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82

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¸ )01( à]g‚åÔZsxŠ#~77åXz{ZsxZzg9åÐuŠgzŠ#g‚åXZIf[ÆŠwzŠâr(~uJMiZŠƒ`�ÔZsx 7M`²è<ØŤÄÐ

Æ!g}~ZyÆŠ*t]7g~”]z¸]Ðñ�Š�XI¾:ƒÇZ¤t¹Yñ�M`Ìf[Æu6°lVÅ6YNñ�Š�ZzgM`ÌZsxZzg›âVÅY+ZkÆ�ìÑ]Zzg_!]�Zk~ZkJYyÈ]ÆzZãMUgZgkâ]0ñYD�XZ‡ÆZÖp~:

It seems an irony of history that the age-old Western

resentment against Islam, which was religious in origin,

should still persist subconsciously at a time when religion has

lost most of its hold on the imagination of Western man. The

shadow of the Crusades hover over the West to this day; and

all its reactions towards Islam and the Muslim World bear

distinct traces of that diehard ghost. )11(

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92

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ÐZyÆ�Rz�Yz�ŠZzg(ÏzZOŠ~ÂxÃvyî»ÃðZkycZ0670cZ‡äZIf[ÆZsxÆ!g}~gzb»ñZi:9ZsxåŃÔZ´y )41( Y@X

t]ZzgM\åÅŠú]zx]Æ!g}~ñglÅ?ØŠOòÔŠzg‡"Zzg#.ÐHìXªT§bÐZIlä9åÅŠú]ÃZLñ�Š{èIz�YÔZOŠ~z(ÏZzg�RzZܹz�ŠÆaZq™ç{¤ŠZ…ƒñ(~ñZzgH~z!~

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03

~Z%Mz-g\»ìXZyÆZÖp~:I sometime wonder because the values of Islam constitute a

potential challenge to many western concepts of spiritual and

social life. )51( 'In one way or other, all Prophets have challenged

the established order of their times; is it therefore, so surprising

that almost all of them were persecuted and ridiculed by their

kinsfolk? and that the latest of them, Muhammad, is ridiculed in

the West to this day? )61(

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Z‡äZsxÐf[ÃÑhT;CpsZzgZ03V»f™HìMg&Óå EH

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0991YÅŠ;ðÆM¸iÐ)ZjjyÐÎzeZ¯Z`ÅzZ3Æ )71( Ðe„7XˆÐ(f[ÆxZyÔ0Œ‚iZzgŠZøzgƒ'5îgÐZsxÃZqç{ŒÛZgŠ¶Ñ�Xz{ZK‚.›âM!Šc]~Z§ñZsxÅ’rVÃZy˜´~ZLZWzÓfZzgîsZ=](ÏzZOŠ~ZzgHzkZC¢ŠZ]ÆaÔZ�f!˜´~M!Š›Z•VSî›M!Š~~—ÑbZ‚ÛZöÃf!�dÆz�Šz’Æaç{¤ŠZ…

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¾nЊ*ñf[Zzg!<mZ%M»gztZ•ðYgq:ƒŠìXZIf[ÆZk§i

13

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(ÆJPzM¸iÔZkÆ£œzZ@ZsÔZk Orientalism ·Z‡äZ]4lçGIZt)

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23

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ä_·ZsxZzgQZ^ozZ5Z`ªZ~zFK}òÆa�2Z(gÅìZkÐZyèI°ZpVÔ�ŒÛzyz«~Å´GƒVäZL#5ÃwZNŠ¶Æn‡ìʼnÔÅcŠ@i{ƒYCìXtà:�áfz*Šg„Af‚Æ‚B@g]›ëÅ

ïz)™D�XÉZKî]»M¸i¬ÐZqð”{Ë)Gz2(Ô�ZyÅ÷:ÎaÅaZzZgƒ@ìÔЙD�Xz{ZL¬Ðð”{Ù}òÆZm]zZ›tÆnZ,ØZ@ZN™D��ZyÆðI}òŤ&z@G

™DƒVZzgQZðIØZ@Ye:ƒVÂz{ZyÃ(tzòtÐZµ™ÆZk§bÐ7™D��ZyÆð”{¸�ÅÂ}ƒXZkï¿ÆŠzgZy

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)42( QìóóXZ‡äà:Å;ðƒðß�VÆZWZ]z}ò»Y{Ì1ìXZy

ÅgZñ~à:)Š*z]h(Å»zØVZzgZyÆìÑ]z¦gZ]ä¬xf!f~VÃ$x™ŠcìXOçZyÅ’k,f[~ZsxÅŠú]zVZzgZkŃÅgZ{~(~g»z^0ˆ�XZyà:Åóg�á]ÆikZW¬x-g8zZ%OZ�ÛZŠZsxÃËîgÌŠgpgZ²Y7¤ŠZ…Xz{ZsxZzgZkÅgzqãZzgZܹx]ÃË

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ìXæs/ZsxƒäÐI·Z‡pŠZLâjwÆikZWZsxÆ!g}~z„gztgn¸�¬xfçV»åX@ëZLætz«Æ¬^)42D2291Y(ƈtgZñ‡ì™ä66gƒñ:

33

''' so many erroneous views about Islam itself were

prevalent throughout the West '' . My own observations had by

now convinced me that the mind of the average Westerner held

an utterly distorted image of Islam. )62(

FÀ:LLZkЬ)ætz«Æ^Zzg²!zZsò�dzçÑ]Ærx@{Ь(ZsxZzg›âVÆ!g}~÷}�Z°gz&òGWZ]

» (Western world-view) ¸ZyÃ~8îg6f!¦g§]z»Ñ]³&åX~ZLÅgzìwÐ?Ø™Ãð!]Îa„ùYåX~¾qwZqf!â�ZyåTÆgvzg6~to{k„ƒ@ì�ZsxZzgZkÅÓxx]Åw@gõZãÆZqg3$ŠgzZi}ÐicŠ{

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0391YÅŠ;ðÆÛZzw)4391Y(ZzgQ0591YÅŠ;ðÆÛZzw)4591Y(~Z]4lç

GIZtÆ!g}~Z‡äXìÑ]»ZÖgHå!ÖpŠvZrVäZ]4lçGIZt

Æ×zZï[ÅTgzZe»M¸iHåˆZiZVt¿ZqZO]e»Åßg]Z(g™ŠXf!'*gðe"545ÿ GEGJZzg!<mâ�ZŠZ%OŠZøzgZizgeeÚG)x3002Y(äZkÃp[MÐ(JcZyŠzâVäà:Å$!m»6Š{p[euH

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�df[®¨Zsx·Z‡äf!�d»*ŠZ:Y{Ì1ìXZkÆ7ÁÜzúZïZzg

43

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Z‡äf!�dÆãŠ~ZbZYÑŠ–)�°Zix(Ô¸x64)DZix(Zzg(Æt}òz�Z]»Y{ materialism and utilitarianism âŠezZÊe64)

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53

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(¡iZÊe m o r a l i t y ZqZ+Zã±Åðz%ŠìTÅZܪ])(JözŠìZzgTÆ4Šqnz$~Zzghz!뻣g¡ practical utility)

âŠ~»xÒVIZìX]hf!ZyÅÎa~ãŠ~0tì�z{âŠ~ZâYÆD)‚bz(ßY(ZzgM‚N]ÃZyÅgzqãzZܹF¹Æ§zìw™äÎ

OçZq¬xf!ZyÜsZzgÜsZq„ZX!è<ØÐzZ�ìZzgz{ )33( ìXìâŠ~F¹Å6-Zzgi0ÏÃicŠ{ÐicŠ{MgZxŠ{Zzg6M‚ö¯*X]h-g8zZ%O

)43( ZyÆ;V,64Æ´z{i0Ï»ÃðZdzZg«Ñz¸e!¹„7g;Xf!çÑzV~0ZܹZŠZgZzgcbzõÍ}ZzÑŠÆa›ZzgZkÆaZôgÔZ�ZxzZ−+ƒZKZÆzZÌÅ`�X{0ZãÂx“Њzegƒ[

(¹ƒ™g{ˆìXÒ‚ sexual morality ìX'×h'MVŠ*ÒZܪ])zZiŠzZYzÊZg~]hf[~Âr0gÜ0_ìZzgÒ‚Å(Zq5Zܪ]Ô

)53( �ZãŸÅÑözŠMiZŠ~ªÒ"gZ{gz~ÅŠúhZgìÔäáàìX

·Z‡Š*ñf[ì݊7éEOwZzgZkÅ�dÊYà�dШ™D�XZyÆìw~T§bЊYwqg{ªZqMçÅwg]ÐøzxƒÇZzgQZKH{!i-VZzgÒ§Zi-VÆ:®ZÑNŠZ�ÛZŠÆa�zMiâö»ñZ

$›40î EGEqw )63( ƒÇZzgZk§bÆßvZÐ}Z™™ZkÅ6-~2ƒYNÐ�df[»ì)ªqgqì(XZkäZãi0ÏÆZqZ•ðZëULLZܹzgzqãUóóÃ8ÃZ0Zi™g3ìXOçz{ZyÅâŠ~zKãZzgçÑCZôY]ZzgZkÅgzqãZjV)MŠgØV(ÆâÎëM°zÂZiy‡ì™ä~*»xg„

Zk�däŠ*èIZܪ]ЊZðrZ1ì@ëËëwZܹÂx )73( ìXÅM�Ûà~Ì*»xg„ìX'×h'MVf!�däZKª]Z0F¶VÔ-5ZXŠZ]ZzgZKªCÙ~®ŠîÐ$zgz:â0{›yZZxÊgz%ú[ZzgZyÅ

óƒVÃí{™g3ìXOç¬ÝZsxì�ZkÅ6-~2ÃM@ìXZ‡Æ4ŠqZqŠgzgzZc]~ŠYwÅ�S:]Òyň�z{f!�dzÕy6

63

7g~§bÐ;ƒC�XZyÆZÖp~:The world of the franjis [Europeans/Occidentals] has become the

world of Dajjal, the Glittering, the Deceptive One. It is "one eyed":

that is, it looks upon only one side of life- material progress- and is

unaware of its spiritual side. With the help of its mechanical

marvels it enables man to see and hear far beyond his natural

ability and to cover endless distances at an inconceivable speed.

And its material advancement is so powerful and so glittering that

the weak in faith are coming to believe that it is a godhead in its

own right; but those who have remained conscious of their creater

clearly recognize that to worship the Dajjal means to deny

God-----Instead of realizing that man's advancement and the

progress of science is a bounty from our Lord, more and more

people in their folly are beginning to think that it is an end in itself

and fit to be worshiped. )83(

Z‡ä6-ŠYw)f!�d(ÆZWZ]z}ò»ÌY{1ìXZyÆìw~f!Zy}ZZzgè<ØÐgÂhhZzgQŠYw64Æ:ZK¡]*™[ìXi0ÏZkÆ4ŠqZqÄ0_ìXz{ZL¤Šz7~ñ�ŠŠzu}ZâV„Ð7ÔÉpŠZKfZ]ÐÌZbz[:ƒ[ìZzgZ•ðËðЊzeg

ìXz{ŠZ½8&43ï EGEGZzgä]z�áŠâãÐ*MÙzøzxZzgZqZ•ð™[zZfe~2ìÔT»ZÖg-5‚³z/ZXŠZ]zZ$Z¬]Åßg]~gzúƒg;ìXYV�Zk)f!Zy(äh•&ËðÆZˆkÃSäÆa{gYôZCÙ~C{eð&*e„ìXO炳Exz.y~F¹ZzgŠv�á0ZgâŠ~FªVf!ZyÅZܹ

(ZzgZq*¥xpsZzg”h°xDÆŠZ½Zˆ‚]Å frustration zgzqãâ-Ï)Z‡Æìw~ZAòg”z@ZeZzgË0ZܪCÂxZŠZgÐøzx )93( aZzZg�X

ZXŠZ]zZºZ¬]Æ f!�dzÕyZKÓxFâŠ~z‚³F¶VÔ-5"Ñg

73

!z�Z+ÊZ½ZEyÔÇ#bZzgXŠ]zä]ÐCÙ¦hg7™$ËÉgzqãzZܹ·Z7Ðøzxf[Å‚bZzg(ßYZ+Æaz!wYy0

Z‡Æ )04( _ìXZkäZ+Ãn„zh•Æ¥ñÆ)g}Ñ9ZHìX4Šqf!�dpŠÉ™äÆŠg9ìZzg(~!~ÐizZwz'!Š~ŧsÇ'×yìXZyÅgZñ~f!çÑ{¨ù¦eZ„z¼gz~~2ƒ[ìXOçZ¤z{ZKñ�Š{gzl6‡ìg;ZzgZkäZLñ�Š{§i„z¿~ÃðãŠ~p~:ÅZzgZkäZCmËâzgZð)ZAò(gzqãzZܹÂxÐ:�hZÂZkÅh•z'!Š~ZqDZ%ìX·Z‡ÆZÖp~:

Western civi lization is chaotic and in i ts innermost self

destructive )14( and can there by any doubt that modern Western

society, with its loss of all spiritual convictions and of social

morality... can there be any doubt that this society has entirely

gone astray from the deepest truths of life and now blindly rushes

towards self-destruction? )24( . 'As things stands at present,

Western civilization is about to expend the last remnats of a moral

idealism, subconsciously inherited from its past. Unless it is able to

replace those swiftly vanishing remnants by a new, adequate

structure of Idealism, it is bound to go to the way of all other

worn-out civilizations and to perish in a welter of conflicts, suffering

and confusion. And there is no indication as yet that the western

world is going to produce out of itself, such a new structure of

idealism" )24D[( .

FÀ:LLHZkZ%~Ãð—zµ!¹g{Y@ì�]hf!çÑ{´îg6Zzg�YzZ½¦Zܪ]Ьîg (spiritual convictions) gzqãZf¬*]

6·ŠZðƒ[ìXZk~H—ì�f!çÑ{"gZ{gz~»DgìZzgi0ÏÅZ$~CÇVйŠzgY7ZìZzgpŠ±gö NIzh•Å§s(~

83

!~ÐÇ'×yìXZ¤f!�dZzgçÑ{ZKZÏe¤6‡ìg;ZzgZkä¢ZCgËgzqãzèIŸ$�î E0§]Zzg�YZܪ]ÆÂxÐ:�hZŠ*ÅŠv�'VŧbtÌZ�x»gn„z'!Š~Њzegƒ™gìÇX@ëZkz‰ÜŠzgŠzgZkÆÃðWUgÃ7WD�f!Š*ZipŠÃðZܹzgzqãÂxzä™nÏóóX

z.y6 OçZyÅgZñ~f!ZZxZzgZyÅ�dzÕyZzg‚³Ex: )34( ŒÛMyœÆZyZÖp»Z$‹5é EEtzZ:t7g~§bЙŠtM@ì

Ú%×`ÜÒÛ%Ø]Ö„p]‰jç΂Þ^…]÷Ê×Û^œ•^ðlÚ^uçÖäƒâg]Ö×äeßç…âÜæi†ÒãÜÊoEPPD ‘ÜeÓÜÂÛoÊ`ÜŸm†qÃçá! o ¾×ÛkŸmf’†æá

LLZyÅ)Ð(VwÂZyÅÏ)Ð(VwìMVäMv°ðQ FÀ:ZMväZLZgŠ¤ŠÃgz×™ŠcÂZväZyÅgzÝt™àZzgZyÃ

Z0ƒzV~ghŠc�¼ŠÙ¸s7)z{(¾}�ÔÍf�ÔZ0ñ)54( �ÂZ[z{zZ::ƒVÐóóX

Z‡äf!�dzÕyÆtz@gqUƒVZzgZkÆp+uZ�xÐ0XìÑ]»ZÖgHìz{¹icŠ{uJ´)·ZDwZzgZ4Z]~®â´0

Ñ)3091D3791Y(ÆìÑ]Ðx¹gn�XŠzâV„Æ4Šqf!�dzÕyZ+Êg7)bÅSVÃ�äЬbz‡ÜìÔÉZ+Ãh•z'!Š~

ŧsŠªÅf)ŠZgìXŠzâV„ÃZk�d»w(Z@gqŠ3ðŠêìX(] )64D ŠzâV„Åó{~t�d(~!~ÐZL'}Z�xŧs(fÃMCìX

f!�dÅ!ÑŠ4Zzgºtz¤Æ¦gÅ|D*ŠZ:Y{·Z‡äf!�dÆŠv�'V!<mZsò�d6ºtz!ÑŠ4Æ

ZzgZI )74( ¹Ðf!ŠZøzgzVÔ®+ )64D[( ¦gÃ(~”]нHìXÆŠúƒVÆ'@·Z‡»Šúòtì�f!�dZqMùz¬@�d )84( Ó#Ö

“Ÿ]z&¢Ð‡¬g~ìXZyÆìw~Zܹ¸]ZzggzqãÕÐ8·ŠZðZzgízÑÆË0£gÐøzxz¬g~f!�d:ÂZ+Ã�R

93

zu]zŠðÐhg™$ËìZzg:„ZkÆaZqVàzMù�dÅw)84D[( Z(g™$ËìX

Z‡ÆZÖp~:þWith the same arrogance with which they assume that Occidental

civilization is the summit of all possible civilizations )94( 'Is there

any sign that the civilization now dominant in the West contains

the promise of leading mankind towards that unity of civilization

and culture of which our dreamers dream? There is no such sign.

There is not the slightest indication that the West, having lost

every trace of ethical wisdom, will be able to solve unaided even

its own economic and spiritual problem, not to speak of the

problems of all mankind. On the other hand, their is a lot of

indication to the contrary. True, Western civilization possesses

great physical and scientific power: but it is also true that this

power has reached its present peak at the expense of social

morality, and that it now threatens to transform the earth into a

wilderness; 'the whole social aspect of Western civilization - its

entertainments- is overshadowed by the desire to stimulate sexual

appetites and to make promiscuity appear "reasonable"; the crass

materialism and the worship of money expressed; 'and so forth;

and lastly, the ethical frustration evident in the lack of any

agreement about the meaning of Good and Evil , and the

submission, in all social and economic matters, to the rule of

"expediency"' that painted lady of the streets, willing to please

anybody, at anytime, whenever she is invoked: does all this (and

much more of the same kind) provides an indication that Western

04

civi lization possesses the spiri tual qual i ty necessary for

becomming the final, ideal civilization of mankind? )05(

FÀ:LLZIf[Zk&¿.ç GEOZzgï~2��ZyÅ�dŠ*ÅÓx�'V»$4-<é EGXñ¾wìXHZk!]ÆÃðWUgzŒÛZíñ�Š��f[~T�d»„ìz{Z+Ã�Rzu]Ô�T»pZ[f[ÆZIŠZøzZI(„ŠNgì�ÔÐzZ.hg™nÏ?|tì�Z+Ãð

´#ÖZzgZkyŠzgŠzgJÃ7W@XZk!]ÅÑÏQyÌ70ðYCЬîg6øzxZzg·ŠZðf[ (ethical wisdom) �ZܪCŠZ*ð

‚g~Z+—pŠZL„ZOŠ~z�YÔ�RZzggzqãzZܹ)bÃÌ�nÇXtsì�f[Æ0k"0cVâŠ~z‚³¸]ñ�Šì@ëtÌ|ì�f[ät¸]z¤‰Ü�YZܪ]ÃŒÛ!y™ÆqÝÅìOçf[Åt¸]z¤‰Ü‚g~Z+Ãh•z'!Š~Њzeg™äÆŠg9ìXf[Å�dÆ]�YUZzgZkŸ%]6ZkpZ黄ì�z{ÒZ3YÃZ•ðuJ'Z’™Š}©�Ò

"gZ{gz~ßÍVÅó{~Zq¢4-÷GMEGz]43ü

IMEGZzg*!š©ð MGwz!š3ð MGN[÷CÙ¦:gìXOç¬Ýf[ì�Z0SâŠe64ÔŠzªÅ6-ÔZܪC743ï EGEG

~2ìZzgZkÆ0kízÑÔnz$~ÅÃð (ethical frustration)

czèZzgŠZEzZ$~ãKZzg£gzöZyñ�Š7ìXOçZyÆ;V—Zzg¸òÅäízÑÅöZyÅ(áàìXf[~-VZzg!iZgzV

~¹QCWgZ3zcZ3úg]pŠÃCÙZk¿ÆjZá™äZzgZk¿ÅŠwл‚ây“Ã!z‰Ü»gìÔ�ÌZk74øEELZgiZV»¤ƒXHZkƒ¼Åñ�ŠÏ~Zk!]»ÃðZky!¹g{Y@ì�f!�d‚g~Z+ÆaWy~zîZzg£g~zVà�d0$Ëì?þþóóX

Zsò�dzçÑ]»ºtz¤Z‡ÅgZñ~ËZq�dÅŠzu~�'V6ºtz¤»ŠZgzæZg‚³

z8Ex~ZkŪ]Z0F¹Zzg-5ZXŠZ]zZºZ¬]67ÔÉZkZ%6ƒ@

14

ì�Zk~ËŠgZܹ¸]zÂZ*ð0ðYCìX2Zk~Zãi0ÏÆâŠ~zKãZzgZܹzgzqãUƒVÃ!ë±z%1o™äZzgZyŠzâVÆ»çVÅŠ

ÆK~ZŠZwzÂZiy‡ì™äŸ]z&¢ËŠg0ðYCìX!ÖpŠvZ‡Æ4ŠqË�dŤz'F~)Šzu~�'V6(»£gZkÅŠZ½Zܹzgzqã¸]~�ìXZ‡ÆZÖp~:

The superiority of one culture or civilization over another does not

consist in the possession of a greater amount of material

knowledge-, but in its ethical energy, in its greater possibility to

explain and to co-ordinate all aspect of human life. And in this

respect Islam surpasses every other culture. )15(

{mZk$©�î EG0ÃÐz{)Z‡(ZZsò�d»f!�dÐñZi:™D�ÂZ7Zsò�dÜsf!�d„67ÉŠ*ÅŠvÓx�'V6Ãëz'FÃMCìZ�f!�dÔZsò�dÆ£«~ˆZzgÁFÃMC

ìXZ‡š—zFŠŠZsxÅZܹÔçÑCZzg�RZŠZgÃf[Æ�RzçÑCZŠZgz¦gZ]6CÙCÙZ±gÐÃ뤊Z…�ZzgZkZ%6¢¢gn��Zsx

(Ô}°wzZ»sÔZp] Morality (ÔZÐZŠ~zZ½¦ZܹZŠZg) ethics ÆZܪ])z¸ðeg}ÔZôgzípZ„Zzgwez)zZ]Æ!g}~ZkƦgZ]f!�d

ƦgZ]Ьîg6Z•ðZg«zZd�XZsxä#z¸òÖzo�Û]ÙczázuŒÛZgŠ}™Zp]Zzg)zZ]ÆagZ{ûZgÅXZsx4CZzõ<Ôg8z±Ôi!yZzg&ÅZ‚k6±ZãÆZ¤zƒVÆâÎZqÐiÅÔ™@ìÔZ�

f!�dZ[J#z¸ò#t.3ðGVÆߊZ]zVÐ!CÙå~*»xg„ìXÓxf!@gõ-*EVZzggzñVÆÇÐá™M`J4CMzmØVЄg]

Z‡ÅgZñ~Zsx»¦g§]z»Ñ]ZzgZk»çÑCz�RÂxÔf[ )25( ìXƦgz§i§]ZzgZkÅ�YZŠZgzgzZc]Ð}icŠ{6“{Ô6jyz"ZCZ[Zzg¡~zZãìXZsòçÑ{ZKŠZ½¸]Ôk\Zzg�Y^zZPxÆZ±gЊvÓxZãçÑzVZzgZZx6¯Eg‚ìXŒÛMyœÅx]äZsx

24

Æ�RzçÑCeJ‘Ãkz¢oãŠ�ÛZëÅìXZ�9-ZvmzÅÆZÎ{õäZkƤŠZqM6ÈïZzgicìOçÛzã)Zb(�Rz

�YZŠZgÅ-glÆ£«~ZsòçÑ}Ÿ]'×ZØzæZfM`Ì*‡.ÞhìXZsòçÑ{ZqF¹IçÑ{ì�¹uJŠZ½MzmØVÐ0uZzgZp]z

)35( ¸ðeg}»D'ŠZgzMsŠZgìX

Çf[Z‡Æ4ŠqZsx¡ZqŠ+„7ìÉZq»ïzZ)�dÌZsò�dZKâÎzâ:Zzgá÷ÆZ±gÐf!�dÐzW )45( ìX

zrîgÐZìXZsxÆZßwzx]f!ZŠZg§]ÐCÙ¦é73DZsò�dZq )55( ²f!�dÆãŠ~ZßwzZŠZgZsxÅgzbЃŠx�X

ÃcC�dìÔZk»Èz]gŒÛMãÛ§]z»Ñ]ìZzgZkÅÙ|ÉZkZk~ZܹzgzqãZŠZgÊzu~CÙq )65( Æz�Š»�ZiŠ+zÑ<ÐzZhìX

perceptions and 6¯EqÝìXZkÆ'@f!�dZL¦gZ]zoå)(ÆZ±gдîg6è<ØŠÔìíZZñgz)b~ŠzâV�'V methods

OçZyŠzâVLLZsxZzg )75( Ægz-VZzg$©�î EG0;ñÃ~*‡.ÞˆgU0ðYCìXf! )85( �df[óó»fvËîge7Ô:„ŠzâVÅàz‰Ücz~eìX

�dÆŠzâV%œ~2yÑŠ–)�°Zix(Zzg¸è64)DZix(ÂgÎw²!-ZvmzÅÆÑñŠ+)Zsx(ÅgzbÆZ•ðo°„7ÉZkÅa»^Šï

Z‡ÅgZñ~ii0Ï)ZÐZŠ~zZ½¦(~�df[ÅÇ»ÈZk )95( �XÆÎZ¼7�ZsxÃii0ÏÅúz~ZqêÁ¬ïzøuÅwÐøzx™ŠcYñZzgZСZqZ(gzqãÂx¯™gÄŠcYñ&ZâVÅii0Ï

f!�dZzgZsxÆâÎñZke7Xf!�dÅÔ )06( ÐÃðuz»g:ƒX2ZkƧii0Ïz§içÑ]zÂx(„ÅÇzcz~Zsx6Ô�gZqiè<ØZzgÂx(„zÓ#ÖÆÔ»g~¢[Îñ%e„7X¾]ZsxZzgf!�d

ÆâÎñZkzëW°e„7:The moral basis of modern Western civilization is incompatible

34

with Islam 'to go further and to imitate Western civilization in its

spirit, its mode of life and its social organization is impossible

without dealing a fatal blow to the very existence of Islam as a

theocratic polity and a practical religion. )16(

Z‡ÅgZñ~�df[Æ"{zÈZ~zJwªfšz¾[iŠÏ(»¿ZsxÆãŠ~èIzZܹÔ�Rz�YZzg(ÏZßw Westernization)

zZŠZgÐ’góŠSŠZg~»gZ3ûZg™@ìXOçËÌ¿»f!�dÔ�èI$©�î EG0ÃZzggzbÅ#³zŠÔìÔÆ'×Z`ÐëM°aZ™ÆŠ+zÑ<6‡ì

f!�dzçÑ]z§ii0ÏÅZÐZŠ~zZ½¦îg6Ç )26( gxZqZ%õwìXzÕà~š—zFŠŠZsò�dÆz�Šz’ZzgZkÆZ§ñâÆnZqxç{

OçM`Z¤¬ÝZsxfšÆ(_ƒñgDyz~yÆ:ZL )36( ©VìX)46( âèÐ[:z*MÙZzgZK�RzgzqãZ‚kzpŠZgZŠeÐøzxƒ@`Yg;ì

ÂtÃðZ)Å!]Ì7ìYèf[Å�RzçÑCZŠZgZzgîg§hVZzg¬ŠZ]zZîZgÅÕà»Z�x!ÆHyf!Û§]z»Ñ]ÃJw™äZzgZsò

·Z‡Š*ñZsxÃZkÅñ�Š{ )56( Ãt§]ЊSŠZg~Åßg]~„ÀìXi1VqàzäZzg:â0ÏÐïw!CÙ™äÆnfšB¾[iŠÏ

)66( (ÅgzlÃCÙ¦îg6ŠZøqZ:§i„z¿ìw7™DX westernization)ZrVäª+f[ªŠ*ñZsx~�°ZixZzgf[Å�dzçÑ]ÅFzózZ�á®ÆbŠZgzV6Ì”h×HìZzgZ7Ã@{ÃzÃ@{Z0÷ecìXZyÅgZñ~ª+f[ZsxÅgzbZzgZkÅ|Ð[:z*MÙ�Zzg‚B„f!

�dzÕyÅgzbZzgZkÅ|zâ:SîZkÆ@gqUƒVÆZŠgZuÐ)76( ̬g~�XZyÅó�f!�dzÕyŪCÙ~®ŠîÐí{ƒ_�X

·Z‡ä‰ŠzfšÆŠZÛVÅf6;]ZzgZyÆð™Š{dzZŠ!fí}Æ]h½cC6Æf~V6tZWZ]»Y{Ì7HìÔ!<mugz<Å�ÆZïgZzgŠ+ÆŠv›]Æ!g}~ZyƧi„»×zZï[

ÌHìXZyÆìw~LLgz×ìwóóª+f[Ô�f[Æ]hZ°gzìÑ]Ð

44

%ú[zMWZkÅ�dzÕyZzg§ii0Ïz§içÑ]Ƥzh{zŠ−ZŠ{�ÔZsxÆZ©xzx]Åðâã¨z=ô™ÆÉZyÃÂh%zh™ZzwZ™Æ‚BZyÅ»ïëM°zñZkU"™äÆnu¤ŠZV�XZyÅZkf6u¤ò»æ¬ZkÆÎZZzg¼7�Ë:˧bÐfšªÇf[ÆgzbÃèI�Zi�ÛZ뙊c

Z‡g¶§Zi�: )86( YñX

LL›y!-CåGEŠ+zÖÆŠwzŠâr6f!Z°gzìÑ]»ZkŠg„ƒŠì�f!�dzÕyŤz'F~»¦gÂÍcZyÆo{zZf;y»bzÑ°0ŠìXOçz{ÑÅg~îg6ZsxÆZßwz£œÃf[Æ„z,ZzgZŠZgzgzZc]ÐëM}™*¢zg~ìw™D�Xz{ZsxÅZ+CÙCÙ½�Z7Çf[ÅgZ{~g»z^k¥xƒCìÔÆ!g}

~ŠzgZi»g@zÞ]лxf�Sîugz<Æfí}Â�)96( ZѱgŒÛZgŠ}™šŠ™Šï�óóX

Z‡ÅgZñ~ª+f[Æð™Š{±gpZ;:dzZŠ!fí}ä›Z�ÛZŠÆŠwzŠâr~ZLŠ+Ô�dzÕyz@gõÔZzg§i§]zçÑ]Æ!g}

~Zˆk²~Ã6zZymJcìXZsòZßwzZŠZgÆ_.çÑ{zgc„Åy]h6ZyƳxzZZyÃêzbHìZzgZÐüЊzegHì²½cC4]~f!�dzçÑ]Ô§i(„zÓ#ÖZzgÂx½ÅÝâ:ÇZzgZ0SÕàÆ

Z‡Æìw~!-CåGEŠ+zª+f[ÆZ°gzìÑ]Zzg )07( gDyþeàðìXZyÅdzZŠ!u¤xV¬ÝZsxÆ]h½cC4]~f6z„~ZgDZŠ»(Z:zøuµ�XOçZsxŸ]z&¢6ZyÆZOŠÃüZzg¦0àìZzg‰Šzfš»¿Ô�¦¸el|Šzœ-VÐYg~ìÔZ§ñZsxÅgZ{~ZqÃ{¤ZV

0ŠìXZ‡ÆZÖp~:On the whole these "reformist" activities resulted in subordinating

the ethics of Islam to the views prevalent in Europe: and so they

merely deepened the uneasy feeling of inferiority in the Muslims

and still further undermined their belief in the possibility of a

54

reconstruction of their society on truly Islamic lines. While the

misguided, though well intentioned, endeavours of our early

"liberals" undermined the Muslims' belief in possibility of an Islamic

revival, the cultural masquerade of their successors is based on

conscious or sub-conscious denial of the desirability of such a

revival: ' for our fashionable Muslim gentlemen have grown

accustomed to confusing "modernity' with an apping of western

customs and any attempt to make the Shari'ah of Islam a basis of

our social life is dismissed by them as "reactionary".(] )17D

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64

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'through the instrumental ity of Western schools and of

Western-oriented methods of education in the Muslim world, the

distrust of Islam as a social doctrine is being systematically

planted in the minds of the younger generation of Muslim men and

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$Z:Ã@VÅ¢zg]ìX›‚bŠZâV»�Ûnì�Zz{Zq%û‚³¶VYNÂZkz‰Üf[Æ‘:Ãc]ЊZðÄh™pŠZL„ ÆMy~)g{6

ªZsò„zÃÐZ,Z,}òZo™YN�f!‚bŠZâVÅZÒeÆZ^o™Š{}òÐ!ÇZƒVXZ‡ÆZÖp~:

It will be the duty and the opportunity of Muslim scientists, when

once they reach those border lines of scientific investigation, to

45

apply their powers of speculative reasoning independently of

Western philosophical theories. Out of their own Islamic attitude

they probably will arrive at conclusions different from those of the

majority of the modern western scientists. )59(

Z‡ÅgZñ~¸ŠgZÝz{NZzg£xì˜VZsò�dÃZC]ZÇ:z�ŠZyÆZyìÑ]ÐzZãîg6táiƒ@ì )69( ëZäÆnKzŠz™*7}ÏX

�z{]h8ExÅDz+â!ÖpŠvz{]h8ExÅZsòúƦgzìwÆŠZ¦�Xz{]hf!ExÃf!„z,ÅiCÙ*ÅÐ0u™s™Æ„ZyÅ^

Æh~�XOçZyÃÔZLZk$©�î EG0ÃůY6T»ZÖgZrVä4391Y~H» )79( (Ʀgzìw Islamization of knowledge åÔšFŠŠExÅZsòú)

)89( †ŒÛZgŠcYYìX

‚³ñZŠzu`Æ´z{·Z‡gc4ZŠZgzVÅ$h½5ÕäGI

G]ÆŸ~Ìf[ÆZ¿ŠZ]zŠ!]ÐZ.Š{Æh~�Ô}z{Ó#ÖÅúÆŸ~f[~gZòZN!]Ƨ&»gÃZq4+§iìw™D�XZ%M~gZòœZgCÂxÓ#ÖÃZsòÂxÓ#ÖÆicŠ{ëM}ŠÙ�Xf!�dzÕyÐZ~zZõ[ÆK~Z‡ÆìÑ]»][tì:

ZsxÆ�ZÔZk»ÂxZܪ]zçÑ]ÔZkÅ�dZzgZkÆ£gZ] 1XízѾîgf[Æ„z,ÔZkÆÃt§]z»Ñ]ÔZkÆ�RzçÑCZŠZgz§i§]ÐZ•ðŠgz'FzÃë�Ô®ZZk![~9Zsx-ZvmzÅÆcz»gzVÃf[мhÅCÙ¦Ãð¢zg]7X

ÜsZzgÜsZq„qZ+ìT»f[ÐZ~zZõ[›âVÆn 2X(�ÔZ%z{ÌZK exact sciences æjƒYìZzgz{¬8Ex)

{ØZzgZ:ªCßg]~XIZsðÃf[Æ„z,Æ!g}~ZogzlZ(g™ãecX

f!Š*Ђ³ExÅÔz[Š*ñZsxÆnZq*¦kßg]»Šgz 3X

55

gBì@ëZk¢zg]Ã7gZ™äÆnË›y»f!�dÃZsò�dÐ'FzÃ뤊Z'ZzgQZkÅÇzÕà™*CÙ¦oƒ7X

pick and Íc·Z‡f!�dÐZ.Š{Æ!g}~Z~zZN[)(Ægzb„Ãoƒìw™D�X6zWpgæZ£»ZkgzbÆ!g} choose

(models ~Itì�:LLZsò¶>U6»ñ�Š{%³»Ÿ™@ì�f!%âV)ÅÝâ:ÕàÐZ�ZiHYñZzgZqYyœzZàù]Z(gÅYñ�Ûzã

ÅöZy6t»xZ�x ì„Ú^‘Ë^æ�ÅÚ^Ò‚… �dÐH¢ecZzgH:¢ecÔŠbz‰ÜÅ¢zg]ìXZkÐm]ZzgEŠzâVÆ»27g}ƒM�XZ¤pZsòçÑ{¹Ð§hVÐf!Š"ÐÃZ{ZVYì1Zk»Èt7

)99( ì�Zbp:VƺÃZKpÄÅ76Yg~g3YñóóXZ[ÎZwtaZƒ@ì�McçÜ�'VÐZ~zZõ[ÆŸ~Z~

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e7 (ÅgzlZ(g™* pick and choose !ÖpŠvZkçA~Z~zZN[)ìX›Š*ÃÌf[Å]h‚bz(ßYÆ‚B‚BZkÅŠzu~qzVÃÌ

)001( ¢c$kZ(gzJw)Åg~zÑÅg~îg6(™*„7}ÇX

(Zzgfš m o d e r n i z a t i o n I±ï YEÅgZñ~Ì]h»g~)

(ŠzâV»aàŠZð»‚BìXOçZ,›˜´˜Vf!§i Westernization)»ZOŠ~ÂxgzZ`0g;ì2˜Vf[Ð(ßYqÝ™ÆQF¹»¿6zZy

65

m|g;ìZy˜´»¾[iŠÏÐôpgxZzgZkÆ£«~ZsxÅ�Yz�R)101( ZŠZggzZc]6‡ìgxZ%õwìX

f!�dzÕyÐZ~zZõ[Æ!g}~Mg&Óå EHNí!ZzgI±ï YE»

‹tz$©�î EG0ÃpZ{¼ÌƒÔ·Z‡„7Šzu}uMzgŠ{›®+Ìf[ÐCÙqp[Yyœ™Z~zJw™äÆqò�XtÃð*eqÌ7ìXÂx½Ã™ÔãŠzV6Z2Zg™ÆZzg]hâ�Zy±ÆŠwzŠâr~_/ZsèËZg™Æt2wÔ�Z•ðÚZzgŠØZg¦gZìÔuÅY$ËìXf[КgzuIuZzgYyœÆ%Z~zZõ[Ð0·Z‡»tI�LL›âVÅâŠ~qªÂ�áh4ƒYñ

ZqZ+ )201( ÏÔZ%ZkÐ�vyÑixMñÇz{ZkÆ£«~¹¸g~ƒÇóóÔ?ƒð|ìT»Zïge7X¾]Z#Ö0f!�dÐZ~zZõ[Æ

ZkŸ~xxzZôo»ŠZð;BÐghŠ¶Å37ƒ$ËXZsxZzgf[Dk?z¢È

Z‡äZsxZzgf[ÆâÎrzzWZ%Ã]Zzg!b“Æ!g}~XìÑ]»ZÖgHìZkÐCÙ¦t%ZŠ7�z{ZsxZzgf[ÆâÎk?

Z%zZªtì )301( z¢ÈÃ*eŒÛZgŠ}™ZyÆ!b£ŠxÃ*¦kìw™D�X�z{ZsxZzgf[!ÖpŠv¬ÝZsxZzgŠ*ñmÆâÎk?z¢ÈÃZ+

)401( ÆqwZzgwÅ4~ZzgZkÅ�]z#bÆaZ•ð*¦kìw™D�XOçZrVäZk~qbg»zIV»Y{fƒñZyµãŠzVŶyŠ„ÌÅìX6k?z¢È!bÆ¿ÃZ2ZgHYYìX

Z‡Æ4ŠqŠ*ñZsxZzgf[ÆâÎk?z¢ÈÅgZ{~ƒÐ(ìX›âVŸg~ZÒeÅf[Æ mutual distrust (~g»z^!b$ZOŠ~)

!g}~$ZOŠ~z$á㦸Šzœ-VÆŠzgZy~MiZŠ›˜´6f[ÅZEg~¤!VƸï:ºZzgõx›ZZxÆ‚BZyŧsÐgzZgÇYäzZáYgq:z)²:'@ƒÆ:ÐìXZyÅgZñ~âM!ŠcCŠzgZ[Ì»7ƒZìXÁz�CÙ›yof!¤!VÅo{ŠëVÅiŠ~ìX'×h'MV)±ºÐ

75

MiZŠ~zhpŠZgZŠeÆ”wÆaZ›ZZxÅ]z4ÿòÔ¦Ô1ûÔ™Ô îãÔñgzCz){z){~þÆ!g}~f[»gztZ•ðZqÐi~Zzg)²:ìX

ƒÐ(|™t�icŠ{FfçV»ZsxÆ!g}~gzt÷:zç0Z:Zzg�}Ît»ÜŠZ*âV ]øÖûÌÖønû×øèæøÖønû×øè OçZq§sz{ZsòÕyÆgzââ~UƒV} 1ìX

Zzgìà]VÔ/ìxÅ�á²~cQZhZY)Z0Ö(ƧiyZzgZkÆŒz)wÅp[*öÅYCìŠzu~§s9ZsxåÆ!g}~CÙi{uZðZzgW\åÅZ;-zûŸì�»7ƒ0@X$,zz›yZIDz„ÅZÒef[Æ!g}

~$áyìXOçf[Zzg¬ÝZsxÆâε©]»ªx!b³]zZ�ZxZzgZqŠzu}Æ£tÃÇsV~t™äЄeƒYìXÈtì�Z

J¬Ýf[›âVÆŠ+ÔZyÅlkèI†]ZzgZyÆ�Rz�YZßwzZŠZgÆ!g}~ç0Z:gztFu7™@ZyÆ!g}~ZLŠ*÷:gzb~

µp~»bCÙ{7™@Zzg›âVÆY(Ï£xzwZzg£tÃt7™@Ô'×h'MVz{›˜´~ZsòËZg~Å’rVÃZyÆ9Úø~ŠÚZzgZy6

(Zzg§b§bÆŠzu}ZØ!]ðV™ä»Ÿ fanaticism ”]z†+I~)Zzg:„Zk )501( ñs7™@ÔŠ*ñZsxÐZkÆ©]~4~7M$Ë

Íc· )601( )f[(Æ!g}~›âVÆŠßV~ñ�ŠÐ]z$áãŠzgƒ$ËìXZ‡Æ4ŠqZsxZzgŠ*ñf[Æâ΢ÈÅgZ{~&(~g»z›ªf[

»ZEg~zâM!ŠcC™ŠZgÔŠ*ñZsxÆ)bzç5]~f!ZZx»ç0Z:§iOçk?z¢Èó&¯äÆ )701( ¿zŠzCÙ}£gZ]Zzgf!Z]4lç GIZtìX

a¢zg~ì�f[ZyZñgÆ0ZLgzb~µp~aZ™}XZ‡Zsòzf!Š*ƒV~¢ÈÆ¿~f[Ô�(ÏÔZOŠ~Zzgj~¸]ÆZ±gЊ*ñZsx6¯Ez!ÑŠ4g‚ìÔŧsÐU)ZŠZx(âzg~ìw™D

z{f[Њ*ñZsxÆ!g}~Z»sI~Zzgíoà»gztZ(g )801( �X™ä»Ì_c™D�:

We Muslim must demand a greater measure of fairness in the

Christian attitude towards us: in other words, we demand and

85

expect that the Christian Occident should cease to apply, as it has

hitherto been doing, different standards to our and their own

concerns. If liberty is something valuable, it must be recognized as

a moral and political right not only of the peoples of the West but

of the Muslim peoples as well. All in all, it is high time for the

occident to show its good will towards the Islamic World. 'it is

the moral duty of the Christians to approach the problems of the

Islamic World in the same spirit of justice and fair-play as they

approach, and demand for, their own concerns. )901(

Z‡äZyŠzâVJg[�ÛhVÆâÎ!b¬zyZzg¢ÈÅãŠzVZzgDZÛ»ÌY{1ìXZyÅgZñ~Zsòz\Š*ƒVÆŠgxy¢ÈZsxZzg|áÅÇgzbÅãŠ6„ƒ$ËìXZsxZzg|áÆ�Zzx]~H„$›å EN

(ethical and moral valuations) YV:ƒŠzâVÆZܪCzZܹZŠZgzçZ*~¹uJëM°0ðYCìZzg¸qZyÆâάzyz¢È»Ç:0

)011( $ËìXŠzâV�ÛhVÆâ΢ÈÅãŠZzgZk»NM¸iè<Ø„ƒYìXZ‡äZsxZzgf[Æâ΢Èzk?ÆaZsxZzg|áÆŠgxyñ�Š

Æ )211( eÚDâ.e~zZ^ )111( œ�ZŠZgÃ㊯äÅ�!]ÅìMg&Óå EHZNí!ÌZkÆqòÃMD�X@ëz{f[ÆZEg~³Zì )311( ´z{‰\èIgÉ

ZzgZkÆYgq:zç0Z:gzbÐ0¬ÝZsxÆ}�á]zf6˜]Ã8ÃZ0Zi)411( ™YD�X

f[~Šú]z¬gsZsxÅ¢zg]zZÌ·Z‡ÃZk|»Ìl!Zˆkì�fçV»ZipŠZsxZzg›âVÆ

!g}~ZKŠ*f†Ã$ÜÃðM‚y»x7XZk!]ÆZk*]Z•ðuJÁ��f[°wzZ»sZzgZ�Zx!bÆZßßV6›âVÐk?z¢Èeì

Šg,ßg]z{)Z‡(ZsxZzgf[ÆŠgxy¢ÈÉ9FsV~Zsx )511( ÇX

95

Zzg›âVÆ!g}~f[Å$áEVZzgß�VÆZiZáÔ�ZÏßg]~ZyÅÃ~f[Ægzb~˵p~ÅZyÅY$ËìÔžnÐf!Š*~

Õzù]Æ‚BZsxÅŠú]zVÃZ•ðuJ¢zg~ìw™D�XZyÆìw~f!˜´~¸WZ0Zi~ZsxÆ�Zzx]»¬gs„ZsxZzg

›âVÆ!g}~fçVÆœ-V6Zät]Zzgß�VÆZiZ!»fg=0YìXZ‡ZkZ%Æ�áÅ��ñgzO›âVäâè~ZIf[Æ‚t¸WÔ

(~2ZyÅf6z„~RÃ7 diction Š@Zzg‡.ÞûZ0Zi~ZIf[Æõzg{)ÃgnƒñZsxÃ7™äÅZ•ðÁÃÒÅìXZ‡ÆZÖp�:

On the other hand, the Muslims themselves must become fully

conscious of the fact that untill now they have done very little to

make the teachings of Islam fully understandable to the West. A

new, cogent presentation of Islam by Muslim thinkers and writers

is dispensable for a mutual understanding between the two

worlds of faith: for, the ideology of Islam contains many a points

which is not a priori clear or intellectually appealing to a Christian.

'Hence, it is the moral duty of the Muslims to bring the

intellectual premisses of Islam closer to the understanding of the

Christians. )611(

FÀ:LL›âVÃZk|»7gZ7gZÅgzZŠgZuƒ*ec�Z[JZrVäZsxÃZIf[Æ‚tëwz‡.ÞûZzg¸WzŠ@Z0Zi~7™äŹÁÃÒÅìXZsxZzgŠ*ñf[Æâ΢ÈÆatZ%Z•ð*¦k¢zg]»Šgzg‚ì�›y®+z!{3¨4è EE

GEZIf[Æ‚tZsxÅx]øWZ|[ZzgcZñ~7™,XtZkaÌ¢zg~ì�ZsòÛ§]ƹÐZßwZzgï]Z,��f[ÆèIz�Râjw~A(ñZ�ÛZŠÆa„CÙÃðYfšZzgæ7gnXŠg,ßg]›âV»èIzZܹ�Û9ì�z{ZsxÆ[zŠZø

06

Ãf[ÆíVÆû (intellectual premisses of Islam) qZ:ZßwÆŒÛdFÑNóóXZ‡f[Ƭ%îGZÜkÅZsxЊzg~»f)ŠZg(~uJñgzO›âV

„äŠZ…�:However, what may be described as "the popular mind" of Europe

and America has not yet been able to achieve a balanced attitude

vis-a-vis Islam and things Islamic. To a large extent it is the

Muslims themselves who are to blame for this state of affairs. On

the one hand, they have not succeeded in presenting Islamic

thought to the West in a continued, systematic manner, taking

Western mentality and Western literary associations fully into

consideration; and, on the other hand, Muslim assertions of their

religious and socio-political aims are often too strident to be

regarded as valid, objectively justif ied expressions in the

necessary dialogue between Islam and the West. )711(

LL˜VJZsxÆ!g}~-g\ZzgZ%MÆÀòf‚»mìÔZk FÀ:~ZsxZzgZkдZñgÆ!g}~áZiygztŠÚ~7McÔ(~uJZkÅf)ŠZg~›âV6¬ZƒCìXZq§sz{f[~Zsò„ÃZzgZsxÆ�xÃÚZzgˇ°{ŒÛÜÐ77™n�YèZrVäf!f†Zzgf!~*]zgD*]Ã7Ã7g3XŠzu~§s›âVäZLè<ØZzg�Yz(Ï£œÆ0�¼–ìz{¹Hz!ìZknZkÃëw¦g7HŠÔqÑèZsxZzgf[~k?ÆnëwZzgæÜ!]ìÅ¢zg]ìóóX

Z‡äf[~Šú]ZsxÆK~)ñgzO(›âVÅTêzÃ@„ZzgZIf[Åf6z„~RÃæÃgnƒñ¬gsZsxÅT¢zg]»f™HìZk»Zˆk‰Šzu}ZIDz„ÃÌìX¦Z1ZdZ0z~äÂâè~f[~

16

Šú]ZsxÆŸ~czZcÈZsxÅÃ@„ÃÂZsò@gõ»ZqŠ¥ZlÉÑouZyÆìw~LLZ¤f!Š*ZzgZsx»fvƒY@ÂM`Š*Å )811( zZ§ŒÛZgŠcìX

@gõ¼Zzg„ƒCpZ\kì�Z(7ƒeT»³wZÆîg6M`Zsò˜´Ûgì�XW`Zsò˜´TÝò~2�Zzgf[ÆZgZŠzVÆT§bz{@,ƒ‰�Ôf[�çn™g;ìZzg�öög;ìÔ'z{wZì

›âVÅZkÃ@„Å�›âVäz‰Ü6ZkÃ}Z»�x7‹cZzggÎwZv-·Z‡Å§b¦Z1ZdZ0z~tÌ )911( ZvmzÅÆ�xÐMÙ7¯cóóX

ë�:

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)021( gìóóX·Z‡äZsxZzgf[ÆŠgxy£Šxz“âÈ~$%Æn

f[~Šú]zVZsxÆ0XìÑ]»ZÖgHìz{ñ�Š{qÑ]~Z�Z%MZL-g8Z�Š-VZzg›á¤VZzgqí'ŠZgzVÉ7g~¸]z¤‰ÜЊ*ñZsxÐ'ukìÔZ•ðZÌgn�Xgú-z°~2ZzgmzZOŠ~¤‰Ü

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f[~Šú]ZsxD·Z‡Å»zØV»Y{

26

f[~Šú]zVZsx»»xAZëZzg¢zg~ìZÚ„ÂZzg*iuÌìXOçz{›Š¬>ZzgäÐSàdZ¦ZŠZzgZdŠâ©&6V»¾èìXf[~Šú]ZsxÆznÅOMzg~Æn¢zg~ì�äzŠ¬>ExZsð~�ZŠgugnƒVÔ·ŠezmÆ�Zzx]ÐÌl!MÇ{ƒVXz{f!i!âV6Š,kgnƒVX'×h'MVZIf[Åf6z„~RZyÅèI;]ZzgZyÆZ|[’kz½kÐÌMÙƒVÉZk~p[ZdŠgZÅ'g]gnƒVXð⛊Zøzg%ZŠƒs}Æ–w:

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36

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†ZÔ(äf[~Šú]zVZsxÅÕiÆÒy~X¢zg~ÑZ_Zzg_]]»f™HìZzgZq»x[ŠZ¦z+Æn�£gHgHìÔŠú]zVÆyZy~u¤x¿{w{w„Z,Z�ÛZŠƒVÐ�Zk67gZZFDƒVÐX@ë·Z‡

)421( ZLçÜeZË·qZv)8091D2002Y(ŧbCÙZ±gÐZk67gZZFD¸XZ‡ZL{0ZãzèIZzg�Rz�Y:©ZzgZLzWzr_·ZsxQZd

ZŠ!&6VÅ$zªZIf[Æ‚tZsxÅF)ã»zn4îg6Z�xŠ¶Å&¢gn¸Xz{f[~Šú]ZsxÅgZ{~Šg7g»zIV»Ì�ZZŠgZugn

Æ]Ztz{ZIf[Æ‚tèI Ò×Ûç]]Öß^ŒÂ×o΂…ÂÏçÖ`Ü ¸XƒÐZët�Zñgz)b6Z4Åi!yZzgõzg}~czW™äZzgZsxÆ�Zzx]Å

¸WŠ@Z|[zcZñ~ƒz=ô6hî\gn¸XOçZrVäZKZdZŠ!&6Vлxfƒñ(~%Š4Zzg'g]ÐZIf[Æ‚tZsxÅŠú]D&g=’kz½kCÙŠz§bÐD7ÅXf[~Šú]z¬gsZsx!ÖpŠvZsxÔ

9ZsxZzgZsò�dzÕyZzgÂxçÑ]Æ!g}~ZIf[Åß�V»ZiZ!ZzgZyÆ‚tZsxÅÇzZ-¦k7™*Ô2ZsxÆ�Zzx]ZzgZk

ÆZ©xz)bÅZyÅf6RÅg¬e™DƒñF)ãz=ô™*Z‡Å]Au¤ñV»ZëZzgãŠ~Ñz¸e¥xƒ@ìXZ‡äZKpŠâ“u¦“§]

Å"~uZuZÏÑÃ7Ãg3ìz{ZKu¦“ The Road to Mecca

Ÿ"ìGGL"Æ!g}~˜�: (The Road to Mecca) §]

LL~ä¤ÏШgH�ZKi0ÏŹãÉeZßVZzgZkÆfg=ÐÔpZ{Ä„¿eä6�~ZkŠÜ6Š{ÆZVä~抙zVÔ�f!f‚ZzgZsxÆŠgxyqbìX~äZsxÃÐz¾dgZ3Ð0cX~äìwH�Ht

46

ßg]icŠ{4:ƒÏ�~ZsxZzg›�dzçÑ]Æ!g}~fZC&òGWZ]zŠ!]Ãf!‡gMJà™ÔZsòZzgf!Š*ƒVÆŠgxy!b¢È~æŠÇgU"ƒVXWyÄßv��fçVÐZsxÆ0÷~§bÐ!]™M�X

~›yƒVZzg‚B„‚B#Z±gÐf!ƒVXZka~ZsxZzgf[ŠzâVZIf[ÃZsxÔ6�z{ìÔÐ )521( „ŬÓ:i!âV~czW™YƒVóóX

Zsx~ )621( ”gs™Zä»_/ZzgÎZ‡ÅŠzu~£?~Ì»g�ÛâÃMCìX�zÓ#ÖÆãŠ~ZßwÆñçq6ZKÂ[ÆŠâp~ZrVä–:

I am now placing it a new before the public in the hope that it may

contribute something towards a realization of the great dream

common to all those to whom "Islam" is more than an empty word,

as well as towards a better understanding of Islamic ideology by

the non -Muslim West - an understanding so vitally needed in our

time. )721(

ÍcZkÂ[Å"ÐZ‡Zsògc„Æ!g}~ZIf[ÅßZrVäŒÛMyœÆFÀz‚~ÌZLZkÑÃ7g~ �V»ZiZ!eT�X

§bÐ7Ãg3ìXz{ZkÆfg)ÐZIf[ÃŒÛMyÆ�xÐMÇ{™*eT�Xà:äŒÛMyœÆ!g}~f!Š*Æf~V~�ßxVaZ

Æfg)ZyÆ The Message of the Qur'an ™g¿�Z‡ZKFÀz‚ŒÛMy’kz"Æ‚B‚Bz{f!˜´Æ‰ )821( ZiZ!ÆnÃ�áVÃMD�X

¸ŒÛdzîC%Zœ)gZbZXk^WsZÚDZ¢2.çEGJiDßyDz){(Æ´z{Zy˜´

~u¤xZZsò¡VD›Z:eÛZÁÏZc)-DZöDZ}(ZzgZsîñMs-g\)ßy(z){ŧsÐÂ{»Ð²VZzgWÖèZ™{~õ¢Z]zh]7

´z{Zi,Zf!˜´~gi-Zzg8zny6z¤ZñV~Ì )921( ™DgìXZsò)bzñç¬]6ZsxƸ�ÅF)ãÆ´z{Zsx»¬gs7™D

YZ~ªxÆŠzgZy~Ì·Z‡FÀz‚ŒÛMy~'qzZìuÆ )031( gìX‚B‚B¬gszF)ãZsx»znÌZ�xŠïgìXOçZZsòñç¬]

56

Îõgi-ÐíƒäzZàZq )131( z)b6ZyÅÎõgi-ÐWNíƒCg�XWÐ0g¶§Zi�:

I was invited by the Swiss radio to deliver a very long talk on

Islam-since this talk was a very important one (it was a part of a

cycle of talks by some of Europe's leading intellectuals on various

important questions of the Present time), I had to prepare it very

carefully and consequently to spend some time on it' this talk, I

understand has caused a very great response from the public. )231(

Z‡äZyh]~ZsxZzgf[ÆâΣŠxz“ÆZò[zø»]»Y{hÆ´z{ZyŠzâVÆâÎk?z¢ÈÅÕi6ZÖgìwHXZy

h]~Z‡äŠ+ZsxÃZ+DSîZIf[DÆngZ{�]Zzg#b)331( zXŠ]Æîg67HX

·Z‡»Z|[Šú]Zsx·Z‡ä�dzÕyf[Ð%ú[zŠgñgzO›âVÔ�è<ØÃZq

�ÛΊ{zŠzgZi»ggCqìw™D�ÔZzgQZIf[Æ‚tZsxÅŠú]Ã7™Dƒñ�Z|[Z(gHìZkÆøfsU�g{múcV�:

ZrVäii0ÏÅyzúZzgízÑZzghz!ëÆ£gZ]Å”~Zã 1X=zûÅÃ@„zÚZzgZkÅŠgâ0Ïz¬b~ÃzZãzMDgZ™DƒñZyÅgzqãzZܹÔçÑCz(ÏZzgçÙi0ÏÅyzú~ZAòg”z@ZeÅZô`ÃzZãzZY¤HìX

ZrVäÂZFzöÆ‚BZK’kzV~Š+Zsx»·ŠezmÐZ 2X�Zsò�dzçÑ]»f!�dzçÑ]л.ÞzñZi:»§&»gZ(gHìX·ŠezmÆ�Zzx]6W~ó{eZàìXZqáZiyz™ÔçÑ{ƪx~Ô�Z�ÛZŠÅgzqãzZܹZzgâŠ~zKãZôY]ÅŠZzgZkÅf6z„~&6VÆ›zú~çzyƒÔZyÅ*»òÆZò[»Y{

66

7™DƒñZk![~Š+ZsxŸ]z&¢ZzgZkÅ»%ZEVÃZY¤HìX'×h'MVZrVäè<ØÐf!Š*ÅŒz]zZ�ZsZzgZkgzlÆË~gzúƒäzZàn{»g-VÃÜZsÐÒyHìXf!�dzÕyZzgZkƧi§]Ætz@gqUƒVÃúcV™DƒñÔZk6Zsò�dzçÑ]Ťz'F~ÃU"HìXZsò�dzçÑ]ÆõÍzá÷

ÃZrVä.e�ÏzMWÁZ0Zi~ÒyHìX

Z‡ä¬ÝZãSîŠ*ñf[Êg7Í*VÍV)bŲ£43ðYG

GVÃ�ä~ 3Xf[Æ(ÏzçÙÂñVÅ*»òzŠgâ0ÏÅzŸsÆ‚B‚BZkÆ

(ÅZô`zZãÅìXZkŸ~ social contract nZq6ç@{/Zã)ZrVäZsxÃZq�Šwç@{/ZãZzggZ{�]zXŠ]Æîg67H

)431( ìX

ZyÅŠú]»ãŠ~z%œ~Ntì�ÓxZŠcyzèZ<Ø2Zã=zûÆFZæ{Ãt;ñ§]Æ£«~ÜsZzgÜsZsx„ZqZ(Š+ZzgÛ§]

ì�ZyÅgzqãzZܹ¢zgc]ÅŠ»‚ây�ÛZë™äÆ‚BçÑCz(ÏZzg�Ri0Ï»ZqYì6z¤Zx7™@ìX@gõZsxÆZ’ZðÇ)Çt~zÜÄgZ”{(~ZsòÛ§]Ãii0Ï~o™ä»ZqZ•ð»x[Š/ƒ[ìXZsxM`ÌZqi0{¸]ìM`ÌZ+Êg7gzqãzZܹZzg�Yz(Ï)bZzgZåVÃ�äÅ7g~7g~¸]z&¢g‚ìXM`Z+TŠgŠ+ZsxÅ

)531( Z`ì�áhZkЬL:¶X~ÌŠ+ZsxÃ]h The Road to Mecca ·Z‡äZKu¦^ïIGLJwZsx

Z+Æn�ggZ{�]zXŠ]Ô7™DƒñZ,„ìÑ]»ZÖgHìXZyÆìw~)]h»Zy�xZsx»ÔÇt~-ZvmzÅÆZâVÐÌ(|™Z`ìXM`»ZyZÐZŠ~îg6„7É]hçÑ{¨ù¦�]z#b»Z`ìXZ‡7g}¢Ðë�:

'the ideal placed before them by the Arabian Prophet thirteen

76

centursies ago' I thought, that we latecomers needed that

message even more desperately than did the people of

Muhammad's time. 'The world in which I was living, the whole of

it, was wobbling because of the absence of any agreement as to

what is good and evil spiritually and, therefore, socially and

economically as well. I did not believe that individual man was in

need of "salvation": but I did believe that modern society was in

need of salvation. More than any previous time, I felt with

mounting certainty, this time of ours was in need of an ideological

basis for a new social contract: it needed a faith that would make

us understand the hollowness of material progress for the sake of

progress alone- and nevertheless would give the life of this world

its due; that would show us how to strike a balance between our

spiritual and physical requirements: and thus save us from the

disaster into which we were rushing headlong. )631(

šµ·Z‡äZsxÆ�Zzx]ZzgZ©xz)bŨz=ôZkîgÐÅì��]hZyÆn‡.ÞûƒX�–w¦Ñy0z~Zzg¦Z1ZÑdñŠzŠ~]hf—VÃZsxÆ›ëf‚d™ZnZzgŠ+zè<ØÆ!g}~ZyÆ

Šú]ZsxÆŸ~Z‡ÆZ|[z!-:÷EXEÆèÃg{á÷ )731( 2]»ZiZ!™nX

ZyÅ]’kzV~7g~§bлg�ÛâÃMD�XŠú]Zsx!ÖpŠvZsxŃz=ôÆK~ZyÆçÜ+~ЦZ1ZÑdñŠzŠ~Zzg¦ÚLÆZ|[

)831( ~̸g8ÃW@ìX

·Z‡Ådz„~ZzgŠúC»zØVÆZWZ]z}ò:Z¤pZ‡Å’kzVäp›âVƨ[zZf;yÃÌMWHì@ëZyÅ

ZyÅ£?f[ )931( dz„~ZzgŠúCu¤ñV»icŠ{ZWfçV6%AƒZìX

86

~ZsxƸW¬gs»zaU"ƒð�ÔXÆ_·ÐpV|âVhÃgZ{@Ze‚ƒðìX¼Šâ›f!ŠZøzgzVäZ‡Åóg�á]Ð’q0™f[zæt~ZsxÅF)ãzz»ªÅgZ{Z(gÅìXZy~%*@)zÑŠ]:4391Y(Zzgczsð\g]»g%ZŠƒsâyÔðâ›ZzgŒÛMyˆÅði!y~

áWÃÒ¤*)zÑŠ]:4391Y&æs/Zsx0691Y(Zzg-ãzg;MsØk~ZsòÆgzbgzZV·Z‡�g{m Tucson zætz«Å@gõÆZ*ŠZzgZsîW

‡.Þf™�X%*@ZLZsxŧs¤V¤V−Mä~·Z‡Åu¦“JwIslam at the Å&òG|z’qÅ2s�ÂZyÅ The Road to Mecca Zsx

ÃZKf6z„~ú~ZqZë¬ï¤ŠZ„�Xñ߆Z‡Å¸yZ™ Crossroads

"6û{™Dƒñg¶§Zi�:"The importance of this book cannot be overstated - as The Road

to Mecca inspired her to embrace Islam, so Islam at the

Crossroads not only left a decisive impact on her thought but also

determined the direction of her entire literary career. Without this

book, non of the reviewer's own books could have been written. A

classic on the subject, It has exerted much influence on thinking

Muslims throughout the World. )041(

%ZŠƒsâyÌ%*@ŧb·Z‡Å£?ZzgZ°gzìÑ]Ð�}ðâ›ÃÒ¤*ÃZsxÆŠg6Ñä~¦ñŠzŠ~Æ )141( îgÐMWƒñ�X

Æ´z{·Z‡Å Towards Understanding Islam ÆZôm~FÀ …‰^Öä�mßn^lˆã)M7´(Åâ›H+†Zv )241( äêÁ™ŠZgZŠZHX The Road to Mecca

Ì·Z‡Å’kzV!<mZyÅu¦“JwZsxÆ_·Ð (Tazin Abdullah)

Michael ¼Z(„âZZ%Oâ›eZË·Z‡) )341( MWƒ™æs/ZsxƒNXÔ)-ZöZ}(ÆZqZë Tucson ÔzÑŠ]:5491Y(�Zkz‰ÜZsîç Berdine

f)ŠZgZzg-ãzg;MsØk~ZsòZzgætz«Å@gõÆZ*Š�ÔÆ‚B7)441( McX

96

f! (contribution) f[~Šú]z¬gsZsxÆK~·Z‡ÆŠ+Z�ÛZŠÆ¨[zZf;y6ZWZ]Æ7Ã%ZŠƒsây»Itì:

We are close enough to the end of the 20th century to verify that

nobody during the last 100 years has surpassed the Austrian

Muhammad Asad (formerly Leopold Weiss of Jewish descent) in

his monumental contribution to the explanation and propagation of

Islam in the West. His impact is not only due to the respect paid to

his deep wisdom and learning; the moral qualifications of this

intrepid Muslim earned him equal recognition. )541(

·Z‡Ådz„~ZzgŠúC»zØVÅ)q¢~sezZÊe!,!tI"Y:ƒÇ�·Z‡äZsxZzgf[ÆâÎgZ‚Z2Zg™ä

ÔZyŠzâVÆâÎqbUÃ0UZzgZq§bÐ>Þ‚i~»»g*)Z�xŠcìX!ÖpŠvZIf[Æ‚tZsx»ÇzZ-¥c7™äÅZq¸WZzg»x[ÃÒ

)Z%M(ÆækŒñZ°°ÆZÖp~: ]Ά]ð �â„C )641( ÅìXMuhammad Asad stood alone among contemporary Muslims for

his extraordinary perception of, and contribution to Islam. With his

command of the English language, his knowledge of the Bible and

Biblical sources, as well as Jewish history and civilization, Asad

was more successful than most in communicating to Muslim and

non-Muslim readers the essence of Isalm in both its historical and

timeless context. As Islam enters the most critical phase of its

development in the West, Muhammad Asad's legacy assumes an

urgency no thinking Muslim can afford to ignore. )741(

11m1002YÃzq5kƒäzZázZu]ƈÐTîgÐf!SîZ%Oà:z!{3¨4è EE

GEZzgfgZùZšräZsxZzgZkÆcz»gzVÃ@s¯1ìZzg

07

Zk )841( ŠzâVÅ�Z•ð*”{Zzg@gq¦kZIf[Æ‚t7ÅYg„ìÔÚø~·Z‡Åóg�á]ÅZÊe¬Æ£«~}icŠ{(|ˆìXf[~Šú]Zsx‰Zë»xЊpgpzZßVÃZ‡ÆZ|[ÐG(~gÉð�ÛZëƒ$ËìX

jZÙ·Z‡ÆZjZwzWUgÔdz„~»zØVZzg£?z@c]ƬgsÆa5±ƒ: )1(

Ismail Ibrahim Nawwab, "A Matter of Love: Muhammad Asad and Islam,"

Islamic Studies, 39:2 (2000), 155-232; Murad Hofmann, "Muhammad Asad:

Europ's Gift to Islam," Islamic Studies, op. cit.,pp.233-248.

ZsxZzgf[ÆâΓÆZò[Æ!g}~Z‡ÆìÑ]Æ!g}~5±ƒ: )1X[(

Islam at the Crossroads, Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf 6th edn, 1975

pp 62-82; Idem, The Road to Mecca, London: Max Reinhardt, 1954, pp. 3-7;

Idem, This Law of Ours, Gibraltar: Dar-al-Andalus,1987, pp. 119-128.

Zkñçq6Šv¼Š›z)›!{3¨4è EEGEäÌZÖgìwHìX5±ƒ:

Mahmoud M. Ayoub, "Roots of Christian-Muslim Conflict", The Muslim World ,

Lxxix:1 (1989): 25-45; Rollin Armour Sr, Islam, Christianity and the West: A

Troubled History, New York: Orbis Books, 2000.

2) Islam at the Crossroads, p. 63

°lVÆ!g}~-¥â]Æn5±ƒ: 3(

S. Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 3 Vols., Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 1951-54; Stanley Lane-poole, Saladin and the Fall of the

Kingdom of Jerusalem, Lahore: Sind Sagar Academy (n.d.).

4) Islam at the Crossroads, pp. 66-68; The Road to Mecca, pp. 6-7

5) The Road to Mecca, pp. 6-7

6) Islam at the Crossroads, pp. 67,70-71; See also: The Road to Mecca, pp. 6-7

7) Islam at the Crossroads, p. 79

8) Islam at the Crossroads, p. 71.

°lVÆZ0ÖÆ\úZx6ZWZ]2›âVÆÜsZyÅzX:»ggzZÇVÆ!g}

17

~5±ƒ:T.B. Irving, Islam Resurgent: The Islamic World Today , Lahore: Suhail

Academy, 1983, pp. 1-10, especially Ch.I (Andalusia and the Crusades: the

European Face to Islam) pp. 11-23.

9) Islam at the Crossroads, p. 74

10) Islam at the Crossroads, p. 73

Ÿi�ÛZú…z'zZÉ42.ç HGJä4171Y~ÆÄZyÐ (Muhammad and Fanaticism) La Fanatisme Ou Mahomet Le Prophet

�ˆ~ZkäZKZqŠzu~ ZqegZ)–åT~|]·åÅ*‡.Þt¦k7ŶZqxæ'zxZyÅ Ã (~9Zsxå Essays on Morals)Essai sur Les moeurs ’k

ßg]~Ì7HX5±ƒ:eÚXâ.e~zZ^ÔLLà:»_Åœî0Zsxóó)áÀ:ÉZº(ÔÔ8:4)ZÆ'XŠc8991Y(Ôm33X'×h5±ƒ: Â^ÖÜ]‰¡Ý]æ…ÂnŠ^ñnk

Hichem Djait, Europe and Islam, Berkeley: University of California Press,

1985, pp. 21-23.

Norman Daniel, Islam, Europe and Empire, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University

Press, 1966, p. 25.

11) The Road to Mecca, p. 7

ZsxÆ!g}~f[ÆgzbÐ0Z‡äXìÑ]»ZÖgHìX½ãZ4»Z¬Š{Zq(ä̹ìX5±ƒ: Gai Eaton Šzu}â›ÃåzŠZøzgŒ†ZÔ)

Gai Eaton, Islam and the Destiny of Man, Lahore: Suhail Academy, 1997,

pp. 16-19

(¸„ª)›f!'ìTäŒÛzyz«ZzgÇ]h Norman Daniel *gðe"545ÿ GEGJ) 21(Æf!\z·Š~fYzZŠ!YŧsЊZ·îg6ZsxÅx]Ã*™äZzg9ZsxåÆ!g}~ß�VÃZ¸gäÅÃ@VÆÑbz$iû EÐY}Æ´z{Z]4lç

GIZt(Æ(ÏzZOŠ~ø»]!ÖpŠv›ZZxz˜´6„zºÅ¾nÐ Orientalism)

Z]4lçGIZtZzgf[ÅZEg~¤!VÆâÎS�hÃMDgZHìX5±ƒ:

Norman Dniel, Islam and the West: The Making of an Image, 1960, Oxford:

Oneworld, 1993, repr. 1997; Idem, Islam, Europe and Empire, op. cit.

â.e~zZ^äZk|»Z‹ZsZK¼Š’kzV~Hì5±ƒ:eÚXâ.e~zZ^Ô 31(LLà:»_·ZsxóóÔjZ!èÃg{Ô,]82D92X'×h5±ƒ:

27

W. Montgomery Watt, The Majesty that was Islam, London: Sidgwick &

Jackson, 1974, pp. 247-248; Idem, Islam and Christiani ty Today: A

Contribution to Dialogue, London: Routledge & Kagen Paul, 1983, p.4.

14) The Road to Mecca, pp. 4-5

Z‡äZsxŧsÐf[ÃÑh;CpsZzgZ03VÐ0�ìwªCÙHìXZqŠzu}⛊ZøzgK!Zgz8)x:3002Y(äZk»Z¬Š{ZyZÖp~Hì:

"The [Western] world worries about Islam because it has a system of values

and these are dangerous if they are taken seriously since they act a basis for

conduct. It is a coherent civilization or culture", See: Thomas B. Irving, Islam

Resurgent: The Islamic World Today , op. cit., P.I

15) The Road to Mecca, p. 5

16) The Road to Mecca, p. 291

17) Arnold J. Toynbee, Civilization on Trial, London: Oxford University Press,

1949, pp. 21-22.

-Y{Æn5±ƒ: 81(

Jochen Hippler and Andrea Lueg, The Next Threat: Western Perceptions of

Is lam, London: Pluto Press, 1995; Robert Spencer, Islam Unveiled:

Disturbing Questions about the World's Fatest Growing Faith, San Francisco:

Encounter Books, 2002; H.T. Norris, Islam in Balkans: Religion and Society

between Europe and the Arab World, Columbia; University of South Carolina

Press, 1993,p. 258; John L. Esposito, The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality,

New York: Oxford University Press, 1992, reper, 1999, pp. 212-289.

ZkŸ~Z%OŠZøzg§L4545»4èXEHEYHE�g{m‡.Þf™ìXñßsäLL�'VÆ£Šx» 91(

Ãt7™ÆZsxÃf!�dÆnZqLLç{óóÆîg67™Dƒñ¸]z¤‰ÜÆZEwÐZkÅØ0Åz»ªÅìX5±ƒ:

Samuel P. Huntington, Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World

Order, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997.

èÃg{giðÄÆItÔiâ:"Zzg-g8ZŠ[6ZkÆZWZ]ÆY{Æa5±ƒ: 02(

Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1974, 2:740.

21) The Road to Mecca, p. 7.

37

22) Muhammad Asad, This Law of Ours, p. 124; Islam at the Crossroads, p. 74

23) Islam at the Crossroads, pp. 62-64

à:ÅÀò;]ÆY{Æa5±ƒ:Hichem Djait, Europe and Islam, Ch.3 (European Scholarship and Islam), pp.

42-73

24) Islam at the Crossroads, p. 64

à:Åî]ZzgZyÆZsxz9ZsxÆ!g}~ìÑ]z¦gZ]Æ!g}~5±ƒ:Daniel J. Vitikus, "Early Modern Orientalism", Michael Frasseto and David R.

Blanks (Eds), Western Views of Islam in Medieval and Early Modern Europe,

op. cit, pp. 207-230; Albert Hourani, Islam in European Thought, Cambridge:

1991; Maxime Rodinson, "The Western Image and Western Studies of

Islam", Joseph Schacht and C.E. Bosworth. (Eds.), The Lagacy of Islam,

Oxford and New York: 1979, pp. 9-62; Idem, A Critical Survey of Modern

Studies on Muhammad, "Marlin L. Swartz (Ed. and Tr.), Studies on Islam,

New York: 1981, pp. 23-85; Alan M. Gunther, "The Image of the Prophet as

Found in Missionary Writings of the Late Nineteenth Century", The Muslim

World, 90: 1(2000): 43-70; Jabal Muhammad Bauben, Image of the Prophet

Muhammad in the West: A Study of Muir, Margolioth and Watt, Leicester:

The Islamic Foundation, 1996; Samir Khalf; "Protestant Images of Islam:

Disparaging Stereotypes Reconfirmed, " Is lam and Christian-Muslim

Relations, 8:2 (1997): 211-229; Muhammad Benaboud, "Orientalism on the

Revelation of the Prophet: The Cases of W. Montgomery Watt, Maxime

Rodinson and Duncan Black Macdonald", American Journal of Islamic Social

Sciences, 3:2 (1986): 309-321; Ahmad Gunny, Preceptions of Islam in

European Writings, Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, 2004; Jan. Smith,

"Christian Missionary Views of Islam in the 19th-20th Centuries", in Zafar, I.

Ansari and John L. Esposito (Eds), Muslims and the West: Encounter and

Dialogue, Islamabad: 2001.

25) The Road to Mecca, p. 75

26) The Road to Mecca, pp. 75,190

*gðe"545ÿ GEGJÆ!g}~5±ƒ:qí21XZ]4lçGIZt6ZizgeGÅWZ]Æn5±ƒ: 72(

47

Edward W. Said, Orientalism, London: Routledge, 1978; Idem, Covering

Islam, New York: Pantheon Books, 1981; Idem, Reflection on Ex ile and

Other Li terary and Cultural Essays, London: Granta Books, 2001,

(Orientalism, pp. 356-371; Idem, "Orientalism Revisited" Dawn, August 11,

2003; Idem, "Orientalism Revisited: Manufactured Clash of Civilizations",

Dawn, August, 12, 2003.

72D[(ZÞ,œ~ÆÛMyЊ*ñZsx~¼ŠZ,ÖZzgŠZøzg©¬x6%ŠZgƒñ�MVäZsxZzgf!�dÆâÎËãŠ~ZzgÇz�CÙ~�ÛtzZ%sÐZïgHZzgf!�dzçÑCZŠZgÇ.ÞǤŠZ*XOçZrVä¬%îGZÜkÃÌZkÅÇzÕàÅ6izg@NzSÅXZkŸ~u¦Z£{y)7181D8981Y(ƈ�¢6ÆMYÍuZ©)5881D4291Y(»*x�g{m‡.Þf™ìX¸yZ™f!�dÆãŠ~Zßwz¦gZ]

�°ZixZzg¸è64)DZix(z){ÇZsxÆo°ìw7™D)u¦ÆìÑ]ÆÔ ÚŠ×ÜÚÛ^ÖÔÚn6]‰¡Únk]æ…ÚdženkÒoÒ�ÛÓ� !g}~5±ƒ:¦Z1ZdZ0z~Ô

jZ!èÃg{Ô,]59D501X¸yZ™ÆìÑ]zZ°gÆn5±ƒÔÂ[èÃg{Ô,]16D66X�0ÎyÆœg¾w6zmæsÔ�LLgz×ìwzZŠZwIZsxóóƦgÆbŠZgz6egu�ZzgZsxZzgf!�dÆâÎñZkzëM°eT�ÔÌZsxZzg�°Zix

ÆâÎÃð�ÛtzZ%sìw7™DÔ:„z{f!§ii0ÏÔ§i]kz§i1Šz!lÃZsxÅ�Rz�YŠgzVÆo°ìw™D�X'×h'MVÂx½Ã´îg6�°ãŠzV6‡ì™*eT�)FÅƽ¾wÔZkZyÆgŸ�á{z·gŸ�á{U~ZzgZjjyÆZ÷ZâyZv{yŧb(X¾w6zmæsƧi„zìÑ]ZzgZyÆW~Y{Æn5±ƒ:6zWpgæZ£ÔLLÃZsx?(Zzgæs»Ôc·²!å»?óóÔF)yZÅMyÔ231:3)âga5002Y(Ô,]3D82X

28) Islam at the Crossroads, pp. 36-37, 41-42, 44-45; Muhammad Asad, "The

Causes of Our Stagnation", Arafat, 1:4 (Dec. 1946), pp. 99-100

Z‡äf!�dzÕyÆX7ÁÜZzgZkÆãŠ~á÷»f™HìZyüŠŠzu}ZIDäÌÜZsÐZY¤HìX5±ƒ:¦@¾ÔLLf!pÄÅa,óó

Ô8:1)†g~Dâga8991Y(Ô,]41D82Ô'×h Â^ÖÜ]‰¡Ý]æ…ÂnŠ^ñnk )áÀ:2kZ−+fð(Ô5±ƒ:

Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas, Islam and Secularism, Lahore: Suhail

Academy, 1998, pp. 1-14.

29) Islam at the Crossroads, p. 43

30) Muhammad Asad, "Is Religion a Thing of the Past?", Arafat, 1:2 (Oct. 1946):

57

38-40; Islam at the Crossroads, pp. 36-37

31) Is Religion a Thing of the Past?, op. cit., pp. 41-42, 46.

¸x64ÆX¢‡ÅZ‡ä¶yŠ„ÅìÔMg&Óå EHZNí!äÌZk|ÃtHìXZkÅgZñ~¸x64»¦gZq$~ZzgCR¸]U"ƒZìX5±ƒ:

Arnold J. Toynbee, Christianity Among the Religions of the World, New York:

Charles Scriber's Sons, 1957, pp. 79-81.

32) Is Religion a Thing of the Past? op. cit, pp. 40-42, 46

33) Islam at the Crossroads, p. 34.

34) Islam at the Crossroads, pp. 32-33, 36-55-56; The Road to Mecca, pp. 70-71

35) Islam at the Crossroads, pp. 57-58; The Road to Mecca, pp. 55-59,70-71.

Z‡äf!�dÆX@gqUƒVÃZY¤HìXZ4Z]~®â´0ÑZzg1ûÆ‚.œg¬àY{³]·za)5291D3002Y(äÌZkÃp[ZY¤HìX5±ƒ:

Alija Ali Izetbegovic, Islam between East and West, Indianpolis: American

Trust Publications, 2nd rev. edn. 1989; Malek Bennabi, Islam in History and

Society (Trans. Asma Rashid), Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, 1988,

pp. 33, 61-72.

ŠYwƪ#ÖÐI¼gZzgZkÆZz™s»E™{,ÐZqŠgzgzZc]~zZgŠƒZìX 63(ÃZqŠg~Zk»!kxE™{Â[ZŨ4è

EGEzZŸ3Æfs~ƒZìÔ5±ƒ:9›ÔÂ[ZŨ4èEGEÔ![f™Z−YwÔug1637D2837zòZ!ŠZƒŠÔ![yz`Z−YwÔug5134D4234

37) The Road to Mecca, pp. 292-295; see also: Muhammad Asad, "And Why

Not Western Civilization," Arafat, 1:6 (Feb. 1947), pp.187-190.

Z‡Æ´z{‰Šzu}›ŠZøzgzVÔøwñÑ*†ZÓ]ŠgcM!Š~ÔäÌf!�dzÕy]‰¡ÝIÚŠ×Û^á]æ…i`„mgq‚m‚ ÊYwШHìX5±ƒ:ñÑ*†ZÓ]ŠgcM!Š~Ô

)%û:·ñ.y(Ô©gM!Š:�|DZOòR†Ô4002YÔ®Zµ°h{X¸gC›ŠZøzgZuZgÆÄZyЊz¢zV~Â["ÅìT~]hf!¤!VZzgZyÅ �q^Ù ¬ÝäÂ

M!»gZZx�{ÅsäñÊYwƼgÅ«!Ÿ‚^ŒÛZgŠcŠìXZyÅgZñ~ZZx�{»egRÔ[ŠYw»egRìX¬ÝZsx6¬Ýmz·Še»„ZzgZZx�{»ªx

Ôуg:ZŠZg{&]Ô4002YÔSî`1Ô �q^Ù ¼gŠYw„ÅZßg'�X5±ƒ:ZuZg¬ÝÔ![1)¢zg]Ú!(,]11D48X‡ŠcEVÅуg~�ácÆZ÷ñÑ*·Zуg~äÌf[

Å\ZZxZzgZyÅ�dzÕy!<m‚bZzg(ßY~ZkŪ]Z0F¶VZzgÔуg:Z£tZ³ en^á]Öφ�á ZÁÃ]zZXŠZ]ÊYwШHìX5±ƒ:ñÑ*·Zуg~Ô

67

Z�á®ZsxÔ8831YÔ2:118D518XŠYwÅ|ZzgZkƼgÆ!g}~›âVÆZ¯ò)´Æ¦gZ]ZzgŠzg]hƉÖZzgŠZøzgzV)øw·Z‡(Æ$©�î EG0ÃÆn5±ƒ:

Zeki Saritopark, "The Legend of al-Dajjal (Anti-Christ): The Personification of

Evil in the Islamic Tradition", The Muslim Wrold , 93:2 (2003): 291-308.

38) The Road to Mecca, pp. 292-293.

39) The Road to Mecca, pp. 294, 308-310

Å‚~(}�Z0Zi~]hŠzgÅâŠe64ZzgZkÆ ]ÖjÓ^$† Z‡äŒÛMyœÅÎg]ƒÜu}ò»f™HìX·Z‡ÃZkÎg]~]hf[ÅǦkÃMCìX5±ƒ:

Muhammad Asad, The Message of the Qur'an, Gibraltar: Daral-Andelus,

p. 973,fn. 1,3

40) The Road to Mecca, pp. 294-295. See also. Muhammad Asad, "Construction

or Destruction?, "Arafat, 1:6 (Feb. 1947): 187-188, 191-192.

41) Muhammad Asad, "That Business of Imitation", Arafat, 1:7 (April 1947)

p. 203.

42) That Business of Imitation, op, cit., pp. 215; See: also, Construction or

Destruction? op. cit., pp. 190-191; The Road to Mecca, p. 305

42-b) Construction or Deconstruction?, op. cit., pp.190-191.

43) The Road to Mecca, p. 295; See also: Construction or Destruction? op. cit,

p. 191

ZÂ{2:71D81 44(

Ô™Zc:>íc]ZsxÔ9591YÔ`1Ôm:07D17 iËŠn†Ú^q‚p ñÑ*†ZÓ]ŠgcM!Š~Ô 54(

ìÑ]ÆY{Æn5±ƒ:цZÔÔ z f!�dÆ!g}~eZË·ZDwÆZ°g 64(„ZDwÔуg:)xZDw8891Y)‚ÂZV![:f!�dzÕy6´)ZDwÅW(Ô

)уg(94:1Ô2 ]Îf^Ù ,]391D932X†ZhÔþLL�'V»»©_·:„ZDwÅgzÝ~óóÔ�â„)†g~DZ6s2002Y(Ô,]31D04;{−E~ÔZDwZzg›•ÔZsxM!Š:Šú>ZOòÔ2002YXâ´0ÑÅW�df[Æ!g}~5±ƒ:

Malek Bennabi, Islam in History and Society, pp. 33, 62-72.

46[) Is Religion a thing of the Past?, Arafat, 1:2 Oct. 1946), p. 49; The Road to

Mecca, pp.2-3, 295.

77

Zyf!ŠZøzgzV~Mg&Óå EHDZNí!Ðᙧb4545»4èXEHEYHEZzg�ÛZ1¯ÃcâJZq¤z{M 74(

�áïìXMg&Óå EHDZNí!�Ôf!�dzÕyÔ§i§]ZzgZkÆÂx(„zÓ#Ö2ZkÆŠ~Š*~u®ÐÓf6*iZVìXf[Æ(ÏŠ!]ZzgZkÆ/g~z(ÏZŠZgzVÃZã„zûZzgZ¿ŠZ]zZºZ¬]ÅcZ`ìw™@ìX5±ƒ:

Arnold J. Toynbee, The Present Day Experiment in Western Civilization,

London: Oxford University Press,1962, pp. 24-50; Idem The World and the

West, London: Oxford University Press, 1954, pp. 1-84.

�ÛZ1¯Ãcâ]hf[!<mZ%MÆ(ÏzçÙÂxZzgZkÅ�Rz�YZŠZgÃ=ZãÅMy~Zzg¬zîŠgcÄìw™@ìX5±ƒ:

Francis Fukuyama, "History and September 11", Kenbooth and Tim Dunne

(eds), Worlds in Collision: Terror and the Future of Global Order , New York:

Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, pp. 28-29

¯Ãcâ»Iì�Zã@gõZLZg»YÆ‚g}%Zið™_ìZzgZk»My~x{f[»�°/g~ÂxZzgMiZŠr~ÅuìXZ[Ãð2wu™äÆn7`ÔZ[Ãð*Âx7MñÇXZ�4545»4è

XEHEYHE»Iì�f!�d�Zkz‰Ü¬@�dìZzg�‚g~Š*ÃZK�~á™ZÐqg8¯äÆ6~ìÔZk»Šzu~�'V!<mZsò�dУŠx*¦kìX¯»câÆìÑ]Æ-_·ÆaŠ&ÀŸ/õ GG:

Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, London: Penguine,

1993.

§L4545»4èXEHEYHEZzg�ÛZ1¯ÃcâÆìÑ]ÆW~Y{ÆaŠ&ÀŸ/õ GG:†Z;kÐÔLLf[Zzg

Ô821:5)#1002Y(Ô,]74D35;z„'ÔLLF¹Zzg i†qÛ^á]Öφ�á ZsxD�'V»£ŠxóóÔÔ721:3)âga0002Y(,]34D65X i†qÛ^á]Öφ�á Z_gxóó

Z%OœgYg`(ZzgŠvÇhZgZy±ÂZk»ZÖgFF!g™`�XZ¤ß~zikZW|-' 84((äÌtŠ“ðW~™*¢zg~ìwH�f!�dÃZsò�d6 Silvio Berlusconi Åh½ðã)

š—zFŠŠºtz¤qÝìñßsÆZÖp~:"We should be conscious of the superiority of our civilization which consists

of a value system that has given people widespread prosperity in those

countries that embrace it, and gurantees respect for human rights and

religion. This respect certainly does not exits in the Islamic Countries". See:

U. Schmetzer, "Leader says Islam is Inferior to the West", Tribune News

Services, September 28, 2001.

87

fZ!Abdelaziz Testas, "Models of Cultural Exclusion and Civilizational Clashes",

Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 14:2 (2003): 183.

Zg�áŠZ£›ãÔLLf!Zzg)f! œg(ZzgZOÆzikZWÆìÑ]Æ!g}~5±ƒ:Ô3&ZÆ'1002YÔm01X qß- Š*Å>ÏDœg(»Ò‹tóóÔgzi*)

48[) The Road to Mecca, pp. 295-296

LLYèf!�dZyÅZ½¦zZÐZŠ~¢zgc]ÔZkÆKãzâŠ~_]]ZzgZkÅgzqãZjVÆŠgxyÃðÂZiyaZ7™mìXZkäZLŠ*Š´zgzqãuâtZzgÂÄZܪ]

ÃÂí!ŠÈŠcìpZkÅ(6ËŠzu}ZܹÂx»ZOx7™m'f!ZZx"C{dz‚³F¶VÆ!z�ŠZKÈzZÉ:pZ÷]6‡10ä~*»xg„�Xf!ZZxÅÑözŠz"Îxdz‚³FªVÔZL�~kz]wÔ¬K$Z*ÔZ_gzZ*gÅZzgZ�ÛZ~z"ìÃaƒñ�'ZqFè<ØÅx]Ðøzxf!ZyZKdz‚³F¶V

ÅgzÝÐÇÃZ{ZVäЇÜz¬bìX£xÀì�ZkƒÆ!z�Š[¾zgZzg�RZ*+~2f[ÆßvZkiø~2��Z4Å�dŠ*ÃgzÝZzgä]zXŠ]«™nÏXOçZ¤ZVgƒ,ZzgZÞ,œ~~ZrVämÅŠ*½~Z�á®ZzgjÆ0ÎeåÂW`z{mÅOñf!�dZzg§i§]Ê*6™™äZzgZko{ÅZ�á®ÆaÃ�áV��ÓxFZã)b»g{âVÔŠ/ǃVZzgZ°ZŠzÑgÆ

~iKYM�óó (Desks of Statistics) %Zœ49) Is Religion a thing of the Past?, Arafat, 1:2 (Oct. 1946): 49.

50) Muhammad Asad, "Construction or Destruction?" Arafat 1:6 (Feb. 1947):

187-188; See also: The Road to Mecca,pp. 294-295.

51) Islam at the Crossroads, p. 99.

52) Islam at the Crossroads, pp. 98-99

53) Islam at the Crossroads, pp. 2-3, 40-41

54) Islam at the Crossroads, pp. 32-33; Muhammad Asad, "This Law of Ours",

Arafat, 1:4 (Dec. 1946), pp. 101-103

55) Muhammad Asad, "Construction or Destruction", pp. 170-174.

56) Muhammad Asad, "The Outline of a Problem", Arafat, 1:1 (Sep. 1946),

pp31-32.

57) Islam at the Crossroads, p. 54.

97

Æ´z{ Islam at the Crossroads Zzg The Road to Mecca Z‡äZK£?~Ð 85(C²Ã]~,·ZL£Ñ]~øŠzâV�'VÅgzbÔZyÆo,Zzg{gYbCÙ»»©Y{7HìZzgZyÆâÎñ�Š�CÙ~�ÛtzZ%sÃzZãHìX

59) Is Religion a Thing of the Past?, op. cit.,pp. 41, 59

60) The Outline of a Problem, op. cit,. pp. 14-15; Islam at the Crossroads,

pp.109-110

61) Islam at the Crossroads, p. 61

62) Islam at the Crossroads, pp. 103, 106-107; Construction or Deconstruction?

op. cit., p. 184

63) Islam at the Crossroads, pp. 101, 109-110, 150

64) Islam at the Crossroads, pp. 108-109, 184

65) Islam at the Crossroads, pp. 100, 104-105; That Business of Imitation, op.

cit., p. 212.

]hZkZy~fš)¾[iŠÏ(ÆÜsizgŠZgWzZiz;VÆ�gZY:ógz*zwâö°wWwZ£)3291D9691Y(ä—ÅXZkä·gŸ�á{)1491D8791Y(ŧsÐo~f!�RzçÑCZŠZgÅFzóÃZkZã¸xÅ�Rz�Y•zpŠZgZŠeÃPó™äÆáZŠs

(ªozçÑ{Ãf!g8~g8Š¶Å Westernization ŒÛZgŠcåXZkäfš) 0ŒÃLL¾[iŠÏóó»*xŠcX°wWwZ£ÆˆtZ˜b!<m‰ŠzfšÆ*Š+

z#5Å’kzV~Ò]ÐZEwƒCg„X°wWwZ£ÅWf[Æ!g}~5±ƒ:

Jalal Al-i-Ahmad, Occidentosis: A Plague From the West (Trans. R.

Campbell; ed. Hamid Algar), Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1984; Wahid Akhtar

"The Evil of Westernization - A Review Article", Al-Tawhid, IV:1 (Sep. - Nov.

1986): 153-170.

66) "The Outline of a Problem", op. cit., p. 16; Islam at the Crossroads, p. 109.

67) "Is Religion a Thing of the Past?", op. cit., pp. 53-54, 59; Islam at the

Crossroads, pp. 101-104

68) Islam at the Crossroads, p.103; That business of Imitation", op. cit., p.200.

69) That Business of Imitation, op. cit., p.205

70) Islam at the Crossroads, p. 103

08

71-A) That Business of Imitation", op. cit., pp. 205-206

71-B) Islam at the Crossroads, pp. 103-107.

72) Islam at the Crossroads, pp. 99-100

73) Islam at the Crossroads, p. 91

74) Islam at the Crossroads, pp. 83-84

75) Islam at the Crossroads, pp. 85-86

76) That Business of Imitation, op. cit., pp. 193-194, 199, 204.

77) Islam at the Crossroads, pp. 94-95

f!ZŠ[ÆXá÷ZzgZyÆZWZ]z}ò»E™{·Z‡äHìZkÆo]ÆnEah}ŠÑbZzgØZ@Å¢zg]7X-g\ÆÁz�ÓxZŠ!˜0g}èIg8~gfƒñ�ZzgZsxZzg›âVÆ!g}~ƒzßÃ~Т�)5±ƒ:ÔZ/

)™Zc(Ô°Š42)4002Y(Ô,] q†m‚å 0z~ÔLLf[Ƭ@ZŠ!˜0g}èI˜0g}�óóÔÃZkK~ZqZd The Divine Comedy (ÆZŠ!˜0g} Dante 991D212(XŠZ…)

VwÆîg67HYYìXZk~9åZzgM\ÆczƒVÅuŠgz#ňìXZôm~~ZLèI�ZZzgz‰Ü (äÌZKóg�á] Chaucer i!yÆ�g�á²ZzgZY:ógeƒu)

ƬxŠ´gD*]ÃÈäÅÃÒÅì²ZsxÊzZ¬ZY»¶:¯cìX¾nŠZ…ZzgeƒuÆZŠ!˜0gzV~ZsxZzg›âVÆ!g}~Š*t]Zzgß�V»p[ZÖgƒZ

ìXŠZ…ÅZŠ!&]ÆW~Y{Æ!g}~5±ƒ:ÔZ/0z~ÔLLf[Ƭ@ZŠ!˜0g}èI˜0g}�óóÔjZ!èÃg{Ô,]902D212X'×h5±ƒ:

Shawkat Toorawa, "Muhammad, Muslims and Islamophobia in Dante's

Commedia", The Muslim World , LXXXII: 1-2 (1992): 133-143.

ÆW~Y{Æn5±ƒ: Canterbury Tales eƒuÆZŠ!˜0g}

Brenda Deen Schildgen, Pagans, Tartars, Moslems and Jews in Chaucer's

Canterbury Tales", Gaineville: University Press of Florida, 2001.

f!ZŠ[~ZsxZzg›âVÆ!g}~ñ�Št]ÆÀòY}Æn5±ƒ:Norman Daniel, Islam, Europe and Empire, op, citX, pp. 20-35; Reid Barbour,

Literature and Religious Culture in Seventeenth-Century England,

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002; Cynthia Scheinberg,

Woman's Poetry and Religion in Victorian England: Jewish Identity and

Christian Culture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

18

78-A) The Road to Mecca, pp.3-5;Islam at the Crossroads, p. 97

78-B) Muhammad Asad, The Principles of State and Government in Islam,

Gibraltar: Dar al-Andalus, 1980,p.98.

·Z‡ä-g8@gõÐ0T|Ŷ0„ÅìXZkK~-g8¸gð~ÐZzgZizgeµ4è

YEEÅ A Study of History ÔNí!Å The Decline of the West Z]41ºÎæIFEÅ

Ã@gõÅ=ôzÆZkZ|[ÆZd%ä The Rise and Fall of Roman Empire

Æ�g7HYYìXf!¸gðÅÃ)-g8zZ%O@gõ6(ÆZ0gZsxZzg›Z�ÛZŠÐƒzÁŠÃ^Ã^™½ZƒZìXZ0ÖZzgæ¹-g\)�˜Vœ-VJ›D\£Šxz“'0g„(ÂZq§sÑHZ%MÆ@g]â~~ÌtK/Óxz¾wñ�ŠìX5±ƒ:

Rukhsana Qambar, "Anti-Islamic Bias in Sources on Latin America:

Preliminary Findings", Islamic Studies, 42: 4 (2003): 651-685.

79) Islam at the Crossroads, p. 94.

80) Islam at the Crossroads, p. 95.

81) Islam at the Crossroads, p. 98.

èÃg{›˜´~‰ŠzfšSî]hf!½ÆZWZ]ÆY{Æn5±ƒ: 28(

Hamilton A.R. Gibb, Modern Trends in Islam, Chicago: University of Chicago

Press, 1978, pp.51-52; Muhammad Fadhel Jamali, "The Impact of Western

Education on the Muslim World: Some Major Problems Facing It", The

Islamic Reviwe, 54:11 (Nov. 1966): 5-10; Malek Bennabi, Islam in History

and Society, op. cit., pp. 2-58; Reza Arasteh, Education and Social

Awakening in Iran, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1962, pp. 114-133.

]hf!½6´)·ZDwÆW~Z°gzìÑ]Æ!g}~5±ƒ:¦Z1ZdZ0z~Ô 38(Ô™Zc:>íc]ZsxÔ3891YÔ,]58D69X ÞÏç�]Îf^Ù

Z¥|›-ãzg;ÅZOðäZ&b»[ZzgZk~Š«]ÆKÆZŸ†ÆnZq 48(>)>Z&b»[zŠ«](úŠ~¶ÔTäZkŸ~ŸiZIDÔX~¦

Z1ZÑdñŠzŠ~Ì�áïÔЈzmÔXX¦Z1ZÑdñŠzŠ~äZ&bZjZwžnÐZ¥|~gZòÂx½~ñ�ŠãŠ~zZ-ÚŶyŠ„ÅZzg›âVÆa]h(0Œ

¦Z1ZÑd Å,ÐzŸsÅX¦ñŠzŠ~ÅZyˆzmZzg(ZYÆ!g}~5±ƒ:Ôуg:ZsîXÅÔ2891YÔ,]7D05X iÃ×nÛ^l ñŠzŠ~Ô

Ô ]ÞŠ^Þo�Þn^µ†ÚŠ×Û^Þç7Ò1†ætæ‡æ]ÙÒ^]$† ¦Z1ZdZ0z~ÆìÑ]Æn5±ƒ: 58(

28

i^…mî ™Zc:>íc]Zsx)kDy(ÔSîl)ÔjZ!èÃg{Ô,]41D62;z„'ÔÔ™Zc:>íc]ZsxÔ2891Y`1Ôl)Ô¦ÚÆìÑ]Æ!g}~ �ÂçlæˆmÛk

)áÀ:eZË�]Zvœj(Ôуg:ZsîX ]‰¡ÝÚn6‚Ù]qjÛ^Âo 5±ƒ:¦ÚÔÅÔ6991YÔ,]255D865X

ÔjZ!èÃg{Ô,]11D21X ÚŠ×ÜÚÛ^ÖÔÚn6]‰¡Únk]æ…ÚdženkÒoÒ�ÛÓ� 68(

)áÀ:¦¬$@(ÔŠ‹:„Ye i†ÒoÚn6Ú�†ÑæÚdžhÒoÒ�ÛÓ� {−{ZŠd{ßÔ 78(ÚŠ×ÜÚÛ^ÖÔÚn6]‰¡Únk]æ…ÚdženkÒoÒ�ÛÓ�( ¯ZsðÔ5391Y;¦Z1ZdZ0z~Ô

®Zµ°h{XZkŸ~6÷GJ0�á)5681D1291Y(Zzg´)·ZDwÆZ�ñ¤Zò‡.Þf™�XGJ 88(

)áÀ:ñÑ*¦ ì‚]Òoe^��^ak 0�áÆZ°gzìÑ]Æ!g}~5±ƒ:GJ0�áÔ;×�ÛhW!Š~(Ôуg:Ší‹Šú]zVZsxÔ7291YÔ'×h5±ƒ:·gcnÔLLZDwZzgGJ

Ô21:2)�Ñð1791Y(Ô,]84D26X ]Îf^Ù…mçmç 0�áóóÔñÑ*Z1qgiZ@Z°Z”~ÔLL¬ÝZsxZzgf[:áZiygzbÅ¢zg]óóÔâx)ZÕ$œî GG)ÍZâZ!(Ô61:3 98()âga5002Y(Ôm2

ñÑ*Z1qgiZ@Z°Z”~ÔLL¬ÝZsxZzgf[:áZiygzbÅ¢zg]óóÔm2X 09(

Ô�Ûzg~6991YÔ i†qÛ^á]Öφ�á eZË·�]ZvœjÔLL’qZsòDM`ÆP¨gÔ)bóóÔ 19(m45D65Ô95

92) Islam at the Crossroads, pp. 89-90,100

93) Islam at the Crossroads, p. 92-93

94) Islam at the Crossroads, p. 100

95) Islam at the Crossroads p. 93.

96) Islam at the Crossroads p. 93.

ExÅZsòúƦgÆY{Æn5±ƒ: 79(

Taha J. al-Alwani, "The Islamization of Knowledge: Yesterday and Today",

American Journal of Islamic Social Sciencs , 12:1 (1995): 81-101; A.K. Brohi,

A Faith to Live by, Islamabad: National Hijra Council, 1984, Ch.II

(Islamization of Knowledge), pp.215-226.

Z‡ÆçÜ+~ЦZ1ZÑdñŠzŠ~ä]h�Yz‚³ExÃZÒŠzÑŠ–Ð0uZzg 89(Z7ZsòÃt§]Æ@,™äÅ¢zg]ÃicŠ{zŸsÐÒyHXZkK~ZyÆZ°gzìÑ]ÆY{Æn5±ƒ:

38

Abdul Rashid Moten, "Islamization of Knowledge in Theory and Practice: The

Contribution of Sayyid Abul Ala Mawdudi", Islamic Studies, 43:2 (2004):

247-272

¦¸œ~ÅMy~ŠzŠ;ÇV~]h�Yz8ExÅZsòú»ñçq›yZIDÅßg]Š¶~X›ŠZøzgzVäZ뙊ZgZŠZHZy~ SàÂz»�IZXZk¦gÃi

Z�³gZYÃgz¹L)x:6891Y(�g{m‡.Þf™�XZrVä{mZkÑÐZ%M~(Æ*xЇìHX International Institute of Islamic Thought ZqZŠZg{¬@ZŠZg{„Zsò)

]hExÅZsòúÆ!g}~Z�³gZYZÖgz¹ÆìÑ]2Zk![~ZyÅi)¦ƒ: Æ!g}~5±

Ataullah Siddiqui, "Ismail Raji al-Faruqi: From Urubah to Ummatic

Concerns", American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences , 16:3 (1999): 1-25;

Ismail R. Al-Faruqi, "Islamization of Knowledge" Knowledge for What?:

Proceedings and Papers of the Seminar on Islamization of Knowledge,

Islamabad: National Hijra Council, 1986, pp. 1-50.

921:4)Z6s2002Y(Ôm3D7 i†qÛ^á]Öφ�á 6zWpgæZ£ÔLL�d»wZzgZsxóóÔ 99(

NíD!ÆZÖp~: 001(Possibly experience has already shown that this attempt to pick and

choose (aimed at receiving from the West the maximum amount of

Western technology while taking the minimum amount of the rest of our

civilization) may not be practicable in the long run. If you once commit

yourself to taking one element from some alien civilization you may find

yourself led on, in unexpected ways, into being constrained also to

receive other elements which, at first sight, might seem to have no

connection with the element that you have originally taken intentionally

and deliberately. In the long run, it may not be possible to take a part

and leave the rest; what that is 'all the non-western civilization have

been trying to do during the last two hundred years. They have been

trying to take as much possible of our technology and as little as

possible of the rest of our civilization."

Arnold J. Toynbee, Christianity Among the Religions of the World, New York:

Charles Scribner's Sons, 1957, p. 51

48

Mg&Óå EHDZNí!äZK‰Šzu~£?~ÌZÏ$©�î EG0ûZÖgHìX5±ƒ:Arnold Toynbee, The World and the West , Oxford: Oxford University Press,

1954, pp 66-84. pp 99-100; Idem, Civilization On Trial, London and N. York:

Oxford University Press, 1949, pp. 184-212.

I±ï YEÆZÖp~: 101X

A wave of antipathy, if not contempt, for every thing to do with western

civilization has of late become manifest in the Arab World'. The plain

truth of the matter is that "modernization" means "westernization". But

on the other hand, it would be impossible for the Arabs [Muslims] to

follow the path taken by the Turkish Rupublic without losing their identity

completely. This, then, is the question:how in a world in which

technology is making progress at a ever vaster scale, can the social

values and cultural ideals of Islam be reaffirmed in such a way as to

rebuild a stable society endowed with a vigorous and homogeneous

social order capable of playing an active and constructive role.

Hamilton A.R. Gibb, Studies on the Civilization of Islam, (1962), reper

Lahore: Islamic Book Service, 1987, p. 331.

I±ï YEÅgZñ~]hŠ*ñZsxÊg7)b»zZuiÜsZzgÜs¾[iŠÏ

(„~©VìX!ÖpŠvZ¤]hŠ*ñZsxfšÅgzlZ(g™á Westernization)ZkÊg7ñ�ŠdZyÐÖgZïYìX5±ƒ:

Hamilton Gibb, Modern Trends in Islam, Chicago: University of Chicago

Press, 1945, reper 1972.

102) Islam at the Crossroads, p. 99-100.

Daniel (Ôe"545ÿ GEGJ0&4øJF) Bernard Lewis ‰f!SîZ%OŠZøzgX~'*geCõ) 301(

(uz„�ÔZsxZzgf[)Š*ñZsxZzg Samuel Huntington (Zzg§L4545»4èXEHEYHE) Pipes

Š*ñf[(ÆâΣŠxÃ*¦k¤ŠZ…�ZzgZk'×ú)£Šx~U»f)ŠZgÌZsxÆczîVäŠZ…�XOçz{ZyÆÜs¸]z¤‰Üƽ7gZEw»�Zi�ÛZë™D�XèÃg{Z%OŠZøzgzVÆìÑ]Æ!g}~5±ƒ:pgæZ£ÔLL�'V»£ŠxD|0c!óóÔâx)F)yZÅWy)уg(Ô331:5)#6002Y(Ôm3D41X'×hŠ&ÀŸ/õ GG:

Bernard Lewis, "The Roots of Muslim Rage", Atlantic Monthly, 266:3 (Sep.

1990): 47-60; Daniel Pipes, Militant Islam Reaches America", New York: W.

58

Norton & Company, 2002, especially Part-1, Ch-1 (Islam a threat?)and Ch.2

(The Imaginary Green Peril) pp. 3-37; Samuel Huntington, Clash of

Civilization and the Remaking of the World, N. York: Simon & Schuster,

1997; Idem, "The Age of Muslim Wars," The Newsweek, Dec. 2001, pp.

6-13.

'*geCõZzg§L4545»4èXEHEYHEÆìÑ]ÆW~Y{Æa5±ƒ:

John L. Esponsito, The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality, New York: Oxford

University Press, pp. 219-221, 226-232; Edward W. Said, Reflections on

Exile and other Literary and Cultural Essays, London: Granta Books, 2001,

pp.198-215, 569-592; Idem, "Orientalism Revisited", Daily Dawn (Lahore),

August, 12, 2003; Mohammed M. Karabal, "Clash of Civilizations or Clash of

Religions", American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences , 11:1 (1994):

132-135.

èÃg{à:ÆZyìÑ]Æ�Z]SîŠ*ñZsxÅZsò’rVÆ!g}~Z%O

0Œ6ZyÆZWZ]ÆY{ÆnŠ¶:Graham E. Fuller, The Future of Political Islam, New York: Palgrave, 2003,

Ch.8 (Islamism and the West: Huntingtion and the Clash of Civilizations):

145-165.

104) "There can be no doubt that a better understanding between the two cultural

entities is endeed most desirable in the interests of the whole world and the

world's future".

Muhammad Asad, "The Encounter of Islam and the West", This Law of

Ours, op cit., pp. 121-122.

105) Ibid..

Z‡ÆP™{!ÑìÑ]zMgZY~Z%OœgYg`eÚ(ÆZkZ§gD�Zkä11m 601(1002YÃ7MäzZáqŠU]ÆŠkgziˆZ%O»ôkÐæ[ÆŠzgZyªZãzu¤ŠZãÆ

)›yZ%MÐÐ]YV™D�?( Why Muslims hate America? ¬Ý~HåD�»�Z[Ìñ�ŠìXœg(äZipŠZkÆZò[zø»]»‹tÌ7HåÔT~Zk

äŠ*ñZsxÆ!g}~Z%MÆZyZEg~NzVZzgîg§hVÔ�‚—âM!ŠcC¤!V»§{ZqÐiÔÐ0ˆI¬gÃ:»ZÖgHåXZkäZ%O{gz0ÎV~Ë{òZzgÚÃt™äÆOñ#5ÃuZueZ{Zzgß»gIZcXœg(ÆèÃg{æ[ÆZë

ï]ZzgZkÆW~Y{Æa5±ƒ:Zg�áŠZ£›ãÔLLf!Zzg)f!Š*Å>ÏDœg

68

Ô3&ZÆ'Ô1002YÔm01X qß- (»‹tóóÔgzi*)Ÿi›ŠZøzgúŠ½Z-[)x:3002Y(Åó{~ÌZsxZzgf[ÆâÎk?z¢È 701(ÅgZ{~(~g»z›Df[»ZEg~zâM!ŠcC™ŠZgÔŠ*ñZsx~f[Å\&4n.ç GEIG~

(�XOçZJZyÐVZñgz)bÆ!g}~ Orientalism u¤xVZzgZ]4lç GIZt)f[Ƨi„z¿~Ãðp~7gzúƒCŠ*ñZsxÆ‚BZkÆ©]~¢ÈZzg4~gzú7ƒ$ËX5±ƒ:

Alwi Shihab, "Christian- Muslim Relations in the Twenty-first Century", in

Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 15:1 (2004): 67-68.

108) The Encounter of Islam and the West, p.123.

109) The Encounter of Islam and the West, pp. 126-127.

110) The Encounter of Islam and the West, p. 126.

111) See Arnold J. Toynbee, Christianity Among the Religions of the World, New

York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1957, pp. 85-93.

112) See: W. Montgomery Watt, Islam and Christianity Today: A Contribution to

Dialogue, London: Routledge, 1983, pp. 4-5, 144-146.

(‚.MgauDN'~äY!œî0ZÑiO)ZØCÙ{(~ZÆ' George Carey eZËYg`P~) 311(5991Y~ZL[~Ì›\¢Èzk?ÆaŠzâVèZ<ØÆâΉœuZŠZgÃ㊯ä»E™{HìX5±ƒ:

George Carey,"The Challenges Facing Christian- Muslim Dialogue", Islam

and Christian- Muslim Relations, 7:1 (1996): 95-101.

ÌZsxZzgf[ÆâÎk?z¢ÈÆŸ~è<Ø Hans Kung czs\¬Ý6zWzZÜt„Ã㊯äÆh~�X5±ƒ:

Hans Kung, "Christianity and World Religions: The Dialogue with Islam as

One Model", The Muslim World , LXXVII:2 (1987): 80-95.

(ÌŠ*ñZsxZzgZ%MÆâΩ]~ Graham E. Fuller Z%OŠZøzg¤ZëDZ~Dƒ) 411((fƒðÒz#.ÃÁ™äÆnŠzâVÆâÎk?z¢Èâzg~ìw™@ìÔ@ëz{ZqŠzu}§jÐZkÑÃqÝ™*eLìXz{ZsxÆ�Zzx]ZzgZkÆŠ*

~Zq(~g»z^¤ŠZ}ìX² gzZî�Rz�YeJ‘ÛâVÅf[ТÈÅgZ{Z%OŠð÷ÔŠJ0àZzgF(zF9Æfg)›˜´ÆÂx½~�O~p~Æ´z{Šv

�YZ&q]âzg~ìw™@ìX5±ƒ:Graham E. Fuller, The Future of Political Islam, New York: Palgrave, 2003,

78

pp. 159-165.

f[!<mZ%MÔ�èã�zVÆZ‚ä6¬ÝZsxУŠxÅgZ{6^7ZìZzg� 511("C{ZOŠ~zm¸]ƹ~$^!Z~xzƒÅË!]Ã{§~7Ñg;XO益ZøzgzVÆ4Šqf[Ðk?ÆZk*]»°uJ$zlƒ‰�X5±ƒ:

)ZsxW!Š(Ô01:3)�y �Âçé {−E~ÔLL6¬@ÂxÅúZzgZ#Ö0Åf)ŠZgcVóóÔ)5Š‹(Ô13:4)Z6s5002Y(Ô ‡Þ‚+o 3002Y(Ôm63;aZ°Ý�Ûh~ÔLLZ�ágZ]óóÔâx)

,]3D7XèÃg{ŠzâV›ŠZøzgzVÆ4ŠqŠz�ÛhVÆŠgxyk?'Z'~ÅR6ƒ@ì)�!¹7g„(Zzg$zg�Û&k?Åw~7ƒ@X¦[Zzg¸ÆâÎk?LgZ{gZ„ŧsgÉð7™YXf[¸]ÆZbgů6ZK�dÃ!ÑF�d¤ŠZ}ìZzgZkZ%ÃZC¡~h&ì�$zgZzg¦[Š*ñZsxZK�dZzgpÄÃZi»ggC™™ZkÆ‚t4Z0ZiƒYñXtŠzâV›ŠZøzgf[ƉZŠZgzVŧsÐÉ›LLfYZzgŠZøzgzVóóÆ‚Bk?ÃZqeð8Zzg0ôŒÛZgŠï�XOçz{Zkų&~

Æ!g}~6Zy7Xâ5ZŠZ%O\ŠZøzgZizgeG)x3002Y(Ìf!·Š~z\à:ÔfgZùZšrZzgÓáVÆZsxZzg›âVÆ!g}~”hç0Z:zYgq:gzbÅ

ñ�ŠÏ~¬ÝZsxZzgf[Æâ΢Èzk?Æ!g}~6Zy7XZizgeGÅgZñ~ZsxZzg›âVÆÜs¬Ý!o-BïGGÔZ%Mz-g\ÅYgq:»ggzZÇVÔà:ZzgfgZùZšrÆtzèñx6z"ZÅñ�ŠÏ~¬ÝZsxZzgf[ÆâÎk?z¢ÈÆZk*]

nzxƒ‰�:'thus the polarity is deepened and the chance of dialogue between

cultures postponed' the anti-Islam compaigo virtually eliminates the

possiblity of any sort of equal dialogue between Islam and the Arabs, and the

West or Israel'Islamophobia' I often think it has been more of a

hindrance than a help in understanding what moves people and societies.

Edward W. Said, Covering Islam, London: Vintage, 1997, Introduction, pp.

xv, xxxv, lix.

116) The Encounter of Islam and the West, op. cit., p. 127.

117) Islam at the Crossroads, Last rev. edn. Gibralter: Dar-al-Andalus, 1982,

p57,fn. 6.

Ô™Zc:>íc]Zsx)kDy(Ô Þòo�Þn^E]Ú†mÓäDÚn6‘^Í‘^Íe^in6 ¦Z1ZdZ0z~Ô 811(m16Ô2,]82D92Ô04Ô24X

ZsÔm74X 911(

ZsÔm26Xf[~Šú]ZsxÅ¢zg]zZÌÆ!g}~¦Z1ZdZ0z~ÆìÑ] 021(

88

Ô™Zc:þ>íc] Údžh‰1Ò3>‘^Í‘^Íe^in6 Æ!g}~'×hŠ¶:¦Z1ZdZ0z~ÔZsxÔ)kDy(Ô,]4Ô7Ô71Ô81Ô34D54X

121) Murad W. Hofmann,"Review" [by Jeffery Lang] of Struggling to Surrender:

Some impressions of An American Convert to Islam, Islamic Studies, 36:4

(1997): 682.

122) Gai Eaton, Islam and the Destiny of Man, Lahore: Suhail Academy. 1997,

pp. 11-12.

Údžh]æ…]‰¡Ý %ZŠƒs}ÔLLZsx:f[ÆZ08Zzg›gŠ¿óó)áW:gZ”gg~(Ô 321()Z�á®{mÔh]ÒŠyx%ZŠ(4:3Ô4)�ÑðDŠc0002Y(Ô,]64D74XñßsäZL

ÚŠjÏfØ]‰¡ÝÒ1 ‰Šzu}h]~ÌZ,„ìÑ]»ZÖgHìÔŠ&ÀŸ/õ GG:%ZŠƒs}Ô)áW:yDx(Ô5Š‹:%œ~„ZsòÔ0002YÔm23X ‰^ñ1Ún6

f[~eZË·qZvÅŠúCz—}â]ÆY{Æn5±ƒ:·Zg”ÔLLf[~Šú] 421()ZsxM!Š(Ô04Ô14:4Ô)Z6sDm3002Y(Ô ÊÓ†æÞ¿† ZsxDeZË·qZvÅ»zØV»ZqY{óóÔ

,]923D953X

Zk"žnz¸eÆ!g}~Z‡g¶§Zi�: 521(

'I began to think seriously about setting down the story of my life and thus

helping, in however small a measure, to lift the heavy veil which separates

Islam and its culture from the Occidental mind. My way to Islam had been in

many respects unique:' how many men were able to talk to Westerners

about Islam as I could? I was a Muslim - but I was also of Western origin:

and thus I could speak the intellectual languages of both Islam and the

West". The Road to Mecca, p.8.

·Z‡äFÀzÑbgg~»ÚZÌZÏÑÆaZVc�ZkÆfg)Ð]h½›âV 621(ZzgSî)ÇVÃgÎwZvåÅx]ÅV™ÃÐXZ‡g¶§Zi�:

A translation of Sahih al-Bukhari which is accepted by all Muslims as ZÛZ^ˆÂ[Zv ("the most authentic book after the Book of Allah") will, so I hope,

open the eyes of many English educated Muslims who were never able to

read traditions in their original form. It is curious that in all these years no-one

thought of it before, and that it fell to the lot of a "new Muslim" to open a new:

avenue of Tabligh among educated Muslims and non-Muslims," see:

Muhammad Asad, Presidential Address - Given at 4th Annual Session of

Jamieet [Sic, Jamiyyi'at], Tabligh Ahle Hadis, calcutta, Calcutta: Secretely

98

Jameet Tabligh Ahle Hadis (n.d.), pp.21-22.

127) Muhammad Asad, The Principles of State and Government in Islam,

Gibraltar: Dar al-Andalus, 1980, Author's Note, p. vii

128) Muhammad Asad, The Message of the Qur'an, Gibraltar: Dar al-Andalus,

1980, Foreword, pp.ii-iv.

ÔTh i s Law o f Ours Zy»Ð²V~7G‰PZqh]ZyÆù·£Ñ] 921(,]961D371Ô381D591Ô~Ì�áï�X

gi-ЬgsZsxÆK~Zq Hannover 6591Y~*~ªxÆŠzgZy~Z‡ä 031((Æ Ahmad Heinrich Schiemann Ÿíc]~z1X6z¤ZxÆZ™g`Z£ly)

–w:"Asad has also been with us at Hannover. We have togather made a couple

of broadcasts on Islam with good success, and many people seem to have

learned through us for the first time of the real contents of Islam".

D*XZ£lyäZLZq Hannover Z£ly¯x·Ð)уg(Ôøg{82�Ñð6591YÔZiŠzu}â~–:

"We have also made three mutual broadcasts - on Islam with Mr. Asad and it

was very pleasant to hear him recite the Qur'an in Arabic and his explanation

of Islam was very impressive".

D*X Hannover Z£ly¯x·@!'~)уg(Ôøg{62Šc6591ÔZiThe Encounter of Islam Îõgi-Ð95D8591Y~íƒäzZàZ‡ÅŠz½k,&WN 131(

ÆÄZyÐZyÆù·£Ñ] Islam and the Spirit of Our Times Zzg and the West

~�áïň�XZ‡Æth]ði!y~¸�·Z‡ This Law of Ours zh])YZ0691Y(~Ì Islam Und Abendland Å%ûÂ[)!yð Hans Zbinden Zzg

This �áï�XZ‡äZyŠzâVh]»pŠZôm~~FÀH�ZyÆù·£Ñ]zh]Ô~�áï�X Law of Ours

·Z‡¯x·@!'~øg{2Šc9591YZiYZX 231(

Îõgi-ÐíƒäzZáZyh]ÆQÆ_·Æa5±ƒ: 331(Muhammad Asad, This Law of Ours and Other Essays, Gibraltar: Dar

al-Andalus,1987, pp.119-135.

ç@{/Zã�ÛZú®gzÎ)x:8771Y(ŧs™[ìXZ‡Æ4ŠqtÃt̃zZ¡wZzg 431(4C“Ð0uZq¬ŠÑ:z²:çÑ{zgc„Åúzªx~*»xg;ìXOçZrV

09

äZq6ç@{/ZãTÅZ‚kZsxÆZßwz¦gZ]6‡ìzZ2ZgƒÔÃZ+Å#bz�]Æn¢zg~ŒÛZgŠcìX5±ƒ:

Muhammad Asad, "The Legend of Social Contract", Arafat, 1:4 (Dec. 1946):

109-117

135) Muhammad Asad, "The Social Contract Islam", in Arafat, 1:4 (Dec. 1946),

p117.

136) The Road to Mecca, p. 305

¦Ñy0z~Zzg¦Z1ZÑdñŠzŠ~Æ·Z‡ÅŠ´=%]Æ!g}~MgZYÆn5±ƒ: 731()ZW¥|(Ô43:4)ZÆ'4391Y(Ô,]242D342;¦Z1ZÑd ÚÃ^…Í ¦Ñy0z~Ô•gZ]Ô

Ô`01Ô°Š4)6531|(Ô,]513D613X i†qÛ^á]Öφ�á ñŠzŠ~ÔLLZôm~FÀ9Z‡g~eÑbóóÔ¸yZ™ŠzâV›®+äÌZsxÃZqåÃt§]Æîg67HìÔŠvèZ<ØZzg 831(ZâVÆpŠFZæ{Ãt;ñ§]Æ£«~ZsxŤzºtÃzZãHìX‚B„Zq¬ŠÑ:Zzg4Cg‡"z“Ð0uçÑ{ƪx~]hÂñVÅ*»òÉZyÅ'0ŃðMÃ]ÃúcVHìX¦ñŠzŠ~Zzg¦ÚÆZ|[ƒz=ôŠ+Æ!g}~5±ƒ:

Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism,

New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 49-68, 107-125; Aref Ali

Nayed, The Radical Qur'anic Hermeneutics of Sayyid Qutb, (Occasional

Paper 15), Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, 1994.

·Z‡Ådz„~ZzgŠúCu¤ñVÆZWZ]ÆY{Æa5±ƒ: 931(

Murad W. Hofmann, "Muhammad Asad: Europe's Gift to Islam, Islamic

Studies, 39:2 (2000), pp. 236, 237,243.

140) Maryam Jameela, "Review" of "Islam at the Crossroads", Muslim World Book

Review, 5:4 (1985), p. 41

%*@ÆZsxŧsÔf6z„~ú~»g�ÛâúZïZzgZyÅAz@du¤ñVÆn5±ƒ:

Maryam Jameela, Islam and Modernism, Lahore: Muhammad Yusuf

Khan, 1968, pp. vii-xiii; Raheela Sadiq, "Maryam Jameelah: Her Life

and Service for Islam," Al-Adwa, xii-xiii, : 18-19 (2003): 25-32.

141) Murad W. Hofmann, Diary of a German Muslim, Koln: IB, Verlag Islamische

Bibiliothek, 1987, pp.41-43, 50-53. 152-153

%ZŠƒsâyäZKZkeZ]~)gzi*ô(~¼Š£â]6Z‡ÐZK5‡ÂVÔZ)b6

19

nŠ!ìÑ]ZyЛzo]Zzg&òGW5k~»E™{HìX031:01)ZÆ'3002Y(Ô i†qÛ^á]Öφ�á ÃÒ¤*ÔLLZsxÆŠg6ÑäzZáóó)áW:yDx(Ô 241(

m47X

143) T a z i n A b d u l l a h , " A J o u r n e y o f M y O w n " , h t t p : / / w w w .

newagebd.com/aug4tho3/270803/oped.html

144) M u h a m m a d A s a d , " I t s t a r t e d w i t h t h e A d h a n " ,

http://Islamonline.net/english/journey/jour44.shtml

145) Hofmann, Diary of a German Muslim, p. 50

ZsxZzgf[ÆâÎgZ‚ÅZ2Zg~z>Þ‚i~ÆŸ~·Z‡Æ»xÆY{Æn 641(5±ƒ:

Daniel Lindenberg, "Muhammad Asad: 20th Century Bridge between Orient

and Occident", Paper Presented in the International Conference "Is the

Dialogue between Cultures Possible?, December 11-13, 2003. Organized by

Royal Academy of the Kingdom of Morocco, Rabat.

147) Hasan Zilur Rahim, "Muhammad Asad: Visionary Islamic Scholar",

Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, September, 1995, pp. 45-46

148) See: Touqir Hussain,"Islam and the West: Distorting Realities", Daily Dawn,

April, 25, 2004, April 26,2004.

DDDDDDDDDDDDD

29