კონსერვაციული

სოფლის მეურნეობა

Modern Research Methods

Research

sainformacio broSura moamzada kavkasiis garemos-

dacviTi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis qselma (CENNEN).

proeqti dafinasebulia soflisa da soflis meurneobis

ganviTarebis evropis samezoblo programis (EENPARD)

E proeqtis „Tanamedrove kvleviTi praqtikis gaZliere-

ba agraruli mimarTulebiT regionul saganmanaTleb-

lo institutebSi“ farglebSi, romelsac axorcielebs

saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv saqmeTa institutis sof-

lis meurneobis ganviTarebis departamneti, CENN– Tan

da PPMC kvleviT centrTan partniorobiT. proeqtis

beneficiarebi arian: baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelo-

bis saxelmwifo universiteti, samcxe-javaxeTis saxel-

mwifo universiteti da iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis

Telavis saxelmwifo universiteti.

saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsi ar gamoxatavs evrokavSiris,

GIPA-sa da PMC kvleviT centris Sexedulebas.

Modern Research Methods

Research

1

Contents

1. ra aris konservaciuli soflis meurneoba? 2

2. konservaciuli soflis meurneobis sami ZiriTadi

principi 10

2.1 niadagis nulovani an minimaluri damuSaveba 11

2.2 niadagis mulCireba organuli masaliT 12

2.3 sasoflo-sameurneo kulturaTa monacvleoba

(Teslbrunva) 14

3. konservaciuli soflis meurneobis upiratesobebi 17

3.1 ekonomikuri efeqti 18

3.2 agronomiuli efeqti 18

3.3 garemosdacviTi efeqti 19

4. gamowvevebi da xelisSemSleli faqtorebi

konservaciul soflis meurneobaSi 22

4.1 gamowvevebi 22

4.2 xelisSemSleli faqtorebi 25

5. tradiciuli soflis meurneobidan konservaciul

soflis meurneobamde 27

6. konservaciuli soflis meurneoba msoflioSi 31

6.1 konservaciuli soflis meurenoba saqarTveloSi 32

daskvniTi nawili: 33

2 3

რა არის კონსერვაციული სოფლის მეურნეობა?

konservaciuli soflis meurneoba aris resurs damzogavi sa-

soflo-sameurneo warmoeba, romlis mizani garemos dacvis

uzrunvelyofiT miRweuli maRali ekonomikuri Sedegia.

konservaciuli soflis meurneoba emyareba niadagSi da mis

zedapirze, niadagis meqanikuri damuSavebis maqsimalurad

SezRudvis safuZvelze, bunebrivi biologiuri procesebis

gaZlierebas. garda amisa, mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebis da

mineraluri an organuli warmoSobis sakvebi nivTierebebis

gamoyeneba xdeba optimalur doneze, raTa maT xeli ar Se-

uSalon da ar daarRvion biologiuri procesebi.

tradiciuli miwaTmoqmedeba niadagis damuSavebisas efu-

Zneba xvnas, rogorc erT-erT mTavar proceduras. xolo

ZiriTadi iaraRi guTania, rac soflis meurneobis simbolo-

dac ki iqca. niadagis damuSaveba asocirdeboda niadagis

nayofierebis zrdasTan, Tumca grZelvadian perspeqtiva-

Si, es procesi niadagSi organuli nivTierebebis Semcire-

bas iwvevs. niadagSi arsebuli organuli masala ara marto

kvebavs sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebs, aramed niadagis

struqturis SenarCuneba-gaumjobesebisTvis mniSvnelovan

elementsac warmoadgens. niadagis xangrZlivma da intensi-

urma damuSavebam, niadagis didi nawilis degradacia gamoi-

wvia. meqanikuri damuSaveba, romelic gulisxmobs xvnas da

iseTi iaraRebis gamoyenebas, rogoricaa _ guTani, diske-

biani farcxi da rotaciuli kultivatori, gansakuTrebiT

azianebs niadagis struqturas da aseT dros mosalodnelia:

niadagis struqturis gauareseba, niadagSi organuli niv-

Tierebebis da biomravalferovnebis Semcireba da eroziis

ganviTareba.

niadagis damuSavebiT gamowveuli eroziis gamo, saWiro gax-

da iseTi alternatiuli gamosavlis Zieba, romelic niadagis

eroziis process SeaCerebda, risTvisac, pirvel rigSi, miwis

damuSaveba unda SezRuduliyo. ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis

ganmavlobaSi, mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda teqnologiebi

da moxda maTi adaptireba sxvadasxva zomis fermebis, niada-

gis tipebis, sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis da klimaturi

zonebisTvis. soflis meurneobis warmoebis es axali midgo-

ma yoveldRiurad viTardeba.

konservaciuli soflis meurneobis meTodebi ufro metia,

vidre mxolod niadagis meqanikuri damuSavebis SezRud-

va. daumuSavebeli niadagis zedapirze, wlebis ganmavloba-

Si grovdeba mcenareebis narCenebi, romelic mulCis fenas

warmoqmnis. es fena ara marto icavs niadags wvimisa da qa-

ris meqanikuri zemoqmedebisgan, aramed _ mis zeda fenebSi

1

4 5

tenianobas da temperaturas aregulirebs. Sedegad, niada-

gis aRniSnuli zona, mravali cocxali organizmis _ daw-

yebuli mwerebiT da damTavrebuli niadagis sokoebiTa da

baqteriebiT, sacxovrebeli adgili xdeba. maTi daxmarebiT

SesaZlebelia mulCis (niadagis zedapirze arsebuli or-

ganuli narCenebi) gaxrwna da niadagSi Sereva, ris Sedegad-

ac neSompala warmoiqmneba, romelic niadagis struqturis

gaumjobesebas uzrunvelyofs. niadagis faunis didi zomis

warmomadgenlebi (mag.: Wiayelebi) xels uwyoben niadagis

struqturis gaumjobesebas, radgan uwyveti makroforebis

Seqmnis gziT, romelic niadagis zedapiridan vrceldeba

siRrmeSi, Zlieri wvimebis dros, niadagis qveda fenebSi, wy-

lis Seuferxeblad gadaadgilebas uzrunvelyofen. mulCi

icavs niadags da qmnis mcenareebis zrda-ganviTarebisTvis

xelsayrel pirobebs.

process, romelsac axorcielebs edafoni (niadagSi mcx-

ovrebi cocxali organizmebis erToblioba), SeiZleba

„niadagis biologiuri damuSaveba“ vuwodoT. unda aRvniS-

noT, rom niadagis biologiuri damuSaveba ar aris Tavseba-

di niadagis meqanikur damuSavebasTan. intensiuri meqani-

kuri damuSavebis dros, niadagis formirebis biologiuri

procesi wydeba. frTiani guTniT an diskebiani farcxiT da-

muSaveba Zlier zemoqmedebas axdens niadagze. niadagis da-

muSavebis mravali meTodis mizans niadagis gafxviereba war-

moadgens, rac iwvevs niadagSi Jangbadis Semcvelobis zrdas

da, Sesabamisad, xels uwyobs organuli nivTierebebis miner-

alizacias, rasac niadagSi arsebuli cocxali organizmebi-

sTvis saWiro organuli nivTierebebis Semcireba mosdevs.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, soflis meurneobis war-

moeba niadagis minimaluri an nulovani damuSavebiT Sesa-

Zlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac niadagis damuSavebas masSi

mcxovrebi organizmebi uzrunvelyofen. aseT dros gasaT-

valiswinebelia qimiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebis sakiTxic.

pesticidebis da mineraluri sasuqebis gamoyeneba ise unda

moxdes, rom maTi uaryofiTi zegavlena niadagSi mcxovreb

cocxal organizmebze minimumamde Semcirdes.

konservaciuli soflis meurneoba mavneblebTan da sareve-

la mcenareebTan brZolis arsebuli praqtikis cvlilebasac

moiTxovs. mcenareuli narCenebis dawva da niadagis moxvna,

ZiriTadad, fitosanitariuli miznebidan gamomdinare xde-

ba: mavneblebTan, daavadebebTan da sarevela mcenareebTan

sabrZolvelad. niadagis minimaluri damuSavebis sistemis

paralelurad, romelic eyrdnoba niadagis mulCirebas

da mis „biologiur damuSavebas“, saWiroa mavneblebsa da

sarevela mcenareebTan brZolis alternatiuli meTodebis

SemuSaveba, rac aucilebels xdis mcenareTa integrirebul

dacvas. amis miRwevis erT-erT saSualebas ki, kulturaTa

monacvleoba (Teslbrunva) warmoadgens. Teslbrunvisas ir-

Rveva infeqciebis jaWvi da mcenareebis sxvadasxva saxeobebs

Soris xdeba fizikuri da qimiuri urTierTqmedebis poten-

cialis srulad aTviseba. pirvel wlebSi mcenareTa dacvis

qimiuri saSualebebis, gansakuTrebiT ki _ herbicidebis ga-

moyeneba gardauvalia, Tumca maT gamoyenebas didi sifrTx-

iliT unda mivudgeT, raTa uaryofiTi gavlena niadagSi mcx-

6 7

ovreb cocxal organizmebze minimumamde daviyvanoT.

mas Semdeg, rac damyardeba axali wonasworoba ekosistemis

Semadgenel organizmebs, mavneblebsa da sasargeblo or-

ganizmebs Soris, aseve sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebsa

da sarevela mcenareebs Soris da rodesac fermeri iswav-

lis aseTi sistemis marTvas, sinTezuri pesticidebisa da

mineraluri sasuqebis gamoyeneba Semcirdeba da misi done,

„tradiciul“ soflis meurneobaSi pesticidebisa da sa-

suqebis gamoyenebis doneze dabali iqneba.

sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebisa da sarevela mcenareebis

narCenebis dawviT nadgurdeba mcenareTa sakvebi nivTier-

ebebis wyaro da niadagis gaumjobesebis SesaZlebloba. fi-

tosanitariuli miznebis miRweva mcenareuli narCenebis

dawvisa da moxvnis nacvlad, SesaZlebelia mcenareTa in-

tegrirebuli dacvis sxvadasxva meTodiT da kulturaTa

monacvleobis praqtikis danergviT. am saxiT gansazRvrul

konservaciul soflis meurneobas aqvs rigi upiratesobebi

globalur, regionul, adgilobriv da meurneobis doneze:

konservaciuli soflis meurneoba uzrunvelyofs sa-

soflo-sameurno warmoebis sistemis mdgradobas, ro-

melic ara marto icavs bunebriv resursebs, aramed

aumjobesebs maT, xels uwyobs niadagSi arsebuli cocx-

ali organizmebis mravalferovnebis SenarCuneba-gaum-

jobesebas da maT cxovelmyofelobas. konservaciuli

soflis meurneoba damokidebulia biologiur pro-

cesebze da sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis sistemaSi

xels uwyobs biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebas mikro

da makro doneze;

daumuSavebeli (mouxnavi) savargulebi (niadagebi) kargad

akaveben CO2-s, Sesabamisad, konservaciuli soflis meur-

neobis praqtikis msoflio masStabiT gavrceleba xels Seu-

wyobs haeris dabinZurebis kontrols da globaluri daT-

bobis tempis Semcirebas;

niadagis damuSaveba sasoflo-sameurneo operaciebs

Soris erT-erTi yvelaze energotevadi da, Sesabamisad,

meqanizebul soflis meurneobaSi, atmosferuli haeris

yvelaze metad damabinZurebeli operaciaa. niadagis

damuSavebaze (ZiriTadad xvnaze) uaris Tqmis SemTx-

vevaSi, fermerebs SeuZliaT dazogon samuSao drois

da samuSao Zalis 30-40% da im moculobis sawvavi, ro-

melsac meqanizebuli soflis meurneobis SemTxvevaSi

gamoiyenebdnen;

konservaciuli soflis meurneobisas niadags wylis in-

filtraciis kargi unari aqvs, risi saSualebiTac mniS-

vnelovnad amcirebs zedapirul Camonadens da, Sesabami-

sad, niadagis eroziis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas, rac

xels uwyobs zedapiruli wylis xarisxis gaumjobesebas

da gruntis wylis maragis zrdas. aRsaniSnavia, rom, sa-

dac fermerebi konservaciul soflis meurneobas ram-

denime wlis ganmavlobaSi misdevdnen, wlebis win damS-

ral wyaroebSic ki wyali gaCnda;

8 9

jer kidev ar aris saTanadod gacnobierebuli konser-

vaciuli soflis meurneobis mosalodneli zemoqmede-

ba wylis globalur balansze.

konservaciuli soflis meurneobis produqtiulobis

maCveneblebi ar Camouvardeba Tanamedrove intensiu-

ri soflis meurneobis produqtiulobis maCveneblebs,

Tumca igi amas mdgradi meTodebiT aRwevs. konservaci-

uli soflis meurneobis pirobebSi mosavlianoba wli-

dan wlamde izrdeba;

fermerisTvis konservaciuli soflis meurneoba

mimzidvelia, pirvel rigSi, imiT, rom yvelaze inten-

siur periodebSi _ niadagis momzadebisa da Tesvis

dros, warmoebis xarjebis Semcirebis da droisa da

Sromis dazogvis SesaZleblobas iZleva. meqanizebuli

sistemebis SemTxvevaSi, fermerebs kapitaluri (sasof-

lo-sameurneo teqnikis SeZena) da mimdinare (teqnikuri

momsaxureba) xarjebis mniSvnelovnad Semcireba Seu-

ZliaT.

konservaciuli soflis meurneobis uaryofiT mxared _

isic mxolod sawyis etapze, SeiZleba specialuri sargavi/

saTesi teqnikis SeZenasTan dakavSirebuli, Tavdapirveli

sainvesticio xarjebi miviCnioT, aseve _ konservaciuli

soflis meurneobis sistemis gansxvavebuli dinamika, ro-

melic moiTxovs marTvis karg unar-Cvevebs da fermeris

mxridan swavlis procesSi mudmiv CarTulobas.

konservaciuli soflis meurneobis principia niadagze

maqsimalurad naklebi zemoqmedebiT, sasoflo-sameurneo

kulturis warmoeba da garemoze naklebi zianis miyenebis

mizniT, mosavlis aRebis Semdeg warmoqmnili narCenebis

mindvrad datoveba.

am gziT konservaciuli soflis meurneoba:

qmnis da inarCunebs mcenareebis fesvTa zonis opti-

malur garemos maqsimalur siRrmemde. fesvebs eZleva

efeqturad funqcionirebis saSualeba da sakvebi niv-

Tierebebisa da wylis daubrkoleblad aTvisebis Sesa-

Zlebloba;

uzrunvelyofs niadagSi wylis moxvedras ise, rom (a)

mcenareebi ar ganicdian wylis naklebobas, an aseTi pe-

riodi xanmoklea da (b) mcenareebis mier auTvisebeli

wyali Caedineba niadagis qveda SreebSi da xvdeba miwis-

qveSa wylebSi da mdinareebSi _ ar warmoiqmneba zedapi-

ruli Camonadeni;

xels uwyobs niadagSi mimdinare sasargeblo biologi-

ur procesebs: (a) niadagis struqturis SenarCunebisa

da aRdgenis; (b) niadagSi arsebul paTogenebTan brZo-

lis; (g) niadagSi arsebuli organuli nivTierebebis da

neSompalas raodenobis zrdis; (d) mcenareTa sakvebi

nivTierebebis Sekavebis, dagrovebis, gardaqmnisa da

nel-nela gamoTavisuflebis mizniT;

10 11

gamoricxavs fesvebis fizikur da qimiur dazianebas,

ramac SeiZleba maTi funqcionireba Seaferxos.

კონსერვაციული სოფლის მეურნეობის სამი ძირითადი პრინციპი

კონსერვაციული სოფლის მეურნეობის სამი ძირი-

თადი პრინციპია:

ნიადაგის ნულოვანი ან მინიმალური დამუშავება

(სასოფლო-სამეურნეო კულტურების თესვა/რგვა,

ნიადაგის დამუშავების/მოხვნის გარეშე);

ნიადაგის მულჩირება ორგანული მასალით,

განსაკუთრებით _ წინამორბედი კულტურების

ნარჩენებით და საფარი კულტურებით;

კულტურათა მონაცვლეობა (თესლბრუნვა).

2.1 ნიადაგის ნულოვანი

ან მინიმალური დამუშავება

2

sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis pirdapiri Tesva da/an

rgva gulisxmobs niadagis minimaluri xelyofiT Tesvas,

niadagis winaswari meqanikuri damuSavebis gareSe. konser-

vaciuli soflis meurneobis sistemebSi Tesva da/an rgva

niadagis damuSavebis gareSe igivea, rac miwis nulovani an

minimaluri damuSaveba.

niadagis minimaluri damuSavebisas sasoflo-sameurneo te-

qnika Wris niadags, akeTebs patara saTes Rarebs da aTavsebs

masSi Teslebs. TeslisTvis saWiro Rarebis zoma da amiT

niadagze gamowveuli zemoqmedeba minimumamde unda daviyva-

noT. sasurvelia, rom Tesvis Semdeg, naTesi kvlav mTlianad

mulCiT daifaros ise, rom niadagi gaSiSvlebuli ar darCes.

niadagis nulovani damuSavebisas (Tesvis win) saWiroa sarev-

1.

2.

3.

12 13

ela mcenareebis, winamorbedi kulturebis narCenebis da sa-

fari kulturebis gaTibva an moWra; an herbicidebis Sesx-

ureba sarevela mcenareebis kontrolis mizniT da niadagis

daumuSaveblad, pirdapir mulCis qveS daTesva. nakveTze

rCeba mcenareuli narCenebis mTliani raodenoba an misi

garkveuli nawili, romelic sakmarisia niadagis mTlianad

dasafarad. sasuqebisa da sxva danamatebis mofantva xdeba

niadagis zedapirze an Seitaneba uSualod Tesvis dros.

2.2 ნიადაგის მულჩირება ორგანული მასალით

niadagis mulCireba uaRresad mniSvnelovania:

niadagis mzisa da wvimis

mavne zemoqmedebisgan dasa-

cavad;

niadagSi arsebuli mikro

da makro organizmebisTvis

„sakvebis“ mudmivad mi-

wodebis uzrunvelsayofad;

niadagSi arsebuli

organizmebis, maT Soris,

mcenareebis fesvTa siste-

mis optimaluri ganviTare-

bisTvis saWiro mikrokli-

matis Sesaqmnelad.

safari kulturebis Tesva da Semdgomi damuSaveba unda mox-

des ZiriTadi kulturebis Tesvis win. es SesaZlebelia ro-

gorc xeliT, aseve _ traqtoris gamoyenebiT. aucilebelia,

rom niadagi yovelTvis dafaruli iyos organuli masaliT

organuli masaliT mulCirebis dadebiTi mxareebi:

• niadags sZens infiltraciisa da tenis Sekavebis

karg unars, rac amcirebs niadagSi wylis nakle-

bobiT gamowveul stresul periodebs, zrdis da

axangrZlivebs mcenareebis mier sakvebi nivTiere-

bebis aTvisebas;

• iqmneba niadagSi arsebuli cocxali organizmebis

kvebisTvis saWiro wyaro da xelsayreli sabinad-

ro garemo; niadagSi iqmneba arxebi da forebi

haerisa da wylis moZraobisTvis; xdeba niadagis

„biologiurad damuSaveba“ da organuli narCen-

ebis daSlisa da gadamuSavebis gziT, aqtiurdeba

biologiuri procesebi;

• aZlierebs neSompalas warmoqmnis process;

• xels uSlis niadagis zedapirze wvimis wveTebis

uaryofiT zemoqmedebas: niadagis zedapiris

Camorecxvas da qerqis warmoqmnas;

14 15

• • amcirebs zedapirul Camonadens da eroziis warmo-

qmnis riskebs;

• zrdis niadagis aRdgenis temps, niadagis degradaci-

is tempTan SedarebiT;

• zrdis niadagis aRdgenis temps, niadagis degrad-

aciis tempTan SedarebiT;

• amcirebs zedapirul Camonadens da eroziis war-

moqmnis riskebs;

• niadagis zedapirze da mis siRrmeSi arbilebs

temperaturis cvalebadobas;

• qmnis ukeTes pirobebs fesvebis ganviTarebisa da

mcenareebis zrdisTvis.

2.3 სასოფლო-სამეურნეო კულტურათა მონაცვლეობა (თესლბრუნვა)

sxvadasxva kulturebis fesvTa sistemas sxvadasxva siRr-

meze iviTarebs da sakveb nivTierebebs sxvadasxva siRrmidan

iRebs. is sakvebi nivTierebebi, romelic niadagis qveda fen-

ebSi xvdeba da ZiriTadi kulturebisTvis ar aris xelmisaw-

vdomi, aiTviseba TeslbrunvaSi CarTuli sxva kulturebis

mier. aqedan gamomdinare, erTmaneTis monacvle kulture-

bis biologiuri tumboebis rols asrulebs. ufro metic,

TeslbrunvaSi CarTuli kulturebis mravalferovneba,

niadagis florisa da faunis gamdidrebas iwvevs. sxvadasxva

mcenaris fesvebi gamoyofen gansxvavebuli saxis organul

nivTierebebs da, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva saxis baqteriasa da

sokos izidaven, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mniSvnelovan rols

arsulebs kompleqsuri naerTebis mcenareebisTvis saWiro

sakveb nivTierebebad gardaqmnis procesSi. kulturaTa mo-

nacvleoba mniSvnelovan fitosanitariul funqciasac as-

rulebs, radgan aRar xdeba erTi konkretuli saxeobis mce-

narisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mavneblebisa da daavadebebis

gavrceleba-gadatana.

Teslbrunvis dadebiTi mxareebi:

Teslbrunva mTeli rigi dadebiTi TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba:

igi uzrunvelyofs niadagSi mcxovrebi mikroorganizmebi-

sTvis sxvadasxva saxis sakvebis aTvisebas. garda amisa,

• sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis warmoebis

mravalferovneba da, Sesabamisad, adamianebisa da

cxovelebis sakvebis mravalferovneba;

• mavneblebisa da daavadebebis gavrcelebis daba-

li riski;

16 17

• sxvadasxva mcenaris fesvTa sistemebis mier Seqm-

nili arxebisa da forebis (sxvadasxva saxis, zomi-

sa da siRrmis) gazrdili raodenoba;

• wylisa da sakvebi nivTierebebis ukeTesi ganaw-

ileba niadagSi;

• sxvadasxva saxeobis mcenareebis fesvebis mier,

niadagis sxvadasxva siRrmeze arsebuli sakvebi

nivTierebebisa da wylis maqsimalurad aTviseba;

• azotis fiqsaciis maRali done parkosani kul-

turebis meSveobiT;

• neSompalas intensiuri warmoqmna.

3

კონსერვაციული სოფლის მეურნეობის უპირატესობები

axali teqnologiis dasanergad aucilebelia, rom mas ga-

aCndes iseTi sargebeli da upiratesoba, romelic mimzidve-

li iqneba fermerebisTvis.

konservaciuli soflis meurneobidan miRebuli sarge-

beli SegviZlia Semdegnairad davajgufoT:

ekonomikuri efeqti _ warmoebis efeqtianobis

gazrda;

agronomiuli efeqti _ niadagis nayofierebis gazrda;

garemosdacviTi da socialuri efeqti _ niadagis

dacva da soflis meurneobis mdgradoba.

18 19

3.1 ეკონომიკური ეფექტი

konservaciuli soflis meurneobis danergviT miiReba

sami ZiriTadi ekonomikuri sargebeli:

drois ekonomia, Sesabamisad, samuSao Zalaze naklebi

moTxovna;

xarjebis Semcireba mag.: sawvavis, teqnikis eqspluata-

ciis, teqnikuri momsaxurebis da masTan dakavSirebuli

Sromis anazRaurebis xarjebi;

ekonomikuri efeqtianoba _ meti sargeblis miReba nak-

lebi danaxarjiT.

konservaciuli soflis meurneobis dros, Sroma bevrad

ufro Tanabrad aris gadanawilebuli sawarmoo ciklis gan-

mavlobaSi (isedac nakleb Sromas moiTxovs), Sesabamisad,

fermerebi, romlebic meurneobaSi mxolod sakuTari ojaxis

wevrebis Sromas iyeneben, konservaciul soflis meurneobas

irCeven.

3.2 აგრონომიული ეფექტი

konservaciuli soflis meurneoba xels uwyobs niadagis

xarisxis gaumjobesebas, rac gulisxmobs:

niadagSi organuli nivTierebebis Semcvelobis amaRle-

bas;

niadagis mier wylis Sekavebis gazrdil unars;

niadagis gaumjobesebul struqturas.

mcenareuli narCenebis mudmivad Setana mindorSi (organu-

li masaliT mulCireba) iwvevs niadagSi organuli nivTier-

ebebis raodenobis zrdas. Tavidan organuli nivTierebebis

raodenoba mxolod niadagis zeda fenebSi izrdeba, droTa

ganmavlobaSi ki niadagis qveda fenebSic aRwevs. organuli

nivTierebebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs niadagSi mimdin-

are procesebze _ umjobesdeba: mcenaris mier sakvebi niv-

Tierebebis aTviseba, niadagis mier wylis Sekavebis unari,

fesvTa sistemis garemo, sakvebi nivTierebebis Sekavebis un-

ari da sxv.

3.3 გარემოსდაცვითი ეფექტი

niadagis eroziis Semcireba;

wylis xarisxis gaumjobeseba;

haeris xarisxis gaumjobeseba;

biomravalferovnebis gazrda;

naxSirbadis gamoyofis Semcireba.

20 21

niadagis zedapirze arsebuli mcenareuli narCenebi amcire-

ben wvimis wveTebis meqanikur zemoqmedebas, ris Sedegadac

wvimis wyali yovelgvari uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis gareSe

Caedineba niadagSi, rac zrdis niadagis infiltraciis do-

nes da amcirebs zedapirul Camonadens, Sesabamisad, niada-

gis eroziasac. mcenareuli narCenebi fizikur winaRobas qm-

nian wylisa da qarisTvis. qaris siCqaris Semcirebis Sedegad

mcirdeba niadgidan tenis aorTqleba.

niadagis eroziis tempi niadagis aRdgenis temps utoldeba,

xSir SemTxvevaSi ki, organuli nivTierebebis dagrovebis wy-

alobiT, CamorCeba kidec. niadagis eroziis Sedegad, zedapi-

ruli wylis rezervuarebi ivseba danaleqiT, rac amcirebs

masSi wylis moculobas. es danaleqi zrdis hidroeleqtro-

sadgurebis infrastruqturisa da satumbi mowyobilobebis

cveTis temps, rac iwvevs maTi teqnikuri momsaxurebisa da

vadamdeli ganaxlebisTvis saWiro xarjebis zrdas.

konservaciuli soflis meurneobis pirobebSi, wylis gac-

ilebiT ufro didi raodenoba Caedineba niadagSi da nakle-

bad warmoiqmneba zedapiruli Camonadeni. Sedegad, zedapi-

ruli wyali ufro sufTaa, vidre, iq, sadac mimdinareobs

niadagis intensiuri damuSaveba da warmoiqmneba erozia da

Zlieri zedapiruli Camonadeni. infiltraciis maRali do-

nis mqone niadagi amcirebs xSiri wyaldidobis risks, akavebs

ra meti raodenobis wyals. infiltraciis Sedegad xdeba mi-

wisqveSa wylebis Sevseba, rac, Tavis mxriv, Websa da nakad-

ulebSi wylis raodenobis matebas uwyobs xels.

tradiciuli soflis meurneoba cvlis landSafts.

mcenareuli safaris ganadgureba uaryofiT gavlenas ax-

dens mcenareebze, cxovelebsa da mikroorganizmebze. aseTi

cvlilebebi maT ganadgurebas an raodenobrivi Tvalsaz-

risiT mkveTr Semcirebas iwvevs. aRniSnuli procesi sasike-

Toa mxolod mcirericxovani organizmebisTvis, romlebic

mavneblebad gvevlinebian. konservaciuli soflis meur-

neobisas niadagis konservaciiT, Sesabamisad, mcenareuli

safaris SenarCunebiT, sabinadro garemo iqmneba iseTi sax-

eobebisTvis, romlebic mavneblebiT ikvebebian. es garemo

Tavis mxriv izidavs met sasargeblo mwers, frinvelsa da

sxva cxovels. soflis meurneobis kulturebis monacvleo-

bisa (Teslbrunva) da safari kulturebis praqtika aferxebs

biomravalferovnebis Semcirebis process, rac xSirad xde-

ba tradiciuli soflis meurneobis pirobebSi.

niadagi, romelzec SenarCunebulia didi raodenobiT

mcenareuli narCeni da romelic ar aris damuSavebuli, meqa-

nikurad damuSavebul niadagTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro

met naxSirbads akavebs. konservaciuli soflis meurneobis

pirvel wlebSi, fesvebsa da niadagSi arsebuli mcenareuli

narCenebis lpobis xarjze, izrdeba niadagSi arsebuli or-

ganuli nivTierebebis wili. lpobis procesi nela mimdinare-

obs, gaxrwnili masalis didi nawili niadagSi ireva, Sesabami-

sad, naxSirbadis atmosferoSi gafrqvevis tempic mcirdeba.

naxSirbadis didi raodenoba kvlav niadagSi rCeba, rasac

Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs atmosferoSi saTburis aire-

bis emisiebis da globaluri daTbobiT gamowveuli uaryof-

iTi Sedegebis Semcirebis saqmeSi.

22 23

ovelebis sakvebad/qveSagebad, saSen masalad, saTbobad da

mulCis saxiT.

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, warmatebuli konservaciuli sof-

lis meurneobisTvis aucilebelia mcenareuli narCenebis

sxvadasxva miznebisTvis gamoyenebis SezRudva, raTa maTi

maqsimaluri raodenoba darCes mindorSi mulCis saxiT

(damatebiT SesaZlebelia agrosatyeo kulturebis gamoy-

enebac).

Catarebuli kvlevebis Tanaxmad (Ram A. Jat,Kanwar L. Sah-

rawat, and Amir Kassam. Conservation Agriculture: Global

Prospects and Challenges. CABI publishing, UK, 2014), fer-

merebis mier konservaciuli soflis meurneobis danergvis

Sedegad miRebuli xelSesaxebi sargebeli moicavs:

4

გამოწვევები და ხელისშემშლელი ფაქტორები კონსერვაციულ სოფლის მეურნეობაში

4.1 გამოწვევები

konservaciuli soflis meurneobis rigi upiratesobebis

miuxedavad, misi danergva, gansakuTrebiT mciremiwiani

fermerebis mier, ise swrafad da warmatebiT ver moxda, ro-

gorc mosalodneli iyo. amis mizezi fermerebis sakuTari

praqtikis sisworesa da SeucvlelobaSi zedmeti rwmena da

Tavdajerebulobaa, rasac emateba iseTi problemebi, ro-

goricaa konservaciuli soflis meurneobisTvis saWiro

manqana-iaraRebis xelmiuwvdomloba, mcenareuli narCen-

ebis sxva miznebisTvis gamoyeneba, aseve, sarevela mcenaree-

bi da Tavdapirveli damatebiTi danaxarjebi (samuSao Zala-

ze). mciremiwian Sereul meurneobebSi niadagis momzadebis

win, mcenareuli narCenebi iwveba an gamoiyeneba Sinauri cx-

• sawvavis xarjis an xeliT Sesrulebuli samuSaos

Semcireba 70%-mde;

• sasuqebis gamoyenebis Semcireba 50%-mde;

• 20%-iT naklebi pesticidebis saWiroeba;

• 30-50 %-iT naklebi wylis saWiroeba;

• niadagSi organuli nivTierebebis SenarCuneba/

gazrda

• Semcirebuli niadagis erozia;

• wylis resursebis efeqtiani gamoyeneba;

24 25

• xSiri wyladidobis riskis Semcireba;

• niadagis nayofierebis zrda;

• warmoebis Semcirebuli xarji;

• warmoebis stabiluroba da mosavlianobis zrda.

konservaciuli soflis meurneobis warmoebis sawyis eta-

pebze, sarevela mcenareebi seriozul problemas warmoad-

gens. niadagSi arsebuli sarevela mcenareebis aTasobiT

Tesli, gaRvivebisTvis saWiro pirobebs elodeba. yvelaze

swrafad swored sarevela mcenareebi iwyebs ganviTarebas

_ pirveli wvimebis mosvlisTanave da, Sesabamisad, serio-

zul konkurencias uwevs sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebs.

am problemas fermerebi sarevela mcenareebTan brZolis

tradiciul meTodebs upirispireben, rac niadagis intensi-

ur damuSavebas gulisxmobs da TanxvedraSia konservaciuli

soflis meurneobis miznebTan.

rogorc wesi, konservaciuli soflis meurneobis warm-

arTvisas, herbicidebis Setanas kulturebis daTesvamde

mimarTaven. amasTan, sustad dasarevlianebul farTobeb-

ze, sarevela mcenareebis aRmocenebis SezRudva swrafad

mzardi da adreuli aRmocenebis unaris mqone sxvadasxva

saxeobis kulturebis SerCeviTaa SesaZlebeli. miuxedevad

amisa, niadagis minimaluri damuSavebis dros, sarevela

mcenareebis kontroli kvlav rCeba soflis meurneobisT-

vis erT-erT mniSvnelovan gamowvevad (Ram A. Jat, Kanwar L.

Sahrawat, and Amir Kassam. Conservation Agriculture: Global

Prospects and Challenges. CABI publishing, UK, 2014).

4.2 ხელისშემშლელი ფაქტორები

konservaciuli soflis meurneobis danergvis mTavar xe-

lisSemSlel faqtors Sesabamisi codnis arqona warmoad-

gens. agro-ekosistemebi erTmaneTisgan Zalian gansxvavdeba,

amitom konservaciuli soflis meurneobis erTiani sqema/

gegma ar arsebobs. problemas aseve warmoadgens infor-

maciis deficiti. xSir SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs konkretuli

garemo pirobebisTvis adekvaturi informacia (mag.: safari

kulturebis Sesaxeb, romelic didi moculobis biomasas

iZleva).

konservaciuli soflis meurneobis warmatebasa Tu waru-

mateblobas mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs fermerebis,

eqstenciis specialistebis da sakonsultacio samsaxuris

moqniloba da kreatiuloba.

konservaciuli soflis meurneoba msoflios sxvadasx-

va kuTxeSi Zalian swrafad viTardeba, dRes ukve arsebobs

fermerTa organizebuli jgufebi da qselebi, romelic kon-

servaciuli soflis meurneobis meTodebis Sesaxeb, sakuTar

gamocdilebas da informacias uziarebs erTmaneTs.

vinaidan, konservaciuli soflis meurneoba herbicidebis

26 27

nawilobriv gamoyenebas emyareba (gansakuTrebiT sawyis

etapze), zogierTs SeiZleba gauCndes imis SiSi, rom es gare-

mos dabinZurebas gamoiwvevs. gamocdilebam aCvena, rom

herbicidebis gamoyeneba wlidan wlamde iklebs, radgan

bunebrivi safaris mqone niadagi sarevela mcenareebs gan-

viTarebis saSualebas ar aZlevs. mikrobebis gaZlierebuli

cxovelmoqmedebis Sedegad da pesiticdebis mSTanmTqavi

organuli nivTierebebis didi raodenobis wyalobiT, kon-

servaciuli soflis meurneobis warmoebis dros, pesti-

cidebis garemoSi gavrceleba SezRudulia.

konservaciuli soflis meurneobis danergvis ZiriTadi

xelSemSleli faqtorebi:

• konservaciul soflis meurneobaze gadasvla

moiTxovs fermerebis azrovnebis fundamentur

cvlilebas. fermerebi Zalian skeptikurad udge-

bian axal ideebs, radgan eSiniaT, rom maT SeiZle-

ba safrTxe Seuqmnan warmoebis arsebul jaWvs;

• niadagze mudmivi mcenareuli safaris SenarCu-

neba Zalian Znelia, gansakuTrebiT ki _ mSral

regionebSi. mcenareuli narCenebi Sinauri cx-

ovelebis sakvebis mniSvnelovani wyaroa;

• problemas warmoadgens Teslebis, gansakuTre-

biT ki _ safari kulturebis Teslze xelmiuw-

vdomloba;

• konservaciuli soflis meurneobisTvis saWiro,

adaptirebuli teqnika siaxlea da adgilobriv

doneze SeiZleba xelmiuwvdomeli iyos. aseve,

tradiciul teqnikasTan SedarebiT, Zviria;

• informaciis nakleboba/deficiti.

ტრადიციული სოფლის მეურნეობიდან კონსერვაციულ სოფლის მეურნეობამდე

pirvel rigSi, niadagis tradiciuli meTodiT da-

muSavebis uaryofiTi mxareebi unda gavacnobieroT da

gamovTqvaT soflis meurneobis warmoebis teqnolo-

giebis SecvlisTvis mzaoba da survili, risTvisac saW-

iroa cnobierebis transformacia, rac, rogorc wesi,

yvelaze Znelia;

5

28 29

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu buCqnaris, sasoflo-sameurneo kul-

turebis narCenebis, sarevela mcenareebis, balaxebis an

sxva saxis mcenareebis dawva Tqveni sasoflo-sameur-

neo saqmianobis nawils warmoadgenda, dauyovnebliv

SewyviteT es praqtika, radgan aRniSnuli mcenareuli

narCenebi SegiZliaT fermaSi resursis saxiT an sxva

miznebisTvis gamoiyenoT;

SeiswavleT niadagi da fermis topografia. dabalnay-

ofieri an degradirebuli niadagebi unda gavaumjobe-

soT garkveuli safari kulturebiT, ZiriTadad ki, par-

kosnebiT (1-3 wlis ganmavlobaSi). sakvebi nivTierebebis

Semadgenlobisa da ares reaqciis dasadgenad, aucile-

belia niadagis laboratoriuli kvlevis Catareba. ana-

lizis Sedegebis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia sasuqebisa

da meliorantebis (mag.: kiris) sworad gamoyeneba. saW-

iroebis SemTxvevaSi, aucilebelia, niadagis damcavi sa-

Sualebebis _ gabionebisa da terasebis mowyoba;

niadagis gamagrebuli qveda fena (e.w. qusli, romelic

warmoiqmneba wlebis manZlze, erTi da imave siRrmeze

xvnis Sedegad), saTanado iaraRebis gamoyenebiT unda

daiSalos/gafxvierdes;

dargeT meti xe, mcenareebi, romelic akavebs azots an

warmoqmnis didi raodenobis biomasas da ecadeT maqsi-

malurad gaaSenianoT Tqveni meurneoba. im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu fermaSi gaqvT auTvisebeli farTobi, miwis damuSave-

bis gareSe daTeseT azotis niadagSi mafiqsirebeli sa-

fari kulturebi;

Tu fermaSi aris terasebi, terasebze daTeseT Zlieri

fesvebis sistemis mqone sxvadasxva kulturebi, romel-

ic uzrunvelyofs nagebobebis mdgradobas;

moaxdineT fermis reorganizacia da uzrunvelyaviT

saqonlis organizebuli, kontrolirebuli Zoveba;

nebismieri saqmianoba dagegmeT mTeli fermisTvis,

magram maTi ganxorcieleba Tavidan mcire terito-

riebidan daiwyeT. konservaciuli meTodebis gavrcele-

ba unda moxdes etapobrivad, mas Semdeg, rac miiRebT sa-

survel Sedegebs da daadgenT, ra aris ufro misaRebi

da swori Tqveni fermisTvis;

konservaciul soflis meurneobaze gadasvla daiwyeT

jer niadagis minimaluri damuSavebiT da TandaTan ga-

dadiT nulovan damuSavebaze. tenian regionebSi, an

agresiuli sarevela mcenareebis SemTxvevaSi, niadagis

sasurveli safaris miRebamde unda gamoviyenoT herbi-

cidebi;

mosavlis aRebis dros gaiTvaliswineT mcenareuli

narCenebis adgilze datovebis aucilebloba. Tesva

unda moxdes mulCis fenis qveS, saTesiT an xelis spe-

cialuri saTesiT;

30 31

pirvel wlebSi, niadagSi sarevela mcenareebis Teslis

didi raodenoba iqneba da maTi populaciis winaaRmdeg

sabrZolvelad, SeiZleba herbicidebis gamoyeneba gax-

des saWiro. sarevela mcenareebTan sabrZolvelad ga-

moiyeneT herbicidi, an aCexeT sarevela mcenareebi da

datoveT isini adgilze. etapobrivad SeamcireT her-

bicidebis gamoyeneba da daTeseT safari kulturebi

sarevela mcenareebis dasaTrgunad;

SeqmeniT niadagis mcenareuli safari _ adgilobrivi

an specialuri safari kulturebiT (ZiriTadad, par-

kosnebiT an sxvadasxva mcenareebis nareviT). mcenareu-

li safaris Seqmna daiwyeT naklebad dasarevlianebuli

teritoriebidan;

danergeT Teslbrunvis praqtika, cvaleT sasof-

lo-sameurneo kulturis Tanmimdevroba da gamoiyeneT

sxvadasxva safari kultura (mag.: parkosnebi). am gziT

SeamcirebT mavneblebis, daavadebebisa da sarevela

mcenareebis gavrcelebas da daicavT niadags.

კონსერვაციული სოფლის მეურნეობა მსოფლიოში

konservaciuli soflis meurneoba mTel msoflioSia

gavrcelebuli. igi dResdReisobiT danergilia 100 milion

heqtarze met farTobze da es monacemi yoveldRiurad iz-

rdeba. niadagis nulovani damuSavebis qveS myofi yvelaze

didi farTobebi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSia, mas mosdevs

brazilia, argentina, kanada, avstralia da paragvai. Tumca,

konservaciuli soflis meurneobis danergvisa da konser-

vaciuli soflis meurneobis sistemebis xarisxis saukeTe-

so maCvenebeli (niadagis mudmivad nulovani damuSaveba)

laTinur amerikaSia. argentinaSi, braziliasa da paragvai-

Si konservaciuli soflis meurneoba danergilia sasof-

lo-sameurneo miwebis 60%-ze met farTobze.

6

32 33

6.1 კონსერვაციული სოფლის მეურენობა საქართველოში

saqarTveloSi niadagis damuSavebis dRevandeli modeli,

sabWoTa periodidan iRebs saTaves. igi ar aris adaptire-

buli regionisTvis damaxasiaTebel bunebriv-klimatur

pirobebTan, ramac gamoiwvia niadagis mZime degradacia, gan-

sakuTrebiT, qarismieri eroziis SemTxvevaSi, rac klimatis

cvlilebis fonze kidev ufro Cqardeba.

tradiciul soflis meurneobaSi mindvris moxvna xdeba mo-

savlis aRebis Semdeg da xSirad gadabrunebuli belti ram-

denime kviris ganmavlobaSi xeluxlebeli rCeba. misi xelax-

ali gadabruneba mxolod, uSualod, daTesvis win xdeba. am

periodSi niadagi imyofeba wvimis, qaris da mzis sxivebis qveS

da SeiZleba advilad moxdes misi gadatana an gadarecxva. zo-

gierTi fermeri mosavlis aRebis Semdeg, mindors saerTod

ar amuSavebs da nakveTs uSualod Tesvis win xnavs, rac xels

uwyobs sarevela mcenareebisa da mavneblebis gavrcelebas.

bolo xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, Siraqis velze, xorblis war-

moebis axali meTodebi dainerga (GIZ _ germaniis saerTaSo-

riso TanamSromlobis sazogadoebis xelSewyobiT), romel-

ic adaptirebulia adgilobrivi klimatis maxasiaTeblebTan

da romlis mizani mdgradi agraruli sistemis Seqmnaa. aR-

niSnuli meTodi, niadagis minimalur damuSavebas emyare-

ba, gulisxmobs niadagis Tesvis wina damuSavebas diskebi-

ani farcxiT da saerTod gamoricxavs niadagis moxvnas. es

sistema dedofliswyaros municipalitetis fermerebs So-

ris nel-nela aRiarebas povebs.

niadagis eroziisgan dasacavad, Siraqis velze xvna niadagis

gakulturebis mizniT ar unda moxdes _ mis nacvlad diske-

biani farcxi unda gamoiyenon, romelic niadags nawilobriv

unarCunebs ZiriTadi kulturebis narCenebis safarvels

(romelic mulCis rols asrulebs), xolo garkveul nawils

niadagSi abrunebs, rac mniSvnelovania eroziuli procese-

bis Tavidan asacileblad.

garda amisa, niadagis erozia, wylis gadineba da wylis aor-

Tqleba, temperaturis sadReRamiso ryeva SeiZleba Semcird-

es, xolo wylis infiltracia da wylis Sekavebis xarisxi ki

gaizardos.

aRsaniSnavia, rom fermerebma, romlebmac danerges xorblis

movla-moyvanis zemoaRniSnuli meTodologia (Siraqis vel-

ze), saSualod 500 kg-iT meti mosavali miiRes, vidre fer-

merebma tradiciuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT.

დასკვნა:

mdgradi soflis meurneoba warmoadgens winapirobas

erovnul da globalur doneze ganviTarebis misaRwevad.

amis fonze konservaciuli soflis meurneoba/niadagis nu-

lovani damuSavebis praqtika gaagrZlebs msoflioSi zrdas.

34 35

arsebobs garkveuli barierebi, romlis daZlevac aucilebe-

lia:

azrovneba da midgomebi (tradiciebi);

codna Tu rogor unda gakeTdes es (know how);

saWiro manqana-iaraRebze xelmisawvdimoba;

saWiro herbicidebze xelmisawvdimoba;

xelSemwyobi/gasatarebeli politika.

am barierebis gadalaxvaze erToblivad unda imuSaon poli-

tikosebma, saxelmwifo moxeleebma, fermerebma, mkvlevareb-

ma, eqstencionistebma da universitetebis profesorebma.

swori politikiT, romelic xels Seuwyobs konservaciuli

soflis meurneobis ganviTarebas, SesaZlebelia ekonomiku-

ri, socialuri da garemosdacviTi mdgradobis miRweva, war-

moebis gazrdis da niadagis gaumjobesebis paralelurad.

konservaciuli soflis meurneobis, rogorc mdgradi saso-

flo-sameurneo warmoebis aRiarebam, am teqnologiis far-

Tod gavrceleba unda uzrunvelyos.

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