis adreul stadiaSi eleqtro-

mowyobilobebis muSaobaSi defeqtebis gamovlena, avariuli si-

tuaciebis aRZvramde maTi likvidaciisaTvis drouli gadawyve-

tilebis miReba, Seamcirebs da ara marto Tavidan agvacilebs

mniSvnelovan zarals, aramed Seamcirebs gacdenebsa da remontis

xarjebs, gaaxangrZlivebs misi muSaobis vadas. eleqtromowyo-

bilobis racionaluri, usafrTxo da efeqturi eqspluataciisaT-

vis da remontze gadayvanisaTvis diagnostikis arsebuli sisteme-

bi unda Seivsos mTeli rigi specialuri meTodebiTa da teqno-

logiebiT, romelTac gaaCniaT unari muSa reJimSi awarmoon konk-

retuli elmowyobilobis mimdinare mdgomareobis statistika.

amJamad Zaluri transformatorebisa da avtotransforma-

torebis saeqspluatacio maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvrisa da sis-

temebis defeqtebis ganviTarebis donis mdgomareobis Sefasebi-

saTvis, sul ufro farTod mimarTaven kompleqsur diagnostikur

gamokvlevas. aseTi gamokvlevebi saSualebas gvaZleven ara marto

gamovavlinoT ganviTarebadi defeqtebi, SevafasoT maTi saSiS-

roebis done, aramed davasabuToT kapitaluri remontis saWi-

roeba, moculoba da vadebi [3].

teqnikuri mdgomareobis arsebuli meTodebi da saSualebebi

mowyobilobis kompleqsuri gamokvlevebis dros iZlevian defeq-

tebis umravlesobis SemCnevis saSualebas. magram kompleqsuri

gamokvlevebi maTi didi Sromatevadobisa da Rirebulebis gamo

sruldeba mxolod strategiul eleqtromowyobilobebze remont-

ze gadayvanis dros da bunebrivia ver uzrunvelyofs ganvi-

Tarebadi defeqtebis droul SemCnevas.

principul problemas warmoadgens koncefciis Teoriuli

uzrunvelyofis arsebiTi CamorCena diagnostikis Tanamedrove

saSualebebisa da informaciuli teqnologiebis miRwevebis

realuri SesaZleblobebisagan.

ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi msoflio mas-

StabiT ganuwyvetliv muSavdeba da praqtikaSi inergeba qvesad-

xviii

gurebisa da transformatorebis diagnostikuri meTodebi da

xelsawyoebi, romlebic damzadebulia Tanamedrove mikroeleq-

tronikis bazaze. maT safuZvelze gamoCnda Tanamedrove vibro-

diagnostikis, Tbovizoruli kontrolis, zeTis qromatografiu-

li analizis, oscilografebisa da registratorebis mravali

saxesxvaobebi, romlebic advilad uRldebian personalur

kompiuterebTan [4].

amasTanave diagnostikis Tanamedrove meTodebi da teqnikuri

saSualebebi energosistemebSi saSualebas ar iZlevian Zvirad-

Rirebuli eleqtromomowyobilobis gaxsnis gareSe gamovlenili

iqnas calkeuli elementebis muSaobis reJimebi. amasTan dakavSi-

rebiT iweleba eletromowyobilobis remontSi gadayvanis dro,

ixarjeba operatiuloba da izrdeba avariuli reJimebis gazrdis

albaToba.

teqnikurad dasabuTebuli diagnozis dasma SesaZlebelia

mxolod srulyofili informaciis pirobebis statistikuri mona-

cemebis Sekrebis, gare daTvalierebisa da specialuri xelsaw-

yoebis saSualebiT Catarebuli eqsperimentuli gamokvlevebis

Sedegad.

amitom udaod aqtualuri xdeba kontrolis iseTi axali

meTodebis damuSaveba, romlebiTac transformatoris gaxsnis

gareSe moxdeba misTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxvadasxva parametrisa

da monacemis gazomva, defeqtebis aRmoCena da SesaZlo avariebis

prognozirebis mizniT damuSavdeba miRebuli Sedegebi,

samuSaos mizania Zaluri transformatoris iseTi monito-

ringisa da diagnostikuri saSualebis damuSaveba, romelic muSa

Zabvis qveS uzrunvelyofs ganviTarebadi defeqtebis adreul

aRmoCenas.

ZiriTadi amocanebi:

1. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eleqtrosistemaSi 110-500 kv Zabvis

qvesadgurebis, Ria da daxuruli gamanawilebeli mowyobi-

lobebis saxeobebis mixedviT warmodgenili mtyunebebis,

uwesivrobisa da defeqtebis mdgomareobis dadgena;

xix

2. Zaluri transformatoris diagnostikis stuqturuli sqemis

algoriTmis daxvewa;

3. Zalur transformatorebSi mimdinare fizikuri procesebis

Sesabamisi maTematikuri modelis damuSaveba.

4. kontrolis iseTi axali meTodis damuSaveba, romlebiTac

transformatoris gaxsnis gareSe uwyvetad moxdeba misTvis

damaxasiaTebeli induqciurobis parametris mudmivi kontro-

li da misi cvlilebs safuZvelze swrafmoqmed dacvasTan

kavSiriT dazianebuli transformatoris amorTva.

5. Zaluri transformatorebis monitoringis daxvewis teqno-

logiaSi mikroprocesoruli teqnikis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb

rekomendaciis gacema.

kvlevis meTodebi. sadisertacio samuSaos Sesrulebisas

gamoyenebuli iqna Teoriuli da empiriuli SemecnebiTi meTodebi.

Teoriul doneze es meTodebia eleqtruli wredebisa da gazom-

vebis Teoria. Eempiriul doneze gamoyenebuli iqna fizikuri da

maTematikuri modelirebis meTodebi, maT ricxvSi Catarebuli

iqna kvlevebi sanimuSo maketze.

samecniero siaxle.

1. Sedgenili iqna Zaluri transformatorebis diagnostikis

struqturuli sqema, romelic Sedgeba: parametrebis gardaqmnisa

da analizis, teqnikuri mdgomareobis, dinamiuri maxasiaTeblebisa

da ganviTarebadi defeqtebisa da narCeni resursebis modelebis

blokebisagan;

2.damuSavebuli iqna Zalur transformatorebSi mimdinare

fizikuri procesebis Sesabamisi maTematikuri modeli uqmi

svlisa da datvirTvis reJimSi;

3. Zaluri transformatorebis parametrebis kontrolis

sainformacio - sazomi sistemis safuZvelze damuSavebuli iqna

kompiuteruli programa transformatoris gragnilebis induq-

ciuri winaRobis kontroliT dazianebis gansazRvrisaTvis,

romelsac SeuZlia imuSaos swrafmoqmed dacvasTan kavSirSi.

xx

praqtikuli Rirebuleba.

1. warmodgenili meTodika saSualebas iZleva operatiulad

ganvsazRvroT muSa Zabvis qveS Zaluri transformatorebis

mimdinare mdgomareoba, rac Tavidan agvacilebs avariul

situaciebsa Sesabamisad, did ekonomiur zarals.

2. Zalur transformatorebSi mimdinare fizikuri procesebis

Sesabamis, daxvewil maTematikuri models didi mniSvneloba aqvs

transformatoris optimaluri eleqtruli da magnituri para-

metrebis dadgenis saqmeSi, rac saSualebas mogvcems damzaddes

Semcirebuli masalatevadobis Zaluri transformatorebi.

sadisertacio samuSaos ZiriTadi Sedegebi moxsenebuli iqna

stu-s studentTa Ria 79-e saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencias

(2011 weli); publikaciebi. sadisertacio samuSaoebis Sedegebi

gamoqveynebuli iqna sam samecniero statiaSi.

Ddisertaciis struqtura da moculoba. Ddisertacia Sedgeba

Sesavalisa da oTxi Tavisagan, romlebic gadmocemulia 116

gverdze. Seicavs 55 naxazs, 23 cxrils, 1 danarTsa da 96

dasaxelebis literaturas.

21

1. ლიტერატურის მიმოხილვა

Tavi I. literaturuli mimoxilva

1.1. transformatoris mokle istoria da Zaluri transformatorebis ZiriTadi elementebi da muSaobis principi.

movlena, romelic safuZvlad daedo eleqtruli transfor-

matoris moqmedebas aRmoCenili iqna 1831 wels ingliseli fiziko-

sis maikl faradeis mier eleqtrobis dargSi kvlevebis Catarebis

dros. Aam kanonis aRmoCenidan 45 wlis Semdeg rusi pavle

iabloCkovis mier dapatentebuli iqna pirveli transformatori

gaxsnili gulariT, xolo 1884 wels ingliseli Zmebis joni da

eduard gopkinsonebis mier Seqmnili iqna Caketil gulariani

transformatori romelic Seicavda Tanamedrove transforma-

torebis TiTqmis yvela ZiriTad elements.

Tanamedrove Zaluri transformatori warmoadgens rTul

mowyobilobas, romelic Sesdgeba sxvadasxva saxis konstruqciu-

li elementebis didi raodenobisagan, romlebic ama Tu im saxiT

gavlenas axdenen mis muSaobaze.

Zaluri transformatoris daniSnulebaa rogorc eleqtroe-

nergiis gardaqmna eleqtrul qselebsa da danadgarebSi, aseve

eleqtroenergiis miReba da gamoyeneba.Aarsebobs erTfaza, orfaza,

samfaza Zaluri transformatorebi Dda avtotransformatorebi.

nax.1.1-ze mocemulia erTfaza (a) da samfaza (b) trans-

formatorebis magnituri nakadebi.

Tanamedrove transformatorebi mcired gansxvavdebian XIX

saukunis dasawyisis transformatorebisagan. isini iseve Sedgebian

izolirebuli firfitebisagan da spilenZis gamtarebisagan dam-

zadebuli gragnilebisagan. Tanamedrove transformatorebi Tavis

winamor-bedebs simZlavris mixedviT 500-jer aRematebian maTi

simZlavre aRwevs 1 mln kvt-ze mets, xolo Zabvis mixedviT 15-jer

aRematebian da SeuZliaT imuSaon 1150 kv Zabvis dros. eqsplua-

taciis xangrZlivoba meryeobs 25 dan 50 wlamde; maTi masa

22

erTeulovan simZlavreze gaangariSebiT Semcirda daaxloebiT 10-

jer, xolo margi qmedebis koeficientma gadaaWarba 99 %-s [1].

Mmokled ganvixiloT Zaluri transformatoris muSaobis

principi. transformatorSi gamtarisagan daxveul gragnils, ro-

melic mierTebulia kvebis wyarosTan da qmnis magnitur vels,

pirveladi ewodeba. Mmeore gragnils, romelSic am velis moq-

medebiT aRiZvreba eleqtromamoZravebeli Zala (emZ) da mierTe-

bulia eleqtroenergiis momxmarebelTan, ewodeba meoreuli.

transformatoris muSaoba dafuZnebulia or bazisur

principze:

1. droSi cvalebadi eleqtruli deni qmnis droSi cvalebad

magnitur vels (eleqtromagnetizmi);

2. magnituri nakadis cvlileba gragnilSi iwvevs eleqt-ro-

mamoZravebeli Zalis (emZ) aRZvras (eleqtromagnituri induqcia

nax.1.1. erTfaza (a) da samfaza (b) transformatorebis

magnituri nakadebi.

Tu pirvelad gragnils CavrTavT cvladi denis wredSi

(nax.1.1.a), maSin masSi gaivlis cvladi deni da magnitogamtarSi

anu gularaSi Seqmnis cvlad magnitur nakads. gularis gavliT

Sekruli magnituri nakadi ganWolavs meoreuli gragnilis xviebs

23

da daainduqcirebs masSi induq-ciis emZ-s. Tu meoreuli gragnilis

boloebze mivaerTebT eleqtro-energiis raime mimRebs, maSin

induqcirebuli emZ-is moqmedebiT meoreul gragnilSi mimRebis

gavliT gaivlis Ddeni. es deni Tavis mxriv qmnis magnitur nakads,

romelic pirvelad gragnilSi gamavali denis mier Seqmnili

magnituri nakadis sawinaaRmdegoa.

transformatoris efeqturi muSaobisaTvis saWiroa rom

pirvelad da meoreul gragnilebs Soris iyos idealuri

induqciuri kavSiri da TiToeul maTgans unda gaaCndes maRali

TviTinduqcia. es niSnavs, rom magnituri velis yvela Zalxazi,

romelic moculia pirveladi gragni-liT aseve moculi unda iyos

meoreuli gragniliTac. ase, rom mocemuli denis cvlilebis

siCqaris dros TiToeuli gragnilis mier Seqmnili magnituri

nakadi unda iyos didi. orive es piroba SeiZleba Sesruldes Tu

orive gragnils davaxvevT rkinis gularaze ise, rogorc es

gaakeTa faradeim Tavis pirvel eqsperimentebSi. rkina daaxloebiT

10 000 jer zrdis magnituri velis Zalxazebis raodenobas. aseTi

masalebis Sesaxeb amboben, rom maT aqvT maRali magnituri

SeRwevadoba.Ggarda amisa rkinis gulara axdens magnituri

induqciis Zalxazebis lokalizebas, ris wyalobiTac transfor-

matoris gragnilebi sivrceSi SeiZleba iyvnen erTmaneTisagan

gayofili da amave dros induqciurad dakavSirebulni.

rkinis gulara warmoadgens yvela Tanamedrove Zaluri

transformatoris ganuyofel nawils, xolo spilenZi da alumini

maTi dabali eleqtruli winaRobis gamo iyvnen da rCebian

gragnilebis dasamzadebel masalad.

idealuri transformatoris parametrebi mniSvnelovnad

damokidebulia gularas Tvisebebze, saxeldobr, am dargSi iqna

miRweuli yvelaze didi progresi. Ggularas dasamzadebeli masa-

lis mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa magnituri SeRwevadoba, magnituri

gaJRenTva, eleqtruli winaRoba da danakargebi histerezisze.

Mmagnituri SeRwevadoba SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc magni-

tur velSi moTavsebuli masalaSi warmoqmnili magnituri Zalxa-

24

zebis raodenoba. Mmagnituri gaJRenTva es aris magnituri masalis

mdgomareoba, romlis drosac misi damagniteba aRwevs zRvrul

mniSvnelobas. Ees ori Tviseba gansazRvravs gularas Zalur

maxasiaTeblebs. Ggularas masalas eleqtruli winaRoba mniSvne-

lovania imdenad, ramdenadac is saSualebas iZleva Semcirdes

grigaluri denebiT gamowveuli danakargebi.

histerezisi magnitur masalebSi amcirebs transformatoris

moqme-debis margi qmedebis koeficients. `damagnitebuli” atomebis

jgufebs Soris urTierTqmedebis Sedegad masala agrZelebs

damagnitebul mdgomareobaSi yofnas. Aamitom roca gare magnituri

velis daZabuloba droebiT mcirdeba, masala myisve ver

reagirebs. Aam Seyovnebas transformatorSi cvladi denis yovel

ciklSi mivyavarT energiis danakargebTan.

transformatorebis gularebis srulyofis mTeli istoriis

manZilze Catarebuli sainJinro kvlevebis ZiriTadi miznebi iyo

magnituri SeRwevadobis, gaJRenTvis wertilisa da eleqtruli

winaRobis amaRleba da histerezisze danakargebis Semcireba. Aam

gamokvlevebSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs mrudi, romelic

grafikulad aRwers damokidebulebas dasamagnitebeli masalis

iseT Tvisebebs Soris rogoricaa magnituri SeRwevadoba,

magnituri gaJRenTva da histerezisi. es mrudi warmoadgens

magnituri velis induqciasa da daZabulobas Soris damokide-

bulebis grafiks. cvladi denis TiToeuli ciklis damaxasiaTe-

bel mruds aqvs S asos forma Seviwroebadi boloebiT (nax.1.2).

misi daxris kuTxe Seesabameba magnituri SeRwevadobis sidides; is

zeda wertili, (A) romelSic mrudi swordeba Seesabameba

gaJRenTvis wertils, xolo АВСА1В1С1А mrudiT SemosazRvruli

farTobi Seesabameba hostereziss.

mkvlevarebs mudam ainteresebdaT, es Tvisebebi Tu rogor

miekuTvneba masalis fizikur Tvisebebs. TiToeuli Tviseba damo-

kidebulia elementerul magnitebs atomebs Soris urTierTqme-

debis xasiaTze. es urTierTqmedeba ganisazRvreba rkinis kris-

taluri struqturisa da sxva elementebis – minaerTebis atomebis

25

arsebobiT. mecnierebas, am rTuli urTierTqmedebis Sesaxeb,

magnituri domenebis Teoria ewodeba. es Teoria mecnierebs

exmareba transformatorebisaTvis moZiebuli iqnes ufro

srulyofili masalebi.

nax.1.2. histerezisis maryuJi.

foladisagan damzadebuli Txeli firfitebi, romlisganac

Sesdgeboda pirveli transformatorebis gularebi, xasiaTde-

bodnen histerezisze mniSvnelovani danakargebiT. SemdgomSi dana-

kargebma TandaTan iwyes Semcireba foladis xarisxis dawv-

rilebiTi SerCevis xarjze da 1900 wlisaTvis SesaZlebeli gaxda

danakargebis orjer Semcireba. amis Semdeg dadga masalis

daZvelebasTan dakavSirebuli problema. eqspluataciis vadis

zrdasTan erTad izrdeba danakargebi histerezisze.

1900 wlidan gularas masalis muSa maxasiaTeblebi mec-

nieruli kvlevebis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad iqna gaumjobesebuli.

transformatoris konstruqciis elementebi, romlebSic ga-

dis eleqtruli deni (gragnilebi, gamomyvanebi da sxva) da

romlebic erTmaneTTan SeerTebulia gansazRvruli sqemiT, qmnian

transformatoris konstruqciis Camiwebuli nawilebisagan izoli-

rebul eleqtrul wreds. saizolacio detalebi Sesrulebulia

sxvadasxva saxis myari saizolacio masalebisagan: muyaos, qaRal-

dis, xis, getinaqsisa da sxva. zeTian transformatorebSi

Casxmulia satransformatoro zeTi.

26

magnitogamtari masze Camocmul gragnilebTan erTad war-

moadgens transformatoris aqtiur nawils, xolo danarCeni ele-

mentebi - pasiur nawils. gragnilebis sxvadasxva nawilebis Seer-

Teba erTmaneTTan da gadamrTvelebTan xdeba gamomyvanebis

saSualebiT.

Zaluri transformatoris aqtiuri nawili moTavsebulia

avzSi, romelic avsebulia zeTiT. Aavzis kedelze Cveulebriv

damagrebulia zeTis gamacivebeli radiatorebi.

transformatorebis gragnilebis qselze misaerTeblad gamo-

yenebulia Semyvanebi, romlebic Sedgeba dengamtari nawilebisagan

(Reroebi an milebi), faifuris safarisagan da sayrdeni mil-

tuCasagan. Semyvanebi magrdeba avzis saxuravze an kedelze.Dam

dros misi qveda nawili moTavsebulia avzis SigniT zeTSi, xolo

zeda nawili avzis gareT haerSi. zeTiT avsebul Semyvanebs

gaaCniaT sakuTari zeTis avtonomiuri moculoba.

gragnilebi izolirebulia rogorc erTmaneTisagan, ise gula-

rasagan. Uufro maRali Zabvis gragnils ewodeba maRali Zabvis (mZ)

gragnili, xolo ufro dabali Zabvis gragnils – dabali Zabvis

(dZ) gragnili.

transformatoris pirveladi gragnilis xviaTa ricxvis Se-

fardebas meoreuli gragnilis xviaTa ricxvTan transformatoris

transformaciis koeficienti ewodeba. transformaciis koeficien-

ti gamoisaxeba formuliT:

K = W1/W2,

sadac W1 – pirveladi gragnilis xviaTa ricxvia, xolo W2 -

meoreuli gragnilis.

Cveulebriv pirveladi da meoreuli gragnilebis Zabvebi

sxvadasxvaa. Tu pirveladi Zabva naklebia meoreulze, maSin

transformators ewodeba amamaRlebeli da K<1, xolo Tu metia –

damadablebeli da K>1. Cveulebriv nebismieri transformatori

SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas rogorc amamaRlebel, ise dama-

dablebel transformatorad. amamaRlebeli transformatorebi

gamoiyeneba Sors manZilze eleqtroenergiis gadasacemad, xolo

27

damadablebeli – momxmareblebs Soris eleqtroenergiis gasana-

wileblad.

transformatorebis eqspluataciis dros iqmneba misi koefi-

cientis cvlilebis (anu Zabvis regulirebis) saWiroeba. Zabvis

regulireba erTi saxis transformatorebSi xdeba qselidan ga-

morTvis Semdeg, xolo sxva saxis transformatorebSi – dat-

virTvis qveS.

erTfaza transformatorebs gamoiyeneben sayofacxovrebo

xelsawyo - danadgarebSi, denisa da Zabvis sazom transformato-

rebad; induqciuri, madanTermuli, ferosadnobi da sxva eleqt-

roRumelebis kvebisaTvis. Zalovani transformatorebi bunebrivi

zeTis gacivebiT (nax.1.3.a) gamoiyeneba rkinigzebze avtoblokirebi-

sa da signalizaciis aparaturis kvebisaTvis. aseT transforma-

torebSi gaTvaliswinebulia Zabvis regulireba. erTfaza trans-

formatorebi gamoSvebulia 6, 10, 27 da 35 kv Zabvebze 0,63 – 10 kva

simZlavriT. zemZlavri erTfaza transformatorebs 750 kv maRal

Zabvamde ageben msxvili Tbo da hidroeleqtrosadgurebisa da

damadablebeli qvesadgurebisaTvis. amasTanave eleqtroenergiis

gadacemisaTvis ar gamoiyeneben erTfaza cvlad dens. Aam miz-

nisaTvis farTo gamoyeneba hpova samfaza denma. Aamitom transfo-

rmatorTa umetesoba samfazaa.

samfaza denis transformireba SesaZlebelia sami erTfaza

transformatoris gamoyenebiT, romelTa pirveladi da meoreuli

gragnilebi SeerTebulia samfaza sistemaSi varskvlavad (nax.1.1.b)

an samkuTxedad. swored amgvarad muSaoben msxvil eleqtro-

sadgurebSi dayenebuli mZlavri erTfaza transformatorebi. isini

pirveladi gragnilebiT CarTulni arian generatoris Sesabamis

fazebTan; maTi meoreuli gragnilebi SeerTebulia varskvlavad

da CarTulni arian sahaero gadacemis xazis Sesabamis fazebTan.

umravles SemTxvevaSi samfaza transformatori warmodgenilia

erT mTlianobaSi (nax.1.3.b). aseTi transformatoris magnito-

gamtari Sedgeba sami Rerosagan, romlebic zemodan da qvemodan

Caketilia uRlebiT (nax.1.4.).

28

a) b)

nax.1.3. erTfaza (a) da samfaza (b) transformatorebis gare xedi.

TiToeul Reroze Camocmulia erTi pirveladi da erTi meore-

uli gragnili. Ppirveladi gragnilebi SeerTebulia varskvlavad

an samkuTx-edad, aseve SeerTebulia meoreuli gragnilebi. Rero

gragnilebiT warmoadgens erTfaza transformators. amitom

yvelaferi is, rac zemoT iyo Tqmuli erTfaza transformatorze

mTlianad vrceldeba samfaza transformatoris TiToeul fazaze.

nax.1.4.-ze naCvenebia samfaza transformatoris gragnilebis

magnitogamtarze ganlagebis sqema, xolo nax.1.5-ze moyvanilia

samfaza transformatoris mowyobiloba.

B

nax..1.4. samfaza transformatoris gragnilebis magnitogamtarze

ganlagebis sqema

29

samfaza transformatoris TiToeul ReroSi pirvelad grag-

nilSi gamavali denis mier aRiZvreba magnituri nakadi. TiToeuli

pirveladi gragnili miekuTvneba samfaza sistemis erT romelime

fazas, amitom gragnilebSi gamavali deni, iseve rogorc modebuli

Zabvebi samfazaa da aqedan gamomdinare magnituri nakadebic

samfazaa, romlebic erTmaneTis mimarT daZrulni arian 1200 – iT.

nax.1.5. samfaza transformatoris mowyobiloba: 1-Termometri;

2- maRali Zabvis gragnilis Semyvani; 3- dabali Zabvis gragnilis

Semyvani; 4- avzSi zeTis Casasxmelis sacobi; 5- zeTis maCvenebeli;

6- safarToebelSi zeTis Casasxmelis sacobi; 7-safarToebeli; 8-

magnitogamtari; 9- dabali Zabvis gragnili; 10- MaRali Zabvis

gragnili; 11_ zeTis gamosaSvebi sacobi; 12- zeTis avzi; 12- zeTis

gaciebis radiatorebi.

yvela zemoTmoyvanili miekuTvneba samfaza orgragnila tran-

sformatorebs, romelTac TiToeul Reroze gaaCniaT ori gra-

gnili – pirveladi da meoreuli. aseT transformators SeuZlia

gardaqmnas erTi sididis Zabva meore sididis Zabvad, magram bevr

SemTxvevaSi es sakmarisi ar aris. Zalian xSirad saWiro xdeba

gvqondes ori meoreuli Zabva, magaliTad, 110/35/10 kv.

30

1.2. transformatoris nominaluri monacemebi da teqnikuri

maxasiaTeblebi.

Zalovani transformatorebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian

nominaluri simZlavriT, Zabvis klasiT, MmuSaobis pirobebiTa da

reJimebiT, konstruqciuli SesrulebiT.

transformatoris ZiriTadi monacemebi da maxasiaTeblebi

naCvenebia saqarxno firfitaze. Ffirfita damagrebulia transfor-

matoris avzze. Mmasze naCvenebia Semdegi parametrebi: transfor-

matoris tipisAaRniSvna; fazaTa ricxvi; sixSire, hc; dayenebis saxe

(Siga Tu gare); nominaluri simZlavre, kva; samgragniliani

transformatorisaTvis TiToeuli gragnilis simZlavre; gragni-

lebis SeerTebis sqema da jgufi; Zabva nominalur safexurze da

gragnilebis gamStoebebze, kv; nominaluri deni, a; mokled Ser-

Tvis Zabva procentebSi; gacivebis xerxi; mTliani transfor-

matoris, zeTisa da aqtiuri nawilis masa, tona.

nominaluri simZlavrisa da Zabvis klasis mixedviT Zalovani

transformatorebi pirobiTad iyofa cxrili 1.1 – Si moyvanil

jgufebad (gabaritebad)

cxrili 1.1. Zalovani transformatoris jgufebi simZlavrisa da

Zabvis mixedviT

Ggabaritis

nomeri

simZlavris

diapazoni,kva

Zabvis klasi, kv

I 100 - mde 35- mde

II 100 - 1000 35- mde

III 1000 - 6300 35- mde

IV 6300 –ze meti 35- mde

V 40000 – ze meti 35 - 110

VI 40000 - 80000 330-mde

VII 80000 - 200000 330 -mde

VIII 200000 – ze meti 330 –mde da zemoT

warmoebis mier gamoSvebulia transformatorebi civ da

tropikul klimatian raionebSi samuSaod, gare da Siga dayenebis,

saerTo da specialuri daniSnulebis.

31

gaciebis mixedviT transformatorebi iyofian: mSral, zeTian

da arawvadi Txevadi dieleqtrikiT.

yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi warmoebuli saerTo daniSnulebis

transformatorebis asoiT aRniSvnebSi gvxvdeba Semdegi aRniSv-

nebi: A – avtotransformatori; O an T - erTfaza an samfaza; P –

dabali Zabvis gaxleCili gragniliT; M – gaciebis saxe: haeris

bunebrivi gaciebiT an zeTis bunebrivi cirkulaciiT; ДЦ - haeris

an zeTis iZulebiTi cirkulacia Ц-wylisa da zeTis iZulebiTi

cirkulacia; НДЦ d НЦ - zeTis mimarTuli dineba ДЦ da Ц

sistemebSi; Т - gaciebis saxis aRniSvnis Semdeg – samgragnila

transformatori; Н – datvirTvis qveS Zabvis regulatoriT; С –

sakuTari moxmarebis.

nominaluri simZlavre da Zabvis klasi naCvenebia asoi-

TiAaRniSvnis Semdeg wiladis saxiT, romlis mricxvelSi naCve-

nebia nominaluri simZlavre kilovoltamperebSi, xolo mniSvnel-

Si Zabvis klasi kilovolttebSi.

pirobiTi aRniSvnebis magaliTebi: ТМ 1000/1074У1 – samfaza

orgragnila transformatori zeTis bunebrivi gaciebiT. nomi-

naluri simZlavre 1000 kva, Zabvis klasi 10 kv, 1974 wlis kon-

struqcia, gare dayenebis. ТРДНС 25000/3574Т1 – samfaza orgrag-

niliani transformatori dabali Zabvis gaxleCili gragniliT,

haeris iZulebiTi cirkulaciiT gacivebiT, Zabvis datvirTvis qveS

regulirebiT, eleqtrosadguris sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis,

nominaluri simZlavriT 25 mva, Zabvis klasi 35 kv, 1974 wlis

konstruqcia, tropikuli SesrulebiT, gare dayenebis.

1.3. avtotransformatorebi

avtotransformatorebi warmoadgenen qvesadgurebis Zalovan

danadgarebs, romelTa daniSnulebaa qselSi Zabvis donis cvli-

leba. avtotransformatori transformatoris variantia, romel-

Sic pirveladi da meoreuli gragnilebi pirdapir aris Seer-

Tebuli da erTmaneTTan aqvT aramarto eleqtromagnituri, aramed

eleqtruli kavSiric da eleqtruli energiis gadacema pirveladi

32

wredidan meoreulze xdeba rogorc magnituri veliT, aseve

eleqtruli gziTac. avtotransformatoris gragnils aqvs ramde-

nime gamomyvani (minimum 3), romelTa meSveobiT miiReba sxvadasxva

sididis Zabvebi. Aavtotransformatoris upiratesobas warmoadgens

maRali mqk, radgan simZlavris mxolod nawili eqvemdebareba

gardaqmnas – es arsebiTad mniSvnelovania, roca Semavali da

gamomavali Zabvebi erTmaneTisagan mcired gansxvavdebian. maT

uaryofiT mxared iTvleba pirvelad da meoreul wredebs Soris

eleqtruli izolaciis ar arseboba. samrewvelo qselebSi, sadac

Camiwebuli nulovani sadenis arseboba aucilebelia, am faqtors

mniSvneloba ara aqvs, magram mniSvnelovania, rom naklebia fola-

dis xarji gularisaTvis, spilenZis xarji gragnilebisaTvis,

mcire wona da gabaritebi, dabali Rirebuleba. gansakuTrebiT

efeqturia avtotransformatoris gamoyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, roca

meoreuli Zabva didad ar gamsxvavdeba pirveladisagan.

Nnax.1.6. avtotransformatoris saerTo xedi

eqspluataciaSi farTo gamoyeneba hpoves avtotransforma-

torebma 220 kv da zemoT Zabvaze (nax.1.6). isini ZiriTadad, rogorc

wesi mzaddeba samgragnila, romelTac garda eleqtrulad SeerTe-

buli gragnilisa gaaCniaT magniturad SeerTebuli gragnilic.

Cveulebriv es gragnili dabali Zabvisaa, romelTanac SeiZleba

mierTebuli iqnas generatori (eleqtrosadgurebSi), sinqronuli

kompensatori (qvesadgurebSi) an SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas

33

adgilobrivi momxmareblebis kvebisaTvis 35 kv Zabvamde. Nnax.1.7-ze

mocemulia samfaza avtotransformatoris principuli sqema.

nax.1.7. samfaza avtotransformatoris principuli sqema.

qselidan kveba miewodeba А, В, С. Semyvanebze, xolo dabali

Zabva moixsneba a, b, c gamomyvanebidan. samfaza avtotransfor-

matorebSi gamoiyeneba mxolod gragnilebis varskvlava SeerTeba.

1.4. transformatoris dazianebebis ZiriTadi saxeebi

transformatoris tipiur dazianebebad iTvleba izolaciis,

magnetogamtarebis, gadamrTveli mowyobilobebis, ganStoebebis,

zeTvsebuli da faifuris Semyvanebis dazianebebi.

umetes SemTxvevebSi dazianeba uecrad ar xdeba, aramed raime

araxelsayreli faqtoris xangrZlivi zemoqmedebiT. warmoqmnili

defeqtis drouli gamovlena saSualebas iZleva miRebuli iqnes

zomebi misi Semdgomi ganviTarebis AaRsakveTad da transfor-

matoris muSaunarianobis SesanarCuneblad.

Zalovan transformatorebSi dazianebis yvelaze ufro

gavrce-lebuli saxea maRalvoltiani Semyvanebis dazianeba. 110 kv

da zeviT Semyvanebis dazianeba ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia

qaRaldis fuZis datenianebasTan. Semyvanis SigniT tenis moxvedra

SesaZlebelia SemWidrovebis uxarisxo SesrulebasTan, zeTis

damatebisas daqveiTebuli dieleqtrikuli simtkicis satrans-

formatoro zeTis CasxmasTan. transformatoris Semyvanebis

dazianeba gansakuTrebiT saSiSia da iwvevs ara marto Semyvanebis,

aramed TviT transformatoris mniSvnelovan dazianebas, rasac

rogorc wesi, Tan axlavs xanZari. Dda mniSvnelovani materialuri

34

zarali. saeqspluatacio personali yovelTvis droulad ver

amCnevs dazianebebs da amis gamo ver axdens dazianebuli

Semyvanis gamocvlas.

dReisaTvis eqspluataciaSia hermetuli da arahermetuli

zeTvsebuli Semyvanebi da agreTve Semyvanebi myari izolaciiT.

330-500 kv Zabvis zeTiT Sevsebuli Semyvanebi ZiriTadad zian-

deba izolaciis eleqtruli garRveviT, rac gamowveulia araher-

metul konstruqciaSi sinestis SeRweviTa da bakelitisa da qaRa-

ldis izolaciis danestianebiT.Aamitom saWiroa izolaciis mdgo-

mareobis drouli kontroli zeTis qromatografiuli analizi.

arahermetuli Sesrulebis Semyvanebi, romelTac mowyobilo-

bis amuSavebis Semdeg aReniSneba izolaciis dieleqtrikuli

danakargebis kuTxis tgδ – s da tevadobis mkveTri gauareseba,

dauyonebliv unda Seicvalos.

arahermetuli Semyvanebis yvelaze ufro sust kvanZad iTv-

leba zeTiani hidrosaketisa silikageliani haersaSrobis daxma-

rebiT zeTis dacvis sistema. xangrZlivi eqspluataciis dros, gan-

sakuTrebiT silikagelis dagvianebiT gamocvlis SemTxvevaSi, zeTi

teniandeba, uaresdeba misi saizolacio maxasiaTeblebi, ris Sede-

gadac zeTSi SeiZleba aRiZras nawilobrivi ganmuxtvebi. Semdgom-

Si qaRaldis izolaciis zedapirze iwyebs warmoqmnas e.w. “mcoca-

vi” ganmuxtva: izolaciis dazianebuli zedapiris erTi an ram-

denime sawyisi wertilidan cocaven gawvis adgilebi, romlebic

izolaciis Sesustebul zedapirebze qmnian rTul naxats. rogorc

ki “mcocavi” ganmuxtva miuaxlovdeba Camiwebul nawils, xdeba

izolaciis garRveva mokled SerTvis aRZvriT.

zeTis saizolacio maxasiaTeblebis mniSvnelovani gauare-

sebis SemTxvevaSi garRveva SeiZleba moxdes “mcocavi” ganmuxtvis

warmoqmnis gareSec. Aanalogiuri dazianeba SeiZleba moxdes im

SemTxvevaSic, Tu Semyvanis remontis dros qaRaldis izolacia

iyo cudad gamSrali.

hermetuli Semyvanebi eqspluataciaSi naklebad Sromatevadi

da ufro saimedoa, vidre arahermetuli. isini umetesad ziandebian

35

wnevis avzebis silfonebSi warmoqmnili aluminis mtveriT. herme-

tuli Semyvanebis mdgomareoba da muSaunarianoba ganisazRvreba

da kontroldeba manometris CvenebiT, romelic muSaobs indika-

toris reJimSi. zeTis wnevis mkveTri amaRlebis dros, romelic

dakavSirebuli ar aris temperaturis awevasTan, transformatori

dauyonebliv gamoyvanili unda iqnas muSaobidan da unda moxdes

defeqturi Semyvanis Secvla.

rogorc hermetul aseve arahermetul SemyvanebSi zeda sakon-

taqto sarWis damagrebis zonaSi SeiZleba adgili hqondes her-

metulobis darRvevas. darRveva SeiZleba moxdes transforma-

toris yvelaze maRal wertilSi mdebare kvanZis araswori awyobis

Sedegad. aRniSnul kvanZSi zeTis Warbi wneva, gansakuTrebiT civ

periodSi (safarToebelSi am dros zeTis done minimaluria),

nulTan axlosaa. roca hermetuloba darRveulia, maSin sinestem

atmosferodan gaJonos zeTSi, ris Sedegadac transformatoris

izolacia dairRveva.

110 – 150 kv Zabvis araHhermetul SemyvanebSi 15-20 wlis

muSaobis Semdeg cvdeba SemWidroebebi, maT Soris zeda kvanZSi,

ris Sedegadac sineste aRwevs safarToebelSi, aqedan ki igi

nawildeba Semyvanis MmTel moculobaSi, rac iwvevs izolaciisa

da zeTis danestianebas. zeTvsebuli Semyvanebi ziandebian agreTve

Semyvanis qveda ekranis zonaSi Sualeduri milisis axlos Siga

izolaciis garRveviT.

moqnili xazuri Sleifis dasaSvebze metad daWimvis gamo

gamowveuliMmeqanikuri zemoqmedebisa da mkveTrad cvalebadi rTu-

li klimaturi pirobebis gamo xdeba WanWikuri SeerTebisa da

sakontaqto kvanZebis moSveba da imavdroulad Semyvanis herme-

tulobis darRveva. Kkontaqtis kuTxvilis (“rezba”) mdgomareobis

gauaresebisa da koroziis gaCenis Sedegad kontaqtis adgilze

izrdeba gardamavali winaRoba, rac iwvevs Zlier gaxurebas da

transformatoris Semyvanis zeda nawilis bunikidan gragnilis

gamomyvanis gamodnobas. Aam defeqtis SeumCnev-lobiT transfor-

matori SeiZleba Zlier daziandes. amitom perioduli daTvalie-

36

rebisa da remontebis dros saWiroa gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

mieqces gragnilebis gamomyvanebis bunikebTan mirCilvis xarisxs,

gakontroldes momWerebis kontaqtis kuTxvilebis mdgomare-oba

da droulad SevcvaloT rezinis SemWidroebebi.

sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo, ZiriTadad eqspluataciisas,xdeba

faifuris safaris, zeTis maCvenebeli minis, manometrisa da sxvaTa

dazianeba, wiboebis Camotexva.

remontisa da montaJis dros faifuris safaris wanacvlebis

Tavidan acilebis mizniT dauSvebelia personalis gadaadgileba

uSualod safaris wiboebze. amisaTvis unda gamoviyenoT kibeebi an

specialuri asawevi moednebi.

Zveli zeTvsebuli Semyvanebis axliT (naklebi zomebiT, ro-

gorc simaRliT, aseve diametriT) Secvlis dros saWiroa gaTva-

liswinebuli iqnes maTi sigrZe da unda moxdes maTi morgeba

(gamomyvanis sigrZis damokleba). Tu es ar moxdeba, maSin axali

Semyvanis dayenebis Semdeg gaCndeba maryuJi, ris gamoc dairRveva

saizolacio daSoreba, rasac mivyavarT transformatoris konst-

ruqciis am ubanze izolaciis garRvevamde.

35 kv Zabvamde Semyvanebi rogorc wesi ziandeba dauSvebeli

meqanikuri zemoqmedebiT, rac gamoixateba faifuris safaris

dazianebaSi. Sedegad transformatoridan iwyeba zeTis dineba.

transformatorTan gare salteebis uxeSad SeerTebisas Semyvanis

zeda kontaqtis sarWis kuTxvili nawili swrafad cvdeba.

transformatoris dazianebis aseve gavrcelebul saxes war-

moadgens datvirTvis qveS Zabvis regulirebis mowyobilobis

dazianeba. kontaqtebis araswori regulirebis,iSviaTi gadarTvebis

gamo kontaqtebis zedapirebze gaCenili Jangeulebis afskebisa da

kinematikur sqemebSi darRvevebis Sedegad amomrCevlis kontaqtur

sistemaSi SeiZleba gaCndes darRvevebi.

gadamrTveli mowyobilobebi sakmaod rTulia da moiTxovs

dawvrilebiT gawyobas, Semowmebasa da specialuri gamocdebis

Catarebas. rogorc analizma aCvena Zabvis regulirebis mowyobi-

lobis (Zrm) yvelaze arasiamedo elementia amZravi. mis mtyunebaTa

37

mizezebia: amamuSaveblis kontaqtebis miwebeba; muSta meqanizmebis

dazianeba; saboloo da damcavi amomrTvelebis mtyuneba; sinestis

gamo amZravis eleqtroZravis xviebis mokled SerTva; amZravis

mowyobilobis elementebis arasakmarisi gaTboba; kontrolerebSi

meqanikuri cveTis gamo mwyobridan gamodis gorgolaWi; amZravis

saxuravis arasakmarisi hermetulobis dros amZravis aparatura da

sxvadasxva SemaerTebeli xundebi ifareba JangiTa da mtveriT;

adgili aqvs zeTis dinebas mdgomareobis maCveneblis minis

qvemodan da Wiaxraxnis kvanZSi; amomrCevi kontaqtebis arasak-

marisi daWeris gamo adgili aqvs dawvas.

am mowyobilobis kontaqtori SeiZleba daziandes misi kontaq-

tebis sistemisa da kinematikuri sqemis araswori regulirebiT,

agreTve satransformatoro zeTis dagvianebuli gamocvliT. Kkon-

taqtoris damxmare da rkalmqrobi kontaqtebis amuSavebas Soris

dro gadarTvisas Seadgens wamis meaTed nawilebs. Tu kontaq-

torSi zeTma dakarga Tavisi rkalmqrobi Tvisebebi, maSin rkalis

qrobis dro gaiweleba da transformatoris maregulirebeli

gragnilis mezobeli ganStoebebi aRmoCndebian erTmaneTTan Seer-

Tebuli ara rkalmqrobi rezistoris gavliT, aramed eleqtruli

rkaliT, rasac mivyavarT mZime avariamde, transformatoris

gragnilebis deformaciamde.

kontaqtoris WanWikebis konstruqciuli Sesruleba da maTi

damagrebis arasakmarisi simtkice mniSvnelovnad arTulebs maT

revizias da amitom saWiro xdeba mTeli gadamrTveli mowyo-

bilobis amoReba transformatoris avzidan.

ufro mZime Sedegebamde mivyavarT transformatoris mTavari

izolaciisa da gragnilebis dazianebas. cudad gamomSrali

eleqtro-muyao an xviebs Sorisi qaRaldis izolacia da maT

fenebs Soris zomebis daucveloba,sustad daxveuli izolacia,

gaWuWyianebuli an danestianebuli satransformatoro zeTi,

iwveven myari izolaciis dazianebas, “mcocavi” ganmuxtvis warmo-

Sobasa da Semdgom garRvevas.

38

transformatoris dazianebas iwvevs agreTve daRRvevebi

gaciebis sistemaSi Ggaciebis sistema transformatoris mniSvne-

lovani kvanZia, romelic uzrunvelyofs mocemul temperaturul

reJims. gaciebis sistemis dazianebam SeiZleba migviyvanos qaRal-

dis izolaciisa da zeTis mniSvnelovan Tbur daZvelebamde, rac

amcirebs transformatoris winaaRmdegobas eleqtruli da

dinamiuri zemoqmedebebis mimarT.

gaciebis sistemis elementebis damaxasiaTebeli dazianebebia:

zeTis dena da gaJonva, rasac mivyavarT transformatoris gamor-

Tvamde. Aam defeqtis gamovlenis mizezi SeiZleba iyos SeduRebis

nakerebis defeqtebi, gaciebis sistemis elementebis gamaciebeli

zedapirebis deformacia, zeTis gaciebis sistemis hermetulobis

darRveva, ventilatoris frTebis dauSvebeli vibracia, romelsac

Tan axlavs frTebis gatexva.

gaciebis sistemis eleqtrotumboebi warmoadgenen gaciebis

sistemis naklebad saimedo kvanZs. sustad Camocmuli sakisari

iwvevs rotoris statorTan modebas, ris gamoc warmoiSveba

meqanikuri mtveri da burbuSela, romelic miitaceba eleqtro-

tumboSi gamdinare zeTiT da xvdeba transformatoris avzSi;

daileqeba ra izolaciaze, amcirebs mis eleqtrul simtkices da

xels uwyobs transformatoris dazianebas. amasTanave aRiZvreba

RerZuli datvirTva lilvze, rac xels uwyobs radialur -

sabjeni sakisrebis cveTas.

energetikuli simZlavreebis mudmiv zrdasTan erTad izrdeba

mokled SerTvis simZlavreebi. simZlavreebis zrdisa da agreTve

gragnilebis Sesustebuli dawnexvis dros gragnilebis eleqtro-

dinamiuri mdgradoba gareSe mokled SerTvis denebis mimarT Sei-

Zleba arasakmarisi aRmoCndes da deformacia ganicados gragnil-

ma, romelic mokled SerTvamde karg mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda.

125 mva da zemoT simZlavris axali tipis transformatorebis

didi umravlesoba (da yvela Zveli tipis) Semowmebuli ar aris

eleqtrodinamiur simtkiceze. aseTi transformatorebis meqaniku-

ri simtkice rogorc wesi mocemulia mxolod gaangariSebiT.

39

Aamitom mokled SerTvis zemoqmedebis Sedegad Zalovani trans-

formatorebis dazianebis albaToba SenarCunebulia. eqsplua-

taciis praqtikaSi xSirad gvxvdeba transformatorebis xviaTa-

Sorisi da koWaTaSorisi mokled SerTvis Sedegad gamowveuli

dazianebebi. statistikam aCvena, rom transformatorebi xviaTa-

Sorisi mokled SerTvis Sedegad ziandebian rogorc eqspluata-

ciis dasawyisSi, aseve xangrZlivi eqspluataciis Semdeg. xviaTa-

Sorisi mokled SerTvis mizezebi SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva: koWis

xviis izolaciis Sesusteba, romelic iwvevs sadenis defeqts;

mokled SerTvis denebis zemoqmedebiT koWebis deformacia; xvie-

bis izolaciis arasakmarisi sisqe; gadaWarbebuli eleqtruli,

Tburi da vibraciuli zemoqmedeba; izolaciis danestianeba da

gaWuWyianeba.Aam faqtorebis erToblivi zemoqmedebiT xviaTaSo-

risi mokled SerTvis albaToba mniSvnelovnad izrdeba.

radganac transformatoris muSaobaSi mTavari da xviaTa-

Sorisi izolaciis dazianeba iwvevs mZime Sedegebs, amitom am

saxis dazianebebis droulad gamovlenas didi yaradReba eqceva.

transformatoris magnitogamtarebi ziandeba gadaxurebis

Sedegad foladis furclebs Soris laqis afskis daSlisa da

damwnexi sarWebis izolaciis darRvevis gamo. foladis dazianebas

mivyavarT naklebad mZime Sedegebamde, rac ZiriTadad dakavSi-

rebulia avzis SigniT mokled SerTuli konturebis SeqmnasTan.

Kkonturi SeiZleba Seiqmnas rogorc magnitogamtaris paketis

SigniT, aseve konstruqciuli metalis romelime detalisa da

magnitogamtaris Camiwebis elementis gavliT. Mmokled SerTuli

konturi iwvevs gazrdil adgilobriv gadaxurebas, gansakuTrebiT

kontaqtebis adgilebSi, rac auaresebs satransformatoro zeTis

Tvisebebs. Tu defeqti droulad ar iqna gamosworebuli, maSin

SeiZleba moxdes transformatoris myari izolaciis dazianeba.

transformatorebis daproeqtebis dros safarToebelis mocu-

loba ganisazRvreba angariSiT da ar mowmdeba specialuri Tburi

gamocdebiT. Aamitom transformatoris safarToebelis tevadoba

40

yovelTvis ar Seesabameba avzSi zeTis moculobis cvlilebas

garemos temperaturisa da datvirTvis yvela saxis rxevebis dros.

safarToebelSi zeTis donis dasaSvebze metad awevas miv-

yavarT arasasurvel movlenebamde:

afskuri dacvis mqone transformatorebSi xdeba afskis

sruli SekumSva da damcavi sarqvelis amuSaveba. Ddefeqturi

sarqvelis amuSavebis Semdeg ar xdeba misi Semdgomi daxurva, ris

gamoc zeTis gaJonvis Sedegad gamoirTveba transformatori.

transformatorebSi, romelTac gaaCniaT Cveulebriv haersaS-

robiT dacva, safarToebelSi zeTis donis awevis SemTxvevaSi

zeTis SeRweva haersaSrobSi da Semdgom zeTi gadmodis gareT.

datvirTvis gazrdiTa da zeTis moculobis gafarToebis gamo

izrdeba zeTis wneva, irRveva gamosabolqvi milis da zeTi

gamoifrqveva gareT. qvesadgurebSi, sadac ar aris morige per-

sonali, dazianebuli diafragmis gavliT safar-ToebelSi aRwevs

sineste da xdeba zeTis da Semdgom izolaciis danestianeba.

amitom Znelad misadgom adgilebSi awarmoeben didi moculobis

safarToeblebis dayenebas.

transformatoris dazianebebi, romlebic aRmoifxvreba trans-

formatoris gaTiSvis gareSe, pirobiTad miekuTvneba sxva dazi-

anebebs.

aseTi tipis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul dazianebas miekuT-

vneba konstruqciis kvanZebis sxvadasxva gasarTebSi zeTis dineba

cudi xarisxis zeTmedegi rezinis gamo, romelic AaRmoifxvreba

gasarTebis qanCebis moWeriT.

SemamWidroebeli safenis wanacvlebiT gamowveuli damcavi

sarqvelis araswori muSaoba, iwvevs transformatoridan zeTis

dinebasa da gaJonvas.

aRsaniSnavia, rom transformatorebis diagnostikis mniSvne-

lovani da sakmaod obieqturi meTodia misi gamokvleva Tbovi-

zoris daxmarebiT infrawiTel diapazonSi, romlic saSualebas

gvaZlevs qselidan gamorTvis gareSe davinaxoT Zalovan trans-

formatorebSi lokaluri gacxelebebi da SeerTebis gardamavali

41

winaRobebi. ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi infrawiTeli teq-

nikis xelsawyoebis daxmarebiT energosistemebSi SemCneuli iqna

aTi aTasobiT ganviTarebadi defeqtebi, romelTagan aTass SeeZlo

gamoewvia msxvili avaria.

ufro da ufro farTod iwyeba Zalovani transformatorebis

diagnostikaSi nawilobrivi ganmuxtvebis meTodebisa da apara-

turis gamoyeneba. eleqtronul-optikuri meTodi da cifruli

aparatura gansakuTrebul adgils iWers eleqtruli ganmuxtve-

bisa da Tburi procesebis kontrolis dros gazomvis distanciu-

robisa da operatiulobis procesebisa da maRali informaciu-

lobis wyalobiT.

1.5. Zalovani transformatorebis kontrolis ZiriTadi meTodebi.Zalovani transformatorebis gamokvleva SeiZleba moxdes

remontSi gadayvaniTa da mis gareSe. Zalovani transformatoris

gamokvleva remontSi gadayvaniT xdeba eleqtruli da qimiuri

gamocdebis meTodebiT.

aucilebeli eleqtruli gamocdebis CamonaTvalSi Sedian [5]:

- yvela gragnilis winaRobis gazomva da absorbciis

koeficientis gansazRvra;

- gragnilebis dieleqtrikuli danakargebisa da izolaciis

tevadobis gazomva;

- satransformatoro zeTis gamrRvevi Zabvis gansazRvra;

- Txevadi dieleqtrikis dieleqtrikuli danakargebis kuTxis

tangensis gansazRvra;

- gadamrTveli mowyobilobis yvela ganStoebaze mudmivi deniT

gragnilebis winaRobis gansazRvra;

- mcire erTfaza agznebis dros uqmi svlis denisa da

danakargebis gansazRvra;

- mokled SerTvis sruli winaRobis gansazRvra;

- transformaciis koeficientis gansazRvra;

- maRalvoltiani SemyvanebisaTvis izolaciiswinaRobis gazomva

da absorbciis koeficientis gansazRvra;

42

- maRalvoltiani SemyvanebisaTvis izolaciis dieleqtrikuli

danakargebisa da tevadobis gansazRvra;

- 50 hc sixSiris aweuli ZabviT izolaciis gamocda (sruli

kapitaluri remontis dros gragnilebis mTliani gamocvlis

SemTxvevaSi);

damatebiTi eleqtruli gamocdebis CamonaTvalSi Sedian:

- eleqtruli meTodebiT nawilobrivi ganmuxtvis donisa da

adgil-mdebareobis gansazRvra [6];

- gragnilebis deformaciis gamovlena transformatoris

gardamavali funqciis analizis gziT, sixSiruli da impulsuri

maxasiaTeblebisa da aweuli Zabvis dros nawilobrivi

ganmuxtvis gazomvis [7], mokled SerTvis induqciuri da sruli

winaRobis gansazRvris meTodebis, dabalvoltiani impulsebis,

magnituri induqciis daxmarebiT [8];

- transformatoris gare magnituri velis gazomvis gziT

gragnilebSi xviebs Soris mokled SerTvis gansazRvra [9];

- Zalovani transformatorebis elementebis vibraciis gansazRvra

[10];

- gadamrTveli mowyobilobis mdgomareobis Sefazeba qarxana-

damam-zadeblid moTxovnebis mixedviT: wriuli diagramis

gadaReba, sakontaqto sistemis oscilografireba [17];

aucilebel qimiur gamocdebSi Sedian:

- myari izolaciis tenianobis Sefaseba [12];

- zeTSi gaxsnili airebis qromatografiuli analizi [13];

- Txevadi dieleqtrikuli mJavuri ricxvis gansazRvra [14];

- wyalSi sxnadi mJavebis gansazRvra [15];

- raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi tenSemcvelobis gansazRvra [16];

- Txevadi dieleqtrikis afeTqebis temperaturis gansazRvra [17];

- Txevadi dieleqtrikis antimJavuri misarTis gansazRvra (mowyo-

bilobaSi Casxmamde) [18];

- Txevadi dieleqtrikis sisufTavis klasis gansazRvra [19];

- Txevadi dieleqtrikSi gaxsnili Slamis Semcvelobis

gansazRvra [20];

43

- Txevadi dieleqtrikSi airSemcvelobis gansazRvra qarxana-

damamzadeblis instruqciis Sesabamisad [21];

- gragnilebis qaRaldis izolaciis mdgomareobis Sefaseba

furanuli SenaerTebis [22] da polimerizaciis xarisxis [23]

mixedviT;

Txevadi dieleqtrikebis damatebiTi gamocdebis CamonaTvalSi

Sedian:

- simRvrivis gansazRvra [24];

- infrawiTeli speqtroskopiis daxmarebiT daZvelebis produqte-

bis gansazRvra [25];

- avzidan da maRalvoltiani Semyvanebidan amoRebuli satrans-

formatoro zeTis dieleqtrikuli danakargebis kuTxis

tangensis [26], kuTri moculobiTi gamtarobis [27] gazomva

sxvadasxva temperaturuli reJimis dros;

Zalovani transformatorebis uwyveti kontrolis (online monitoring)

meTodebs miekuTvnebian:

- Tbovizoruli [28];

- vibraciuli [29];

- zeTSi gaxsnili airebis Semcvelobis gansazRvra, transforma-

torSi temperaturisa da tenianobis kontroli [30];

- akustikuri [31];

- nawilobrivi ganmuxtvis [32];

- Zabvis qveS regulatoris meqanikuri mdgomareobis sixSiruli

meTodiT Sefaseba [33];

- yvelaze ufro gacxelebuli wertilebis gansazRvra optikur-

boWkovani gadamwodebiT [34];

- maRalvoltiani Semyvanebis kontroli muSa Zabvis qveS fazebs

Soris gamtarobisa da danakargebis kuTxis gziT [35];

- transformatoris avzis siaxloves magnituri velis induqciis

gazomva [36];

- zemaRali sixSiris eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis

maxasiaTeblebis kontroli [37] da sxva.

44

ukanasknel xanebSi intensiurad viTardeba da inergeba didi

simZlavris Zalovani transformatorebis uwyveti kontrolis

meTodebi Tanamedrove kompiuteruli teqnologiisa da monacemebis

avtomaturi aRebis, damuSavebisa da analizis gamoyenebiT.

am meTodebis gamoyeneba xorcieldeba transformatoris

gareT dayenebuli sxvadasxva saxis gadamwodebis gamoyenebiT.

1.6. transformatoris mdgomareobis diagnostikis xerxebi

transformatoris diagnostikis qveS igulisxmeba sxvadasxva

teqnikuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT Catarebul RonisZiebaTa

sistemis meSveobiT misi mdgomareobis Semowmeba da Sefaseba.

daxuruli zeTiani trasformatorebis gamoCenisTanave aRiZra

maTi mdgomareobis kontrolis problema. romelime Siga kvanZis

daTvaliere-bisaTvis, saWiro iyo transformatoris gamorTva,

zeTis Camosxma, reviziis Catareba da Semdeg zeTis ukan Casxma.

yvela es operacia unda Sesruldes mravalricxovani wesebis

dacviT da bolos CarTvis win unda moxdes transformatoris

gaSroba. zeTiani transformatorebis masiuri eqspluataciis

gariJraJze saremontod Zalian xSirad uxdebodaT transfor-

matoris gaxsna. amasTanave unda aRiniSnos, rom rac ufro xSirad

ixsneba transformatori, miT ufro didia misi dazianebis

albaToba.Aam procesTan dakavSirebulma siZneleebma da mouxer-

xeblobam saWiro gaxada moZebniliyo da ganviTarebuliyo

transformatoris mdgomareobis kontrolis iseTi meTodebi, rom-

lebic ar moiTxovdnen mis gaxsnasa da zeTis Camosxmas. Ees

SesaZlebeli gaxda mas Semdeg, rac didi warmatebiT ganviTarda

transformatoris mdgomareobis Semowmebisa da Sesabamisi maCve-

neblebis gansazRvris xerxebi, anu sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, diag-

nostikis dargSi miRweuli warmatebebis Sedegad, romelTa

mixedviTac SesaZlebelia vimsjeloT agregatis muSaunarianobaze.

diagnostikaSi gamoyenebulia martivi vizualuri, meqanikuri,

fizikuri, qimiuri da mdgomareobis kontrolis sxvadasaxva

xerxebi, agreTve maTi kombinaciebi. magaliTad, satransformatoro

45

zeTis danestianeba SeiZleba gansazRvruli iyos silikagelis

feris cvlile-biT an qimiuri analizis gziT. zeTSi an myar

izolaciaSi nawilobrivi eleqtruli muxtis arseboba SeiZleba

gansazRvruli iqnes nawilobrivi ganmuxtvis indikatoris dax-

marebiT, uSualo gazomviT an zeTSi gaxsnili airebis qromato-

grafiuli analiziT.

Cveulebriv praqtikuli miznebisaTvis ama Tu im parametris

kontrolis xerxebidan arCeven yvelaze martivs, xolo

dawvrilebiTi Semowmebisas, roca saWiroa defeqtis xasiaTisa da

adgilis dazusteba, gamoiyeneben ufro rTul xerxebs.

transformatoris mdgomareobis kontroli atarebs kompleq-

sur xasiaTs. Cveulebriv is iwyeba misi damzadebis stadiaze.

swored maSin mowmdeba saizolacio da aqtiuri masalebis,

calkeuli kvanZebisa da detalebis da agreTve awyobis xarisxi.

Mmza transformatori eqvemdebareba kompleqsur Semowmebas,

romelic tardeba diagnostikis yvela saWiro saSualebebiT

aRWurvil qarxana- damamzadeblis sacdel sadgurSi.

transformatoris transportirebis dros xorcieldeba misi

kontroli hermetulobasa da meqanikur zemoqmedebebze. Aadgilze

mitanili transformatori agreTve moiTxovs misi mdgomareobis

kontrols rogorc Senaxvisas, aseve montaJis procesSi teqnikuri

dokumentaciis Sesabamisad. montaJis damTavrebis Semdeg eqsplua-

taciaSi Seyvanis win transformatoris mdgomareobis diagnos-

tikis mizniT igi gamoicdeba eleqtrodanadgarebis mowyobis

wesebiT gaTvaliswinebuli moculobiT. Utransformatoris mdgo-

mareobis Semowmebis ufro didi moculobis samuSaoebi sruldeba

eqspluataciis procesSi.

winamdebare saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxilulia transformatoris

diagnostikaSi dReisaTvis gamoyenebuli xerxebi. gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba miqceulia imisaken, Tu miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT

rogor SevafasoT transformatoris mdgomareoba da gavakeToT

daskvna misi Semdgomi eqspluataciis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb.

46

transformatoris mdgomareobis Semowmebis wesi moyvanilia

mravali direqtiuli meToduri masalebiT. Yyvelaze ufro sru-

lad es sakiTxebi ganxilulia transformatorebis eqspluataciis

instruqciasa da eleqtromowyobilobis gamocdis normebSi.

muSaobis reJimis Sesafaseblad transformatorebi aRWur-

vilia saWiro sakontrolo-sazomi xelsawyoebiT. maTi mierTebis

wertilebisa da adgilebis raodenoba damokidebulia maT daniS-

nulebaze, simZlavreze, transformatoris dadgmis punqtsa da sxva

faqtorebze. 1 mva da zeviT simZlavris transformatoris TiToe-

uli Zabvis mxareze ayeneben erT ampermetrs, zogierT SemTxvevaSi

SeiZleba dayenebuli iqnas TiToeul fazaze. Zabvis kontroli

Cveulebriv xorcieldeba Semkreb salteebze dayenebuli volt-

metrebiT. calke mdgom transfor-matorebze voltmetrebs ayeneben

mxolod Ddabali Zabvis mxares. Nnax.1.8.a - ze moyvanilia 6/0,4 kv 1

mva simZlavris transformatoris eleqtrosazomi xelsawyoebis

CarTvis umartivesi sqema.

Aa) b)

Nnax.1.8. eleqtrosazomi xelsawyoebis CarTvis sqema. Aa- 6/0,4

kv Zabvisa da 1 mva simZlavris transformatorTan; b- 220/110/10 kv

Zabvis samgragnila avto-transformatorTan.

vatmetrebi da varmetrebi dayenebulia eleqtrosadguris

amwev da 110 kv da zeviT transformatorebze. Aaqtiuri da

reaqtiuli energiis mricxvelebi dayenebulia samgragniliani

transformatorebis maRali da saSualo Zabvis mxares, xolo

47

orgragnilianis – maRali Zabvis mxares.Ddamaboloebel transfor-

matorebSi dayenebulia dabali Zabvis mxares. Nnax.1.8.b-ze moyva-

nilia 220/110/10 kv samgragnilian avtotransfo-rmatorTan eleq-

trosazomi xelsawyoebis CarTvis sqema. maRali Zabvis mxares

CarTulia sami ampermetri, vatmetri da aqtiuri energiis mric-

xveli. Zabvebi izomeba Zabvis transformatoris salteebTan Car-

Tuli sami voltmetriT. aseTive xelsawyoebi CarTulia saSualo

Zabvis mxares. dabali Zabvis mxares dayenebulia TiTo ampermetri

da voltmetri.

samgragnila avtotransformatorebSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin,

roca dabali Zabvis gragnilTan mierTebulia generatori an

sinqronuli kompensatori da mTeli simZlavre gadaecema saSualo

Zabvis mxares an moedineba saSualo Zabvis mxridan, saWiroa

gakontroldes avtotran-sformatoris gragnilis saerTo nawilis

(00 gragnilis, romelsac zogjer pirobiTad saSualo Zabvis

gragnils uwodeben. nax.9.7.b) datvirTva. zogierTi reJimis dros

SeiZleba adgili hqondes SemTx-vevas, roca saSualo Zabvis mxares

deni araRemateba nominalurs, xolo saerTo nawilis deni

aRemateba dasaSveb mniSvnelobas. Aam dros deni izomeba erTi

specialurad CarTuli ampermetriT. EerTfaza avtotransfor-

matorebSi ampermetri irTveba jgufis erTi avtotransformatoris

neitralis SemyvanSi dayenebuli denis transformatoris gavliT

(nax.1.9.a). samfaza avtotransformatorebSi ampermetri irTveba

maRali da saSualo Zabvis mxares xazuri denebis jamze denis

transformatorebis gavliT, romelTac aqvT transformaciis

erTnairi koeficienti (nax.1.9. b). ampermetri SeiZleba CairTos

agreTve avtotransformatoris erTi fazis neitralur sadenSi

CarTuli denis transformatoris gavliT ise, rogorc naCvenebia

punqtiriT nax.1.9.b-ze.

48

Aa) b)

Nnax.1.9. avtotransformatoris gragnilis saerTo nawilSi

gamavali denis kontrolisaTvis ampermermetris CarTvis sqema:

a- erTfaza avtotransformatoris neitralis Semyvanze;

b – samfaza avtotransformatoris maRali da saSualo Zabvis

mxaris xazuri denebis jamze.

garda eleqtrosazomi xelsawyoebisa transformatorze daye-

nebulia kontrolis sxva saSualebebic. zeTis done ganisazRvreba

isriani zeTmaCvenebliT an zeTsazomi miniT, romelic moTavse-

bulia safarToeblis torsze. zeTis zeda fenebis temperatura

mowmdeba manometruli masignalebeli Termometris CvenebiT,

romelsac gaaCnia ori gadasaadgilebeli sasignalo kontaqti.

transformatoris hermetul zeTvsebul Semyvanebze zeTis wnevis

kontrolisaTvis dayenebulia manometrebi. satransformatoro

zeTis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan informacia iZleva

indikatoruli silikagelis feri, romlis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi

saWiroa zeTis Secvla.

transformatoris SeberviTi gaciebis mowyobilobebi aRWur-

vilia gaciebis sistemis muSaobis Sewyvetis, sarezervo gaciebisa

da sarezervo kvebis wyaros CarTvis signalizaciis mowyobilo-

bebiT, xolo zeTis iZulebiTi gaciebisas - TiToeuli eleqtro

tumbos CarTva-gamorTvis, mwyobridan gamosuli eleqtrotumbos

magier sarezervos CarTvis, yvela muSa eleqtrotumbos muSaobis

Sewyvetisa da sarezervo kvebis wyaros CarTvis signalizaciiT.

gaciebis yvela sistemaze, romelTac gaaCniaT eleqtrotumbo, sa-

49

dawneo milze zeTis wnevis kontrolisaTvis dayenebulia mano-

metrebi.

eqspluataciis dros transformatorebis mdgomareobis diag-

nostikis RonisZiebaTa pirvel jgufs Seadgenen is samuSaoebi,

romlebic ar moiTxoven muSa transformatorTan Sexebas, esenia:

CamoTvlili kontrolisa da sazomi saSualebebisa da sasignalo

mowyobilobebis CvenebaTa kontroli; transformatorebis gare-

gani daTvaliereba.

meore jgufs miekuTvnebian is samuSaoebi, romlebic ar

moiTxoven gamorTvebs, magram dakavSirebuli arian transforma-

toris an mis damxmare mowyobilobebTan SexebasTan. maT miekuT-

vneba: zeTis sinjis aReba eleqtruli Tvisebebis Sesamowmeblad

da qimiuri analizisaTvis an zeTSi gaxsnili airebis qromato-

grafiuli analizisaTvis. Aamave jgufs miekuTvneba transforma-

toris avzisa da sxva nawilebis vibraciisa da specialuri

aparaturiT nawilobrivi ganmuxtvis donis gazomva, amuSavebuli

gazuri reledan gazis aReba da sxva.

mesame jgufs miekuTvneba samuSaoebi, romlebic sruldeba

gamorTul transformatorze. Eesenia: izolaciis, gragnilebis,

magnitogamtaris, maRali Zabvis Semyvanebis, gadamrTveli da

damxmare mowyobilobebis mdgomareobis gamocdisa da gansazRvris

samuSaoebi. Aam jgufs miekuTvneba agreTve profilaqtikuri samu-

Saoebis yvela saxeoba, eleqtrotumboebis daTvaliereba, reviziis

sxvadasxva saxeebi da sxva.

meoTxe jgufs miekuTvnebian remontSi gamoyvanili trans-

formatoris samuSaoebi. Aam dros swarmoebs calkeuli nawilebis

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb sruli analizi remontis moculobis gansa-

zRvrisa da dazustebis mizniT. agreTve ganisazRvreba is sakon-

trolo operaciebi, rac ganisazRvreba transformatorebis dam-

zadebisa da montaJis dros. amasTanave transformatorebis remon-

tSi gadayvanis saWiroebis Sesaxeb gadawyetileba miiReba diag-

nostikis pirveli sami jgufis operaciebis Sedegebis safuZvelze.

50

qvemoT ganvixilavT eqspluataciaSi myofi Zalovani trans-

formatorebis mdgomareobis Semowmebis erTerT xerxs.

1.7. sakontrolo - sazomi xelsawyoebis CvenebaTa kontroli

da transformatorebis daTvaliereba

teqnikuri eqspluataciis wesebiT dadgenilia transfor-

matoris daTvalierebis aucilebeli perioduloba. Mmudmivi mo-

rige personalis arsebobis dros eleqtruli sadgurebisa da

qvesadgurebis mTavari da sakuTari moxmarebis transformato-

rebisa da reaqtorebis daTvaliereba swarmoebs gamorTvis gare-

Se erTxel dReRamis ganmavlobaSi. xolo danarCeni transfor-

matorebi SeiZleba daTvalierebulni iqnen kviraSi erTjer.

transformatorze dayenebuli sazomi xelsawyoebis Cvenebebi, Tu

saWiroeba moiTxovs, eleqtrosadguris an energosistemis romeli-

me ubnis datvirTvis reJimis kontrolisaTvis, aRebuli unda iqnes

yovel saaTSi an naxevarsaaTSi.

Tu ar aris mudmivi morige personali, maSin transfor-

matoris daTvaliereba swarmoebs gamsvleli brigadis mier TveSi

erTxel,xolo aseTi transformatorebis datvirTvis kontroli

xorcieldeba weliwadSi orjer, maT Soris erTjer zamTris

periodSi datvirTvis maqsimumis dros.

perioduli daTvalierebis dros Semowmebuli unda iqnes

faifuris izolatorebis, Semyvanebis safarisa da ganmmuxtvelebis

mdgomareoba. gansazRvruli unda iqnes arsebobs Tu ara faifurze

CamonaxeTqebi da bzarebi, gaWuWyianebulia Tu ara zedapiri,

adgili aqvs Tu ara zeTis gaJonvas SemWidroebebSi. saWiroa davr-

wmundeT sazomi xelsawyoebis, Termosignalizatorebisa da Termo-

metrebis. zeTmaCveneblebis, gazuri releebis, gamasabolqvi milis

membranis mTlianobasa da wesivrulobaSi. agreTve unda Semowmdes

safarToebelTan milze avtomaturi wamkveTi sarqvelis mdeba-

reoba, haersaSrobSi indikatoruli silica-gelis, zeTsadenebSi

miltuCebis SeerTebisa da SeduRebis nakerebis mdgomareoba.

51

transformatorze dayenebuli eleqtrosazomi xelsawyoebi

jer kidev ar iZlevian misi mdgomareobis Sefasebis saSualebas.

isini gvexmarebian droulad gamovavlinoT denisa da Zabvis

mixedviT gadatvirTvebi.

teqnikuri eqspluataciis wesebSi, qarxana-damamzadeblis Sesa-

bamis standartebsa da instruqciebSi naCvenebia nominaluri mniSv-

nelobis zemoT Zabvebisa da denebis zRvrulad dasaSvebi mniSv-

nelobebi da maTi dasaSvebi xangrZlivoba. magaliTad, amJamad

moqmedebaSi myofi 1985 wlamde gamoSvebuli transformato-

rebisaTvis nominaluri datvirTvis dros xangrZlivad dasaSvebia

nominalurs zeviT Zabvis 5 % -iT gadaWarbeba. Mmcire datvirTvis

dros (nominaluris araumetes 25 % - s dros) dasaSvebia Zabvis 10

%- iT gadaWarbeba. amdeniTve SeiZleba Zabvis xanmokle (arau-

metes 6 sT dReRameSi) gadaWarbeba nominaluri datvirTvis dros.

zeTiani transformatorebisaTvis dasaSvebia nominalurs

zeviT 5 % - iT gadatvirTva, Tu Zabva nominaluria. Aavariul

reJimebSi dasaSvebia denis mixedviT xanmokle gadatvirTvebi

cxrilSi 1.2 naCveneb sazRvrebSi.

cxrili 1.2. zeTiani transformatoris dasaSvebi xangrZlivoba

denis mixedviT

gadatvirTva denis

mixedviT, %

30

45

60

75

100

dasaSvebi xangrZlivoba, wT 120 80 45 20 10

100 mva simZlavris CaTvliT axali transformatorebisaTvis

dasaSvebi sistematuri da avariuli gadatvirTvebi naCvenebia

standartSi ГОСТ 14209-85 Si. masSi adre moqmedi ГОСТ 14209-69 –

sagan gansxvavebiT dasaSvebi avariuli gadatvirTvebi daSvebulia

wina datvirTvisa da garemo temperaturaze damokidebulebiT. ava-

riuli gadatvirTvebis normebis analogiuri garTulebebi Seta-

nilia 100 mva-ze zeviT simZlavris transformatorebis eqsplua-

taciis axal instruqciebSi. bevr SemTxvevaSi axali instruq-

ciebiT ZvelTan SedarebiT dasaSvebia naklebi gadatvirTvebi.

52

Zabvis qveS regulirebis mowyobilobebis daTvalierebisas

saWiroa yuradReba mieqces amZravi meqanizmisa da marTvis faris

maCveneblebze mdebareobis Sesabamisobas. amZravi meqanizmis yvela

elementi unda iyos fiqsirebul mdgomareobaSi. Semowmebuli unda

iqnes zeTis done kontaqtoris avzSi an safarToeblis Sesabamis

nakveTurSi, gansarTebisa da saxSobis SemWidroebebi, zamTris

periodSi – amZravis gamaTbobelis mdgomareoba. saWiroa Zabvis

qveS regulirebis mowyobilobis gadamr-Tvelis mricxvelis

Cvenebis dafiqsireba.

transformatoris perioduli gareSe daTvalierebisas unda

Semowmdes masze arsebuli yvela sakontrolo saSualeba, rad-

ganac isini afiqsireben saSiSroebis aRZvris SesaZlebloba. maga-

liTad, transformatorSi zeTis donis daweva dasaSvebze metad

mowmobs imas, rom adgili aqvs gadinebebs an Casxmuli iyo arasak-

marisi raodenobis zeTi.Ddaweuli zeTis doniT transformatoris

Semdgomma muSaobam SeiZleba migviyvanos gazuri reles amuSa-

vebamde, zeTis daCqarebul daZvelebamde an gaciebis sistemis

mtyunebamde. xolo Tu gragnilebis izolacia aRmoCnda zeTis

donis zeviT, maSin SesaZlebelia haerSi moxdes gadafarva, rac

gamoiwvevs gragnilebs Soris mokled SerTvas da seriozul

avarias. zeTis donis aweva iwvevs mis gadmoRvras. azotis dacvis

mqone transformatorebSi am dros sasunTq sistemaSi warmoiqmneba

sacobi, am sistemis muSaoba uaresdeba da SeiZleba amuSavdes

gazuri rele an gamosabolqvi milis membrana.

transformatoris TiToeuli daTvalierebis dros saWiroa

Semowmdes da Caiweros zeTis temperatura. normebiT dadgenilia

zeTis zeda fenebis temperatura. nominaluri datvirTvis dros es

temperatura ar unda aRematebodes 95° С zeTis bunebrivi gaciebisa

da ventilato-rebiT dabervis dros, 75 ° С –s iZulebiTi dabervis

dros da 70 °С - s zeTsacivaris Sesasvlelze zeTis wyliT ga-

ciebis dros. Tu zeTis temperatura aRemateba dasaSvebs, maSin

unda gairkves mizezebi da miRebuli iqnes RonisZiebebi uwesiv-

robis gamosasworeblad. pirvel rigSi unda Semowmdes gaciebis

53

sistemebis: ventilatorebis, zeTis eleqtro-tumboebis, haerisa da

wylis zeTsacivrebis wesivruloba. Tu gaciebis sistemaSi

darRvevebi ar aRmoCnda, maSin zeTis temperaturis aweva umrav-

les SemTxvevaSi mowmobs transformatorSi Siga dazianebis

arsebobas: mokled SerTuli konturis warmoqmnas, kontaqtur

SeerTe-bebSi gardamavali winaRobis gazrdas, izolaciis gajir-

jvebis Sedegad zeTis arxebis kveTis Semcirebas, arxSi gareSe

sagnebis moxvedras da a.S. yvela SemTxvevaSi transformatorebis

xangrZlivi muSaoba aweuli temperaturiT dauSvebelia.

maRali Zabvis SemyvanebSi zeTis wnevis dacema umravles

SemTxvevaSi ganpirobebulia Semyvanis hermetulobis darRvevis

Sedegad. aseTi dazianeba Zalian saSiSia. Tu manometri daziane-

bulia, maSin hermetulobis dazianeba droulad ver iqneba

SemCneuli, amitom manometrebi regula-rulad unda Semowmdes.

maRalvoltiani Semyvanebis daTvalierebisas yuradReba unda

mieqces SemWidroebebSi zeTis gadinebebs, sazomi da Camamiwebeli

sade-nebis mTlianobasa da maTi mierTebis saimedobas.

indikatoruli silikageli warmoadgens satransformatoro

zeTis danestianebis gansazRvris umartives saSualebas. igi

Seisrutavs zeTSi moxvedril nests da iRebs vardisfer Seferi-

lobas, xolo Semdgom iRebs ufro kaSkaSa fers. Aam dros mizan-

Sewonilia aviRoT zeTis sinji misi tenianobis uSualod gazom-

visaTvis da agreTve Semowmebuli unda iqnas misi sxva Tvisebebic,

radgan zogierT SemTxvevaSi indikatoruli silikagelis feris

Secvla SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos zeTis intensiuri daZvelebiT.

bunebrivia, rom daTvalierebisas SeiZleba gansazRvruli

iqnes transformatoris normaluri muSaobis xelSemSleli sxva

darRvevebic. magaliTad, transformatorisa da misi elementebis

momatebuli vibracia, gare kontaqturi SeerTebebisa da salteebis

damagrebis darRvevebi, raime elementis deformacia, avtomaturi

xanZarmqrobi sistemebis dazianeba da sxva.

54

2. შედეგები და მათი განსჯაTavi II.MmaRali Zabvis eleqtromowyobilobebis diagnostikis

sistemis meTodologia.

eleqtromowyobilobebis teqnikuri mdgomareobis kontroli,

maTi uwesivrobebis gamovlena, aRmofxvra da saeqspluatacio

resursebiT uzrunvelyofa miiRweva mowyobilobebis diagnostikis

efeqturi meTodebisa da saSualebebis gamoyenebiT.

rTul teqnikur saSualebebs Soris, romlebic eqspluataciis

dros moiTxoven diagnostirebas, gansakuTrebul adgils iWeren

maRali Zabvis mowyobilobebi, romelTac miekuTvnebian transfor-

matorebic. es mowyobilobebi eqvemdebarebian mZlavri eleqtruli,

eleqtromagnituri da Tburi velebis kompleqsur zemoqmedebasa

da eleqtrodinamiur datvirTvebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT am eleq-

tromowyobilobebSi advilad warmoiSveba defeqtebi, uwesivrobebi

da mtyunebebi. amitom defeqtebisa da uwesivrobebis Camoyalibebis

droulad Setyobinebis mizniTa da mowyobilobebis saeqsplua-

tacio saimedobis SenarCunebisaTvis gamoiyeneba eleqtromowyobi-

lobis kontroli diagnostikis sistemis saxiT.

saerTod teqnikuri mowyobilobebisa da maT Soris maRali

Zabvis eleqtromowyobilobis diagnostika es aris codnis sfero,

romelic moicavs eqspluataciis pirobebSi eleqtromowyobilobe-

bis muSaobis Teorias, teqnikuri mdgomareobis gansazRvris meTo-

debsa da saSualebebs [63-65]. diagnostika rogorc mecniereba da

misi praqtikuli gamoyeneba imyofeba sxvadasxva mecnierebis gan-

yofilebebis zRvarze. pirvel rigSi es exeba fizikasa da qimias

sxvadasxva saxis masalebis (dawyebuli gazisebridan damTavrebu-

li myari sxeulebiT) Tvisebebis cvlilebisa da qcevis nawilSi

da procesebs, romlebic mimdinareobs maTSi sxvadasxva faqto-

rebis zemoqmedebiT.

diagnostika miekuTvneba aseve maTematikas eqsperimentuli

monacemebis statistikuri damuSavebisa da analizis meTodebisa

55

da rTuli amocanebis gadasawvetad kompiuteruli programebis

damuSavebis nawilSi.

rogorc cnobilia maRali Zabvis mowyobilobebi eqvemde-

barebian defeqtebisa da uwesivrobebis Camoyalibebis maRal risks

da aqvT sakmaod maRali avariuli SemTxvevebi. dReisaTvis gamo-

yenebuli uwesivrobis gamovlenisa da profilaqtikis meTodebi

saSualebas iZlevian mxolod ramdenadme SevamciroT mtyunebebi.

nax.2.1-ze warmodgenilia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eleqtro-

sistemaSi 110-500 kv mowyobilobebis saxeobebis mixedviT mtyune-

bebis, uwesivrobisa da defeqtebis gamovlenis jamuri ganawile-

ba qvesadgurebSi, Ria da daxurul gamanawilebel mowyobilobebSi.

nax.2.1. mtyunebaTa da gamovlenili defeqtebis ganawileba

mowyobilobaTa saxeobebis mixedviT: kk- kavSiris kondensatori; g1

– gamTiSebi; dt, Zt – denisa da Zabvis transformatorebi; gS-

gadaZabvebis SemzRudveli; g2- ganmmuxtvelebi; ea, sa – elgazuri

da sahaero amomrTvelebi; tr- Zalovani transformatorebi; mr -

maSuntirebeli reaqtorebi.

nax.2.2-ze warmodgenilia sxvadasxva klasis izolaciis mqone

calkeuli saxis mowyobilobebis mtyunebaTa da gamovlenili de-

feqtebis ganawileba. mtyunebaTa da gamovlenili defeqtebis gana-

wileba miekuTvneba mowyobilobaTa Sesabamis tips. aq warmodge-

nilia sami wlis ganmavlobaSi daaxloebiT 1500 erTeuli mow-

yobilobis eqspluataciis Sedegebi. rogorc aq warmodgenili

56

diagramebidan Cans, gamovlenili defeqtebis raodenoba ZiriTadad

aRemateba mtyunebaTa ricxvs. gamoyenebuli rom ar yofiliyo

mowyobilobis diagnostireba, maSin mosalodneli iyo mtyunebaTa

ricxvis kidev 10-20 % -iT gazrda [66].

warmodgenili ganawilebis analizidan gamomdinare SesaZle-

belia avRniSnoT, rom mowyobilobis izolaciis klasis zrdasTan

erTad arsebobs mtyunebaTa zrdis tendencia. gamovlenili uwesiv-

robebisa da defeqtebis didi nawili pirvel rigSi miekuTvneba

eqspluataciaSi Seyvanil axali tipis mowyobilobebs, rac

gamowveulia maTi damzadebis xarisxiT.

nax.2.2. erTi tipis sxvadasxva klasis izolaciis mqone

mowyobilobebis mtyunebaTa da gamovlenili defeqtebis

ganawilebas.

diagnostirebis umTavresi amocanebia:

- eleqtromowyobilobis teqnikuri mdgomareobis gansazRvra

cvalebadi eqspluataciis zemoqmedebis pirobebSi;

- defeqtis saSiSroebis saxisa da xarisxis gamovlena;

- narCeni resursis an muSaobis xangrZlivobis vadis

prognozireba.

57

es amocanebi sakmaod farToa da mowyobilobis saxeobisa da

misi eleqtromomaragebis regionSi adgilis mixedviT moiTxoven

konkretizacias. diagnostikis saxeobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis

miReba dafuZnebulia teqnikoekonomiur dasabuTebaze. aseTi gada-

wyvetileba sufTa momxmarebluri xasiaTisaa. erTi mxriv ismeba

diagnostikis parametrebisa da maTi funqcionaluri kavSirebis

kompleqsebis gamoyenebiT mowyobilobis obieqturi mdgomareobis

Sefasebis amocana, xolo meore mxriv moiTxoveba materialuri

resursebis gamoyenebis SezRudva, anu ekonomika, romelic arse-

biTad amcirebs diagnostirebis amocanebs, ramac SeiZleba ver

uzrunvelyos mowyobilobis mdgomareobis obieqturi gansazRvra.

teqnikuri diagnostikis sistema warmoadgens obieqtebisa da

saSualebebis erTobliobas, romelic saWiroa normatiul-teqni-

kuri dokumentaciis wesebiT dadgenili diagnostirebis (kontro-

lis) CatarebisaTvis.

diagnostikis sistemis struqturuli sqema mravaldoniania

warmodgenilia misi sami funqcionaruli nawiliT (nax 2.3) .

nax.2.3-ze mocemul algoriTmis struqturul sqemaze f

(Xkr,Xgaz) aris parametrebis gardaqmnisa da analizis bloki; f (Xkr)

– teqnikuri mdgomareobis bloki; f (X) – dinamiuri maxasiaTeblebisa

da ganviTarebadi defeqtebis modelebis bloki; τ (X) – narCeni

resursebis modelebis bloki; monacemTa bazebi 1, 2 3 –

diagnostikuri parametrebis monacemTa bazebia.

struqturul sqemaze warmodgenili pirveli donis qvesistema

uzrunvelyofs:

- informaciuli parametrebis Senaxvas;

- diagnostikuri parametrebis gazomvas;

- gazomili diagnostikuri parametrebis damuSavebas, maT

norma-lizebul saxeSi warmodgenasa da damuSavebuli gazomvis

Sedegebis monacemTa bazaSi gadacemas.

58

nax.2.3.maRali Zabvis eleqtromowyobilobis diagnostirebis

algoriTmis struqturuli sqema.

- gazomili parametrebis mniSvnelobebis normirebul mniSvne-

lobebTan Sesabamisobis gansazRvrasa da obieqtis teqnikuri

mdgomareobis normatiul - teqnikuri dokumentaciis moTxovnebTan

Sesabamisobaze daskvnis Fformirebas;

- gazomili parametrebis mniSvnelobebis normirebul mniSvne-

lobebze gadaWarbebis SemTxvevaSi obieqtis eqpluataciis saf-

rTxis Sesaxeb signalis formireba;

- gadamwodebis mgrZnobiarobis cvlilebis, gazomvisa da sin-

qronizaciis xangrZlivobisa da periodulobis Sesaxeb brZanebis

signa-lis miReba.

meore donis qvesistema uzrunvelyofs:

- ganviTarebadi defeqtebis saxeobisa da adgilis gansazRv-

ras;

- warmoebuli da dinamiuri diagnostikuri maxasiaTeblebis

gaangariSe-bas;

59

- retrospeqtuli diagnostikuri parametrebis gansazRvras;

- ganviTarebadi defeqtebis safrTxis xarisxis gansaRvras;

- pirveli donis qvesistemidan miRebuli brZanebis mixedviT

muSaobis algoriTmis cvlilebas;

- gaangariSebisa da analizis Sedegebis monacemTa bazaSi

gadacemas;

- obieqtis gacivebis sistemis muSaobis reJimis cvlilebis

Sesaxeb signalis formireba.

mesame donis qvesistema uzrunvelyofs obieqtis narCeni

resursis Sefasebas.

teqnikuri diagnostikis ZiriTadi amocanebidan gamomdinare,

pirveladi aqtiT gansazRvruli unda iyos teqnikuri mdgoma-

reobis saxe. uwesivrobisa da defeqtis faqtis dadgenis Semdeg

moZiebuli unda iyos dazianebis adgili, saxe, misgan gamowveuli

safrTxe da gansazRvruli unda iqnes uwesivrobis mizezi.

obieqtze SeiZleba warmoiqmnas da ganviTardes defeqtebis

cxadi da aracxadi saxeebi, xolo diagnostireba SeiZleba mxo-

lod cxadi defeqtebisa. aracxadi defeqtebis kategorias miekuT-

vneba is defeqtebi, romlebic SemCneuli ver iqnen misi SemCnevis

meTodebisa da saSualebebis ar arsebobis gamo.

eleqtromowyobilobebis elementebisa da detalebis teqni-

kuri mdgomareobis, maT funqcionirebaSi yvela saxis darRvevebis

gansazR-vras xdeba diagnostikuri parametrebis gamoyenebiT.

diagnostikuri parametrebi iyofa sam tipad:

- informaciuli saxis parametrebi, romlebic warmoadgenen

obieqtis maxasiaTeblebs, Xinf;

- obieqtis (kvanZebis) elementebis mimdinare teqnikuri

maxasiaTeblebis parametrebi, Xi;

- parametrebi, romlebic warmoadgenen ramdenime parametris

warmoebuls, Xwar.

informaciuli saxis (Xinf) parametrebs miekuTvnebian:

- obieqtis tipi;

60

- obieqtis eqspluataciaSi Seyvanis dro da eqspluataciis

periodi;

- obieqtze Catarebuli saremonto samuSaoebi;

- obieqtis arasaStato situaciebSi yofnis dro;

- obieqtis teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic miRebulia

qarxana-damamzadebelSi an eqspluataciaSi Seyvanisas Catarebuli

gamocdebis dros;

- diagnostikuri parametrebis (Xkr) normirebuli mniSvnelo-

bebi;

- Xi obieqtis teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic warmodge-

nilia drois mixedviT absoluturi – Xi(t) mniSvnelobiT an maTi

warmoebulis (dx/dt) saxiT.

diagnostikuri parametrebis (Xkr) normirebuli mniSvnelobebi

gamoiyeneba gazomviT miRebul diagnostikur parametrebTan maTi

mniSvnelobebis SepirapirebisaTvis.

informaciuli saxis sxva parametrebi upiratesad gamoiyeneba

im SemTx-vevebSi, roca gazomil diagnostikur parametrebs aqvT

Xkr normirebul mniSvnelobebTan miaxloebuli mniSvnelobebi da

dinamiur maxasiaTeblebs (dXi/dt) gaaCniaT didi mniSvnelobebi.

diagnostikur parametrebs, romlebic warmoadgenen Xi obieq-

tis elementebis (kvanZebis) mimdinare teqnikur maxasiaTeblebs,

miekuTvnebian mimdinare momentSi gazomili parametrebi. es

parametrebi mowyobilobis saxeobebis mixedviT erTmaneTisagan

gansxvavdebian. amasTanave mTeli rigi obieqtebisa kontrolisaT-

vis gamoiyeneben parametrebis erTsa da imave saxes. es parametrebi

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian mxolod sxvadasxva normirebuli

mniSvnelobebiT.

gasazomi diagnostikuri parametrebis raodenoba damokide-

bulia mowyobilobis saxeobaze da diagnostirebis meTodebis

ganviTarebis xarisxze. ase magaliTad, gasazomi diagnostikuri

parametrebis ricxvi Zalovan transformatorebsa da maSuntire-

bel reaqtorebSi aRwevs 38; zeTian amomrTvelebSi – 29; elgazur

amomrTvelebSi – 25; gadaZabvebis SemzRudvelebsa da gamTiSebSi –

61

10; ganmamxoloeblebSi (amZraviT) – 14; zeTiT Sevsebul sazom

transformatorebsa da kavSiris kondensatorebSi – 9.

teqnikuri mdgomareobis ufro obieqturi SefasebisaTvis

mizanSewonilia gamoyenebul iqnas diagnostikuri parametrebis

kompleqsi. amasTanave am kompleqsis gamoyeneba mTeli moculobiT

ZiriTadad damokidebulia sakontrolo obieqtis Zabvis klassa da

Zalovani mowyobi-lobebis, saxeldobr, transformatorebisa da

reaqtorebis simZlavreze. Tu 330-500 kv mowyobilobebisaTvis

parametrebis naCvenebi kompleqsi srulad misaRebia, maSin 110 kv

mowyobilobebisaTvis teqniko- ekonomiuri araefeqturobis niSniT

es maxasiaTeblebi SeiZleba iyos Warbi.

rogorc zemoT moyvanili diagnostikuri parametrebis saxe-

ebidan Cans, patrametrebis ricxvi da saxe damokidebulia sakon-

trolo obieq-tis saxeze, mxolod parametrebis SezRuduli

raodenoba warmoadgens nebismieri obieqtis saerTo saxes.

diagnostikur parametrebs, romlebic warmoadgenen ramdenime

parametris warmoebuls, pirvel rigSi miekuTvnebian iseTi saan-

gariSo maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa satransformatoro zeTSi ga-

xsnili airebis kritikuli mniSvnelobebis Semcvelobis far-

dobebi, magaliTad, CH4/H2; C2H2/C2H4; CO2/CO; C2H4/C2H6 da sxva;

nebismieri K datvirTvisas (datvir-Tvis denis fardoba nominalur

denTan) transformatoris yvelaze ufro gaxurebuli wertilis

maqsimaluri temperatura tolia:

θh = θa + Δθhr [ (1+RK2)/(1+R)] + HqrKy

sadac θa – aris gamaciebeli garemos temperatura; θhr –

yvelaze ufro gaxurebul wertilSi temperaturis aweva; R-

datvirTvis danakargebis fardoba uqmi svlis danakargebTan,

romelic aiReba 5-6 farglebSi; Hqr – yvelaze ufro gaxurebul

wertilSi temperaturis gradienti, romelic gaciebis sistemis

mixedviT aiReba 22-29 farglebSi. y – aris gragnilis xarisxis

maCvenebeli da aiReba 1,6 toli.

celulozis (qaRaldis, muyaos) izolaciis fardobiTi cveTis

siCqare tolia:

62

V= 2(Θh-98)/6

nawilobrivi ganmuxtvis saSualo deni I= (Σqini)/T da sxva.

warmoebul diagnostikur parametrebs miekuTvnebian aseve xi(t)

dinamiuri maxasiaTeblebi da maTi warmoebulebi (dxi/dt). dinamiuri

parametri xi(t) SeiZleba iyos mimdinare, roca ganisazRvreba far-

doba drois mezobel momentebs Soris da SeiZleba iyos ganzoga-

doebuli, roca ganisazRvreba fardoba drois arCeul inter-

valebSi.

nebismieri obieqtis teqnikuri mdgomareoba SeiZleba

dadgenili iqnes erTjeradi da mravaljeradi diagnostirebis

dros. mravali elementisagan Sedgenili maRali Zabvis aparaturis

erTjeradi diagnostirebis dros teqnikuri mdgomareobis

obieqturi Sefasebis albaToba mcirea. maSasadame, mxolod

SemTxveviT SeiZleba SevamCnioT defeqti erTjeradi diagnos-

tirebis dros. teqnikuri mdgomareobis saimedo da obieqturi

Sefasebis albaToba izrdeba kontrolis ricxvis zrdasTan

erTad. es garemoeba warmoadgens garkveuli periodulobiT

mravaljeradi diagnostirebis SemoRebis, anu diagnostikuri

parametrebis monitoringis safuZvels.

diagnostikuri parametrebis gansazRvraSi mniSvnelovan

moments warmoadgens maTi registraciis perioduloba. regis-

traciis perioduloba damokidebuli unda iyos obieqtis

nebismier sakontrolo kvanZsa da detalSi defeqtebis

warmoqmnisa da ganviTarebis siCqareze. mowyobilobis normalur

reJimSi muSaobis dros daZvelebis procesebi Zalian nela

mimdinareobs. mowyobilobis dadgenili muSaobis xangrZ-livoba

gaTvlilia swored am procesebis moqmedebidan gamomdinare.

muSaobis es vada dadgenilia mowyobilobis yvelaze ufro

kritikuli kvanZebis daZvelebidan gamomdinare. Tu miviRebT, rom

muSaobis xangrZlivoba 40 welia, maSin daZvelebis xarisxis

gamosavlenad sakmarisia daaxloebiT 3 Tvis perioduloba.

defeqtebis gamovlenis dros daZvelebis procesi SeiZleba

mniSvnelovnad daCqardes. praqtikaSi gamovlenili defeqtebis

63

ricxvidan yvelaze ufro swrafad ganviTarebad defeqtebs

warmoadgens eleqtruli ganmuxtvis (nawilob-rivi ganmuxtvis)

defeqtebi. am procesebis kvlevis Sedegebi 220 kv zeTSevsebuli

Semyva-nebisa da 500 kv denis sazomi transformatorebis

izolaciaSi gviCveneben, rom eleqtruli izolaciis mdgomareobis

damaxasiaTebeli diagnostikuri parametrebis registraciis

minimalurma periodulobam SeiZleba Seadginos 2 saaTi.

arsebobs dacvis mowyobilobidan gamomavali diskretuli

signalebi, romlebic zemoqmedeben gamorTvaze. maTi moqmedebis

momenti aseve unda mivakuTvnoT diagnostikur parametrebs, rom-

lebic miewodebian diagnostirebis lokaluri sistemis servers.

aseTi signalebis periodulobam SeiZleba Seadginos 1-2 miliwami.

arsebobs aseve diagnostikuri parametrebi, romlebic gani-

sazRvrebian mxolod warmoqmnis faqtiT. aseT parametrebs

miekuTvnebian, magaliTad, gazuri reles amuSavebisa da wnevis

davardnis mowyobilobis signalebi, gadaZabvebis amplituda da

ZiriTadi sixSire, ganmmuxtvelis (gadaZabvebis SemzRudveli)

amuSavebisas an gamTiSebisa da amomrTvelebis komutaciisas,

Zabvis amplituda da ZiriTadi sixSire, mokled SerTvis

SemTxvevaSi denis amplituda da ZiriTadi sixSire. am SemTxvevebSi

signalebis registracia swarmoebs sakuTriv am signalebidan

aRZruli movlenebiT.

dReisaTvis arsebobs SesaZlebloba teqnikuri saSualebebiT

avtomaturad gavzomoT mimdinare diagnostikuri parametrebis

ZiriTadi nawili muSa Zabvis qveS anu on-line reJimSi.

diagnostireba swarmoebs ciklur formaSi. TiToeuli cikli

moicavs parametrebis mTeli kompleqsis gazomvas, risTvisac

aucilebelia parametrebis erTxel mainc registracia.

nax.2.3-ze mocemuli diagnostirebis algoriTmis struq-

turuli sqemis diagnostirebis sistemis safuZvels ESeadgenen

analizuri modelebi.

mowyobilobis diagnostirebis dros defeqtis warmoqmnisas

mimdinare movlenaTa urTierTqmedebis codna mniSvnelovani

64

pirobaa sistemisa da mTlianad obieqtis teqnikuri mdgomareobis

modelebis Sesaqmnelad movlenaTa logikuri jaWvis gansazRvri-

saTvis. maSasadame, sakontrolo obieqtis parametrebis gazomvis

Sedegebis analizisas movlenaTa sqemis ageba warmoadgens

diagnostikis meTodikis Semadgenel nawils.

diagnostirebis algoriTmis ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens

modeli [67-68]. obieqtisa da obieqtSi momdinare movlenebis srul

aRwerazea damokidebuli diagnostirebis Sedegebis saimedoba.

maRali Zabvis mowyobilobis struqtura zogadad SeiZleba

SevadaroT myari fizikuri sxeulis struqturas, romelsac

gaaCnia makroskopuli araerTgvrovneba. maTSi saerToa mravali

elementis arseboba, romelTa Tvisebebis cvlilebam an romelime

maTganis gamoricxvam SeiZleba migviyvanos obieqtis Tvisebebis

cvlilebasTan da zRvrul mdgomareobaSi SeiZleba migviyvanos

obieqtis funqcionirebis SewyvetasTan. maT Soris saerToa aseve

gareSe saeqspluatacio faqtorebis zegavleniT maTi Tvisebebis an

mdgomareobis Secvla.

modeli Sedgeba mTeli rigi nawilebisagan (blokebisagan),

romelTac erTmaneTTan gaaCniaT funqcionaluri kavSirebi.

rogorc wesi aseTi nawilebi ertmanetisagan izolirebulad ar

ganixilebian. maTi jamuri wvlili mTlianad modelis

funqcionirebaSi ganpirobebulia nawilebs Soris urTierT-

qmedebiT. mowyobilobis diagnostirebisas mniSvnelvania vicodeT

movlenaTa Tanmimdevroba, romelTac SeuZliaT migviyvanon

detalebisa da kvanZebis mtyunebamde. am dros mxedvelobaSi

miiReba is fizikuri procesebi, romlebic gansazRvraven

masalebisa da konstruqciis degradacias [69-70]. mizanSewonilia

Taviseburi e.w. `mtyunebaTa xis” an `movlenaTa xis” ageba,

romelic warmoadgens im pirobaTa aRZvris Tanmimdevrobas,

romelsac mihyavs mTlianad obieqti an misi sistema mtyunebamde.

maSasadame, modelebSi maTematikurad aRiwereba obieqtSi

mimdinare fizikuri procesebi [71].

65

teqnikuri mdgomareobis (Xкр) modeli warmoadgens diag-

nostikis sistemis pirveli donis qvesistemis ZiriTad elements.

es aris mTlianad obieqtis, obieqtis sistemis an kvanZebis

teqnikuri mdgomareobis modeli da pasuxobs kiTxvaze: aris Tu

ara defeqti?, anu gvaqvs Tu ara gazomili diagnostikuri

parametrebis iseTi mniSvnerlobebi, romlebic aRematebian

normirebul mniSvnelobebs. teqnikuri mdgomareobis modelSi aris

ramdenime modeli, romlebic miekuTvnebian obieqtis sistemebs,

magaliTad, eleqtrosaizolacio da gacivebis sistemebi da sxva.

teqnikuri mdgomareobis modeli warmoadgens mTlianad

obieqtis, obieqtis sistemis an kvanZis aRweras ramdenime

mdgomareobaSi:

- kvanZis, obieqtis sistemis an mTlianad obieqtisa wesivrul

mdgomareobaSi;

- detals, kvanZs, obieqtis sistemas aqvs defeqti, romelic

mocemul momentSi ar warmoadgens safrTxes eqspluataciisaTvis,

magram mivya-varT obieqtis funqcionirebis SezRudvasTan;

- kvanZs, obieqtis sistemas an mTlianad obieqts aqvs defeqti,

romelic mocemul momentSi warmoadgens safrTxes obieqtis

eqspluataciisaTvis da avariis Tavidan asacileblad moiTxovs

zomebis miRebas.

diagnostikis sistemis mniSvnelovani elementia defeqtebis

ganviTarebis xasiaTis gansazRvra dawyebuli maTi warmoqmnis

stadiidan am defeqtebis aRmweri diagnostikuri parametrebis

normirebuli mniSvnelobebis miRwevamde. ganviTarebadi defeqtebis

modeli anu deferqtebis safrTxis xarisxis defeqti f(X,τ)

warmoadgens defeqtebis safrTxis donis Kd funqcias, romelic

Tavis mxriv ganisazRvreba statikuri Xст =Xi/Xkr.i da dinamiuri Xdini

= dXi/dt an Xdini = (Xi2-Xi1)/Δt. safrTxis done Kd ganisazRvreba Xst da

Xdini parametrebis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebiT.

Xi diagnostikuri parametrebis gazomvis Semdeg warmoebs

iseTi Xi da Xkri mniSvnelobebis Sepirapireba iseTi diagnostikuri

66

parametrebis moZiebis mizniT, romelTa mniSvnelobebi tolia an

aRematebian Sesabamisi Xkri parametrebis mniSvnelobebs.

Xi moZebnis dros, romlis mniSvneloba tolia an aRemateba

Sesabamisi Xkri –is mniSvnelobas, formirdeba signali `uwesivro

mdgomareoba” da diagnostireba mTavrdeba. Xi –is ar arsebobisas,

romlis mniSvneloba tolia an aRemateba Sesabamisi Xkri –is

mniSvnelobas, Xi –is gazomili parametrebi gadaecema monacemTa

bazas 2 da Semdeg ganviTarebadi defeqtis safrTxis xarisxis Kd

gansazRvris mizniT swarmoebs maTi analizi Xkr normirebuli

mniSvnelobebis gamoyenebiT. Kd – s dadgenili mniSvnelobebis

Sesabamisad formirdeba marTvis signali da diagnostirebis

cikli mTavrdeba. diagnostikuri ciklis damTavrebis Semdeg

diagnostikuri parametrebis gazomvis dadgenili periodulobis

Sesabamisad gadaecema brZaneba gazomvis axali ciklis dasawyebad.

narCeni resursis modeli dafuZnebulia narCeni resursis

diagnos-tikur parametrebsa da maT warmoebulze funqcionaluri

damokide-bulebis gamoyenebaze. am modelis sawyisi monacemebia

Xst da Xdini mniSvnelobebi, romlebic gansazRvruli iyo f(X)

modelSi da Seyvanili Kd blokSi, xolo Semdeg – monacemTa

bazaSi 3.τ (X) damokidebulebis analizi saSualebas iZleva

miviRoT mniSvneloba, romelic warmoadgens obieqtis narCen

resurss. undaAaRiniSnos, rom gamovlenili defeqtebis

Sesworebas mivyavarT diagnostikuri parametrebis mniSvnelobebis

cvlilebasTan da Sesabamisad narCeni resursis mniSvnelobis

cvlilebasTan.

narCeni resursis SefasebisaTvis gamoiyeneba maTematikur –

statistikuri meTodebi. Tu ganvixilavT nax.2.4-ze warmodgenil

maRali Zabvis mowyobilobis mtyunebaTa simkvrivis ganawilebis

eqsperimentul monacemebs, advilad davinaxavT, rom maRali Zabvis

mowyobilobebis mtyunebaTa droiTi ganawilebis funqciebs ar

gaaCniaT statistikuri mdgradoba da erTgvarovneba. mtyunebaTa

funqciebi f(τ) gviCveneben, rom isini ar warmoadgenen movlenaTa

67

erTobliobis anarekls da maT gamoyenebas mivyavarT narCeni

resursis gansazRvris dabal saimedobamde. am SemTxvvaSi iyeneben

albaTur - stastistikur modelebs

nax.2.4. maRali Zabvis mowyobilobebis mtyunebaTa

ganawilebis simkvrive.

eqsperimentuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT,

mowyobilobis daZvelebis, cveTis funqcia SeiZleba warmovad-

ginoT Semdegi saxiT:

A (t) = At = A[1-(t/tres)α] (2.1)

sadac: tres –obieqtis resursia; α – mimdinare drois fardoba

obieqtis resursTan.

defeqtis warmoqmnas tdef momentSi mivyavarT mtyunebebis

mimarT gamZleobis SemcirebasTan, rac gamoixateba At mniSvnelobis

SemcirebiT ΔA sididiT. maSin es funqcia intervalSi t=0 dan t=

tdef SeiZleba warmovad-ginoT Semdegi saxiT:

At = A[1-(t/tres)α]

intervalSi t= tdef –dan t= tres -mde

At = A[1-(t’res /tres)α] - ΔA (2.2)

68

defeqtebis warmoqmnisas, romelic ar aRmoifxvreba Semdgomi

eqsplua-taciis dros, daZveleba da mtyunebebis mimarT gamZleoba

aRiwereba (2.2) damokidebulebiT, romlis maCvenebels α-s eqneba

defeqtis safrTxis xarisxze damokidebuli mniSvneloba. t’res

moments Seesabameba obieqtis mtyuneba, e.i. t’res = tmty. maSasadame,

(2.2) damokidebulebidan miviRebT:

At = A[1-(tmty /tres)α] - ΔA =0 (2.3)

anu, roca At =0, maSin Att 1resursmtyun (2.4)

maSin narCeni resursi Δtres toli iqneba

defresresurs tAtt 1 (2.5)

aq narCeni resursi ganisaZRvreba rogorc deterministuli

funqcia. magram sinamdvileSi mtyunebaTa mimarT gamZleobis (an

cveTis) funq-cias aqvs albaTobiTi xasiaTi. Tu cnobilia

sakontrolo mowyo-bilobis mtyunebaTa (an daZvelebis)

ganawilebis kanoni, maSin MmTeli rigi kompleqsebis daSvebebiT,

statistikis maTematikuri aparatis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba

SevafasoT SemTxveviTi mtyunebis gamovlenis albaToba. amave

dros maRali Zabvis mowyobilobebis mtyunebaTa ganawilebis

funqciis f(t) eqsperimentaluri damokidebulebani mowmoben

mtyunebaTa rTul funqciebs, romlebic aRweren `daZvelebis”

ramdenime sxvadasxvagvar funqciebs, rac iZleva saSualebas

ganawilebis parametrebis misaRebad da saimedobis kriteriumebis

gansazRvrisaTvis gamoviyenoT statistikis klasikuri meTodebi.

narCeni resursis Sefasebis ganxiluli principi SeiZleba

realizebuli iqnes defeqtis TiToeuli saxisaTvis ΔA –s

Sesabamisi mniSvnelobebis dasabuTebiT, romlebic gamowveulia

sxvadasxva fizikuri procesebiT. ΔA –s mniSvneloba defeqtis

saxisa da ganviTarebadi defeqtis safrTxis xarisxis Kd sakmaod

rTuli funqciaa. igi damokidebulia aseve sakontrolo obieqtis

saxeze. es mniSvnelobebi meTodis gamoyenebis pirvel stadiaze

ganisazRvrebian eqsperimentis gziT da azusteben im fizikuri

procesebis analizis Sedegebis safuZvelze, romlebic

69

warmoqmnian defeqtebs. am analizis dros defeqtis mtyunebaSi

gadasvlis albaTobis gansazRvrisaTvis statistikuri meTodebis

gamoyeneba metad efeqturia.

unda aRiniSnos,rom f (Xkr, Xgaz) parametrebis gardaqmnis,

teqni-kuri mdgomareobis f (Xkr), dinamiuri maxasiaTeblebis da

ganviTarebadi defeqtebis f (X),aseve narCeni resursis τ(X) –is

analizis modelebi arian diagnostikis sistemis nawili,

romlebic asruleben yvela moqmedebas diagnostikuri

parametrebis (Xi) monitoringis yvela reJimSi. amasTan

dakavSirebiT amocanebis modelebSi gadawyveta unda swarmoebdes

gazomvis TiToeul ciklSi (Xgaz) da diagnostikis aseTi sistemis

realizacia SesaZlebelia mxolod kompiuterebis intensiuri

gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi programuli uzrunvelyofiT.

70

Tavi III. Zaluri transformatorebis maTematikuri

modelebi

3.1. zogadi cnobebi

maTematikuri modelireba warmoadgens adamianis mier gare

samyaros movlenebis Secnobis erT-erT ZiriTad instruments. igi

aris realuri obieqtis, procesis an sistemis Seswavlis

saSualeba maTi maTematikuri modeliT Secvlis gziT, romelic

ufro mosaxerxebelia gamomTvleli manqanis gamoyenebiT eqsper-

imentuli kvlevebis Catarebisas. maTematikuri modelirebis qveS

igulisxmeba Sesaswavli movlenis ZiriTadi kanonzomierebani da

kavSirebi. es SeiZleba iyos formulebi an gantolebebi, wesebis an

SeTanxmebebis krebuli gamosaxuli maTematikuri formiT.

maTematikuri modeli es aris realuri obieqtis, procesis an

sistemis miaxloebiTi warmodgena gamosaxuli maTematikuri

terminebiT, romelic inarCunebs originalis Tvisebebs. es

modelebi logikur-maTematikuri konstruqciebis daxmarebiT

aRweren obieqtis, procesis an sistemis ZiriTad Tvisebebs, maT

parametrebs, Sida da gare kavSirebs.

maTematikuri modelireba samecniero-teqnikuri progresis

ganuyofeli nawilia. Ees aris meTodologia, romelic ar cvlis

samecniero disciplinebs, ar uwevs maT konkurencias, magram

monawileobs yvela sferoSi mimdinare SemoqmedebiT kvlevebSi.

uZvelesi droidan meqanikaSi, fizikaSi da sxva zust sabunebis-

metyvelo mecnierebebSi Sesaswavli movlenebis aRwerisaTvis

gamoyenebulia maTematikuri modelebi.

maTematikuri modelirebis farTo gamoyeneba saSualebas iZ-

leva aiwios Teoriuli gamokvlevebis saerTo done, Catardes isi-

ni eqsperimentalur gamokvlevebTan mWidro kavSirSi. maTematikuri

modelireba SeiZleba ganixilebodes rogorc Semecnebis, konstru-

irebis, proeqtirebis axali meTodi, romelic Tavis TavSi Seicavs,

rogorc Teoriis aseve eqsperimentis dadebiT mxareebs [72].

eleqtrodanadgarebis maTematikuri modelebis Seqmna da

Seswavla iZleva eleqtrodanadgarebis kvlevis did perspeqtivebs.

71

eleqtroteqnikur sferoSi mimdinare samecniero-kvleviT samuSao-

ebSi kompiuteris farTod gamoyenebam aucilebeli gaxada

maTematikur modelirebasTan erTad eleqtruli wredebis Teoriis

sferoSi axali Teoriuli midgomebis damuSaveba da miRebuli

Sedegebis WeSmaritebis Sefaseba.

induqciurad dakavSirebuli wredebis modelirebis amocana

DdReisaTvis aqtualurad iTvleba. aseTi saxis wredebSi mimdinare

fizikuri procesebis Sesabamisi maTematikuri modelebis Sesad-

genad saWiro gaxda axali aTvlis sistemis SemoReba. adekvaturi

modelirebis amocana didi xania aRelvebs swavlul

eleqtroteqnikosebs, razec metyvelebs eleqtroteqni-kosTa

saerTaSoriso komisiis kongresze gamarTuli diskusiebi.

induqciurad dakavSirebuli koWebisagan Sedgeba iseTi

energetikuli danadgari, rogoricaa Zaluri transformatori,

romelic fizikuri procesebis TvalsazrisiT xasiaTdeba rogorc

energiis mimRebis, aseve energiis wyaros TaviseburebebiT.

rogorc erTfaza aseve samfaza transformatorebisaTvis

maTematikuri modelebisa da Sesabamisi programebis Sedgenisas

optimaluri geometriuli da eleqtruli parametrebis

gansazRvrisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. maT safuZvelze

SeiZleba Seiqmnas energoefeqturi gamanawilebeli transfor-

matorebi uqmi svlisa da datvirTvis mcire danakargebiT.

3.2 erTfaza transformatoris maTematikuri modeli

galvanurad dakavSirebuli wredebisaTvis kirxhofis meore

kanoniT wonasworobis gantolebaTa sistemis Sedgena kargad aris

cnobili, magram induqciurad dakvSirebuli wredebisaTvis kirx-

hofis gantolebaTa sistemis Sedgenis sakiTxi problemuri

sakiTxia.

induqciurad dakavSirebuli wredebis gantolebebis sworad

dasawerad aucilebelia erTsaxela momWerebis moniSvna. radganac

transformatori warmoadgens induqciurad dakavSirebul wreds.

misi gantolebebis dawerisas unda gvaxsovdes induqciurad

72

dakavSirebuli wredebis Tviseba, kerZod Tu erTi maTganis

erTsaxela momWerSi Sedis mzardi deni, maSin es deni iwvevs

meore erTsaxela momWeris potencialis gazrdas, rac

damtkicebulia eqsperimentiT [73].

erTfaza transformatoris pirveladi gragnili, romelic

warmodgens energiis mimRebs mierTebuls energiis wyarosTan da

mis erTsaxela momWerSi Semavali cvladi i1 deni qmnis cvlad

magnitur nakads 1 –s, romelic i1 denTan dakavSirebulia marjvena

burRis wesiT. nax.3.1-ze mocemuli gragnilebis daxvevis

SemTxvevaSi 1 nakads aqvs pirveladi gragnilis gularSi

erTsaxela momWeris mxridan Semavali mimarTuleba da pirvelad

gragnilSi aRZravs TviTinduqciis emZ-s.

(3.1)

nax.3.1.erTfaza transformatoris principuli sqema

lencis wesis Tanxmad, niSani(-) miuTiTebs imaze, rom am emZ-s

aqvs i1 denis sawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba, rac naCvenebia nax.3.1-ze,

xolo meoradi gragnilis gularSi, romelic warmoadgens ener-

giis wyaros, am nakads erTsaxela momWeris mimarT aqvs gamo-

mavali mimarTuleba da aRZravs masSi urTierTinduqciis emZ-s.

(3.2)

sadac frCxilebSi moTavsebuli niSani (-) aris lencis niSani,

xolo frCxilebs gareTa niSani gviCvenebs, rom 1 nakadma

1111

11

1 , iLdt

diL

dt

de L

121121

2 ; Midt

diM

dt

dMe

73

pirveladi gragnilis gularTan SedarebiT meore gragnilis

gularSi Seicvala Sesvlis mimarTuleba erTsaxela momWeris

mimarT. am nakadis cvlilebiT aRZruli Me2 ki ar ewinaaRmdegeba i2

dens, aramed radgan meore gragnili warmoadgens energiis wyaros,

amitom am wyaros emZ aris swored Me2 , romelic qmnis i2 dens da

aqvs am denis mimarTuleba. analogiurad i2 deni qmnis 2 nakads da

meorad gragnilSi aRZravs

(3.3)

TviTinduqciis emZ-s, romlis mimarTuleba nax. 3.1-ze iqneba

denis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis xolo pirvelad gragnilSi

aRiZvreba urTierTinduqciis emZ

(3.4)

romelsac eqneba i1 denis Tanxvdenili mimarTuleba

nax.3.2 erTfaza transformatoris Canacvlebis sqema

nax. 3.1-ze mocemuli sqemis eqvivalenturi Canacvlebis sqemas

aqvs nax. 3.2-ze mocemuli saxe

nax. 3.2-ze mocemuli Canacvlebis sqemisaTvis kirxhofis II

kanonis safuZvelze vwerT gantolebaTa sistemas (Semovlis

mimarTuleba emTxveva denebis mimarTulebas).

I konturi 11111 uRiee LM (3.5)

II konturi 22122 uRiee LM (3.6)

anu Zabvebis mixedviT

74

dt

diM

dt

diLRieeRiu ML

2111111111 (3.7)

dt

diM

dt

diLRieeRiu ML

2222222222 (3.8)

(3.7) da (3.8) kompleqsur saxeSi Semdegnairad Caiwereba

MZIZIMjILjRIU 21121111 (3.9)

MZIZIMjILjRIU 12212222 (3.10)

(3.7) da (3.8) gantolebebi gviCvenebs, rom mcdaria

sayovelTaod miRebuli formulireba imis Sesaxeb, rom

TviTinduqciis koeficientebi erTfaza transformatorSi L1 da L2

yovelTvis dadebiTia, xolo urTierTin-duqciis koeficienti M

SeiZleba iyos, rogorc dadebiTi ise uaryofiTi. aRniSnuli

koeficientebi aris geometriuli sidideebi da yovelTvis

dadebiTi ricxvebia, xolo dadebiTi da uaryofiTi niSnebi

gantolebebis wevrebis win ganpirobebulia nakadebisa da denebis

mimarTulebiT erTsaxela momWerebis mimarT. aRniSnuli sakiTxi

damtkicebulia naSromSi [74]. aRniSnuli sakiTxis zusti

gadawyvetis meti damajereblobisaTvis movitanT amerikeli

fizikosis robert j. distintis naSroms [75], sadac mocemulia,

rom faradeis kanoni dt

dNe

aris klasikuri mamoZravebeli

eleqtruli kanonis mxolod gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva. Tu

faradeis kanonSi dt

d ganmartebulia, rogorc nakadis cvlilebis

siCqare konturSi, maSin dadebiTi dt

dmiuTiTebs, rom nakadi Sedis

konturSi. am dakvirvebis Sedegad faradeis kanoni Semdegnairad

Caiwereba:

dt

dNe

(Semsvleli) =

dt

dN

(gamomsvleli) (3.11)

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom konturSi faradeis kanoni

warmoqmnis uaryofiT emZ-s Semsvleli nakadisaTvis da dadebiT

emZ-s gamomsvleli nakadisaTvis [75].

75

amrigad, imisaTvis, rom SevadginoT kirxhofis gantolebaTa

sistema erTfaza transformatorisaTvis, induqcirebuli denebisa

da emZ-ebis mimarTulebebi ki ar unda SevirCioT nebismierad,

rogorc es dRemde literaturaSia, aramed unda ganvsazRvroT

energiis Senaxvis kanonis Tanaxmad da davakanonoT erTxel da

samudamod, rom urTierTinduqcia pirvelad da meorad gragnilebs

Soris uaryofiTia, xolo meorad gragnilebs Soris dadebiTi.

amasTanave unda gaviTvaliswinoT nakadebis mimarTuleba

erTsaxela momWerebis mimarT. amiT cxadia, gamartivdeba

analizisa da sinTezis amocanebis gadawyveta. ar iqneba

Seusabamoba Teoriasa da praqtikas Soris. [76].

3.3 samfaza transformatoris maTematikuri modelis

mniSvneloba da saWiroeba

samfaza transformatoris swori maTematikuri modelis

Sedgenas da gamoyenebas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba trans-

formatoris optimaluri parametrebis dasadgenad. dRemde ar

arsebobs transformatorebis srulyofili maTematikuri modeli,

miuxedavad imisa, rom evropis masStabiT transformatorebis

parki Seadgens 4 milionze mets da transformatorebi xasiaT-

debian sakmaod maRali margi qmedebis koeficientiT, daaxloebiT

99%. miuxedavad amisa danakargebi gvaqvs eleqtroenergiis

moZraobis TiToeul ubanze, rac dakavSirebulia Zabvebis

gardaqnasTan. Tanamedrove qselebSic ki transformatoruli

gardamqmnelebiT danakargebi Seadgens mTlianad warmoebuli

energiis 2%-s anu mTliani danakargebis 1/3-s.

sabazro urTierTobebis ganviTarebasTan erTad izrdeba

energiis Rirebuleba, romelic mZime tvirTad awevs aramarto

mosaxleobas aramed warmoeba aramed warmoeba-dawesebulebebs.

amitom mTeli evropis masStabiT udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba

energoekonomiuri gamanawilebeli transformatorebis gamoyenebas.

2005 wlis monacemebiT evrokavSirSi energoekonomiuri

transformatorebis gamoyenebiT daizoga weliwadSi daaxloebiT

76

22 mlrd kv/sT energia, ramac Seadgina 1.171 mlrd. evro fulad

gamosaxulebebSi [77].

cnobilia rom transformatori xasiaTdeba uqmi svlisa da

mokled SerTvis anu datvirTvis danakargebiT.

mokled SerTvis danakargebis Semcireba SeiZleba Semdegi

RonisZiebebis gatarebiT:

- gragnilis gamtaris kveTis gazrdiT, rasac mivyavarT

winaRobis Semcirebamde da Sesabamisad mcirdeba danakargebic,

magram am SemTxvevaSi izrdeba transformatoris gabaritebi da

Rirebuleba.

- maRali gamtarobis masalebis gamoyeneba, TviT zegam-

tarobamde, magram am teqnologiebma jer-jerobiT ver miaRwies

saWiro dones.

uqmi svlis danakargebi SeiZleba Semcirdes Semdegi gziT:

- gularis kveTis gazrdiT, rasac mivyavarT gabaritebisa da

Rirebulebis gazrdamde

- gularis firfitebis sisqis Semcireba, rac amcirebs

grigalur denebs.

- gularSi amorfuli metalebis gamoyeneba. am sakiTxSi

yvelaze meti rezervebi gagvaCnia. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT

danakargebis Semcirebis teqnikuri rezervebi mTlianad

amowuruli ar aris da efeqturobis done SeiZleba amaRldes

ukve cnobili teqnologiebisa da principebis gamoyenebiT.

unda gvaxsovdes rom konstruqciebis Semdgomi srulyofi-

saTvis mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT mravali urTierTdakavSire-

buli faqtori dawyebuli gabarituli zomebidan damTavrebuli

xmauriT aseve minimumamde unda iqnas dayvanili teqnologiuri

riski. aqedan gamomdinare srulyofili maTematikuri modelis

saWiroeba aucilebelia. Cvens mier Sedgenili modeli iTvalis-

winebs, rogorc transformatoris geometruli parmetrebis:

gragnilebis xviaTa ricxvi, gularas saSualo sigrZe da

ganivkveTis farTobi, aseve masalis Tvisebebs: gularas magnitur

SeRwevadobasa da magnitur gamtarobas. amitom transfor-

77

matorebis optimaluri parametrebis dasadgenad aRniSnuli

maTematikuri modeli did daxmarebas gauwevs transformatorebis

daproeqtebisa da kvlevis saqmeSi dasaqmebul specialistebs.

3.4 samfaza transformatoris maTematikuri modeli uqmi

svlis reJimSi

samfaza transformatorSi adgili aqvs sami saxis eleqtro-

magnitur induqcias: TviTinduqcia, urTierTinduqcia uaryofiTi

magnituri kavSiriT da urTierTinduqcia dadebiTi magnituri

kavSiriT. imisaTvis rom sworad SevadginoT kirxhofis wonas-

worobis diferencialuri gantolebebis sistema, pirvel rigSi

saWiroa sworad movniSnoT erTsaxela momWerebi, ganvsazRvroT

induqcirebuli denebisa da emZ-ebis mimarTuleba erTsaxela

momWerebis mimarT, induqcirebuli emZ-ebi ganvixiloT rogorc

gareSe emZ-ebi da amis Semdeg daviwyoT gantolebaTa sistemis

Sedgena wrfivi eleqtruli wredebis Teoriis safuZvelze [78].

ganvixiloT uqmi svlis reJimi, anu roca meoreuli

gragnilebi gaTiSulia 0 cba iii . pirveladi gragnilebis

boloebi gaerTianebulia erT wertilSi da damiwebulia. am

SemTxvevaSi miiReba SeerTeba (/) da gragnilebis sawyisebis

potencialebi miwis mimarT gansazRvraven Sesabamis fazur Zabvebs.

pirvelad gragnilebze modebulia sinusoiduri Zabvebi:

0

0

120

120

tSinUu

tSinUu

tSinUu

mC

mB

mA

(3.12)

es modebuli Zabvebi ganapirobeben pirvelad gragnilebSi

Sesabamisi ba ii , da ci denebis gavlas. es denebi gragnilebSi qmnian

CBA ,, magnitur nakadebs, romlebic ikvrebian magnituri

gamtaris anu foladis gularis gavliT. rogorc viciT,

magnituri nakadis wirebi Sekruli wirebia da foladis gularSi

gavlis dros es nakadebi erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegod ikvrebian.

TiToeul koWaSi gamavali denis mier Seqmnili nakadi gavlenas

78

axdens danarCeni ori fazis gularze da rogorc nax.3.3-dan Cans

magnitur nakadebs aqvT Semxvedri mimarTuleba e.i.

urTierTinduqciuroba uaryofiTia.

A B C

AL Bi Ci

AU RU CU

aU bU cU

nax. 3.3. samfaza transformatoris eqvivalenturi Canacvlebis

sqema

amitom aRniSnuli sqemis diferencialuri gantolebebis

sistemas mocemul reJimSi eqneba saxe:

dt

diL

dt

diM

dt

diMRiu

dt

diM

dt

diL

dt

diMRiu

dt

diM

dt

diM

dt

diLRiu

CC

BCB

ACACCC

CBC

BB

ABABBB

CAC

BAB

AAAAA

(3.13)

Tu mocemul gantolebaTa sistemaSi maTi simciris gamo

ugulvebelvyofT Zabvis vardnebs aqtiur winaRobebze:

CCBBAA RiRiRi ,, , maSin (3.13) gantolebaTa sistema kompleqsur saxeSi

SegviZlia warmovadginoT Semdegi saxiT:

CCBCBACAC

CBCBBABAB

CACBABAAA

ILjIMjIMjU

IMjILjIMjU

IMjIMjILjU

(3.14)

79

aqedan gamomdinare induqciurobis matricas samfaza

trasformatorisaTvis uqmi svlis reJimSi eqneba saxe:

cCBCA

BCBBA

ACABA

LMM

MLM

MML

(3.15)

(3.15) matricaSi CAACCBBCBAAB MMMMMM ;; e.i. uqmi

svlis reJimSi gvaqvs urTierTinduqciurobis sami koeficienti,

romelTagan yvela uaryofiTia.

(3.14) gantolebaTa sistemidan ganisazRvrebian uqmi svlis

denebi pirvelad gragnilSi. am denebis mier Seqmnili CBA ,,

magnituri nakadebi ganWolaven ra meoradi gragnilis xviebs

daainduqcireben maTSi urTierTinduqciis emZ-ebs, romlebic

gansazRvraven Sesabamisi uqmi svlis Zabvebs meoradi gragnilis

momWerebze, romlebTa warmodgena diferencialur saxeSi

Semdegnairad xdeba (Zabvis vardnebi aqtiur winaRobaze

ugulvebelyofilia):

dt

diM

dt

diM

dt

diMul

dt

diM

dt

diM

dt

diMul

dt

diM

dt

diM

dt

diMul

CcC

BcB

AcAcc

CbC

BbB

AbAbb

CaC

BaB

AaAaa

(3.16)

miRebuli gantolebaTa sistema kompleqsur saxeSi

Semdegnairad Caiwereba:

CcCBcBAcAcc

CbCBbBAbAbb

CaCBaBAaAaa

IMjIMjIMjUE

IMjIMjIMjUE

IMjIMjIMjUE

(3.17)

(3.17) gantolebaTa sistemidan ganisazRvreba transfor-

matoris meorad gragnilebSi dainduqcirebuli emZ-ebi, romlebic

uqmi svlis reJimSi am gragnilebis boloebze modebuli Zabvebis

tolia Sebrunebuli niSniT.

80

3.5. samfaza transformatoris maTematikuri modeli

datvirTvis reJimSi

maTematikuri modelireba warmoadgens adamianis mier gare

samyaros movlenebis Secnobis erT-erT ZiriTad instruments. igi

aris realuri obieqtis, procesis an sistemis Seswavlis

saSualeba maTi maTematikuri modeliT Secvlis gziT, romelic

ufro mosaxerxebelia gamomTvleli manqanis gamoyenebiT

eqsperimentuli kvlevebis Catarebisas. maTematikuri modelirebis

qveS igulisxmeba Sesaswavli movlenis ZiriTadi kanonzomierebani

da kavSirebi. igi samecniero-teqnikuri progresis ganuyofeli

nawilia. Ees aris meTodologia, romelic ar cvlis samecniero

disciplinebs, ar uwevs maT konkurencias, magram monawileobs

yvela sferoSi mimdinare SemoqmedebiT kvlevebSi.

maTematikuri modelis ageba niSnavs ama Tu im processa da

movlenas Soris kavSiris gansazRvras, maTematikuri aparatis

Seqmnas, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs raodenobrivad da

xarisxobrivad gamovsaxoT kavSiri specialistisaTvis saintereso

fizikur sidideebsa da im faqtorebs Soris, romlebic gavlenas

axdenen saboloo Sedegze.

maTematikuri modelirebis warmatebas ganapirobebs yvela

Semadgeneli rgolis erTnairad Rrma damuSaveba. triadaze

modeli-algoriTmi-programa dayrdnobiT mkvlevars xelT aqvs

universaluri, moqnili da iafi instrumenti, romelic Tavidan

yalibdeba sacdeli amocanebis nakrebis gadawyvetis safuZvelze.

gasuli saukunis 60-70 wlebi gansakuTrebiT nayofieri

gamodga eleqtroteqnikis Teoriuli problemebis ganviTarebis

TvalsazrisiT. egm-is ganviTarebam, maTi gamoyenebis efeqturobis

aucilebelma amaRlebam gansazRvra eleqtruli wredebis Teoriis

sferoSi axali Teoriuli midgomebis damuSaveba. egm-is unarma

daimaxsovros ricxvTa didi masivebi, Seasrulos logikuri

operaciebi, aiZula mecnierebi gadaexedaT eleqtruli wredis

gaangariSebis meTodebisaTvis. warmoiqmna im meTodebis

ganviTarebis moTxovna, romlebic yvelaze metad gamoiyeneben egm-

81

is specifikur Taviseburebebs. aseT meTodebs miekuTvneba

eleqtruli wredebis gantolebebis formirebisa da amoxsnis

matriculi meTodebi. Catarebuli didi moculobis samuSaos

miuxedavad, eleqtroteqnikis Teoriuli problemebis ganviTarebis

TvalsazrisiT ufro da ufro aucilebeli xdeba mimdinare

procesis fizikuri mxaris gageba da amis safuZvelze miRebuli

Sedegebis WeSmaritebis Sefaseba.

zusti informaciis gadacemisa da gardaqmnis sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT, mizanSewonilia eleqtruli wredebis Teoriis

zogierTi sakiTxis gadmocemis meTodikaSi garkveuli cvlile-

bebis Setana. magaliTad, aseT sakiTxs miekuTvneba induqciurad

dakavSirebuli wredebis maTematikuri modelebi, romlis tipiuri

magaliTia eleqtroenergiis gadacemis umniSvnelovanesi elementi

– samfaza transformatori.

nax.3.4-ze naCvenebia datvirTuli samfaza transformatoris

magnituri nakadebis mimarTulebani, romelic Sesabamis denTad

dakavSirebulia burRis wesiT.

samuSaos mizania datvirTuli samfaza transformatoris

calsaxa maTematikuri modelis Sedgena, romelic Seesabameba am

transformatorSi mimdinare fizikur procesebs.

nax.3.4 datvirTuli samfaza transformatoris magnituri

nakadis mimarTulebani.

82

rogorc cnobilia magnituri nakadebis wirebi Sekruli

wirebia. TiToeuli fazis gragnilSi gamavali denis mier

Seqmnili nakadi iyofa or nawilad da ganWolavs danarCeni ori

fazis gragnilebis xviebs da aRZravs maTSi urTierTinduqciis

emZ-ebs. magaliTad, A fazaSi gamavali iA denis mier Seqmnili

nakadi ΦA Sedgeba ori nawilisagan da tolia:

ΦA = Φ’A + Φ”A, (3.18)

am nakadis nawili Φ’A ganWolavs B fazis rogorc maRali, ise

dabali Zabvis gragnilebs da orive maTganSi aRZravs

urTierTinduqciis emZ-ebs, xolo Φ”A ganWolavs C fazis rogorc

maRali ise dabali Zabvis gragnilebs da aseve maTSic aRZravs

urTierTinduqciis emZ-ebs. analogiurad gveqneba danarCen fazebSi

gamavali iB da iC denebis mier Seqmnili ΦB da ΦC magnituri

nakadebisaTvisac, romlebic Sesabamisad ganWolaven A,C da A,B

fazebis maRali da Ddabali Zabvis gragnilebs (naxazis

gadatvirTvis gamo Φ’B, Φ”B, Φ’C da Φ”C nakadebi naCvenebi ar aris).

transformatorebis gantolebebis Sedgenisas naSromSi

[78] calsaxad gaTvaliswinebulia mxolod erTsaxela momWerebi

da transformatoris pirvelad da meoreul gragnilebs Soris

urTierTinduqciurobis uaryofiTi niSani, magram gaTvaliswi-

nebuli ar aris Tu romel sistemaSia Cawerili gantolebaTa

sistema. aseve igi Sedgenilia im SemTxvevisaTvis, rodesac

transformatoris meoreuli gragnili mokled aris SerTuli.

naSromSi [79] damtkicebulia, rom Semxvedri SeerTebis mqone

induqciurad dakavSirebul wredebisaTvis gantolebaTa sistemis

SedgenisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes erTsaxela momWerebi,

urTierTinduqciis uaryofiTi niSani da sistemis yvela

gantoleba unda Caiweros raime erTsa da imave aTvlis sistemaSi.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare nax.3.4-ze mocemuli sqemisaTvis

vadgenT gantolebaTa sistemas kirxhofis II kanonis safuZvelze

A nakadis aTvlis sistemaSi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom meoreul

gragnilSi:

83

; = (3.19)

maSin gveqneba:

(3.19) is gaTvaliswinebiT da gantolebaTa sistemis wevrobriv

dalagebiT (3.20) sistema kompleqsur saxeSi miiRebs (3.21) saxes:

miRebul gantolebaTa sistemaSi, datvirTvis winaRobasTan

SedarebiT, maTi Zalian mcire mniSvnelobebis gamo SeiZleba

ugulvebelvyoT gragnilebis aqtiuri winaRobebi cbaCBA rrrrrr ,,,,, ,

ris Semdegac SeiZleba SevadginoTY winaRobaTa matrica,

romelsac aqvs qvemoT moyvanili saxe:

(3.22 )

84

mocemul (3.22) winaRobaTa matricaSi zogierTi koeficienti

erTmaneTis tolia. davadginoT toli koeficientebi da

SemovitanoT gamartivebuli aRniSvnebi [80]. transformatoris

pirveladi gragnilebis xviaTa ricxvebi erTmaneTis tolia

1WWWW CBA . Ш-s magvari gularis A da C fazebis magnituri

gamtarebis saSualo sigrZe erTmaneTis tolia �A = �C, xolo �B

gansxvavebulia, amitom fazebis pirveladi gragnilebis

induqciurobebi tolia:

sadac, – magnitogamtaris fardobiTi magnituri SeRwevado-

baa da misi mniSvneloba aiReba specialuri cxrilebidan fola-

dis markis mixedviT; 0 - vakuumis magnituri SeRwevadoba da

tolia hn/m; S – magnituri gamtaris ganivkveTis farTobia.

analogiurad meoreuli gragnilebisaTvis gveqneba:

SeiZleba miviRoT, rom gragnilebs Soris kavSiris

koeficienti K=1 amitom urTierTinduqciurobebi tolia:

= ; =

= ; =

= (3.25)

= ; =

=

gragnilebis sruli winaRobebi tolia:

85

radgan samrewvelo sixSire 50f hc, amitom yvela

SemTxvevaSi ω= 2πf = 314 radiani/wm; xolo (3.23), (3.24), (3.25) da (3.26)-

is gaTvaliswinebiT (3.22) winaRobebis matrica miiRebs saxes:

(3.27)

(3.27) winaRobaTa matrica warmoadgens (3.21) sistemis mTavar

ganmsazRvrels, anu

Δ = (3.28)

(3.28) sistemaSi TiToeuli saZiebeli denis qveS

moTavsebulia maTi koeficientebi. garda mTavari determinantisa

() denebis gansazRvrisaTvis gvesaWiroeba damatebiTi ganm-

sazRvrelebi. damatebiTi ganmsazRvrelis misaRebad denebis qveS

moTavsebuli koeficientebi unda Seicvalos (3.21) sistemis

86

marcxena nawilSi arsebuli Tavisufali wevrebiT. magaliTad

denis damatebiTi ganmsazRvreli ganisazRvreba (3.29) matriciT.

= (3.29)

saZiebeli deni ganisazRvreba formuliT:

= /Δ (3.30)

analogiurad ganisazRvreba danarCeni denebic:

= / ; = / = / = / = / (3.31)

denebis gansazRvrisaTvis nax.3.5-ze warmodgenilia trans-

formatoris gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsnis blok-sqema, romlis

mixedviTac SesaZlebelia programis Sedgena.

87

nax.3.5. datvirTuli samfaza transformatoris gantolebaTa

sistemis amoxsnis blok-sqema.

88

Tavi IV. Zaluri zeTiani transformatorebis diagnostikis Tanamedrove meTodebi

4.1. Zalur transformatorSi ganviTarebadi defeqtebis

gansazRvris algoriTmi

Zaluri transformatoris daZvelebis procesSi misi

izolacia ganicdis mTel rig fiziko - qimiur cvlilebebs. am

dros gamoiyofa daSlis produqtebi – myari, Txevadi da

airisebri nivTierebebi. celulozisagan damzadebuli myari

saizolacio masalebi (qaRaldi da muyao) neli daZvelebis dros

gamoyofen airebs; maT ricxvSia wyalbadi da dabalmolekuluri

naxSirwyalbadebi, aseve naxSirbadis Jangi da orJangi, romlebic

warmoiqmnebian celulozis daJangvisas. airebi warmoiSveba aseve

zeTis daZvelebisas. amasTanave airis gamoyofis intensivoba

damokidebulia eleqtruli velis daZabulobasa da zeTis qimiur

Semadgenlobaze; obieqtis muSaobis reJimze; eqspluataciis

xangrZlivobaze; gamoyenebul masalebze da mTel rig

faqtorebze, romelTa gaTvaliswinebac yovelTvis advili ar

aris gamoyofili airebis ricxvSi garda naxSiris Jangisa CO

da orJangisa CO2, gvaqvs aseve wyalbadi HO2, meTani CH4, eTani C2H6,

eTileni C2H4 da acetileni C2H2 [54].

airebis zeTSi xsnadoba proporciulia gareSe wnevisa da

20-1000C temperaturis diapazonSi temperaturis wrfivi funqciaa.

magaliTad, wyalbadisaTvis zeTSi xsnadoba moculobaSi 7 %-ia,

azotisa -8,6%, haerisa- 10,3 %, meTania -30 %,acetilinisa – 400 %

da a.S.

izolaciis darRvevis dros, romelic dakavSirebulia

dazianebis arsebobasTan airebis gamoyofis intensivobis procesi

mkveTrad izrdeba; aseve SeiZleba Seicvalos airebis Semadgen-

loba da maTi Tanafardoba.

dadgenilia, rom transformatoris defeqtis TiToeul saxes

Seesabameba airebis gansazRvruli nakrebi da maTi Tanafardoba

[55].

89

ganviTarebadi defeqtebis Sexaseb codnis baza Seicavs

mraval wess, romelTagan TiToeuli xasiaTdeba ndobis koefi-

cientiT. codnis bazis safuZvels Seadgens rekomendaciebi [56].

wesebis ndobis koeficienti damokidebulia masSi Semavali

parametrebis gansazRvrulobaze. Tu erTi an ramdenime parametri

gansazRvruli ar aris, maSin wesebis ndobis koeficienti

mcirdeba, rac aisaxeba am wesebis gavleniT saboloo Sedegze.

magaliTad, informaciis mTliani moculoba sistemaSi miewodeba

maSin, roca cnobilia yvela airis koncentraciebi. amasTanave

nebismieri airis ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis gverdiT SesaZlebelia

arsebobdes Semdegi SemTxvevebi:

- airi saerTod ar arsebobs;

- aris airis mcire raodenoba (kvali);

- airis arseboba an ar arseboba gansazRvruli ar aris.

ukanaskneli SemTxveva aris im wesis ndobis koeficientis

cvlilebis mizezi, romelSic Sedis Sesabamisi airi.

damuSavebuli algoriTmi iZleva saSualebas miviRoT diagnozi

im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca erTi airi mainc namdvilad aris

dafiqsirebuli, xolo danarCenebis mimarT ar gvaqvs mkafio

informacia. bunebrivia, rom am SemTxvevebSi faqtiuri da

prognozirebadi defeqtebis Tanxvedris albaToba mcirdeba.

transformatoris diagnostikis procesSi ramdenime

gazomvis arsebobisas mimdevrobiT CairTveba axali wesebi da

xdeba defeqtebis TandaTanobiTi dazusteba. miRebulia, rom

transformators erTi airis koncentraciis zRvruli dasaSvebi

mniSvnelobis gadametebis drosac ki gaaCnia defeqti.

TiToeuli transformatori defeqtis SemCnevis dros dgeba

kontrolis qveS. situaciis dazustebis mizniT xuTi dRis Semdeg

tardeba ganmeorebiTi analizi. morigi analizis dadebiTi

Sedegis (ar aris defeqti) SemTxvevaSi dafiqsirdeba transfor-

matorSi mimdinare procesebis normalizacia da transformatori

avtomaturad moixsneba kontrolidan.

90

defeqtis prognozirebasTan erTad formirdeba transfor-

matoris teqnikuri momsaxureobis Semdgomi RonisZiebebi. am dros

dawvrilebiTYanalizdeba defeqtis ganviTarebis teqnologia,

romelic xasiaTdeba niSnebiT 0 an 1.

magaliTisaTvis, ganvixiloT defeqtis ganviTarebis

teqnologia transformatorSi airebis zRvruli koncentraciis

analizis SemTxvevisaTvis.

o transformatorSi analizis momentSi defeqtebis arsebobis

aRmricxveli avRniSnoT P1-iT. (Tu transformatorSi adgili

aqvs zeTis zRvruli koncentraciis gadametebas, maSin igi tolia

0, xolo Tu ara –1);

o erTi airis mainc koncentraciis zrdis siCqare TveSi 10 %-ze

metia - P2 ( 0 - zrda naklebia 10 %-ze, 1- zrda metia 10 %-ze);

o mocemul transformatorSi zedized defeqtebis SemCnevis

raodenoba - P3 (0- SemCneuli defeqtebis raodenoba naklebia an

toli 2-ze, 1- metia 2-ze);

o erTi airis mainc koncentraciis TveSi zrdis siCqaris 10%-ze

meti zrdis zedized SemTxvevebis raodenoba - P4 (0-

koncentraciis zrdis siCqare SemCneulia naklebi an toli 2-ze,

1- meti 2-ze);

o airebis zrdis daCqareba - P5 (0 - progresirebadi zrdis

raodenoba yoveli Semdgomi gazomvisas naklebia an toli 1-ze, 1-

metia 1-ze);

o faqtorebis arseboba, romlebic xels uwyoben airebis

koncentraciis gardas -PP6 (0- faqtorebs aqvs adgili, 1-

faqtorebi ar aris);

o faqtorebis arseboba, romlebic xels uwyoben airebis koncent-

raciis Semcirebas -PP7 (0- faqtorebs aqvs adgili, 1- faqtorebi

ar aris);

o zeTis ukanasknel sinjSi acetilenis ZiriTadi airis saxiT

arseboba - P8 (0- ar aris ZiriTadi airi, 1- aris ZiriTadi airi);

91

o zeTis ukanasknel sinjSi naxSirbadis Jangisa da orJangis

ZiriTadi airis saxiT arseboba -P9 (0- sinjSi es airebi ar aris,

1- sinjSi aris erTi airi mainc);

magaliTi. CavataroT ТРДН-40000/110 Zalovani transfor-

matoris diagnostikuri analizi cxrili 4.1-Si moyvanili zeTis

erTeulovan moculobaSi airebis koncentraciis mniSvnelobebi

wina da ukanaskneli gazomvebis Sedegebis mixedviT.

analizi Catarebulia meorejer, defeqtis pirveli SemCnevidan

erTi Tvis Semdeg.

cxrili 4.1. zeTis erTeulovan moculobaSi airebis

koncentraciis mniSvnelobebi

TariRi H2 CH4 C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 CO CO2

01.03.2011 0.002 0.01 0.001 0.02 0.7 ganusazR. 0.4

01.04.2011 0.003 0.02 0.02 0.05 ganusazR. ganusazR. 0.5

pirvel rigSi unda ganvsazRvroT airebis zRurbluri, zRvruli,

fardobiTi koncentraciisa da koncentraciis cvlilebis

absoluturi da fardobiTi siCqareebi. yvela es parametri

gansazRvrulia normebiTa da formulebiT. literatura [54] –is

mixedviT maTi mniSvnelobebi moyvanilia cxrili 4.2 -Si.

cxrili 4.2. normebiT gansazRvruli parametrebi

parametri H2 CH4 C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 CO CO2

zRurblurikoncentrac.

0.0005 0.0005 0.00005 0.0005 0.0005 0.005 0.005

zRvrulikoncentrac

0.01 0.01 0.001 0.01 0.005 0.02 0.3

fardobiTikoncentracia

0.3 2 19.9 5ganusaz. ganusaz.

1.67

koncentraciis cvlilebis absoluturisiCqare

0,010 0.1071 0.2036 0.321

ganusaz. ganusaz.

0.107

koncentraciis cvlilebis fardobiTisiCqare

53.571 107.143 2035.7 160.71

ganusaz. ganusaz.

26.78

92

cxrili 4.2-is monacemebis safuZvelze fardobiTi koncent-

raciis mniSvnelobebis mixedviT xdeba airis koncentraciiis

xasiaTis gansazRvra. rogorc am cxrilis fardobiTi koncen-

traciis striqonidan Cans: H2 - aris maxasiaTebeli airi mcire

SemcvelobiT; CH4 da C2H4 –arian maxasiaTebeli airebi maRali

SemcvelobiT; C2H2 da CO2 – ZiriTadi airebia; C2H6 da CO airebi ar

arseboben.

rogorc cxrili 4.2 -dan Cans oTxi airis (CH4, C2H2, C2H4,

CO2) fardobiTi koncentraciis mniSvnelobebi aRemateba zRvrul

mniSvnelobebs. am dros mimdinareobs yvela airis koncentraciis

zrda 10 %-ze meti absoluturi siCqariT. MmaSasadame, saxezea

ganviTarebadi defeqtis arseboba. ganviTarebadi defeqtis

arsebobis Semdeg SemuSavebuli unda iqnes rekomendaciaTa

krebuli. erTi mxriv defeqtis damaxasiaTebel niSnebsa da misi

ganviTarebis process, xolo meores mxriv defeqtis gamovlenis

dazustebisa da Sedegebis lokalizaciis rekomendaciebis

nakrebs Soris arsebobs garkveuli kavSiri, romelic moyvanilia

cxrili 4.3 -Si

cxrili 4.3. kavSiri niSanTa da rekomendaciebis nakrebebs Soris.

niSanTa nakrebi rekomendaciebis nakrebi

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 18 0 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 11 14 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 9 14 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 3 10 15 18 0 0

1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 7 9 14 0

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 3 4 9 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 9 15 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 15 0 0 0

93

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 3 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 19 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 3 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 10 9 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 10 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 18 0 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 9 14 0 0 0

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 15 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 14 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 15 0 0 0 0

1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 9 0 0 0 0

1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 10 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 15 0 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 9 14 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 14 0 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 14 0 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 3 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 15 0 0 0 0

defeqtis ganviTarebis TiToeuli situacia erTmniSvne-

lovnad gansazRvravs niSnebis sias. Cvens mier moyvanil

magaliTSi:

- adgili aqvs zRvruli koncentraciis gadaWarbebas,

maSasadame P1=1.

- airebis koncentraciis zrdis siCqare metia 10 %-ze,

maSasadame P2=1.

- SemCneuli defeqtebis raodenoba tolia 2, maSasadame P3=0.

- siCqaris 10 %-ze metad gadaWarbebis raodenoba tolia 1,

maSasadame P4=0.

- nimuSSi pirvelad iqna dafiqsirebuli airebis zrdis

maqsimaluri siCqare, maSasadame P5= 0.

- ar Catarebula iseTi RonisZiebani, romlebic xels uwyobdnen

airebis koncentraciis zrdas, maSasadame P6 =1.

- ar Catarebula iseTi RonisZiebani, romlebic xels uwyobdnen

airebis koncentraciis Secirebas, maSasadame P7 =1.

94

- acetileni nimuSSi ZiriTadi airia, maSasadame P8 =1.

- NnimuSSi adgili aqvs CO an CO2, maSasadame P9 =1.

miRebuli niSnebis sias cxrili 4.3 - Si Seesabameba qvemodan

meore striqoni, romlis gaswvriv mocemulia saWiro

RonisZiebebis nomrebi #2 da #3. am nomrebis mixedviT zeTSi

gaxsnili airebis Sedegebis safuZvelze konkretuli gamocdebis

prioritetul Catarebaze rekomendaciebi mocemulia cxrili 4.4-

Si. am cxrilidan airCeva Casatarebeli RonisZiebebi: transfor-

matorebis dagegmili gamoyvana muSaobidan (#2) da Catardes

zeTSi gaxsnili airebis gaxSirebuli analizi (#3).

rekomendaciebi konkretuli gamocdebis prioritetul

Catarebaze zeTSi gaxsnili airebis Sedegebis safuZvelze

mocemulia cxrilSi 4.4

cxrili 4.4. zeTSi gaxsnili airebis Sedegebis safuZvelze

konkretuli gamocdebis prioritetul Catarebaze rekomendaciebi.

# rekomendaciebi

1 transformatorebis dauyonebliv gamoyvana muSaobidan

2 transformatorebis dagegmili gamoyvana muSaobidan

3 Catardes zeTSi gaxsnili airebis gaxSirebuli analizi

4 SevamowmoT sorbentis mdgomareoba haersaSrobSi

5 SevamowmoT zeTis tumbos mdgomareoba

6 SevamowmoT gadadinebis SesaZlebloba (erTdroulad aviRoT zeTis sinjebi transformatorisa da gadamrTvelis avzebidan)

7 CavataroT zeTis degazacia

8 saqmis kursSi CavayenoT dawesebulebis qvedanayofi

9 gavaanalizoT wina eqspluataciis pirobebi

10 movxsnaT zeTSi gaxsnili airebis gaxSirebuli analizis kontroli

11 CavataroT zeTSi gaxsnili airebis analizis kontroli Cveulebri-vi periodulobiT

95

12 SevadaroT msgavsi transformatorebis koncentraciebs

13 SevatyobinoT qarxana-damamzadebels

14 transformatori davayenoT kontrolis qveS

15 gavzomoT gragnilebis omuri winaRoba

16 CavataroT analizi infrawiTeli teqnikis gamoyenebiT

17 gavzomoT uqmi svlis danakargebi

18 CavataroT zeTis qimiuri analizi

19 gavzomoT tgδ da izolaciis kompleqsuri gamtaroba

20 gavzomoT mokled SerTvis winaRoba

21 gavzomoT zeTis tgδ

22 vawarmooT nawilobrivi ganmuxtvis eleqtruli gazomvebi

23 vawarmooT nawilobrivi ganmuxtvis akustikurigazomvebi

24 gavzomoT izolaciis winaRoba

25 gavzomoT izolaciis winaRoba

26 CavataroT vizualuri kontroli

27 aviRoT zeTis sinjebi kontaqtorisa da transformatoris avzebidanzeTSi gaxsnili airebis analizi defeqtis saxis Sesaxeb

ver iZleva srul garantias da praqtikulad ver warmoadgens

informacias misi adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb, amitom saWiroa

Catardes sxva gamocdebic. kerZod, unda ganisazRvros airebis

koncentraciis maxasiaTebeli fardoba. am maxasiaTeblis

gansazRvra xdeba cxrili 2 -is fardobiTi koncentraciis

striqonis monacemebis mixedviT.

D1 = 0,4 warmoadgens fardobas ( CH4/C2H4 = 2/5 );

D2 = 6,66667 warmoadgens fardobas (CH4/H2 = 2/0,3);

D3 = ganusazRvrelia warmoadgens fardobas (C2H4/C2H6);

D4 = ganusazRvrelia warmoadgens fardobas (CO2/CO).

96

nimuSSi airebis arsebobisas maTi koncentraciisa da zrdis

siCqaris mniSvnelobis, aseve koncentraciis fardobiTi maxasia-

Teblebis analizis dros koncentraciis maxasiaTebeli fardo-

bis udidesi mTeli ricxvia 6. zusti diagnozis gansazRvrisaTvis

am nomris mixedviT winaswari defeqtebis cxrili 4.5 -dan

pouloben mis dasaxelebas: dabali temperaturis Termuli

defeqti. amis Semdeg moiyvaneba mizezebi, romelTa Sedegia

prognozirebadi defeqti [57].

- milebisa da milTaSorisi sivrcis gaWuWyianeba;

- gamaciebeli milebis dabinZureba.

amis Semdeg dgeba gamocdis oqmi.

defeqtebis ganmeorebiT SemCnevis SemTxvevaSi ismeba winaswari

diagnozi cxrili 5 -Si mocemuli nakrebidan.

cxrili 4.5. defeqtebis saxeebi

# defeqtis saxe

1 zeTis daZveleba

2 nawilobrivi ganmuxtvebi energiis dabali simkvriviT

3 nawilobrivi ganmuxtvebi energiis maRali simkvriviT

4 mcire simZlavris ganmuxtvebi

5 didi simZlavris ganmuxtvebi

6 dabali temperaturis Termuli efeqti

7 dabali temperaturis diapazonSi Termuli efeqti

8 saSualo temperaturis diapazonSi Termuli efeqti

9 maRali temperaturis Termuli efeqti

SemdgomSi defeqtis xasiaTi zustdeba cxrili 4.6 –s monacemebiT,

Tu ram SeiZleba gamoiwvios aRniSnuli defeqti.

cxrili 4.6 dazustebuli defeqtebis saxeebi.

# defeqtis saxe

1 dengamtari nawilebis an ConCxis kontruqciis

elemenetebis gadaxureba

2 ConCxis kontruqciis elemenetebis gadaxureba

3 myari izolaciis gadaxureba

97

4 eleqtruli ganmuxtvebi myar izolaciaSi

5 nawilobrivi ganmuxtvebi zeTSi

6 naperwkluri da rkaluri ganmuxtvebi zeTSi

7 defeqti gaciebis sistemaSi

8 zeTis daZveleba

9 defeqti gadamrTvel mowyobilobaSi

Semdgomi sakontrolo gazomvis periodulobis gansazRvra.

TiToeuli airis koncentraciis zrdis siCqaris Sesabamisad

ganisazRv-reba drois Sualedi, romlis gasvlis Semdeg

swarmoebs Semdgomi gazomva. sakontrolo gazomvis periodulo-

bis minimaluri mniSvneloba miRebulia xuTi dRis anu 0,167 Tvis

(0,167 X 30 dR = 5 dR) tolad.

qvemoT mocemulia airebis sakontrolo gazomvis Semdegi

periodulobebi: H2 = 2,333 Tve; CH4 = 0,233 Tve; C2H2@ = 0,012 Tve;

C2H4 = 0.078 Tve; C2H6 = 6,0 Tve; CO = 6,0 Tve; CO2 = 0,233 Tve.

radganac T (C2H2) = 0,012 < 0,167, amitom miRebulia T = 0,167 Tve.

maSasadame, morigi gazomvis Catareba unda moxdes 0,167 Tvis anu 5

dRis Semdeg.

winaswari defeqtis gansazRvra. nimuSSi airebis arsebobisas

maTi koncentraciisa da zrdis siCqaris mniSvnelobis, aseve

koncentraciis fardobiTi maxasiaTeblebis analizis dros

ndobis maqsimaluri koeficientis mniSvnelobam miiRo nomeri 6,

radganac defeqti aRniSnuli iyo mxolod orjer.

zusti diagnozis gansazRvrisaTvis am nomris mixedviT

winaswari defeqtebis cxrili 4.2-dan pouloben mis dasaxelebas:

dabali temperaturis Termuli defeqti. moiyvaneba mizezebi,

romelTa Sedegia prognozirebadi defeqti:

- milebisa da milTaSorisi sivrcis gaWuWyianeba;

- gamaciebeli milebis dabinZureba.

amis Semdeg dgeba gamocdis oqmi.

98

nax.4.1.qromatografiuli monacemebis Sesatani Sabloni.

manqanuri formis Sevseba. `diagnostika +” kompleqsur

programaSi qromatografiuli analizis monacemebis Sesatanad

saWiroa Seivsos nax.4.1-ze moyvanili Sabloni. am dros saWiroa

gvaxsovdes:

- Tu airi saerTod ar arsebobs, maSin Sesabamis velSi

Caiwereba 0 (nuli);

- Tu aris airis mcire raodenoba, maSin Sesabamis velSi

Caiwereba 0.0000099;

- Tu airis arseboba an ar arseboba gansazRvruli ar aris,

maSin Sesabamisi veli ar Seivseba.

4.2. eleqtromowyobilobis Tbovizoruli kontroli.

infrawiTeli Termografia warmoadgens kontrolis damxmare

saSualebas, gvexmareba transformatorSi airwarmoqmnis arsebo-

bisas SevafasoT magnitogamtarSi defeqtis warmoqmnis zona,

xolo saqarxno dokumentaciis arsebobisas SevaviwrovoT

defeqtis moZebnis adgili.

transformatoris avzSi ganlagebuli defeqturi kvanZebis

infrawiTeli diagnostika. transformatoris avzSi siTbos

gamoyofis wyaroebi. transformatoris avzSi siTbos gamoyofis

wyaroebia Semdegi kvanZebi:

- magnitogamtari;

99

- gragnilebi;

- transformatoris masiuri metalis nawilebi, romlebSic

siTbo gamoiyofa fantvis nakadebis mier aRZruli grigaluri

denebiT gamowveuli damatebiTi danakargebis gamo;

- Semyvanebis dengamtari nawilebi da maTi kontaqtebi;

- ganStoebebi da maTi SeerTebebi gragnilTan da SemyvanTan;

- Zabvis qveS regulirebis gadamrTvelis kontaqtebi.

magnitogamtaridan da gragnilebidan transformatoris

avzze siTbos gadacemis xasiaTi.

TbovizoriT transformatoris Sinagani Tburi mdgomareobis

Sefasebisas saWiroa angariSi gavuwioT magnitogamtaridan da

gragnile-bidan siTbos gadacemis xasiaTs (nax.4.2).

[58]-is Tanaxmad transformatoris nominaluri datvirTvis

dros zeTis zeda fenebis temperatura ar unda iyos cxrili 4.7-

Si naCveneb temperaturaze meti, Tu qarxana-damamzadeblis mier

mocemuli ar aris sxva temperaturebi.

cxrili 4.7. zeTis zeda fenebis dasaSvebi temperatura

transformatorebisa da reaqtorebis zeTiT gacieba SeberviTa da zeTis iZulebiTi cirkulaciiT

750C

transformatorebisa da reaqtorebis zeTiT bunebrivi gaciebiT, SeberviTa da zeTis bunebrivi cirkulaciiT

950C

transformatorebisa zeTiTa da wyliT gacieba, zeTis iZulebiTi cirkulaciiT

700C

[59]-is Tanaxmad transformatoris mTel simaRleze

maqsimalur da minimalur temperaturaTa Soris sxvaobam

SeiZleba miaRwios 20-350C-s

100

nax.4.2. temperaturis cvlileba transformatorSi: a-

simaRleze;b-kveTis gaswvriv. 1- Rero;2,3- dabali da maRali Zabvis

gragnilebi; 4-zeTi; avzis kedeli.

transformatoris avzis Tburi veli.

transformatoris avzis zedapiris Termogramebi gadaiReba:

- gragnilebis ganStoebebis ganlagebis adgilebSi;

- transformatoris avzis simaRleze;

- kidura fazebis mimarT;

- avzis zarxufis damagrebis adgilebSi.

avzis zedapiris temperaturis gradientis mniSvnelobebisa

da maTi adgilmdebareobis mixedviT, transformatoris teqno-

logiuri dokumentaciis daxmarebiT fasdeba masSi SesaZlo

defeqtebi.

250 mva da meti simZlavris transformatorebisa da

avtotransformatorebisaTvis rekomendirebulia eqspluataciaSi

Seyvanis dros gadaviRoT avzis Tburi velis suraTi.

gragnilebis defeqtebi. modelebze Catarebulma eqsperi-

mentebma aCvena,rom infrawiTeli kontrolis dros transfor-

matoris avzSi SeiZleba gamovlindes lokaluri gaxurebebi,

romlebic gamowveulia:

101

- gragnilebis calkeuli koWebis adgilobrivi gaxurebebiT;

- gragnilebis ganStoebebis kontaqturi SeerTebebis

gadaxurebebiT;

- zeTis damdgari zonebis gamokvleviT, romelic gamowveu-

lia xviaTa qaRaldis izolaciis gajirjvebiT, Slamis

warmoqmniT an konstruqciul angariSSi SecdomiT.

magnitogamtaris Camiwebis sistemebis defeqtebi. transfor-

matoris fazebis Termografiulma gamokvlevam transformatoris

fazebis avzze gamoavlina temperaturuli anomaliebi, kerZod

avzis zarxufis qveda gasarTis dasamagrebeli didi raodenobis

WanWikebis gaxureba. transformatoris avzis gaxsnam gamoavlina

Semdegi defeqtebi:

- magnitogamtaris qveda konsolisa da Sveleris SeerTebis

adgilze firfitebis gadaxurebisagan gamuqeba;

- transformatoris saregulirebeli Reros raionSi avzis

Zros mimmarTveli kotas dabali Zabvis konsolTan Camiweba;

- sayelurebis, firfitebisa da WanWikebis gamuqeba da

nawilobrivi gadnoba gaxurebisagan.

magnitogamtaris Camiwebis sqemis megaommetriT Semowmebam

aCvena:

- magnitogamtar-avzis ubanze izolaciis winaRoba nulis

tolia;

- magnitogamtaris paketebs Soris izolaciis winaRoba

Seadgens 6 omidan 5 kiloomamde.

infrawiTeli diagnostikis meTodi zeTSevsebuli Semyvane-

bisaTvis. Tbovizorebis daxmarebiT Semyvanebis mdgomareobis

SefasebisaTvis saWiroa gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes is faqtorebi,

romlebic gavlenas axdenen infrawiTel kontrolze:

- mzis radiacia;

- faifuris safaris zedapiris lokaluri gaWuWyinebebi;

- haeris Tburi nakadi, romlebic moedineba transformatoris

saxuravidan da Semyvanebidan.

102

gareSe gamtarebis Semyvanebis momWerebTan mierTebis

adgilebis gaxurebebi. dasaSvebi temperatura tolia [60]: tdas =

900C, roca haeris temperatura thaer = 400C. e.i,. dasaSvebia

temperaturaTa sxvaoba Δt = 500C.

SemyvanebSi zeTis donis dacema. SemyvanSi zeTis sruli

moculobis arsebobis dros adgili aqvs temperaturis

gradientis mdore dacemas transformatoris avzidan Semyvanis

safarToebelisaken. winaaRmdeg SemTxvebaSi SeiniSneba temperatu-

ris gradientis naxtomi.

nax.4.3-ze mocemulia defeqturi Semyvanis Termoprofili.

nax.4.3. Semyvanis Termoprofili daweuli zeTis doniT.

Tbovizoris fanjris saerTo saxe gadidebul reJimSi

mocemulia nax.4.4-ze.

nax.4.4. transformatoris TbovizoriT dasaTvalierebeli

fanjara.

D`daTvalierebis” reJimi saSualebas iZleva ganvsazRvroT

temperatura transformatoris zedapiris nebismier wertilSi.

amisaTvis sakmarisia mxolod davawkapunoT mausis marcxena

klaviSi saintereso temperaturis wertilSi. mocemuli fanjara

103

saSualebas iZleva aseve vaCvenoT mocemuli temperaturis yvela

wertili. amisaTvis sakmarisia davawkapunoT mausis marcxena

klaviSi fanjridan marjvena ferad zolze. am dros mocemuli

temperaturis yvela wertili gamoiyofa mwvane feriT, xolo

temperaturis maCvenebeli gviCvenebs am wertilebis namdvil

temperaturas.

K4.3. transformatoris gragnilebis dazianebis gansazRvra

induqciuri winaRobis kontroliT

infrawiTeli diagnostikis saSualebebis daxmarebiT

Tbovizoruli kontrolis meTods Zaluri transformatorebis

gare elementebis (maRalvoltiani Semyvanebis, ganmmuxtvelebis,

gadamrTvelebis, gacivebis sistemebisa da sxvaTa) mdgomareobis

Sesaxeb SeuZlia moitanos mravali sasargeblo informacia,

magram igi iTvleba irib meTodaT, romelic ar iZleva transfor-

matoris avzis kedlebisa da didi moculobis satransformatoro

zeTis qveSMdafaruli aqtiuri nawils mdgomareobis Sesaxeb

srul informacias. Ggarda amisa zemoTCamoTvlili meTodebi

yovelTvis ar aris efeqturi mokled SerTvis dros Zalovani

transformatorebis gragnilebSi narCeni deformaciis aRZvris

SeTxvevaSi, romlebic xdeba myisierad da ar toveben dros

diagnostikuri gazomvebis Sedegebis analizisaTvis da

transformatoris dazianebis Tavidan acilebis an momavali

remontis masStabebis Semcirebis mizniT ver uzrunvelyofen rac

SeiZleba swrafad moxdes misi gamorTva.

Zaluri transformatoris gragnilebSi xviaTaSorisi

mokled SerTvis Sedegad gamowveuli gragnilebis deformaciis

mimarT yvelaze ufro mgrZnobiarea induqciurobis parametri.

aseTi transformatorebis gragnilebSi sawyisi deformaciebis

aRZvrisas da xviaTaSorisi mokled SerTvis SemTxvevaSi

periodidan periodamde xdeba induqciurobis ganviTarebadi

gazrda an Semcireba, romelsac Tan axlavs sakontrolo

transformatoris gragnilebis Seuqcevadi rRveva. Mam MmeTodis

104

bazaze Seqmnilia Zaluri transformatorebis parametrebis

kontrolis sainformacio - sazomi sistema, romelic SeiZleba

gamoyenebuli iqnes mokled SerTvis cdebisa da eqspluataciis

dros qselidan gamourTvelad Zaluri transformatorebis

gragnilebis mdgomareobis operatiuli kontrolisaTvis.

induqciurobis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi Aam dros kontrolis

blokidan marTvis blokze miewodeba signali, romelic

formirdeba da damcveli amorTvis signalad (nax.4.5).

Nnax.4.5. eqspluataciis procesSi qselidan gamourTvelad

Zaluri transformatoris gragnilis kontrolis sainformacio-

sazomi sistemis sqema.

105

sainformacio-sazomi sistema saWiroa gamoyenebuli iqnes

im reJimebisagan swrafmoqmed dacvasTan kavSirSi, romelnic

aRiZvrebian Zalovan transformatorebis gragnilebSi mokled

SerTvis gamo maTSi eleqtrodinamiuri Zalvebisagan daziane-

bebisa da narCeni deformaciis Sedegad parametrebis cvlilebiT.

sainformacio - sazomi sistema muSaobs Semdegnairad:

Zaluri transformatorebis gragnilebis mdgomareobis uwyveti

kontroli uzrunvelyofilia induqciurobis bazisuri mniSvne-

lobidan gadaxris mudmivi kontroliT. Binduqciurobis bazisuri

mniSvneloba aiReba dayenebis blokidan. sakontrolo samfaza tr

Zaluri transformatoris muSaobis dros samfaza Rdat aqtiur

datvirTvaze sazomi gardamqmnelis - maRalvoltiani Zabvis

transformatoris Zt1 daxmarebiT izomeba pirveladi U1 Zabvis

mniSvneloba. Ggardamqmnelidan signali miewodeba pirveladi

Zabvis meoreul Zabvaze damyvan U’1 bloks, sadac gamoiTvleba

meoreul Zabvaze dayvanili pirveladi Zabva:

U’1 = U1/Kt (4.1)

sadac Kt – Zaluri transformatoris koeficientis mocemuli

cnobili mniSvnelobaa.

sistemis Sesavalze meoreuli Zabvis gardamqmnelebidan –

Zt2 Zabvis transformatorebidan da U’1 blokis gamosasvlelidan

miewodeba signale-bi. Zabvebis sxvaobis gamoTvlis blokSi

meoreul Zabvaze dayvanili Zabvebis sxvaoba gamoiTvleba

formuliT:

U’1 = U’1 – U2 (4.2),

sadac U2 aris Zt2 gardamqmnelis meoreuli Zabvis mniSvneloba.

Zabvis saSualo mniSvnelobis gamoTvlis blokSi U‘saS

angariSi swarmoebs drois mocemul intervalSi:

U‘saS.= [ U’n (t2) + U’n (t1)]/2 (4.3),

sadac U’n aris transformatorze Zabvebis dayvanil

mniSvnelobaTa sxvaoba; t1 da t2 –danawilebis intervalebis

droebiTi sazRvrebi.

106

Ddenis warmoebulis gamoTvlis blokSi ganisazRvreba

dens nazrdi drois mocemul intervalSi:

di/dt = [ij (t2) + ij(t1)]/(t2-t1) (4.4),

sadac in aris sakontrolo transformatoris meoreul gragnilSi

denis mniSvneloba, romelic izomeba denis gardamqnelebiT – dt

denis transformatorebiT.

induqciurobis gaangariSebis blokSi Ljgaz .gamoiTvleba

drois mocemul intervalSi induqciurobis myisa mniSvneloba:

Ljgaz.= U’saS/di/dt (4.5).

Aamis Semdeg induqciurobis gazomili myisa mniSvneloba

miewodeba induqciurobis nominalur sixSireze dayvanis bloks

da gaiangariSeba induqciurobis nominalur sixSireze dayvanili

mniSvneloba:

Lj = Ljgaz . f gaz/fnom. ^(4.6),

sadac fgaz aris gazomili sixSire,; f nom. Nnominaluri sixSire

(50hc). Semdeg blokSi gaiangariSeba induqciurobis saSualo

mniSvneloba TiToeuli periodis ganmavlobaSi:

LsaS = (4.7),

sadac N aris intervalebis danawilebis ricxvi.

amis Semdeg gadaxris gamoTvlis blokSi periodis

ganavlobaSi miRebuli LsaS mniSvneloba Seedareba dayenebis L0

mniSvnelobas da ganisazRvreba maTi gansxvaveba:

L = (LsaS – L0) X 100 % /L0 (4.8),

sadac L0 – transformatoris induqciurobis dayenebuli

mniSvnelobaa, romelic ganisazRvreba angariSiTa da winaswari

eqsperimentis SedegebiT.

107

3. დასკვნა

Catarebuli gamokvlevebis safuZvelze miRebulia Semdegi

Sedegebi:

1. dadgenilia, rom dReisaTvis saqarTvelos elmomaragebis

sistemaSi Zaluri transformatorebis mniSvnelovanma

nawilma amowura Tavisi muSaobis resursi. Qqveynis

ekonomiuri situacia, agreTve transformatorebis saerTo

raodenobis didi ricxvi ar iZleva uaxloes xanSi maTi

Secvlis saSualebas. Aamitom transformatorebis drouli

diagnostika metad aqtualuri Temaa.

2. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eleqtrosistemaSi 110-500 kv Zabvis

qvesadgurebis, Ria da daxuruli gamanawilebeli

mowyobilobebis saxeobebis mixedviT warmodgenili

mtyunebebis, uwesivrobisa da defeqtebis gamovlenis

jamuri ganawilebis analizidan gamomdinare dadgenilia,

rom mowyobilobis izolaciis klasis zrdasTan erTad

arsebobs mtyunebaTa zrdis tendencia. gamovlenili

uwesivrobebisa da defeqtebis didi nawili pirvel rigSi

miekuTvneba eqspluataciaSi Seyvanil axali tipis

mowyobilobebs, rac gamowveulia maTi damzadebis xarisxiT

3. dadgenilia, rom principul problemas warmoadgens

koncefciis Teoriuli uzrunvelyofis arsebiTi CamorCena

diagnostikis Tanamedrove saSualebebisa da informaciuli

teqnologiebis miRwevebis realuri SesaZleblobebisagan.

4. dadgenilia, rom teqnikurad dasabuTebuli diagnozis dasma

SesaZlebelia mxolod srulyofili informaciis pirobebis

statistikuri monacemebis Sekrebis, gare daTvalierebisa da

specialuri xelsawyoebis saSualebiT Catarebuli eqspe-

rimentuli gamokvlevebis Sedegad;

5. dadgenilia, rom diagnostikis Tanamedrove meTodebi da

teqnikuri saSualebebi energosistemebSi saSualebas ar

iZlevian ZviradRirebuli eleqtromomowyobilobis qseli-

108

dan gamorTvisa da gaxsnis gareSe gamovlenili iqnas

calkeuli elementebis MmuSaobis reJimebi. amasTan dakavSi-

rebiT iweleba eletromowyobilobis remontSi gadayvanis

dro, ixarjeba operatiuloba da izrdeba avariuli

reJimebis gazrdis albaToba.

6. dadgenilia, rom udaod aqtualuri xdeba kontrolis

iseTi axali meTodebis damuSaveba, romlebiTac

transformatoris gaxsnis gareSe moxdeba misTvis

damaxasiaTebeli sxvadasxva parametrisa da monacemis

gazomva, defeqtebis aRmoCena da aRmofxvra.

7. Ddadgenilia, rom eleqtromowyobilobaTa diagnostikis

sferoSi mimdinare samecniero-kvleviT samuSaoebSi

kompiuteris farTod gamoyenebam aucilebeli gaxada

maTematikur modelirebasTan erTad eleqtruli wredebis

Teoriis sferoSi axali Teoriuli midgomebis damuSaveba

da miRebuli Sedegebis WeSmaritebis Sefaseba.

8. damtkicebulia Tanamedrove pirobebSi energoefeqturi

RonisZiebebis gatarebisaTvis samfaza transformatoris

maTematikuri modelis saWiroeba.

9. datvirTvis reJimSi samfaza transformatoris Sesabamisi

gantolebaTa sistemis amosaxsnelad Sedgenili iqna blok-

sqema, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebelia Sedges

kompiuteruli programa optimaluri eleqtruli da

magnituri parametrebis SesarCevad.

10. Zaluri transformatorSi ganviTarebadi defeqtis

dadgenis mizniT SemuSavebuli iqna specialuri algoriTmi,

romelic saSualebas iZleva sakmao sizustiT ganvsazRvroT

ganviTarebadi defeqtis saxe, misi gamomwvevi mizezi da

mosalodneli Sedegi.

109

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