fho/fi6 - jarokilo.orgjarokilo.org/download/rajyarashtra_second_edition.pdf · /fho/fi6« cjwf/0ff...

$: fHo/fi6 - jarokilo.orgjarokilo.org/download/Rajyarashtra_second_edition.pdf · /fHo/fi6« cjwf/0ff / l;4fGt-bf];|f] ;+:s/0f_ n]vs M 8f= lgd{ndl0f clwsf/L sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfno, :s"n$

/fHo/fi6«cjwf/0ff / l;4fGt

-bf];|f] ;+:s/0f_

n]vs M8f= lgd{ndl0f clwsf/L

sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfno, :s"n ckm\ cf6{\;\, efiff tyf cfd;~rf/ ljefu

xfQLjg, nlntk'/, g]kfn/

8f= uf]ljGbz/0f pkfWofolqe'jg ljZjljBfno, lqrGb| SofDk;,

dgf]lj1fg tyf bz{gzf:q ljefu306f3/, sf7df8f}F, g]kfn

k|sfzs;x[botf ;dfh g]kfn

eStk'/, g]kfn

k|sfzg ;f}hGo Mhf]u]Gb| lu/L, nIdLgLof b]jL / gjnlszf]/ lu/L

km]6f ufpFkflnsf, jf8{ g+= %, af/f, g]kfn

s[lt /fHo/fi6« cjwf/0ff / l;4fGt -bf];|f] ;+:s/0f_

n]vs 8f= lgd{ndl0f clwsf/L æcfof]bwf}DoÆ /

8f= uf]ljGbz/0f pkfWofo

k|sfzs ;x[botf ;dfh g]kfn, eStk'/ .

k|sfzg ;f}hGo hf]u]Gb| lu/L, nIdLgLof b]jL / gjnlszf]/ lu/L,

km]6f ufpFkflnsf, jf8{ g+= %, af/f, g]kfn .

;jf{lwsf/ © lgd{ndl0f clwsf/Ldf ;'/lIft .

bf];|f] ;+:s/0f lj=;+= @)&$ -;g\ @)!&_

klxnf] ;+:s/0f lj=;+= @)&# -;g\ @)!^_

ISBN: 978-9937-0-2562-1

d'b|s l8lh6n lk|G6lnª\s, eQmk'/

)!–^^@)%%%, [email protected]

;fw'jfb

kmf]6f] M >L hf]u]Gb| lu/L / >LdtL nIdLgLof b]jL,km]6f ufpFkflnsf, jf8{ g+= %, af/f, g]kfn .

/fHo/fi6« cjwf/0ff / l;4fGt -bf];|f] ;+:s/0f_ sf] k|sfzg ;f}hGo >L gjnlszf]/ lu/Ln] ug'{ ePsf] xf] . pxfFn] cfkm\gf lktf hf]u]Gb| lu/L / dftf nIdLgLof b]jLsf] ;Ddfgdf k':ts k|sfzg ;f}hGo ug'{ePsf] xf] . /fHo/fi6« l;4fGtsf] k|jw{gsf] nflu ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] lu/L kl/jf/nfO{ xflb{s ;fw'jfb Ú

u

k|fSsyg

/fHo/fi6« cjwf/0ff / l;4fGt k':tssf] k|sfzg ePsf] s]xL dlxgfleq}df of] bf];|f] ;+:s/0f cfpg' jf:tjdf æ/fHo/fi6«Æ (State

Nation) l;4fGtaf/] b]lvPsf] 7"nf] lh1f;f Pj+ ;/f]sf/sf] Bf]ts xf] . o; l;4fGtsf] ;°yg cufl8 a9\b} hfFbf k':tssf gofF gofF ;+:s/0fx¿sf ;fy;fy} æ/fHo/fi6« z[ª\vnfÆ sf cg]s k':tsx¿ cjZo} k|sflzt x'Fb} hfg]5g\ . o; cl3 g]kfnefiff ;+:s/0f k|sflzt eO;s]sf] 5 . æ/fi6«Æ, æ/fli6«otfÆ, æ/fHoÆ af/] k|ToIftM jf k/f]IftM k|frLgsfnb]lv g} lrGtg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . pSt lrGtgsf] k/Dk/fdf ljleGg b[li6sf]0f /x]sf 5g\ . o'/f]k–s]lGb|t k|ltdfgcg';f/ k|hflt, hflt, ;Dk|bfo, ;d'bfo, efiff, ef}uf]lnstf cflbnfO{ æ/fi6«Æ sf] kl/efiffdf k|fylds dfgL lsQfsf6 ug]{ ;f]rn] æ/fi6«/fHoÆ (Nation

State) , ælå–/fli6«o /fHoÆ (Two-Nation State), æax'–/fli6«o /fHoÆ (Plurinational State / Multi-Nation State) h:tf cjwf/0ff cufl8 cfP . t/, j}lbs, af}4, ls/ftL, h}g, af]g cflb k/Dk/fdf æ/fi6«Æ h'g cjwf/0ff 5, To;nfO{ o'/f]k–s]lGb|t k|ltdfgcg';f/ kl/eflift ug{ ldNb}g . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ (State Nation) l;4fGt cg';f/, e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgstf k|fKt Pp6f lglZrt ef}uf]lns ;Ldfa4 æ/fHoÆ g} æ/fi6«Æ xf], h'g :jtGq, :jfwLg, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg x'G5 / hxfF ljljw k|hflt, hflt, efiff, ;+:s[lt, ;Dk|bfo, ;d'bfo, ef}uf]lns If]q cflbsf] ;dGjoaf6 ;dli6s[t æ/fli6«otfÆ lgwf{/0f ePsf] x'G5 . k|:t't k':tsdfkm{t\ æ/fHo/fi6«Æ (State Nation) sf] l;4fGt cufl8 NofOPsf] 5, hxfF æ/fi6«Æ, æ/fli6«otfÆ, æ/fHoÆ ;DaGwL df}lns /}yfg] cjwf/0ff phfu/ ul/Psf] 5 .

3

k|:t't k':tssf] klxnf] ;+:s/0f k|sfzg ;f}hGo >L /fdxl/ zdf{ / pxfFsf ;'k'q >L ch'{g zdf{n] ug'{ePsf] lyof] / of] bf];|f] ;+:s/0fsf] k|sfzg ;f}hGo >L gjnlszf]/ lu/Ln] ug'{ ePsf] xf] . pxfFn] cfkm\gf lktf hf]u]Gb| lu/L / dftf nIdLgLof b]jLsf] ;Ddfgdf k':ts k|sfzg ;f}hGo ug'{ePsf] xf] . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] ;ª\sygnfO{ k|jw{g ug{ ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' x'g] ;a}hgfnfO{ ;fw'jfb 5 .

8f= lgd{ndl0f clwsf/L8f= uf]ljGbz/0f pkfWofo

ª

k|sfzsLo

g]kfn k/fk"j{sfn b]lv cljlR5Gg cl:tTjdf /x]sf] :jtGq ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg /fHo xf] . oxfF ljljw hfthflt tyf ;Dk|bfox? cflbsfn b]lv a;f]jf; ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . ljljwtf cBflk sfod 5 . cfk;df ldn]/ a:g], ;b\efj / ;dGjodf a:g] xfd|f] df}lns k4lt xf] . ‘j;'w}j s'6'Dasd\’sf] d"ndd{df xfdL ljljwtfdf Pstf sfodu/L ;x[botfsf ;fy ldn]/ a;]sf 5f+} . t/, jt{dfg g]kfnsf] kl/b[Zo cln leGg ag]sf] 5 . ljleGg /fhgLlts ptf/r9fj kl5 Ps kIf ;lbof}+ b]lv cfkm"nfO{ lje]b / zf]if0f u/]sf] cg'ej ul//x]sf] 5 . csf]{ kIf lg/Gt/ sfod /x]sf]] Pstf efF8\g nflu k/]sf] cf/f]k nufO/x]sf] 5 . j}lZjs/0fsf] o; ;+:s/0fdf g]kfnsf] ljljwtfnfO{ klg ljZjsf] jt{dfg k|antd\ k|ltdfgsf] b[li6 laGb'af6 cfFsng ul/Fbf k|d'v b'O{wf/ / tL leq klg cg]s pkwf/x? b]vf k/]sf x'g\ . Ps csf{df z+sf / å]ifsf] efj emNsg yfn]sf] 5 . ;d:of 5g\ . lje]b / zf]if0fnfO{ a]jf:tf ug{ ;lsGg . ljljw ;d'bfon] cfkm'nfO{ cj;/sf ;fy} cfkm\gf] df}lns /}yfg] ;+:s[ltsf] lg/Gt/tfdf afwf k'u]sf] dx;'; ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;nfO{ kSs} klg ;Daf]wg ul/g' k5{ . t/ o;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ubf{ csf{] ;d:of alNemg' ePg . ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfofltt k|ltdfg k|of]u x'Fbf j}leGo, kfy{So / ;f/df 3[0ffnfO{ dnhn ug{] sfd eof] / of] clxn] klg lg/Gt/ hf/L 5 . / csf{] kIf ;+sL0f{ /fi6«jfbsf] gf/f p/fln/x]sf] 5 . If]qLo tyf hfltut ljlzi6tfsf] gfddf /fli6«otfdf uDeL/ rf]6 k'Ug] lrGtf bzf{O /x]sf] 5 . ;b\efj / ;dGjonfO{ a]jf:tf ub{} ;x[botf lagf g} hah{:tL ldnfksf] k|:tfj ul//x]sf] 5 . PstfnfO{ anhkmtL JofVof ug{] w[i6tf ul//x]sf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] Pstf Ifl0fs dfq x'G5, s'g} klg a]nf ljikmf]6

r

x'g ;S5 . o;sf ;fy} s]xL ;d"x k/Dk/fut s'/fx?nfO{ x'ax' lg/Gt/tf lbP/ wfGg' kg{] klg jsfnt ul//x]sf 5g\, h'g ultzLn ;dfhdf ;xh 5}g . ;txdf x]bf{ oL ljleGg ljrf/x? Ps cfk;df ljkl/t w'|jsf b]lvP klg ;a}sf] h/f] Pp6} xf] . hGdsf] cfwf/df k|fKt x'g] k|hflt, hflt, wfld{s ;+k|bfo, efiff, If]qLo klxrfg cflbnfO{ /fi6«sf] kl/efiffsf] cfwf/ dfGg] / /fi6«af6 /fHodf ljsl;t x'g] ‘/fi6«/fHo’sf] vf]6k"0f{ cjwf/0ffdf ltgsf] d"n 5 . anhkm\tL Pstfsf] kIfkf]if0f ug{]n] g]kfnnfO{ Pp6f ‘/fi6«/fHo’sf] ?kdf k|v/ k|rf/ ul//x]sf] 5 . To:t} 5fnfsf] /+u / ef}uf]lns cjl:yltsf] cfwf/df s]xLn] g]kfnnfO{ lå/fli6«otfsf] cfwf/df kl/efiff ug{] s;/t ul//x]sf 5g\ . hflto d'2fnfO{ k|wfg dflg/x]sf ;+3 ;+:yf tyf bnn] eg] g]kfnnfO{ ax'/fli6«o /fHosf] ?kdf JofVof ul//x]sf 5g\ . oL ;a} k'/fgf o'/f]kLog cjwf/0ff / l;4fGt x'g\ h;sf] d"ndf j}leTotf, kfy{So / 3[0ffjfb 5 . cfkm"eGbf km/s JolQmnfO{ z+sf / å]if ug]{ ;+sL0f{ /fli6«otf l;sfPsf] 5 o; k|ltdfgn] . oL cfofltt cjwf/0ff eGbf k[ys 5 xfd|f] df}lns / /}yfg] k4ltM ‘/fHo/fi6«’ . /fHonfO{ /fi6«sf] cfwf/ dfGg] / /fHo leqsf ;Dk'0f{ hft, hflt ;Dk|bfo,efiff / ;+:s[ltnfO{ ljgf e]befj ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{] /fHo/fi6« xfd|f] /}yfg] cjwf/0ff xf] . ;a} ;d'bfosf] ;b\efj / ;dGjo tyf ljljw ;+s[ltsf] ;dli6af6 ;x[botf ljsl;t u/L Pstf k|jw{g u5{ o; cjwf/0ffn] . j}lbs Pj+ cGo /}yfg] jfª\dodf cfwfl/t /fHo/fi6« xfd|f] df}lns / /}yfg] k4lt xf] . /fHo/fi6«n] ;befj / ;dGjonfO{ sfo{Gjogdf NofP/ z+sf / 3[0ffsf] lgbfg u5{, ;x[botfsf] :yfkgf u5{ . Pstfaf6 :yfoLTj ;Fu} ;+j[l4 / k|ult, ljsf; ;Fu} zflGt / cdg r}g sfod ug{ dfu{ k|z:t x'G5 . g]kfn k|frLg sfnb]lv /fHo/fi6«sf] ?kdf cljlR5Gg cl:tTjdfg 5 . g of] /fi6«/fHo xf], g of] lå/fli6«o /fHo xf], g t of] ax'/fli6«o /fHo g} xf] . j}ZjLs/0fn] a9\bf] ljljwtfsf sf/0f cGoq klg o'/f]ksf]

5

k'/fgf] k|ltdfg utfy{ eO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;du| ljZjdf d]nldnfk / ;x[botf :yfkgf ug{ /fHo/fi6«sf] xfd|f] cfjwf/0ffn] dfq} dfu{lgb]{zg ug{ ;S5 . xfd|f] /}yfg] k|ltdfgsf] j}lZjs txdf d'nk|jflxs/0f cjZoDefjL 5 . t;y{ xfdL gjLg ljZj;+/rgfsf] cu|0fLsf k|d'v bj]bf/ klg xf}+ . /fHo, /fi6« / /fli6«otfnfO{ cBfjlws JofVof ug{ ;Sg] j}lbs jfª\do ;+ut ‘/fHo/fi6«’ sf] cjwf/0ff oxfFsf df}lns /}yfg] af}4, af]g, ls/ft, h}g nufotsf] k4lt cg's"n klg 5 . 8f= lgd{ndl0f clwsf/L / 8f= uf]lGbz/0f pkfWofon] ‘/fHo/fi6« cjwf/0ff / l;4fGt’ k':ts dfkm{t xfd|f] /}yfg] k|ltdfgnfO{ k'gM k|sfzdf Nofpg' ePsf] xf] . s]xL dlxgf cl3 k|sfzg ePsf] k':tsn] af}l4s hdftdf t/ª\u Nofpg klg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . ljljw efiff ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / k|jw{g ug{] x]t' tyf j[xQ/ ;d'bfodf /fHo/fi6«sf] cjwf/0ff k'of{pg pQm k':ts g]kfnefifdf cg'jfb eO{ k|sfzgdf klg cfO;s]sf] 5 . ljåt ju{sf] ;Nnfx;'emfj / kl/dfh{g ;lxt k|:t't k':ts /fHo/fi6« cjwf/0ff / l;4fGt bf];|f] ;+:s/0f k|sfzgdf cfpg nfu]sf] 5 . g]kfnnfO{ jt{dfg ;d:ofaf6 psf:g], k|ultkydf nDsfpg] / ljZjsf] cu|0fL agfpg] cjwf/0ff ;lxt cfPsf] k|:t't k':ts ‘/fHo/fi6« cjwf/0ff / l;4fGt bf];|f] ;+:s/0f’ k|sfzgsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{ePsf]df n]vsåo cfb/0fLo u'? 8f= lgd{ndl0f clwsf/L / 8f= uf]ljGbz/0f pkfWofonfO{ o; ;+:yf xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5 . k':tsn] cfk;L ;b\efj, ;dGjo, Pstf / ;x[botfsf] k|jw{g ug{] ljZjf; lnPsf 5f}+ . cGtdf k|:t't k':tsnfO{ k|sfzg ;f}hGo ug'{ ePsf >L gjnlszf]/ lu/LnfO{ xflb{s ;fw'jfb JoQm ug{ rfxG5f}+ . k':ts k|sfzgdf k|ToIf

ck|ToIf ;xof]u ug'{x'g] ;a}nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb . an/fd k|hfklt

cWoIf ;x[botf ;dfh g]kfn

h

ljifo;"rL

!= cyftf] æ/fHo/fi6«Æ lh1f;f !

@= pbf/–/fli6«otf nIf0ff]̃ yf]{ /fHo/fi6«M #

#= æ/fHo/fi6«Æ nfO{ l;4fGt lsg elgPsf] xf] < %

$= b'O{yl/ l;4fGt af]s]sf rf/j6f cjwf/0ffx¿ &

%= g]kfn–s]lGb|t lj?4 o'/f]k–s]lGb|t k|ltdfg !!

^= /fi6«/fHo !$

&= lå–/fli6«otf @#

*= ax'–/fli6«otf #!

(= /fHo/fi6« #^

(=!= /fHo/fi6«sf] k|d]o #^

(=@= /fHo/fi6«sf] k|df0f #&

(=#= /fHo/fi6«sf] j}lbs ;Gbe{ #*

(=$= /fHo/fi6« l;4fGt $^

(=$=!= /fHo g} /fi6« $&

(=$=@= e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgstf / ;f+:s[lts %)

;fdflhs PsTjsf] ;dli6

(=$=#= æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] klxrfg Pj+ kl/efiffsf %%

lgldQ æ/fHoÆ g} lg0ff{os tTTj

(=$=$= gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ / ^^

;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] ljlzli6s[t k|Tofe"lt

em

/fHo/fi6« cjwf/0ff / l;4fGt | 1

!=cyftf] ‘/fHo/fi6«’ lh1f;f

æ/fHo/fi6«Æ–dLdf+;f u/f}F . æ/fHoÆ / æ/fi6«Æ ;dlGjt eO{ clelgdf{0f ePsf] æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] cjwf/0ffTds kl/rrf{ / l;4fGtLs/0fsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf k|Zgx¿sf kl/k|]Iodf ljrf/ ljdz{ cfjZos x'G5 M æ/fi6«/fHoÆ (Nation State) eg]sf] s] xf] < ælå–/fli6«o /fHoÆ (Two-Nation State) eg]sf] s] xf] < æax'–/fli6«o /fHoÆ (Plurinational State / Multi-Nation State) eg]sf] s] xf] < s] xf] æ/fHo/fi6«Æ (State Nation) < æ/fi6«/fHoÆ, ælå–/fli6«otfÆ, æax'–/fli6«otfÆ tyf æ/fHo/fi6«Æ af/] ljdz{ u/L æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] l;4fGtLs/0f g} k|:t't k'l:tsfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . k|:t't k':tsn] jf:tjdf g]kfn Ps æ/fHo/fi6«Æ (State Nation) xf] eGg] tYonfO{ phfu/ u/L g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf] cBfjlws kl/efiff Pj+ JofVof ug{] cfwf/lznf k|bfg ug]{5 . ;fy}, æ/fHo/fi6«Æ cjwf/0ff Pj+ l;4fGtsf b[li6sf]0faf6 ;+;f/sf h'gs'g} klg b]zsf] /fli6«otfnfO{ kl/efiff Pj+ JofVof ug{ ;lsg] x'gfn] pko'{St ;fj{hgLg l;4fGtLs/0fsf] cfwf/lznf klg k|:t't k'l:tsf aGg] ck]Iff 5 .

2 | /fHo/fi6« cjwf/0ff / l;4fGt

@=pbf/–/fli6«otf nIf0ff]̃ yf]{ /fHo/fi6«M

s'g} klg :jtGq, :jfwLg, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg b]znfO{ o'/f]k]nL–k/Dk/fut–cjwf/0ffsf] e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgs kl/efiffcg'¿k æ/fi6«/fHoÆ (Nation State) dfGg]÷eGg] ;fdfGo k|rng /lxcfPsf] 5 . To; dfg]df g]kfn Ps æ/fi6«/fHoÆ xf] elgFbf ;a}n] :jfefljs dfGb} cfPsf] cj:yf lyof] . t/, g]kfnsf] kl5Nnf] kl/j]znfO{ Vofn ubf{rflxF ca To;/L oy]i6 ;f]rljrf/lagfsf] dgfO÷egfOn] gk'Ug] b]lvO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;ª\s6} ;ª\s6sf] ;ª\qmd0fsfnaf6 u'lh|Fb} cfPsf] klg w]/} ;do eO;Sof] . lx+;fTds åGå / hgk|bz{gd"ns cfGbf]ngsf] ;dLs/0fn] ægofF g]kfnÆ sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ /fhgLlts lx;fan] d"nwf/df NofPkl5 æ/fHo k'gM ;+/rgfÆ sf] ;jfn klg plQs} k|an aGof] . g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf] kl/efiff, JofVof Pj+ ljZn]if0f ca k/Dk/fut tl/sfn] u/]/ x'Fb}g eGg] ts{;Fu} ca g]kfnL /fli6«otfnfO{ ægofFÆ 9ª\un] kl/efiff, JofVof, ljZn]if0f ug'{ k5{ eGg] dfu klg cufl8 cfof] . hlt ;do laTbf] 5, plt g} g]kfnsf] æ/fHo k'gM ;+/rgfÆ emg\ emg\ hl6n ;jfnsf ¿kdf h]lnFb} u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 3[0ffsf] hudf pleP/ ;ª\sL0f{–/fli6«otfjfbL l;4fGtsf cg'ofoLx¿n] ælå/fli6«o /fHoÆ jf æax'/fli6«o /fHoÆ sf] gf/fnfO{ p/fn]/ lj36gsf] cGToxLg z[ª\vnfnfO{


k|f/De ug{ vf]lh/x]sf] jt{dfg kl/k|]Iodf cfGtl/s tyf afx\o cg]s kIfx¿ klg g]kfnsf] åGådf ;lqmo /x]sf x'gfn] ;f] hl6ntfdf a9f]Q/L x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . æpbf/rl/tfgf+ t' j;'w}j s'6'Dasd\Æ eGg] j}lZjs dfGotfsf cg'ofoLx¿sf] k|e'TjzfnL x:tIf]kn] dfq g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf] cBfjlws ;ª\sygnfO{ ;sf/fTds lbzf lbg ;Sg]5 . ;ª\sL0f{–/fli6«otfjfbL l;4fGt lj?4 pbf/–/fli6«otfjfbL l;4fGt sf] ;ª\sygsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0fn] ;dsfnLg g]kfnnfO{ cg]s ;d:ofx¿sf] dfv];fª\nf]af6 d'St u/fpg ;S5 . g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf] cBfjlws kl/efiffsf] dfu pl7/x]sf] a]nfdf df}lns /}yfg] b[li6sf]0faf6 pko'{St dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ g;Sg] xf] eg] k/fO k|ltdfgsf] k|e'Tj emg} a9\g] ;Defjgf 68\sf/f] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] clxn]s} h:tf] dGygsf] cj;/nfO{ ;b'kof]u ug{ ;Sg] xf] eg] k/fO k|ltdfgnfO{ df}lns /}yfg] k|ltdfgn] k/f:t ug{ ;lsg] cj;/ klg v8f ePsf] 5 . dfgj ;Eotfdf hlt 7"nf] ;ª\s6, plt g} 7"nf] cj;/ klg cfpg] u/]sf] P]ltxfl;s tYo oxfFg]/ :d/0fLo 5 . g]kfn æ/fi6«/fHoÆ jf ælå/fli6«o /fHoÆ jf æax'/fli6«o /fHoÆ jf æ/fHo/fi6«Æ dWo] s] xf] / s] x'g'k5{ eGg] cfwf/e"t ;jfndf oy]i6 tyf /fd|/L ;jfn–hjfkm, jfbljjfb, lrGtg, dgg, ljdz{ gu?Gh]n;Dd Psflt/ g]kfnsf] æ/fHo ;+/rgfÆ af/] g} pko'{St 1fg x'Fb}g eg] emg\ æ/fHo k'gM ;+/rgfÆ sf] ;jfnsf] j}1flgs ;dfwfg t s;/L xf]nf / Ú t;y{ æg]kfn s] xf] <Æ eGg] k|Zgdf kof{Kt ljrf/ ljdz{ u/L æg]kfn Ps /fHo/fi6« xf]Æ eGg] lgisif{df k'Ug' jt{dfg g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ffTds, j}rfl/s, ;}4flGts k|fyldstf xf] . Ps :jtGq, :jfwLg, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg b]zsf x}l;otn] g]kfnnfO{ æ/fi6«/fHoÆ eGg] ;fdfGo k|rngn] lxhf] g]kfnL /fli6«otfnfO{ ægofFÆ 9ª\un] kl/efiff, JofVof, ljZn]if0f ug'{ k5{ eGg] dfu k|an gx'Fbfsf] cj:yf;Dd s'g} c;xhtf k}bf ub}{gYof] . t/ xfn;fn} g]kfndf ælå–/fli6«otfÆ / æax'–/fli6«otfÆ sf] dfu sltko kIfaf6 cufl8


;fl/Psf] x'gfn] ca æ/fi6«/fHoÆ, ælå/fli6«o /fHoÆ, æax'/fli6«o /fHoÆ tyf æ/fHo/fi6«Æ af/] ;jfn–hjfkm, jfbljjfb, lrGtg, dgg, ljdz{ ug}{ kg]{ cfjZostf v8f ePsf] 5 . g]kfn Ps æ/fHo/fi6«Æ xf] eGg] ;To tYonfO{ hgdfg;df :yflkt u/fpg' klg xfd|f] d'Vo sfo{ef/d} kg]{ lhDd]jf/L xf] . jf:tjdf, æ/fi6«/fHoÆ (Nation State) eg]sf] s] xf], ælå/fli6«o /fHoÆ (Two-Nation

State) eg]sf] s] xf], æax'/fli6«o /fHoÆ (Plurinational State / Multi-Nation

State) eg]sf] s] xf] tyf æ/fHo/fi6«Æ (State Nation) eg]sf] s] xf] eGg] ;jfnx¿df k|z:t cGj]if0f gu/L g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf] cBfjlws JofVof ug{ ;Dej 5}g . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] ljdz{n] g]kfnLhgsf] lxtsf lgldQ ;sf/fTds ;ª\sygsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u5{ . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] ;}4flGts cfwf/lznfn] g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf] cBfjlws JofVof Pj+ g]kfnsf] ;'b[l9s/0fsf lgldQ ;d]t lg0ff{os k|efj kfg]{5 . ;f]xL lg0ff{os k|efjn] ;ª\s6} ;ª\s6sf] ;ª\qmd0fsfnaf6 u'lh|Fbf] jt{dfg g]kfnnfO{ ;dfwfgsf] lgldQ Ps ;'lglZrt lgsf; ldNg]5 . ;dsfnLg ljZjdf klxrfgsf] /fhgLlt (Identity politics) n] ;a}h;f] b]zx¿nfO{ r'gf}tL v8f u/]sf] 5 . k/Dk/fut æ/fi6«/fHoÆ cjwf/0ffsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ul/Psf æ/fli6«otfÆ sf kl/efiff Pj+ JofVofnfO{ c:jLsf/ ub}{ st} ælå/fli6«otfÆ t st} æax'/fli6«otfÆ sf bfaLx¿n] sf]nfxn dRrfO/x]sf b]Vg ;lsG5 . av]{ Rofp em}F plAhPsf ;fgf ;fgf æ/fli6«otfÆ sf cxª\sf/L dxTjfsf+Iffx¿nfO{ æ/fi6«/fHoÆ cjwf/0ffn] g ;Daf]wg ug{ ;S5, g t lg/fs/0f g} ug{ ;S5 . ;+;f/el/ g} /fHosf] l:y/tfsf lgldQ ;fy;fy} æpbf/rl/tfgf+ t' j;'w}j s'6'Dasd\Æ eGg] j}lZjs dfGotfsf] kl/k'li6 ug{ klg pbf/–/fli6«otfjfbL l;4fGtsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf æ/fHo/fi6«Æ cjwf/0ffsf] l;4fGtLs/0f jf~5gLo ePsf] xf] .


#=‘/fHo/fi6«’ nfO{ l;4fGt lsg elgPsf] xf] <

;a} cjwf/0ffx¿ l;4fGtsf] txdf ljsf; x'Fb}gg, t/ ;a} l;4fGtx¿sf] d"ndf cjwf/0ffx¿ g} x'G5g\ . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ nfO{ xfdL l;4fGts} ¿kdf lnG5f}F . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ (State Nation) cjwf/0ffdf æ/fHoÆ (State) / æ/fi6«Æ (Nation) b'O{j6f zAbx¿ ;dlGjt 5g\ . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ df /fHo zAbnfO{ cufl8 -ljz]if0fsf] :yfgdf_ / /fi6« zAbnfO{ k5fl8 -ljz]iosf] :yfgdf_ /flvg'n] of] cjwf/0ffaf6 Ps ljlzi6 tfTko{ af]w x'G5 . cyf{t\, æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] kl/efiff Pj+ klxrfgsf lgldQ æ/fHoÆ g} lg0ff{os tŒj xf] eGg] ;}4flGts dfGotfsf] Bf]ts xf] æ/fHo/fi6«Æ cjwf/0ff . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ nfO{ l;4fGt (Theory) sf ¿kdf dfGg ;lsg] ;':ki6 sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . klxnf], ljleGg k|d]ox¿ -/fHo, /fi6«, /fli6«otf cflb_ nfO{ kl/efiff ug{ tyf /fli6«otf–;Da4 kl/36gfaf/] lj1fg;Ddt ljlwaf6 ljj/0f k|:t't ug{ ;Sg] cfwf/ æ/fHo/fi6«Æ df kfOG5 . cyf{t\, kl/efiffTds Pj+ ljj/0ffTds k|sfo{ (Definition and Description) sf] lgldQ of] ;Ifd 5 . bf];|f], æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 /fli6«otf–;Da4 kl/36gfsf] /Ltk"j{s / k|0ffnLa4 (systematic) JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 . cyf{t\, JofVofTds


k|sfo{ (Explanation) sf] lgldQ of] ;Ifd 5 . t];|f], ;Da4 kl/36gfsf ljleGg sf/0f (Cause) / c;/ (Effect) sf] cGt;{DaGwsf] ljZn]if0f u/L eljiot\ kl/0ffdaf/] klg æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 cfFsng ug{ klg ;lsG5 . cyf{t\, ljw]ofTds k|sfo{ (Prediction) sf] lgldQ of] ;Ifd 5 . rf}yf], s'g} klg kl/k"0f{ l;4fGtn] ælgoGq0fÆ (Control) k|sfo{ ;d]t ug{ ;Sg] dfkb08 klg æ/fHo/fi6«Æ n] k"/f u5{ . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ s]jn cjwf/0ffTds txdf dfq ;Lldt g/xL o;sf dfGotfx¿nfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ ;lsg] Pj+ ;f]xLcg';f/ /fli6«otfsf] Jofjxfl/s sfof{Gjog, /fHosf] ;+/rgf, gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] k|rng, ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] k|rng cflbdf lg0ff{os k|efj kg]{ x'gfn] o;sf] lgoGq0ffTds k|sfo{ :ki6} 5 . o;/L, æ/fHo/fi6«Æ Ps l;4fGt xf] lsgeg] o;n] s'g} klg l;4fGtsf rf/j6f k|sfo{x¿ ;d]6L cfw'lgs l;4fGtsf ;a} ljz]iftfx¿ k"/f u5{ .


$=b'O{yl/ l;4fGt af]s]sf rf/j6f cjwf/0ffx¿

æ/fHo/fi6«Æ cjwf/0ff Pj+ l;4fGtsf] ljdz{ ug]{ qmddf o;sf k|lt:kwL{ cjwf/0ffx¿ -æ/fi6«/fHoÆ, ælå–/fli6«o /fHoÆ, æax'–/fli6«o /fHoÆ_ af/] klg kl/rrf{ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . jf:tjdf, jt{dfg g]kfnsf kl/k|]Iodf /fli6«otfsf] cBfjlws JofVof ug{sf lgldQ b'O{yl/ l;4fGt af]s]sf pSt rf/j6f cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{ /fd|/L a'em\g' clgjfo{ 5 . æ/fi6«/fHoÆ, ælå–/fli6«o /fHoÆ, æax'–/fli6«o /fHoÆ tyf æ/fHo/fi6«Æ — pko'{St rf/j6f zAbfjnLdWo] cl3Nnf tLgj6fsf] cjwf/0ffTds, j}rfl/s, ;}4flGts cfwf/ ;dfg /x]sf] 5 — æpxL d'nfsf] l;GsL, pxL d'nfsf] rfgfÆ eg]em}F . t/, æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] cjwf/0ffTds, j}rfl/s, ;}4flGts cfwf/rflxF ltgLx¿eGbf k[ys\ xf] . t;y{, bfz{lgs b[li6sf]0faf6 juL{s/0f ug]{ xf] eg] æ/fi6«/fHoÆ, ælå–/fli6«o /fHoÆ Pj+ æax'–/fli6«o /fHoÆ eGg] dfGotfx¿ Ps w|'jdf / æ/fHo/fi6«Æ eGg] dfGotfrflxF csf]{ w|'jdf v8f x'g] b]lvG5 . o:tf] k[i7e"lddf æ/fHo/fi6«Æ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ Ps l;4fGt / æ/fi6«/fHoÆ, ælå–/fli6«o /fHoÆ Pj+ æax'–/fli6«o /fHoÆ eGg] dfGotfx¿nfO{ csf]{ l;4fGt eGg ;lsG5 . xfd|f] ljdz{sf] ;xhtfsf] k|of]hgn] æ/fi6«/fHoÆ, ælå–/fli6«o /fHoÆ Pj+ æax'–/fli6«o /fHoÆ eGg] cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g]


l;4fGtnfO{ ;ª\sL0f{–/fli6«otfjfbL l;4fGt eGg ;lsG5 . o'/f]kdf æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] pb\ej Pj+ æ/fHoÆ sf] ;+/rgf x'g] qmddf :yflkt ePsf æ/fi6«/fHoÆ, ælå–/fli6«otfÆ Pj+ æax'–/fli6«otfÆ dfGotfx¿n] Pp6f o:tf] l;4fGtnfO{ k|jw{g u/], h;sf] cfwf/lznfsf] ¿kdf æ/fi6«Æ sf] ;ª\sL0f{ kl/efiff /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] ;ª\sL0f{ kl/efiffnfO{ k"FhLjfbL / sDo'lg:6÷;dfhjfbL b'j}yl/n] cjnDag u/]sf] x'gfn] of] ;femf æsk"Æ -sDo'lg:6±k"FhLjfbL_ l;4fGt xf] . n]lggjfbL æax'–/fli6«otfÆ sf] cfwf/lznf k"FhLjfbL æ/fi6«/fHoÆ cjwf/0ff g} xf], h;df k[ys\ k[ys\ æ/fi6«Æ x¿nfO{ Pp6} e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgs ;+/rgfdf s;/L ;d]6\g] eGg] ;jfnnfO{ Ps lsl;dn] xn ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] . æ/fi6«/fHoÆ, ælå–/fli6«o /fHoÆ Pj+ æax'–/fli6«o /fHoÆ ;a}nfO{ ;d]6\g] ;femf æsk"Æ l;4fGtsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg] cGto{df ;ª\sL0f{ kfy{SojfbL, j}leGGojfbL, cxª\sf/jfbL, 3[0ffjfbL ;f]r /x]sf] tYo phfu/ x'G5 . æ/fi6«/fHoÆ, ælå–/fli6«o /fHoÆ Pj+ æax'–/fli6«o /fHoÆ nfO{ dfGg] ;ª\sL0f{–/fli6«otfjfbL l;4fGtn] k|hflt (Race), hflt (Ethnicity,

Tribe, Clan), efiff (Language), wfld{s ;Dk|bfo (Religion), ;f+:s[lts klxrfg (Cultural Identity), If]qLo klxrfg (Regional Identity) cflbnfO{ æ/fi6«Æ Pj+ æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] kl/efiffsf nflu k|fylds tTj dfG5 . cyf{t\, of] l;4fGtn] :jtGq, :jfwLg, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg b]z -æ/fHoÆ_ sf] e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgs cl:tTjnfO{ æ/fi6«Æ Pj+ æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] kl/efiffsf nflu k|fylds tTj dfGb}g . k'/fgf] o'/f]k]nL dfGotfn] æ/fi6«Æ (Nation) / æ/fHoÆ (State) nfO{ cnu cnu tTjx¿ dfG5 — h;dWo] æ/fi6«Æ nfO{ k"j{jtL{ / æ/fHoÆ nfO{ k/jtL{ dflgG5 / sltko cj:yfdf æ/fi6«Æ / æ/fHoÆ n] ;dfg ;+/rgfnfO{ hgfpg] tyf cGo sltko cj:yfdf cnu cnu tTjx¿nfO{ hgfpg] u/L tL ;+1fsf] k|of]u ePsf] x'G5 . o'/f]k–s]lGb|t k|ltdfg (Eurocentric Paradigm) n] k|hflt, hflt, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg, If]qLo klxrfg cflbsf cfwf/df æ/fi6«Æ sf] kl/efiff ug]{ ePsfn] lxhf]sf o'/f]k]nL b]zdf


h:tf] æPsnÆ klxrfg x'Fbf;Dd æk|lt:kwL{ /fli6«otfx¿sf] ;ª\3if{Æ sf] cj:yf g/xg], t/ g]kfn, ef/th:tf j}ljWok"0f{ b]zx¿dfrflxF æk|lt:kwL{ /fli6«otfx¿sf] ;ª\3if{Æ nfO{ dnhn k'Ug] / ltgsf] k[ystfjfbL b'?T;fx a9\g] cj:yf /xg] b]lvG5 . o'/f]k]nL æ/fi6«/fHoÆ sf] 9fFrfnfO{ dfGg] xf] eg] s'g} Pp6f b]zdf cl:tTjdfg k[ys\ k[ys\ k|hflt, hflt, hft, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg, If]qLo klxrfg cflb ;a} g} æ/fi6«Æ sf x}l;otdf ljsf; x'g ;Sg] eg]/ dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . clg k|To]s æ/fi6«Æ n] l9nf] jf rfF8f] æ/fHoÆ sf] x}l;ot k|fKt ug]{ dxTjfsfª\Iff /fVg] x'gfn] ;f]xL æ/fi6«Æ sf] dfGotfsf cfwf/df æ/fHoÆ sf] ;+/rgfdf hf]8 lbg' g} o'/f]k–s]lGb|t k|ltdfgsf] k|fyldstfdf k5{ . t;y{, o'/f]k]nL dfGotfdf cfwfl/t æ/fi6«/fHoÆ df b]z -æ/fHoÆ_ sf] e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgs cl:tTj uf}0f /xL hlxn] klg æk|lt:kwL{ /fli6«otfx¿sf] ;ª\3if{Æ sf] aLh ljBdfg /xG5 . ælå–/fli6«o /fHoÆ Pj+ æax'–/fli6«o /fHoÆ df t emg\ æk|lt:kwL{ /fli6«otfx¿sf] cGToxLg ;ª\3if{Æ sf] ;Defjgf k|an g} x'G5 . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtn] æpbf/rl/tfgf+ t' j;'w}j s'6'Dasd\Æ eGg] j}lZjs dfGotf cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] x'gfn] s'g} klg ;ª\sL0f{tf, ljå]if, 3[0ffdf cfwfl/t lsQfsf6nfO{ /fli6«otfsf] kl/efiffsf nflu c:jLsf/ u5{ . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtn] :jtGq, :jfwLg, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg b]z -æ/fHoÆ_ sf] e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgs cl:tTjnfO{ æ/fi6«Æ Pj+ æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] kl/efiffsf nflu k|fylds tTj dfG5 . :jtGq, :jfwLg, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg b]z -æ/fHoÆ_ df ljBdfg h'g–s'g} klg k|hflt, hflt, hft, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg, If]qLo klxrfg cflbnfO{ ;dli6s[t b[li6sf]0faf6 cfkm"leq} ;dflxt, ;dlGjt, ;';+of]lht ug]{ x'gfn] æ/fHo/fi6«Æ n] pSt k[ys\ k[ys\ cjojx¿nfO{ k/:k/ lj/f]wL, k|lt:kwL{ 7fGb}g / ltgLx¿ æ/fi6«Æ sf x}l;otdf ljsf; x'g ;Sg] dflgFb}g . t;y{ æ/fHo/fi6«Æ df æ/fli6«otfx¿sf] ;ª\3if{Æ sf lgldQ s'g} :yfg x'Fb}g . g]kfn / g]kfnh:t} hftLo, eflifs, ;fDk|bflos cflb ljljwtfo'Qm b]zsf nflu cfkm\gf] :jtGq, :jfwLg, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg æ/fHoÆ sf] x}l;otnfO{


;b}j ;'b[9 agfpg] l;4fGt æ/fHo/fi6«Æ (State Nation) g} xf] . æ/fi6«/fHoÆ, ælå–/fli6«o /fHoÆ Pj+ æax'–/fli6«o /fHoÆ eGg] dfGotfx¿sf] d"ndf h'g l;4fGt /x]sf] 5, Tof] o'/f]k–s]lGb|t (Eurocentric) l;4fGt xf] . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtrflxF g]kfn–s]lGb|t (Nepal-centric) xf], h;nfO{ a[xQ/ bfo/fdf ef/tjif{–s]lGb|t l;4fGt klg eGg ;lsG5 . xfd|f]eGbf k[ys\ kl/j]zdf pb\ej ePsf] o'/f]k–s]lGb|t k|ltdfg (Eurocentric

Paradigm) / xfd|f] df}lns /}yfg] g]kfn–s]lGb|t k|ltdfg (Nepal-centric

Paradigm) aLrsf] 6s/fj cfhsf] HjnGt oyfy{ xf] .


%=g]kfn–s]lGb|t lj?4 o'/f]k–s]lGb|t k|ltdfg

xfd|f]df æa|x\df08Lo PstfÆ Pj+ æljZjaGw'TjÆ h:tf a[xb\df clt a[xb\ dfGotfsf ;fy} æu|fdÆ h:tf ljz]ifdf clt ljz]if ;+/rgf;Ddsf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ j}lbs ;Eotf Pj+ jfª\dod} b]lvG5 . æ/fHoÆ, æ/fi6«Æ Pj+ æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ klg j}lbs ;Eotf Pj+ jfª\dod} 5 . j}lbs ;fy} af}4, h}g, ls/ftL, af]g nufotsf k/Dk/fdf klg pko'{St ;}4flGts b[li6df dt}So g} /x]sf] 5 . ;dli6df, df}lns /}yfg] g]kfnL b[li6df æ/fHoÆ Pj+ æ/fi6«Æ k/:k/ lj/f]wL t s], k[ys\ tTj g} xf]Ogg\ k|To't æ/fHoÆ Pj+ æ/fi6«Æ :jtGq, :jfwLg, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg b]znfO{ hgfpg] ;dfgfy{s ;+1f x'g\ . df}lns /}yfg] g]kfnL dtdf æ/fHoÆ g} æ/fi6«Æ xf] Pj+ æ/fHoÆ af6 g} æ/fli6«otfÆ lgM;[t x'g] xf] . t/, o'/f]k]nL ;Eotfdf æ/fHoÆ sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf xfd|f]eGbf km/s b[li6sf]0f cjnDag eof] . tTsfnLg o'/f]k]nL ;Eotfdf ljrf/ j}leGGo g/x]sf] xf]Og, tyflk ToxfFsf] k|antd k|ltdfg (Dominant

Paradigm) n] æ/fHoÆ / æ/fi6«Æ nfO{ k[ys\ k[ys\ tTj dfGof] . pSt o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfg cg';f/, k|hflt, hflt, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg, If]qLo klxrfg cflbnfO{ æ/fi6«Æ lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ dflgof] . ;s];Dd


To;/L cl:tTjdfg æ/fi6«Æ sf] g} :jtGq, :jfwLg, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg æ/fHoÆ sf] ¿kdf e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgs x}l;ot x'g' jf~5gLo dflgof] . o'/f]kdf /fi6«–/fHo -g]zg–:6]6_ sf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ g} k|mfG;, hd{gL, la|6]g, O6fnL cflb b]zx¿ cl:tTjdf cfP . sltko cj:yfdf PseGbf a9L k|hflt, hflt, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg, If]qLo klxrfg cflbnfO{ Pp6} e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgs ;+/rgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ /0fgLlts÷Jofjxfl/s cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfgdf ælå–/fli6«o /fHoÆ Pj+ æax'–/fli6«o /fHoÆ eGg] dfGotf cufl8 NofOPsf] b]lvG5 . klxn]sf] r]sf]:nf]eflsof h:tf ælå–/fli6«oÆ / :jLh/Nof08, klxn]sf] ;f]ljot ;ª\3 Pj+ o'uf]:nfleofh:tf æax'–/fli6«oÆ ;+/rgfx¿ o;/L g} ag]sf lyP . jf:tjdf æ/fi6«/fHoÆ, ælå–/fli6«o /fHoÆ Pj+ æax'–/fli6«o /fHoÆ h:tf ;+/rgfnfO{ cfjZostfhlgt ;Demf}tfsf ¿kdf dfq o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfgn] :jLsf/]sf] xf] . tTsfnLg o'/f]ksf] e"–;f+:s[lts–/fhgLlts oyfy{nfO{ Vofn /fvL cjnDag ul/Psf pko'{St dfGotfx¿n] ljleGg b]zx¿sf] e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgstfsf] lgSof}{n ug{ d2t k'¥ofPsf lyP . t/, Tof] k'/fgf] l;4fGt o'/f]kd} ;d]t c;fGble{s eO;s]sf] 5 eg] æ/fi6«/fHoÆ, ælå–/fli6«otfÆ Pj+ æax'–/fli6«otfÆ dfGotfx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] o'/f]k–s]lGb|t k|ltdfg Pj+ æsk"Æ l;4fGtn] jt{dfg g]kfndf g]kfnL /fli6«otfdfly uDeL/ r'gf}tL v8f u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfg cg';f/, s'g} Pp6f b]zdf cl:tTjdfg k[ys\ k[ys\ k|hflt, hflt, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg, If]qLo klxrfg cflb ;a} g} æ/fi6«Æ sf x}l;otdf ljsf; x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] ælå–/fli6«oÆ / æax'–/fli6«oÆ ;+/rgfsf] lj36g h'g–s'g} a]nfdf klg x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf cTolws /xG5 . To:tf] lj36gn] 3[0ff / lx+;fnfO{ g} dnhn u5{ . hftLo, eflifs, ;fDk|bflos, ef}uf]lns cflb ljljwtfo'Qm b]z g]kfnn] cfkm\gf]nflu c;fGble{s o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfg cjnDag ug'{ t æk|lt:kwL{ /fli6«otfx¿sf] cGToxLg ;ª\3if{Æ sf] slxNo} lgsf] gx'g] /f]unfO{


lgDTofpg]h:tf] uNtL x'g]5 . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ (“State Nation”) df k|hflt, hflt, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg, If]qLo klxrfg cflbnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ tTjx¿ gdfgL /fHosf ljljw cjoj dfg]/ a[xQ/ Pstfsf cfwf/df ;';+of]hg ul/g] x'gfn] o;df æk|lt:kwL{ /fi6«x¿Æ Pj+ æk|lt:kwL{ /fli6«otfx¿Æ nfO{ :yfg x'Fb}g . o;df t æ/fHoÆ nfO{ s]Gb|df /fvL æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] kl/efiff Pj+ k|rng x'G5 . o'/f]k–s]lGb|t k|ltdfg (Eurocentric Paradigm) / g]kfn–s]lGb|t k|ltdfg (Nepal-centric Paradigm) aLrsf] 6s/fjdf xfd|f] df}lns /}yfg] g]kfn–s]lGb|t k|ltdfgsf] ljhosf nflu æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGt cufl8 Nofpg' k/]sf] xf] .


^=/fi6«/fHo

o'/f]ksf] pbfx/0faf6 rrf{ ;'? u/f}F . h'g a]nfdf o'/f]kdf /fli6«otfn] cfsf/ u|x0f ub}{ lyof], Tolt a]nfsf] k|antd o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfgn] æ/fi6«Æ nfO{ k"j{jtL{ / æ/fHoÆ k/jtL{ dfGof] . kl/0ffd s] eof] eg] o'/f]kdf /fli6«otfnfO{ æ/fi6«/fHoÆ (Nation State) cjwf/0ffaf6 kl/eflift ul/of] . hflt (Ethnicity) ÷ k|hflt (Race) nfO{ cf/lDes dfgs dfg]/ æ/fi6«Æ (Nation) sf] kl/efiff ug]{ Pj+ /fHosf] lsQfsf6 ug]{ tTsfnLg o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfg g} æ/fi6«/fHoÆ (Nation State) sf] cfwf/lznf xf] . æ/fi6«/fHoÆ (Nation State) df klg æ/fHo/fi6«Æ (State Nation) df em}F æ/fHoÆ (State) / æ/fi6«Æ (Nation) b'O{j6f zAbx¿ g} ;dlGjt 5g\, t/ zAbx¿sf] qmd km/s tl/sfn] /flvPsf] 5 . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ df /fHo zAbnfO{ cufl8 -ljz]if0fsf] :yfgdf_ / /fi6« zAbnfO{ k5fl8 -ljz]iosf] :yfgdf_ /flvPsf] 5 eg] æ/fi6«/fHoÆ df /fi6« zAbnfO{ cufl8 -ljz]if0fsf] :yfgdf_ / /fHo zAbnfO{ k5fl8 -ljz]iosf] :yfgdf_ /flvPsf] 5 . cyf{t\, æ/fHo/fi6«Æ df æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] kl/efiff Pj+ klxrfgsf


lgldQ æ/fHoÆ g} lg0ff{os tŒj xf] eg] æ/fi6«/fHoÆ df dflg;sf] hGdsf] cfwf/df lgwf{l/t x'g] k|hflt, hflt h:tf tŒjnfO{ æ/fi6«Æ Pj+ æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] kl/efiff Pj+ klxrfgsf lgldQ lg0ff{os dfg]sf] b]lvG5 . o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfg (European Paradigm) sf] of] dfGotfn] k|hflt, hflt, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg cflbsf cfwf/df o'/f]kleq cg]s æ/fi6«Æ x¿ klxrfg ul/P . Tolta]nfsf] kl/j]zdf pgLx¿sf nflu of] ;xh klg /x\of] xf]nf M la|6]g s;sf] < la|l6zsf] . k|mfG; s;sf] < k|m]Grsf] . hd{gL s;sf] < hd{gsf] . O6fnL, xNof08, 8]gdfs{, lkmgNof08, /l;of, :k]g, c? c? klg b]z x]/f}FÙ pxL k|ltdfgn] lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . k'/fgf] o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfgdf :jtGq, :jfwLg, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg b]z -æ/fHoÆ_ sf] e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgs cl:tTjnfO{ lgwf{/0f s]n] u/]sf] 5 t < d"ndf 5 pxL dfGotf M— k|hflt, hflt, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg cflb km/s k/]kl5 tL cnu cnu æ/fi6«Æ x'g\, To;}n] ltgLx¿sf] æ/fli6«otfÆ leGg leGg xf] / ltgLx¿ cnu cnu æ/fHoÆ x'g' g} jf~5gLo xf] . cyf{t\, j}leGGonfO{ lg0ff {os dfg]/ ag]sf Joli6d"ns (Particularist) PsfO lyP o'/f]k]nL b]zx¿ . x/]s PsfO;Fu Ps–cfk;df cGt3'{ng gePsf ljleGg hg;d'bfo, km/s efiff, km/s ;f+:s[lts klxrfgsf ;fy;fy} cnUu} /x]sf e"–v08;d]t /x]sfn] g} la|l6zsf] la|6]g, k|m]Grsf] k|mfG;, hd{gsf] hd{gL cflb OToflb eGb} k[ys\ k[ys\ æ/fi6«Æ sf] kl/sNkgf u/L ;f]xLcg';f/ æ/fHoÆ sf] ;+/rgf ug]{ kl/l:ylt tTsfnLg o'/f]kdf ag]sf] lyof] . oBlk, la|6]g ;d]t ;d]l6Psf] ;+o'St clw/fHosf] lgdf{0f g} æ/fi6«/fHoÆ sf] dfGotfdf c6fpg ;Sb}g . cfkm\gf] b]zdf ;d]t plta]n} utfy{ (Outdated) eO;s]sf] dfGotfnfO{ a]nfotL ;fd|fHojfbsf] lj:tf/;Fu} ;+;f/el/ k|e'TjzfnL k|ltdfg (Dominant Paradigm) sf] x}l;otdf :yflkt ug{ pgLx¿n] e/dUb"/ k|oTg u/L ;kmntf ;d]t kfP . ;fd|fHojfbLx¿n]


cGo b]zdf km'6, ljå]if, 3[0ff k|jw{g ug{] xltof/ lyof] æ/fi6«/fHoÆ (Nation

State) dfGotf . o'/f]k]nLx¿sf] tTsfnLg cfjZostf cg';f/ g} æ/fi6«/fHoÆ dfGotfn] Psflt/ pgLx¿nfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofof] eg] cGo d'n'sx¿df km'6, ljå]if, 3[0ff k|jw{g u/L O;fO -lqml:rog_ Pj+ k"FhLjfbL rnv]nsf] cj;/ a9fOlbof] . tTsfnLg o'/f]k]nL ;Gbe{df æ/fi6«/fHoÆ cjwf/0ffn] ljleGg e"–;f+:s[lts–/fhgLlts PsfOx¿nfO{ æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] cfwf/df klxrfg, ;Ldfª\sg Pj+ e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgstfsf] lgSof}{n ug{ d2t k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . oBlk tTsfnLg o'/f]kdf km/s efiff tyf km/s ;f+:s[lts klxrfg ePsf PsfOx¿;Fu cnUu} cnUu} e"–v08 ;fy} Ps–cfk;df cGt3'{ng gePsf ljleGg hg;d'bfo ePsfn] g} æ/fi6«/fHoÆ cjwf/0ffn] ;sf/fTds of]ubfg lbPsf] lyof]¦ cGoyf Pp6} b]zleq æk|lt:kwL{ /fi6«x¿Æ Pj+ æk|lt:kwL{ /fli6«otfx¿Æ sf] lsrnf] x'g] lyof] . pSt lx;fan] d"Nof+sg ubf{ æ/fi6«/fHoÆ cjwf/0ff lxhf]sf] o'/f]ksf nflu j/bfg ;flat ePsf] tYo phfu/ x'G5 . cfw'lgs zlSt ;+/rgfdf o'/f]k]nL–cd]l/sL k|ltdfgsf] k|e'Tj a9\b} hfFbf cGo e"efux¿df klg æ/fi6«/fHoÆ -g]zg–:6]6_ cjwf/0ff cg';f/ g} /fli6«otfsf] JofVof x'g yfNof] . k|ToIf cf}klgj]lzs zf;g (Direct colonial

rule) sf] ;dflKt;Fu} a]nfot, k|mfG; tyf cGo o'/f]k]nL d'n'ssf klxn]sf pklgj]zx¿sf] :jtGqtfsf qmddf gofF gofF b]zx¿ aGb} hfFbf ltgLx¿nfO{ klg æ/fi6«/fHoÆ -g]zg–:6]6_ elgof] . slxNo} cf}klgj]lzs zf;g cGtu{t g/x]sf b]zx¿n] ;d]t b]vfl;sLdf cfkm"nfO{ æ/fi6«/fHoÆ -g]zg–:6]6_ eg] . Oltxf;sf] clelgld{t ljZn]if0f (Constructed analysis) tyf cyf{kg (Interpretation) sf ;fy} tTsfn ;Qf?9 zlSt;+/rgfsf] cg's"n k|jlw{t ;+sygx¿sf cf8df g]kfn, ef/t, kfls:tfg, ckmuflg:tfg, blIf0f clk|msf, ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sf, Sofgf8f cflb h:tf b]zx¿nfO{ ;d]t æ/fi6«/fHoÆ (Nation State) eGg] Pj+ dfGg] coyfy{k"0f{ Jojxf/ b]lvof] . g]kfn, Ol08of cflb b]znfO{ æ/fi6«/fHoÆ eGg' h?/L klg lyPg /


cf}lrTok"0f{ klg xf]Og . g]kfn / Ol08ofh:tf k|frLg ef/tjif{sf pQ/flwsf/L b]zx¿sf kl/k|]Iodf æ/fi6«Æ sf] lgdf{0f k|hftLo, hftLo, eflifs, ;fDk|bflos cflb cfwf/ jf dfkb08af6 ePsf] xf]Og . æ/fi6«Æ sf] ;ª\sL0f{ kl/efiff ug]{ Pj+ æ/fi6«Æ nfO{ k"j{jtL{ / æ/fHoÆ nfO{ k/jtL{ dfGg] o'/f]k]nL b[li6sf]0fnfO{ j}lbs dfGotfsf] ljkl/t b]lvG5 lsgeg] æ/fi6«Æ g} k|d]o -d'Vo pkfb]o tTj_ dfgL æ/fi6«Æ sf] Jofjxfl/s ;fy{stfrflxF æ/fHoÆ af6 g} ;'lglZrt x'g] dfGotfnfO{ j]b -ljz]iftM cyj{j]b_ Pj+ j}lbs wf/fsf ;fGble{s zf:qx¿n] dfg]sf 5g\, h;nfO{ af}4, h}g, ls/ftL, af]g cflbn] klg cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L, ;fWosf] ¿kdf æ/fi6«Æ / ;fwgsf] ¿kdf æ/fHoÆ /xL ;dli6df -;fwg / ;fWosf] cleGg kf/:kl/s ;DaGwsf] sf/0fn]_ æ/fHo g} /fi6«Æ (State

as Nation) :j¿kdf ljsf; x'g] eGg] af}4, h}g, ls/ftL, af]g cflbsf] dfGotf ePsfn] g]kfn, Ol08of / cGo s}of}F b]zx¿nfO{ df}lns ¿kdf /fHo/fi6« (State Nation) eGg' g} oyfy{–;ª\ut x'G5 . h'g b]zx¿ df}lns ¿kdf sbflk æ/fi6«/fHoÆ lyPgg\, ltgLx¿nfO{ ;d]t lsg æ/fi6«/fHoÆ elgPsf] xf]nf t < /fHo/fi6« cjwf/0ffsf] oy]i6 l;4fGtLs/0f geO;s]sf] cj:yfdf, h;/L klg b]znfO{ PsLs[t /fVg} kg]{ Jofjxfl/s afWotfjz /fi6«/fHo cjwf/0ffs} dgu9Gt] cyf{kg ug]{ pSt tl/sfsf] sfOt] Jojxf/ ul/Psf] lyof] eGg] a'em\g ;lsG5 . ca /fHo/fi6« (State Nation) sf] l;4fGtLs/0f;Fu} pSt tl/sfsf] sfOt] Jojxf/sf] s'g} cfjZostf /xFb}g, lsgeg] /fHo/fi6« l;4fGtsf] cfnf]sdf ;xh};Fu g]kfnL, ef/tLo, kfls:tfgL, ckmuflg:tfgL, blIf0f clk|msL, cd]l/sL, Sofgf8fnL cflb /fli6«otfsf] lj1fg;Ddt JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 . /fli6«otfsf] lj1fg;Ddt JofVof ug{ ;lsg] /fHo/fi6« l;4fGt ljsf; eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf ca /fi6«/fHo cjwf/0ffnfO{ cFufln/xg' kg]{ s'g} cfjZostf 5}g . o'/f]ksf nflu lxhf] j/bfg ;flat ePsf] æ/fi6«/fHoÆ cjwf/0ff ablnPsf] kl/l:yltdf cfufdL ;dodf >fk ;flat x'g] cj:yf b]lvPsf]


5 . a;fOF;/fOsf sf/0f ca o'/f]kdf;d]t plxn]h:tf] /fi6«–/fHo -g]zg–:6]6_ sf] cj:yf sfod /xg] cj:yf qmdzM IfL0f x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . h:t} M— clxn]sf] la|6]g klxn]em}F la|l6z hgtfsf] dfq 3/ xf]Og¦ k|To't cg]sf}F hftLo, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts ;d'bfox¿sf] ;·d:yn aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 . clxn]sf] k|mfG; jf cGo o'/f]k]nL b]zsf] lgolt klg pxL xf] . ca k/Dk/fut o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfgn] kl/eflift ug]{ æg]zg–:6]6Æ sf] cjwf/0ffn] cfhsf] a]nfot jf k|mfG; jf c? o'/f]k]nL b]znfO{ klg k6Ss} ;d]6\g ;Sb}g . clg k|hflt, hflt, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg cflb km/s k/]kl5 tL cnu cnu æ/fi6«Æ x'g], ltgLx¿sf] æ/fli6«otfÆ klg leGg leGg x'g] / ;f]xL cg'¿k cnu cnu æ/fHoÆ x'g' kg]{ k'/fgf] o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfg nfu" ug{ klg k6Ss} ldNb}g¦ lsgeg] lxhf]h:tf] Ps–cfk;df cGt3'{ng gePsf] hg;d'bfo, km/s efiff, km/s ;f+:s[lts klxrfgsf ;fy;fy} cnUu} /x]sf e"–v08;d]t /x]sf Joli6d"ns (Particularist) PsfO ca 5}gg\ jf lgs6 eljiod} /xg] 5}gg\ . k|hflt, hflt, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg cflb km/s k/]kl5 æ/fi6«Æ g} km/s kg]{ xf] eg] t ca n08gsf jf k]l/;sf d';ndfgn] :jtGq O:nfdL /fHo dfUg] kl/l:yltnfO{ lgDTofpF5 . t/ lqml:rog / d';ndfg -jf c?_ sf a:tLx¿ 5f;ld; ePsfn] pgLx¿;Fu cnUu} cnUu} e"–v08 t 5}gg\ . o:tf] k[i7e"lddf k'/fgf] o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfgcg';f/ æ/fi6«Æ nfO{ k"j{jtL{ / æ/fHoÆ k/jtL{ eGg÷dfGg g a]nfotn] ;S5, g k|mfG;n] ;S5, g t c? s'g} klg b]zn] o:tf] hf]lvdnfO{ :jLsfg{ ;S5 . cfkm\gf] cl:tTj g} vt/fdf kg]{ cj:yfdf s'g} klg b]zn] cfkm"leq æk|lt:kwL{ /fli6«otfx¿Æ nfO{ :yfg lbg rfxFb}g / ;Sb}g klg . cyf{t\, cfhsf] a]nfotn] jf k|mfG;n] lxhf]h:tf] k|hflt, hflt, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg cflb km/s k/]kl5 tL cnu cnu æ/fi6«Æ x'g], ltgLx¿sf] æ/fli6«otfÆ klg leGg leGg x'g] / ;f]xL cg'¿k cnu cnu æ/fHoÆ x'g' kg]{ k'/fgf] o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfg cjnDag ug{ ;Sb}gg\¦ k|To't ToxfF klg /fHo–/fi6« -:6]6–g]zg_ g} cl:tTjdfg eO/x]sf] cj:yf xf] .


;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf t pSt k'/fgf] o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfg nfu" x'g] cj:y} gePsfn] ToxfF ;'?b]lv g} /fHo–/fi6« -:6]6–g]zg_ sf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k b]z ag]sf] xf] . o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfgn] gofF kl/l:yltdf PsTjnfO{ a'emfpg æ/fli6«otfÆ eGg] / ljljwtfnfO{ cYof{pg æ;f+:s[lts–/fli6«otfÆ -sNr/n–g]zgfln6L_ sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cufl8 ;fg]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/, lxhf] cs}{ kl/l:yltdf ag]sf] /fi6«–/fHo -g]zg–:6]6_ cjwf/0ff, dfGotf, l;4fGtnfO{ k"0f{tM lj:yfkg ug{ / /fHo/fi6« l;4fGtsf] kof{Kt d"nk|jfxLs/0f x'g g;s];Dd lj36gsf] vt/faf6 sbflk d'St x'g ;Sg]jfnf 5}gg\ plta]nf æg]zg–:6]6Æ :j¿kdf ;+/lrt b]zx¿ . pgLx¿n] ls t kfy{So, j}leGGo, Joli6k|wfgtfdf cfwfl/t æ/fi6«/fHoÆ (“Nation State”) dfGotfnfO{ cjwf/0ffTds, j}rfl/s, ;}4flGts cfwf/af6} gfd]6 kfg{ ;Sg' k5{¦ cGoyf k|hflt, hflt, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg, If]qLo klxrfg cflbsf] cxª\sf/af6 lgM;[t gofF gofF æ/fi6«Æ x¿aLrsf] dxTjfsfª\Iffn] eljiodf k}bf ug]{ æk|lt:kwL{ /fli6«otfx¿sf] cGToxLg ;ª\3if{Æ sf] si6k|b åGåsf] kl/0ffd ef]Ug' kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfn, ef/th:tf b]zdf t k|hflt, hflt, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg, If]qLo klxrfgsf ;fy;fy} uf]q / hft (Caste) ;d]t /fhgLlts dxTjfsfª\Iffsf axfgf aGg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] yk hl6ntfk"0f{ cj:yf 5 . æ/fi6«/fHoÆ cjwf/0ff jf:tjdf Ps ljifj[Ifsf ¿kdf df}nfPsf] b]lvG5 — h;sf] d"ndf kfy{So, j}leGGo, Joli6k|wfgtf 5 / h;n] lgtfGt hGdsf cfwf/df k}bf x'g] hftLo cxª\sf/jfb, 3[0ffjfb / lx+;fTds åGånfO{ dnhn u5{ . of] o:tf] cjwf/0ff xf], h;n] hflt, /ª\u, efiff cflbsf cfwf/df e]b u5{ . o'/f]kdf hGd]sf] kmfl;jfb (Fascism) tyf gflhjfb (Nazism) / blIf0f clk|msfdf ljutsf] /ª\ue]bL zf;g æ/fi6«/fHoÆ cjwf/0ffs} kl/0flt xf] eGbf cTo'lSt x'Fb}g . clxn] cn sfobf, O:nflds :6]6, af]sf] x/fd cflb OToflbsf] d"ndf klg ;ª\sL0f{ kfy{SojfbL, j}leGGojfbL, cxª\sf/jfbL, 3[0ffjfbL ;f]r 5 . k'/fgf] o'/f]k]nL


k|ltdfgn] :yflkt u/]sf] æ/fi6«/fHoÆ dfGotf / clxn] O:nfd wd{sf gfddf pAh]sf O:nflds :6]6h:tf ;ª\sL0f{ kfy{SojfbL, j}leGGojfbL, cxª\sf/jfbL, 3[0ffjfbL ;f]rn] æk|lt:kwL{ /fli6«otfx¿sf] cGToxLg ;ª\3if{Æ nfO{ dnhn u5{g\ . k'/fgf] o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfg cg';f/sf] æ/fi6«/fHoÆ sf] cjwf/0ffn] c/fhstfnfO{ lgDTofpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 eGg] tYo slyt ;LNof08 (Sealand) sf] pbfx/0faf6 ;xh} phfu/ x'G5 . O+UNof08sf] ;d'b|L t6af6 sl/a !@ lsnf]ld6/ k/sf] b"/Ldf /x]sf], ;d'b|df b'O{ lkNn/dfly lgld{t lsNnf PrPd kmf]6{ /km\;\ (HM Fort Roughs) jf /km\;\ 6fj/sf Pshgf lgjf;Ln] To;sf] gfd ;LNof08 (Sealand) /fv]/ cfkm\gf] lgjf; Ps :jtGq æ/fi6«Æ xf] eGg] bfaL u/] . pgsf] lgwgkl5 pgsf 5f]/fn] cfkm"nfO{ ;LNof08sf] /fi6«fWoIf tyf ;/sf/ k|d'v eg]/ bfaL ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;d'b|df b'O{ lkNn/dfly lgld{t, Ps JolStsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf], ;fgf] s[lqd ;+/rgfnfO{ ;d]t :jtGq æ/fi6«Æ eg]/ bfaL ug{ ldNg] cfwf/ k|bfg ug]{ k'/fgf] o'/f]k]nL æ/fi6«/fHoÆ cjwf/0ff slt xf:of:kb /x]5 eGg] of] HjnGt k|df0f xf] . æ/fi6«Æ / æ/fHoÆ nfO{ cnu cnu kl/36gfsf ¿kdf x]g]{ o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfgn] æ/fi6«jfbÆ (Nationalism) / æb]zelStÆ (Patriotism)

nfO{ klg cnu cnu dfg]/ kl/eflift u5{ . sltko klZrdf cWo]tfx¿ tyf ltgsf cg'ofoL cGo JolStx¿n] klg æ/fi6«jfbÆ nfO{ gsf/fTds, ;ª\sL0f{, lje]bsf/L dfg]/ cfnf]rgf u/]sf] tyf To;sf] ljsNkdf æb]zelStÆ n] /fli6«o rl/q af]Sg] egL ljZn]if0f u/]sf] ;Gbe{ klg oxL xf], h;n] æ/fi6«/fHoÆ cjwf/0ffdf /x]sf] lj;ª\ultnfO{ phfu/ u5{ . k|hflt, hflt, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg, If]qLo klxrfg cflb km/s kgf{;fy æ/fi6«Æ g} cnu x'g] eGg]÷dfGg] k'/fgf] o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfgnfO{ dflg/xg] xf] eg] lj36gsf] cGToxLg z[ª\vnf k}bf x'G5 . jf:tjdf, l9nf]÷rfF8f]sf] s'/f dfq xf]¦ æ/fi6«/fHoÆ sf] zlSt sdhf]/ eO{ To;}af6 ælå–/fli6«o /fHoÆ (“Two-Nation State”) jf æax'–/fli6«o


/fHoÆ (“Plurinational State” / “Multi-Nation State”) sf] gfddf lx+;fTds ;ª\3if{sf nflu lgx'F tof/ x'G5 . æ/fi6«/fHoÆ cjwf/0ffaf6} pAh]sf eP tfklg ælå–/fli6«otfÆ / æax'–/fli6«otfÆ dfGg]x¿n] k"j{jtL{ æ/fi6«/fHoÆ cjwf/0ffnfO{ c:jLsf/ u5{g\ — dfs'/fsf aRrfn] dfpnfO{ g} cfxf/f agfPem}F . g]kfndf ælå–/fli6«otfÆ÷æax'–/fli6«otfÆ sf kIfw/ ljleGg hftLo, If]qLo, ;ª\sL0f{ 3[0ffjfbLx¿n] pgLx¿sf dfp kf6L{ eP tfklg sfª\u|];, Pdfn], k"j{k~rsf kf6L{x¿nfO{ gfd]6 kfg{ vf]Hg'sf] sf/0f of] klg xf] — sfª\u|];, Pdfn], k"j{k~rsf kf6L{x¿ g]kfnnfO{ æ/fi6«/fHoÆ dfG5g\ . dfcf]jfbL kf6L{n] g]kfnnfO{ æax'/fli6«o /fHoÆ dfGg] x'gfn] ;ª\sL0f{ 3[0ffjfbLx¿;Fu dfcf]jfbLsf] df]rf{aGbL ePsf] a'em\g ;lsG5 . t/, dfcf]jfbLn] st} g st} cfkm\gf] /fhgLlts bz{gsf] cfu|xnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ kg]{, csf]{lt/ hftLo 3[0ffjfbLx¿rflxF dfcf]jfbLsf] /fhgLlts bz{gdf cl8/xg ;Dej gx'g] sf/0fn] ælå–/fli6«otfÆ÷æax'–/fli6«otfÆ sf kIfw/ ljleGg hftLo, If]qLo, ;ª\sL0f{ 3[0ffjfbLx¿n] cGttf]uTjf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ klg l;Wofpg k|oTg ug'{ klg a'em\g ;lsg] g} kl/36gf xf] . dfcf]jfbLsf ;fy;fy} dw]zs]lGb|t / slyt hghfltjfbL kf6L{x¿n] ælå–/fli6«otfÆ÷æax'–/fli6«otfÆ sf gf/f p/fNb} ubf{ Pdfn]sf y'k|} JolStx¿n] æg]kfn /fi6«/fHo xf]Æ eg]/ ax; ug{ cufl8 cfPsf b]lvPsf] 5 . Tof] ax;df pgLx¿sf] ;/f]sf/ g]kfnL /fli6«otfnfO{ alnof] agfpg] /x]sf] eg]/ dflGbg] xf] eg] klg Pdfn]sf] ;}4flGts w/ftn lgs} sdhf]/ b]lvG5 . klxnf], æ/fi6«/fHoÆ cjwf/0ff cfkm}Fdf sdhf]/ w/ftndf /x]sf] / To;n] k|sf/fGt/n] ælå–/fli6«otfÆ / æax'–/fli6«otfÆ nfO{ g} dnhn ug]{ tYorflxF pgLx¿nfO{ 1fg ePsf] b]lvFb}g . bf];|f], ælå–/fli6«otfÆ / æax'–/fli6«otfÆ nfO{ ;+;f/el/ sDo'lg:6÷;dfhjfbLx¿n] dnhn u/]sf] / n]lggjfbsf] pk–pTkfbgsf ¿kdf hGd]sf] æax'–/fli6«otfÆ g]kfndf ljifj[If ag]/ df}nfPsf] tYok|lt klg pgLx¿ hjfkmb]xL alg/x]sf 5}gg\ . o;/L, cfkm"nfO{ æPdfn]Æ eGg] pSt bn -kf6L{_ n] ;/f;/ ;}4flGts a]OdfgL u/]sf]


tYo phfu/ x'G5 . Pdfn]sf] eGbf Hofbf eb|uf]nsf] cj:yfdf b]lvG5g\ sfª\u|];L / k"j{k~r kf6L{sf cg'ofoLx¿ . pgLx¿sf cflwsfl/s b:tfa]h x]bf{rflxF sfª\u|];, Pdfn], k"j{k~rsf kf6L{x¿ g]kfnnfO{ æ/fi6«/fHoÆ dfG5g\ eGg] g} b]lvG5 . g]kfn xhf/f}F jif{sf] Oltxf; ePsf] hLjGt æ/fHoÆ ePsf] sf/0fn] oxfFsf lgjf;Lx¿ Ps æ/fli6«otfÆ–ljz]ifsf] ;"qdf ;dlGjt eO{ g]kfn cfh Ps ;dli6s[t æ/fi6«Æ alg;s]sf] 5 eGg] ts{ Pdfn] tyf sf+u|]; leqsf æ/fi6«/fHo–jfbLÆ sf] xf] eg] To; ts{df g]kfnL /fli6«otfnfO{ alnof] agfpg] ;/f]sf/ /x]sf] eGg ;lsg] eP tfklg o'/f]k]nL r:dfaf6 x]/]/ g]kfnnfO{ æ/fi6«/fHoÆ egL ul/g] JofVofrflxF oyfy{–;ª\ut xf]Og . æ/fi6«/fHoÆ (Nation State) dfGotfsf] r'/f] g} hflt (Ethnicity) ÷ k|hflt (Race) nfO{ cf/lDes dfgs dfg]/ æ/fi6«Æ (Nation) sf] kl/efiff ug]{ Pj+ /fHosf] lsQfsf6 ug]{ ePsfn] To;leq ælå–/fli6«otfÆ÷æax'–/fli6«otfÆ sf] aLp /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] oyfy{–;ª\ut JofVof æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtsf cfnf]sdf ug{ ;lsG5 .


&=lå–/fli6«otf

s'g} b]z e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgs lx;fan] Ps :jtGq, :jfwLg, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg b]z -æ/fHoÆ_ ePtfklg pSt b]zdf b'O{j6f cnu cnu æ/fi6«Æ x¿ 5g\ eGg] b[li6sf]0f g} ælå–/fli6«otfÆ xf] . h:t} M g]kfnleq dw]zL / kxf8L cnu cnu æ/fi6«Æ x¿ ePsf] bfaL ug]{x¿ ælå–/fli6«otf–jfbLÆ x'g\ . sltko cj:yfdf b'O{j6f PsfOx¿nfO{ ;dGjo, ;xcl:tTj Pj+ ;xsfo{sf nflu ælå–/fli6«otfÆ n] cfwf/ k|bfg u/L ;sf/fTds of]ubfg lbg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . klxn] cnUu} cnUu} /x]sf b'O{ k|lt:kwL{ PsfOx¿ s'g} a[xQ/ Pstfsf] cfwf/ klxNofP/ Pp6} e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgs ;+/rgfdf ;d]l6g ;s] eg] of] t ælå–/fli6«otfÆ n] lbPsf] ;sf/fTds of]ubfg g} dfGg' k5{ . t/, klxNo}b]lv PsLs[t b]zdf olb ælå–/fli6«otfÆ


sf] gf/f p/fn]/ æk|lt:kwL{ /fi6«x¿Æ Pj+ æk|lt:kwL{ /fli6«otfx¿Æ v8f ug]{ k|oTg ePsf] 5 eg]rflxF o;n] clxt u5{ . tYosf cfwf/df eGg] xf] eg] ælå–/fli6«otfÆ n] dfgj ;dfhnfO{ clxt u/]sf w]/} b[i6fGt 5g\ . ha s'g} /fHosf] hGd g} k"j{jtL{ a[xQ/ /fHoleqsf ljljw PsfOx¿nfO{ cnu cnu æ/fi6«Æ dfGg] cjwf/0ffaf6 x'G5 eg] To;/L hGd]sf] /fHon] cfkm\gf] yk ljefhgnfO{ /f]Sg] ;}4flGts cfwf/ x'Fb}g . xf], ;}Goan nufotsf Jofjxfl/s cfwf/af6 k[ystfjfbL ;ª\3if{nfO{ bafP/ ljefhg /f]Sg] pkfo g/xg] xf]Og, t/ To:tf] tl/sf cfkm\g} lgldQ k|To'Tkfbs x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf hlxNo} /xG5 . a]nfotL pklgj]z /x]sf] tTsfnLg Ol08ofsf] pbfx/0faf6 rrf{ ;'? u/f}F . cfkm"nfO{ ælxGb" g]tfÆ dfGg] ;fj/s/ / cfkm"nfO{ æd'l:nd g]tfÆ dfGg] lhGgf — tL b'O{hgfaLr s] ;dfgtf lyof] < b'j}hgf k|ToIftM jf k/f]IftM æwfld{s klxrfgÆ sf cfwf/df æ/fi6«Æ sf] kl/efiff uy]{ . tL b'j}hgfsf] ;dfg dfGotf lyof] ls lxGb" / d';ndfg cnu cnu æ/fi6«Æ x'g\ . xf], ;fj/s/ / lhGgf b'j}hgfn] ælå–/fli6«otfÆ l;4fGt dfGy] . pgLx¿aLrdf dt j}leGGo olQ lyof] M— ;fj/s/sf cg';f/ Ol08of lxGb"x¿sf] :jfefljs æ/fHoÆ x'g' k5{ eg] lhGgfsf cg';f/rflxF d';ndfgx¿sf nflu d';ndfgsf] ax'ntf ePsf :yfgx¿ ;d]l6Psf] 5'6\6} æ/fHoÆ x'g' k5{ . tTsfnLg Ol08ofsf] ljefhgaf6 jt{dfg Ol08of / kfls:tfg -aª\unfb]z;lxt_ aGg'sf] d'Vo sf/s ;f]xL ælå–/fli6«otfÆ cjwf/0ff g} lyof] . kfls:tfgaf6 aª\unfb]z 6'lqmg'sf] sf/s klg ælå–/fli6«otfÆ l;4fGt g} lyof] — olta]nfrflxF æeflifs klxrfgÆ sf cfwf/df æ/fi6«Æ sf] kl/efiff eof] . olb æwfld{s klxrfgÆ dfq æ/fi6«Æ Pj+ æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] cfwf/ x'g]eP kfls:tfg / aª\unfb]z cnu cnu :jtGq b]zx¿ x'g] g} lyPgg\ . tTsfnLg la|l6z Ol08ofaf6 b'O{j6f æ/fi6«Æ x¿ — Ol08of / kfls:tfgsf] hGdsf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ lgs} sdhf]/ lyof] . ljefhgsf] a]nfdf lnOPsf] ælå–/fli6«otfÆ dfkb08nfO{ tTsfn gTofu]sf] eP To;n]


æax'–/fli6«otfÆ nfO{ k|j]z u/fO{ Ol08ofsf] yk ljefhg cjZoDefjL lyof] eGg ;lsg] cfwf/ x}b/fafb, vfln:tfg, gfufNof08, slZd/ cflbsf pbfx/0fn] b]vfpF5 . jf:tjdf, Ol08ofn] k|frLg ef/tjif{sf] ;f+:s[lts lj/f;tsf] sf/0fn] -;}4flGts :ki6tf gx'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf klg_ æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] dd{nfO{ s]xL xb;Dd eP klg Jojxf/df cjnDag ug{ ;s]sf] sf/0fn] g} yk ljefhg /f]Sg ;s]sf] xf] . ptf, kfls:tfgn] cfkm\gf] hGdsf] sf/s ælå–/fli6«otfÆ sf] P]ltxfl;stf;Fu cfkm"nfO{ cnUofpg g;s]sf] sf/0fn] tTsfnLg k"jL{ kfls:tfg cnUu} b]z -a+unfb]z_ aGg] kl/l:ylt lgDTofof] / cBflk an'lr:tfg, l;Gw, lulNu6 aflNt:tfg cflb If]qdf k[ystfjfbnfO{ dnhn k'u]sf] 5 . ælå–/fli6«otfÆ sf] P]ltxfl;stf;Fu cfkm"nfO{ cnUofpg g;s]sf] v08df kfls:tfgsf] cIf'00ftf sfod} /xg a8f] d'lZsn b]lvG5, lsgeg] jt{dfg kfls:tfgsf] ;/xbleq æax'–/fli6«otfÆ–hGo n8fOFsf] d"n g} ToxLFaf6 km'6]sf] 5 . Ol08ofsf] kl/k|]Iodf s'/f ug]{ xf] eg], cflwsfl/s cf}krfl/s tj/n] pSt b]zn] :jtGqtfsf] laGb'af6} cfkm"nfO{ ælå–/fli6«otfÆ sf] 5fofFaf6 d'St kf/]sf] xf] tfklg jt{dfg Ol08ofsf] ;/xbleq ælå–/fli6«otf–jfbLÆ -h:t} M lxGb" lj?4 d'l:nd_ tyf æax'–/fli6«otf–jfbLÆ cjwf/0ffx¿ ;ª\3if{/t 5g\ / s'g} klg a]nf k|an aGg ;S5g\ . k|frLg ef/tjif{sf] æ/fHo/fi6«Æ dfGotf cg'¿k rNg' g} cfw'lgs Ol08ofsf] /fli6«otfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] pkfo xf] . ?jf08fsf] qf;bLn] xfdLnfO{ b]vfpF5 ls ælå–/fli6«otfÆ l;4fGt slt vt/gfs 5 eg]/ . clk|msL b]z ?jf08fdf x't' / t'T;L ;d'bfo km/s km/s hftLo klxrfg ePsfn] ltgLx¿ km/s km/s æ/fi6«Æ x'g\ eGg] ;ª\sL0f{ ;f]r k|jw{g x'Fb} hfFbf lx+;fTds u[xo'4 Pj+ qf;b\ g/;+xf/sf] cj:yf cfof] . >Lnª\sfdf klg ælå–/fli6«otfÆ l;4fGts} cfwf/df w]/} jif{ lx+;fTds åGå dlRrof] . l;+xfnL / tldn ;d'bfoaLrdf ljljwtfaLrsf] PsTj c:jLsf/ ug]{x¿n] æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] ;ª\sL0f{, hftLo÷eflifs


cxª\sf/jfbL, 3[0ff–cfwfl/t kl/efiffnfO{ af]s]/ lxF8\bf ToxfF klg lx+;fTds u[xo'4 Pj+ qf;b\ g/;+xf/sf] cj:yf cfof] . Oh/fon / Kofn]:6fOgaLrsf] ;d:of emg\ emg\ hAa/ aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 oxL ælå–/fli6«otfÆ l;4fGts} sf/0fn] . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGt adf]lhd olb Oh/fonL / Kofn]:6fOgLnfO{ wfld{s klxrfgnfO{ ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf If]qdf hLjGt /fvL gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ Pp6} ;femf /fHosf gful/ssf x}l;otdf ;'lglZrt x'g] kl/l:ylt agfpg ;lsPsf] eP lx+;f / cft+ssf] z[+vnf 6'6\g] lyof] . t/ o'/f]k]nL ;Gbe{df ag]sf] æ/fi6«/fHoÆ sf] j}rfl/s k|b"if0faf6 hGd]sf] ælå–/fli6«otf–jfbLÆ b[li6sf]0fn] Oh/fonL / Kofn]:6fOgLnfO{ k':tf}F;Dd zq' zq'sf] Jojxf/df km;fPsf] 5 . ælå–/fli6«otfÆ sf] sf/0fn] kLl8tx¿sf] ;"rLdf ;fOk|; klg 5 . l5d]sL÷ljb]zLsf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf k|jlw{t ælå–/fli6«otfÆ sf] lavfn' k|xf/n] ;fOk|; b'O{ 6'qmfdf ljeflht eP/ /x]sf] 5 . ;fOk|;nfO{ ;fOk|;s} lxtsf] lx;faaf6 x]g{ g;s]/ 6s]{nL / u|L;]nL lxtsf lx;faaf6 lsQfsf6 ug]{ cf}hf/ ælå–/fli6«otfÆ g} xf] . /fi6«Æ / æ/fHoÆ nfO{ cnu cnu kl/36gfsf ¿kdf x]g]{ o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfgd} cfwfl/t /x]sf] x'gfn] ælå–/fli6«otfÆ sf cg'ofoLx¿n] klg æ/fi6«jfbÆ (Nationalism) / æb]zelStÆ (Patriotism) nfO{ cnu cnu dfg]/ kl/eflift u5{g\ . ælå–/fli6«otfÆ cjwf/0ffsf] d"ndf klg, æ/fi6«/fHoÆ df em}F g}, ;ª\sL0f{ kfy{SojfbL, j}leGGojfbL, cxª\sf/jfbL, 3[0ffjfbL ;f]r /x]sf] x'G5 . ælå–/fli6«otfÆ df klg æ/fi6«Æ / æ/fHoÆ sf] cnu cnu kl/efiff x'G5 . o;df klg æ/fi6«Æ nfO{ k"j{jtL{ / æ/fHoÆ nfO{ k/jtL{ dflgG5, h;df ;ª\sL0f{ klxrfgsf] cfwf/df æ/fi6«Æ Pj+ æ/fli6«otfÆ bfaL u/]/ ;f]xLcg'¿ksf] æ/fHoÆ ;+/rgfsf] ck]Iff /xG5 . pSt ck]Iff h'g–s'g} a]nf k[ystfjfbL dxTjfsfª\Iffdf ablng ;Sg] ;Defjgf klg /xG5 . cGttf]uTjf ælå–/fli6«otfÆ l;4fGtsf] lj36g x'G5 / To;nfO{ æax'–/fli6«otfÆ n] lj:yflkt u/fpF5 .


;ª\sL0f{–/fli6«otfjfbL l;4fGt cGtu{tsf tLgj6f cjwf/0ffx¿ -/fi6«/fHo, lå–/fli6«otf, ax'–/fli6«otf_ dWo] ;}4flGts / Jofjxfl/s ;a} lx;fan] ælå–/fli6«otfÆ ;a}eGbf sdhf]/ 5 . æ/fi6«/fHoÆ ;Fu Oltxf;sf] clelgld{t ljZn]if0f (Constructed

analysis) tyf cyf{kg (Interpretation) sf ;fy} tTsfn ;Qf?9 zlSt;+/rgfsf] cg's"n k|jlw{t ;+sygx¿sf] cf8 /x]sf] x'G5 . ælå–/fli6«otfÆ n] pSt tŒjx¿nfO{ sdhf]/ kfg]{ ePsf] x'gfn] æ/fi6«/fHo–jfbLÆ -tTsfn ;Qf?9 zlSt;+/rgf_ / ælå–/fli6«otf–jfbLÆ clgjfo{ n8fOFdf km:5g\ . æ/fi6«/fHo–jfbLÆ n] ls t ælå–/fli6«otf–jfbLÆ ;dIf xf/ :jLsfg'{ k5{, ls t ;s];Ddsf] zlSt k|of]u u/]/ ælå–/fli6«otf–jfbLÆ nfO{ l;WofPsf] b]lvG5 . Ol08of / kfls:tfgsf] ljefhg tyf kfls:tfg / a+unfb]zsf] ljefhgsf ;fIox¿sf ;fy} n]agfg, ?jf08f, >Ln+sf cflb b]zsf ;fIox¿af6 klg ;xh} a'em\g ;lsG5 ls o:tf] n8fOFdf hgwgsf] a]lx;fa vlt x'G5 . afx\o -k/fO_ zlStsf] lg0ff{os x:tIf]k lgDTofOPsf] cj:yfdf afx]s ;fdfGotof tTsfn ;Qf?9 zlSt;+/rgfn], cfkm\gf] b]znfO{ cv08 /fVg] clwsf/sf] j}wflgstfsf cf8df, ælå–/fli6«otf–jfbLÆ sf] ;kmfof u/]sf] ljleGg b]zsf] P]ltxfl;s tYo b]lvG5 . ælå–/fli6«otf–jfbLÆ n] afx\o -k/fO_ zlStsf] k/f]If jf k|ToIf d2t lnPsf] cj:yfdf klg kl/l:ylt h'gs'g} a]nf pgLx¿s} k|lts"n x'g ;Sg] tYonfO{ le08/fjfn] -vfln:tfg_, k|efs/0f -tldn Ond_, a'UtL -an'lr:tfg_ cflbsf 36gfn] b]vfPs} 5g\ . ælå–/fli6«otf–jfbLÆ n] h'g cfwf/df k[ys\ /fli6«otfsf] bfaL u/]sf] xf] -efiff, ;+:s[lt, ef}uf]lns ljlzi6tf_, p:t} ;dfgtf ePsf ;d'bfo l5d]sL b]zdf ;d]t /x]5g\ eg] t emg\ l:ylt yk hl6n aG5 . 6sL{, O/fs / l;l/ofdf afFl8Psf s'b{ ;d'bfosf] gfddf s'lb{:tfgsf] k|;+u oxfFg]/ ;fGble{s 5, hxfF s'lb{:tfgL k[ystfsf] kIf / ljkIfdf ePsf lx+;fsf] z[+vnf /f]lsg] 5]s5Gb b]lvPsf] 5}g . an'lr:tfgsf] k[ystfjfbL


;+3if{;Fu jt{dfg kfls:tfg, ckmuflg:tfg / O/fgsf] ;d]t ;/f]sf/ /x]sf] 5 / pSt tLg}j6f b]zx¿n] an'lr:tfgL k[ystfnfO{ bafpg x/;Dej zlSt k|of]u u5{g\ g} . ælå–/fli6«otfÆ s} h:s]nf]af6 k;]/ ljb]zLx¿n] ;fOk|;nfO{ ljefhg u/fPsf] 36gfaf6 klg w]/} kf7 l;Sg ;lsG5 . d'VotM Ol08ofsf] ;/xbleq ;+3if{/t sfdtfk'/sf k[ystfjfbLx¿n] jt{dfg g]kfn / a+unfb]zsf s]xL c+zdf ;d]t bfaL u/]sf x'gfn] sfdtfk'/L k[ystfjfbnfO{ gfd]6 kfg'{df Ol08of, g]kfn / a+unfb]zsf] ;femf :jfy{ b]lvG5 . tldn Ondsf] dfu lnP/ ;'? ePsf] k[ystfjfbL n8fOFnfO{ h'g l5d]sL b]zn] dnhn u¥of], ;f]xL b]zn] sfnfGt/df >Ln+sf ;/sf/sf] kIfdf k|ToIf ;}Go kl/rfng ;d]t u/]sf] P]ltxfl;s kIf oxfFg]/ :d/0fLo 5 . g]kfndf ælå–/fli6«otf–jfbLÆ b[li6sf]0faf6 dw]zsf] JofVof x'Fb} hfFbf g]kfnsf] dw]z;Fu hf]l8Psf] l5d]sL b]z Ol08ofsf] e"efudf klg efiff, ;+:s[lt, ef}uf]lns ljlzi6tf cflbsf cfwf/df p:t} k[ystfjfbL b[li6sf]0f a9\g]5 / cGttf]uTjf Ol08ofn] ;d]t k[ys\ dw]zsf] lj?4df s7f]/ sfaf{xL ug]{5 egL ljZn]if0f / cfFsng ug]{ kof{Kt j:t'lgi7 (Objective) cfwf/ b]lvG5 . s]jn b'O{j6f dfq k|hflt, hflt, wfld{s ;d'bfo, eflifs ;d'bfo cflbsf] pkl:ylt ePsf] e"efu slxF ckjfb afx]s ;fdfGotof x'Fb}g . To;}n] Psaf6 b'O{sf] s'/f p7\gf;fy, rfF8f] jf l9nf], Tof] lj36gfTds cyf{kg (Divisive interpretation) n] pQ/f]Q/ ;+VofTds j[l4nfO{ lgDTofpF5 . o;sf] tfTko{ s] xf] eg] s;}n] s]xL cfwf/ lnP/ ælå–/fli6«otfÆ sf] dfu cufl8 ;f¥of] eg] tTsfn} geP klg s]xL ;dokl5 g} csf]{n] pxL jf cs}{ cfwf/ lnP/ k[ys\, k|lt:kwL{ jf j}/L /fli6«otfsf] gf/f p/flnxfN5 . t;y{, ælå–/fli6«otfÆ t Pp6f h:s]nf] dfq xf], h;af6 cGttf]uTjf æk|lt:kwL{ /fli6«otfx¿sf] cGToxLg ;ª\3if{Æ sf] l:ylt k}bf x'G5, x'G5 . clk|msf dxfb]zdf cjl:yt ;'8fgaf6 ælå–/fli6«otfÆ sf] dfkb08sf sf/0fn] 5'6\6} cl:tTj kfP/ blIf0f ;'8fg ag]kl5 klg ;'8fg / blIf0f


;'8fgdf lj36gsf] z[+vnf g/f]lsg'n] s] ;+s]t u5{ < Pp6f b]zaf6 b'O6f alg;s]kl5 klg Tof] e"efudf /x]sf cg]s hftLo ;d"xx¿sf cxª\sf/hGo klxrfgsf] /fhgLltn] 8f]¥ofPsf] lj36gsf] s'rqm yfldg] s'g} ;+s]t 5}g . tTsfnLg la|l6z Ol08ofsf] ljefhg u/L Ol08of / kfls:tfg agfPsf] 36gfnfO{ dfq x]bf{ Ps}l5g ;fj/s/ / lhGgfsf ælå–/fli6«otfÆ n] lht]sf] h:tf] nfu] tfklg kfls:tfgsf] lj36gaf6 a+unfb]zsf] hGd tyf jt{dfg ef/t / kfls:tfgsf ;/xbleq cg]sf}F k[ystfjfbL ;+3if{x¿ -gfufNof08, vfln:tfg, an'lr:tfg cflb_ /x]sf] tYon] ælå–/fli6«otfÆ cjwf/0ff slt sdhf]/ 5 eGg] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf dw]z–s]lGb|t /fhgLlt ug{ ælå–/fli6«otfÆ -kxf8 / dw]z, kxf8L / dw]zL_ sf] lj36gfTds cyf{kgsf] rqmn] dw]zleq sf]lrnf, ef]hk'/f, ldlynf, cjw, y?x6, r'/] efj/ cflb cflbsf lgx'Fdf g6'+lug] lsQfsf6nfO{ lgDTofPsf] k|ToIf pbfx/0f 5 . s]xL jif{klxn] g]kfnu~hdf dhxaL 3[0ffjfbLx¿n] æ5f]6f kfls:tfgÆ bfaL u/]sf] 36gf klg la;{g ldNb}g . ;d'b|df b'O{ lkNn/dfly lgld{t, Ps JolStsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf], ;fgf] s[lqd ;+/rgf -/km\;\ 6fj/_ nfO{ t :jtGq æ/fi6«Æ eg]/ bfaL u/]sf] b]lvof] eg] g]kfndf lj36gfTds ;ª\3if{ ;'? u/]kl5 ;ª\3if{sf] 6'ª\uf] ælå–/fli6«otfÆ d} nfUnf eG7fGg] s'g} cfwf/ 5}g . cyf{t\, ælå–/fli6«otfÆ nfO{ æax'–/fli6«otfÆ l;4fGtn] lj:yflkt u5{, u5{ . ælå–/fli6«otfÆ n] h'g 3[0ffsf] ljifnfO{ k|jw{g u5{, To;n] b]znfO{ zg}M zg}M æax'–/fli6«otfÆ sf] sf]nfxndf ws]nL, cGttf]uTjf æk|lt:kwL{ /fli6«otfx¿sf] cGToxLg ;ª\3if{Æ sf] e'd/Ldf km;fpF5 . o;/L, ælå–/fli6«otf–jfbLÆ x¿ hlxNo} æ/fi6«/fHo–jfbLÆ / æax'–/fli6«otf–jfbLÆ sf] bf]xf]/f] r]kdf k/]/ ;dfKt x'g] u/]sf] P]ltxfl;s tYox¿n] b]vfO;s]sf 5g\ . ælå–/fli6«otf–jfbLÆ x¿ cfkm" t ;dfKt x'G5g\ g}, b]znfO{ ;d]t xfgL k'¥ofpF5g\ . g]kfn / Ol08of h:tf b]zdf k|hflt, hflt, efiff, wfld{s


;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg, If]qLo klxrfgsf ;fy;fy} uf]q / hft (Caste) ;d]t /fhgLlts dxTjfsfª\Iffsf axfgf aGg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] Hofb} hl6ntfk"0f{ cj:yf klg gePsf] xf]Og . pSt cj:yfnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ ug]{ xf] eg] tTsfn yfxf nfU5 ls æ/fHoÆ / æ/fi6«Æ nfO{ ;dfgfy{s dfGg' g} a'l4dQfk"0f{ Pj+ ljj]sL dfGotf xf] . cGoyf, b]z cg]sf}F æk|lt:kwL{ /fli6«otfx¿sf] cGToxLg ;ª\3if{Æ sf] e'd/Ltkm{ vFufl/G5 . b]zsf cg]s k|hflt, hflt, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg, If]qLo klxrfg cflbnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ tTjx¿ gdfgL /fHosf ljljw cjoj dfg]/ a[xQ/ Pstfsf cfwf/df ;';+of]hg ul/g] x'gfn] /fHo/fi6« (State Nation) df s'g} klg æk|lt:kwL{ /fi6«x¿Æ Pj+ æk|lt:kwL{ /fli6«otfx¿Æ sf] ;ª\3if{nfO{ :yfg /xFb}g . t;y{ ælå–/fli6«otf–jfbÆ nfO{ hlt l56f] æ/fHo/fi6«Æ (State Nation) l;4fGtn] k/f:t u5{, b]zsf] lxt plt g} a9L x'G5 .


*=ax'–/fli6«otf

æax'–/fli6«otfÆ cjwf/0ffdf Ps e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgs b]z -æ/fHoÆ_ leq cg]s -ax'_ ;+Vofdf æ/fi6«Æ x¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] x'G5 . æ/fHoÆ PsLs[t, t/ æ/fi6«Æ cg]s . cyf{t\, ljljw k|hflt, hflt, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg, If]qLo klxrfg cflbnfO{ ljleGg kl/k|]Iodf ljz]iftM kl/eflift ub}{ cnu cnu æ/fi6«Æ x¿ dfGg] Pj+ ltgnfO{ e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgs lx;fan] PsLs[t b]z -æ/fHoÆ_ df ;dlGjt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotf g} æax'–/fli6«otfÆ (Plurinationalism)

xf] . sltkon] ælå–/fli6«otfÆ nfO{ klg Ps k|sf/sf] æax'–/fli6«otfÆ s} ¿kdf kl/eflift ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . ælå–/fli6«otfÆ / æax'–/fli6«otfÆ b'O6}sf] cjwf/0ffTds cfwf/ æ/fi6«/fHoÆ (Nation State) ;Fu ldN5 . æ/fi6«/fHoÆ df em}F ælå–/fli6«otfÆ / æax'–/fli6«otfÆ df klg k|hflt, hflt, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg, If]qLo klxrfg cflbnfO{


g} æ/fi6«Æ sf] kl/efiffsf lgldQ lg0ff{os tTj dflgG5 . ltgLx¿aLrsf] km/s s] xf] eg] æ/fi6«/fHoÆ df Psn k|hftLo, hftLo, eflifs cflbnfO{ cfbz{ l:ylt dflgG5 / ælå–/fli6«otfÆ / æax'–/fli6«otfÆ df rflxF cnu cnu PsfOx¿aLr :jfy{, /0fgLlt, n]gb]g ldn]sf] cj:yfdf Ps /fHo leq b'O{ jf cg]s æ/fi6«Æ x¿ a:g ;Sg] dflgG5 . ;fdfGotof æ/fi6«/fHoÆ, ælå–/fli6«otfÆ / æax'–/fli6«otfÆ tLgj6}n] ;ª\sL0f{–/fli6«otfjfbL b[li6sf]0f cjnDag u5{g\ . æax'–/fli6«o /fHoÆ sf] k'/fgf] ;kmn pbfx/0f :jLh/Nof08 dflgG5 . s]xL jif{cufl8 af]lnleofn] æax'–/fli6«o /fHoÆ eg]/ cf}krfl/s tj/d} cfkm"nfO{ æ/fi6«/fHoÆ af6 æax'–/fli6«o /fHoÆ df ¿kfGt/0f u¥of] . Ps–cfk;df df}lns j}/, zq'tf, ljb\j]if /x]sf cg]s PsfOx¿n] afWotfjz ;Fu;Fu} a:g} kg]{ cj:yfdf æx'g t xfdL cg]s /fi6« xf}F, t/ h;/L klg ;Fu;Fu} a:g' kl/xfNof], nf} t lg === Pp6f tl/sf lgsfnf}FÆ eGg] cj:yfdf sfd nfUg] ;"q xf] æax'–/fli6«otfÆ . To:t}, s'g} sf/0fjz PsLs[t x'g g;s]/ jf gkfP/ cnu cnu /xg' k/]sf cl:y/ /fHox¿ Jff /fHo aGg g;s]sf ljleGg lsl;dsf PsfOx¿sf] kf/:kl/s :jfy{nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;"qsf ¿kdf klg æax'–/fli6«otfÆ sfd nfU5 . t/ of] t ædfdf x'Fb} gx'g'eGbf t ckf+u dfdf eP klg x'GYof]Æ eGg] dg;fo af]s]sf] Pp6f k'/fgf] g]kfnL pvfgh:t} cj:yf xf] lsgeg] æax'–/fli6«o /fHoÆ sf 36ssf ¿kdf /x]sf slyt /fi6«x¿aLrdf hlxn] klg ;ª\sL0f{ :jfy{, cljZjf;, 3[0ffsf] ;DaGw /xg] x'gfn] o:tf] /fHo ;b}j sdhf]/ hudf plePsf] x'G5 / s'g} klg a]nf uNof{du'n'{d 9Ng ;S5 . æ/fi6«Æ / æ/fHoÆ nfO{ cnu cnu kl/36gfsf ¿kdf x]g]{ o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfgsf] hudf plePsf] x'gfn] æax'–/fli6«otfÆ sf kIfw/x¿n] æ/fi6«jfbÆ (Nationalism) / æb]zelStÆ (Patriotism) nfO{ cnu cnu dfg]/ kl/eflift u5{g\ . ;txL ¿kdf x]bf{ æax'–/fli6«otfÆ n] Pstf, ;dGjo, ;dfj]zL Jojxf/sf] kIfkf]if0f u/]sf] h:tf] b]lvPtfklg cjwf/0ffut txdf æax'–/fli6«otfÆ Ps gsf/fTds b[li6sf]0f xf] lsgeg]


o;df klg, æ/fi6«/fHoÆ Pj+ ælå–/fli6«otfÆ df em}F, d"ntM cljZjf;, 3[0ff / n]gb]gnfO{ -;fem]bf/L xf]Og_ ;DaGwsf] cfwf/ agfOPsf] x'G5 . æax'–/fli6«otfÆ cjwf/0ffdf klg k|hflt, hflt, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg cflb km/s k/]kl5 tL cnu cnu æ/fi6«Æ x'g\, To;}n] ltgLx¿sf] æ/fli6«otfÆ leGg leGg xf] eGg] ;ª\sL0f{–/fli6«otfjfbL ;f]r /x]sf] x'G5 . ljljw PsfOx¿nfO{ ha cjwf/0ffut txd} cnu cnu æ/fi6«Æ dflgG5 eg] s'g} klg a]nf ;f]xL kfy{Son] ;ª\sL0f{ cxª\sf/nfO{ hGdfpg ;S5 / cfh PsLs[t æax'–/fli6«o /fHoÆ /x]sf] b]zleqsf æk|lt:kwL{ /fi6«x¿Æ n] k[ystfjfbL ;ª\3if{sf] cf}lrTo ;flat ug]{ ;fdn kfpF5g\ . ;+;f/el/ klxrfgsf] /fhgLlt (Identity politics) sf] lgx'Fdf 3[0ffjfbL lsQfsf6 eO/x]sf] a]nfdf k[ystfjfbL ;ª\3if{x¿nfO{ æax'–/fli6«otfÆ n] emg\ xf}:ofpg] xf] ls eGg] cfz+s} cfz+sfsf] afbn d8fl/O/x]sf] 5 . Pp6} b]zleq cg]s k|hftLo jf hftLo slanfO ;+/rgfx¿ sfod} /x]sf b]zdf æax'–/fli6«otfÆ sf] cf8df g/;+xf/sf v'gL z[+vnf ;'? x'g] vt/f emg\ a9]sf] cfFsng ul/Psf] 5 . pSt b'/fj:yfsf] lg/fs/0f ug{] ;}4flGts cfwf/ æ/fi6«/fHoÆ, ælå–/fli6«otfÆ tyf æax'–/fli6«otfÆ h:tf cjwf/0ffdf e]l6Fb}g . pko'{St lg/fs/0fsf] lgldQ /fHo/fi6« (State Nation) l;4fGt k|efjsf/L x'g ;S5 . h;/L k'/fgf] o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfgdf cfwfl/t æ/fi6«/fHoÆ (Nation

State) n] tTsfnLg o'/f]kdf ljleGg æ/fli6«otfÆ x¿nfO{ klxrfg ug{, kl/efiff lbg / ;Ldf+sgsf] cfwf/ agfpg cfwf/ lbP/ ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] ePtfklg sfnfGt/df ;ª\sL0f{–/fli6«otfjfbL b[li6sf]0fnfO{ dnhn u/]/ ;+;f/el/ gsf/fTds c;/ kf¥of], To;/L g} s]xL b]zdf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] ;"qsf ¿kdf cufl8 ;fl/Psf] æax'–/fli6«otfÆ n] klg a[xb\ ljZj kl/j]zdf 3[0ff–cfwfl/t klxrfgsf] /fhgLlt (Identity politics) nfO{ dnhn u/]/ ;dli6df gsf/fTds c;/ g} kf5{ . lsgeg] b]zleqsf ljljw PsfOx¿nfO{ cnu cnu -æ/fHoÆ PsLs[t, t/ æ/fi6«Æ cg]s_


dflg;s]kl5 To:tf] b]zsf] Pstf /0fgLlts, s[lqd Pj+ cljZjf;–cfwfl/t x'G5 . /0fgLlts, s[lqd Pj+ cljZjf;–cfwfl/t Pstfaf6 ag]sf] b]z -æ/fHoÆ_ n] ljljw PsfOx¿sf æk|lt:kwL{ /fli6«otfx¿sf ;ª\3if{Æ nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sb}g . s'g} klg b]znfO{ æax'–/fli6«o /fHoÆ (Plurinational State / Multi-

Nation State) dfGg'sf] tfTko{ pSt b]zdf cl:tTjdf /x]sf ljljw k|hflt, hflt, eflifs ;d'bfo, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg, If]qLo klxrfg cflbsf] dxTjfsfª\IffnfO{ ;f+:s[lts ;fdflhs ;fd~h:osf] dfGotfaf6 ;Daf]wg gu/L /fhgLlts k|lt:kwf{sf] nflu 9fFrf v8f ug'{ xf] . o:tf] /fhgLlts k|lt:kwf{ ;dfj]zL, ;dGjofled'vL Pj+ PstfjfbL klg x'g ;S5 / ;ª\sL0f{ cxª\sf/jfbL, kfy{SojfbL, j}leGGojfbL, 3[0ffjfbL klg x'g ;S5 . g]kfndf æax'–/fli6«otfÆ sf] ;ª\syg;Fu} g]kfnL ;dfhdf a9\b} uPsf] ;d:ofn] klg s] b]vfpF5 eg] æax'–/fli6«otfÆ sf] dfGotf Ps ljifj[If h;/L emfl·b} hfg] ;Defjgf /xFbf] /x]5 . g]kfndf æax'–/fli6«otfÆ nfO{ k|jw{g ug]{x¿ cg]syl/ 5g\ tfklg ltgLx¿sf] :jfy{ ldn]sf] 5 . O;fO -lqml:rog_, O:nfdL tyf æ;]s'n/afhÆ cGt/f{li6«o ;+oGqx¿sf ;fy;fy} b]zleq}sf hfltjfbL (Ethnicist) ÷ k|hfltjfbL (Racist) ;Fu;Fu} jfdkGyL÷sDo'lg:6÷dfS;{jfbL–n]lggjfbL–dfcf]jfbL egfpFbfx¿sf] ;xsfo{df g]kfndf æax'–/fli6«otfÆ kl/of]hgf cufl8 ;fl/Psf] b]lvG5 . dfcf]jfbL kf6L{n] slyt hgo'4sf] /0fgLlts sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cjnDag u/]sf] hfltjfbL (Ethnicist) ÷ k|hfltjfbL (Racist) /0fgLlt / To;;Fu ;Da4 kl/36gf oxfFg]/ ljj]Ro 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLaf6} b]zsf] k|wfgdGqL eO;s]sf JolStn] pSt kf6L{ 5f]8]/ slyt gofF zlStsf] cfj/0fdf g]kfnnfO{ ljleGg æhftLo Sn:6/Æ sf] u7aGwg dfq ePsf] eGb} ljWj+zs lsQfsf6df nfUg'sf] tfTko{ klg oxLFg]/ ljj]Ro 5 . lnDa'jfg, vDa'jfg, ls/ft, sf]lrnf, dw]z, y?x6, ldlynf, ef]hk'/f, cjw, 8f]6]nL, du/ft, td'jfg, v;fg -vzfg <_, tfD;flnª\, h8fg, g]jf -g]kfM <_ cflb k|b]z÷k|fGt÷/fHosf gfddf ePsf]


dfgl;s lsQfsf6, ;fDk|bflos 3[0ffjfbsf] k|jw{g / b]zdf cGToxLg ;ª\3if{sf] /fFsf] /Gsfpg] pgLx¿sf] ceLi6nfO{ klg oxLFg]/ Vofn /fVg' k5{ . j}1flgs ljZn]if0fn] b]vfpF5 ls æax'–/fli6«otfÆ elgPsf] k'/fgf] utfy{ o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfg (Outdated European Paradigm) af6 pAh]sf] 3[0ffjfbL dfGotf jf:tjdf g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf] cfwf/lznfnfO{ h/}af6 cf3ft k'¥ofpg] cf}hf/ ag]sf] 5 . ;+;f/sf ljleGg efusf ;fIox¿n] æax'–/fli6«otfÆ sf] r'/f]df /x]sf] vf]6f] b[li6sf]0fn] :jefjtM gsf/fTds kl/0ffd g} lgDTofpg] u/]sf] b]vfpF5g\ . ha ljv08gsf/L, k[ystfjfbL, 3[0ff–cfwfl/t cjwf/0ffnfO{ dfGotf lbOG5 eg] To;n] lgDTofpg] 6'qm] lsQfsf6sf] s'g} ;Ldf x'Fb}g . ha ;d'b|df b'O{ lkNn/dfly lgld{t, Ps JolStsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf], ;fgf] s[lqd ;+/rgf -/km\;\ 6fj/_ nfO{ t :jtGq æ/fi6«Æ eg]/ bfaL u/]sf] l:ylt ;d]t b]lvO;s]sf] 5 eg] hftLo, If]qLo, eflifs cflb cflb ljljwtf olt w]/} /x]sf] g]kfnsf] kl/k|]Iodf æax'–/fli6«otfÆ (Pluri-nationalism) cjwf/0ffsf] hlt k|jw{g x'G5, plt g} klxrfgsf] /fhgLlt (Identity

politics) egfpFbf] 89]nf]nfO{ k]6«f]n 5ls{Ph:tf] x'ghfG5 . g]kfn, ef/t, ;+=/f= cd]l/sf h:tf b]zx¿sf kl/k|]Iodf æax'–/fli6«otfÆ Ps c;fGble{s / cjfl~5t cjwf/0ff xf], lsgeg] oL b]zx¿ /fHo/fi6« (State Nation) x'g\ .


(=/fHo/fi6«

æ/fHoÆ (State) / æ/fi6«Æ (Nation) b'O{j6f zAbx¿dWo] /fHo zAbnfO{ cufl8 -ljz]if0fsf] :yfgdf_ / /fi6« zAbnfO{ k5fl8 -ljz]iosf] :yfgdf_ /fVbf aGg] æ/fHo/fi6«Æ (State Nation) Ps ;}4flGts clelgdf{0f (Theoretical construct) xf] . s'g} klg l;4fGtsf rf/j6f k|sfo{x¿ ;d]6L cfw'lgs l;4fGtsf ;a} ljz]iftfx¿ k"/f ug]{ x'gfn] æ/fHo/fi6«Æ Ps l;4fGt xf] eGg] tYo k|:t't k'l:tsfdf o; cufl8 g} k]z ul/;lsPsf] 5 .

(=!= /fHo/fi6«sf] k|d]o æ/fHo/fi6«Æ df ljz]iosf] :yfgdf æ/fi6«Æ zAb /x]sf] x'gfn] o;sf] k|d]o æ/fi6«Æ xf] / ljz]if0fsf] :yfgdf /x]sf] æ/fHoÆ zAbn] pSt æ/fi6«Æ sf] u'0f, ljz]iftf, :jefjnfO{ hgfpF5 . cyf{t\, æ/fHo/fi6«Æ df d'Vo pkfb]o tTj æ/fi6«Æ xf] . oxfF æ/fi6«Æ sf] kl/efiff æ/fHoÆ sf] b[li6laGb'af6 lgwf{l/t x'G5 . t;y{, æ/fHo/fi6«Æ df ;fWosf] ¿kdf æ/fi6«Æ / ;fwgsf] ¿kdf æ/fHoÆ /xL ;dli6df -;fwg / ;fWosf] cleGg kf/:kl/s ;DaGwsf] sf/0fn]_ æ/fHo g} /fi6«Æ (State as Nation) :j¿kdf ljsf; x'G5 . j}lbs, af}4, h}g, ls/ftL, af]g cflb g]kfnsf df}lns /}yfg] bfz{lgs dfGotfsf] tfTko{ a'em\bf oxfF æ/fi6«Æ g} k|d]o -d'Vo pkfb]o tTj_


/x]sf] kfOG5 . æ/fi6«Æ sf] Jofjxfl/s ;fy{stfrflxF æ/fHoÆ af6 g} ;'lglZrt x'g] xf] eGg] tYonfO{ j]b -ljz]iftM cyj{j]b_ Pj+ j}lbs wf/fsf ;fGble{s zf:qx¿df phfu/ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . pko'{St j}lbs dfGotfnfO{ af}4, h}g, ls/ftL, af]g cflbn] klg cfTd;ft\ u/]sf 5g\ . s'g} æ/fHoÆ sf] hGd Pj+ ljsf;df ljleGg kfl/l:ylts ;DefJotf (Situational probability) sf] e"ldsf /xG5 . h'g s'g} sf/0fn] hGdf];\, x/]s æ/fHoÆ n] cfkm";Fu} Ps æ/fli6«otfÆ–ljz]ifnfO{ cjnDag u/]sf] x'G5 / pSt ljlzi6 æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] ;'b[l9s/0fn] g} æ/fHoÆ nfO{ æ/fi6«Æ sf ¿kdf ;fy{stf ;'lglZrt u5{ . t;y{, æ/fHo g} /fi6« xf]Æ eGg'sf] tfTko{ æ/fi6«–lgdf{0fÆ sf] k|lqmofdf ;fwgTj]g æ/fHoÆ sf] lg0ff{os e"ldsf /xg] tYonfO{ dfGg' xf] .

(=@= /fHo/fi6«sf] k|df0f æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] l;4fGtLs/0f æ/fi6«Æ sf] j}lbs cjwf/0ffdf d'VotM cfwfl/t 5 . j}lbs, af}4, h}g, ls/ftL, af]g cflb g]kfnsf df}lns /}yfg] k4ltsf] ef}uf]lns, P]ltxfl;s, bfz{lgs cfwf/lznf ;femf ePsf] x'gfn] æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtnfO{ pSt ;a}sf] ;dGjoaf6 clelgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . j}lbs dfGotf cg';f/sf] æ/fi6«Æ o'ufg's"n k4ltaf6 e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgstf k|fKt Pp6f lglZrt ef}uf]lns ;Ldfa4 æ/fHoÆ xf], hxfF ljljw k|hflt, hflt, efiff, ;+:s[lt, ;Dk|bfo, ;d'bfo, hft, ef}uf]lns If]q cflbsf] ;dGjoaf6 ;dli6s[t æ/fli6«otfÆ lgwf{/0f ePsf] x'G5 . j}lZjs txdf æj;'w}j s'6'Dasd\Æ sf] cfbz{ lnPsf j}lbs Clifx¿n] dfgjnfO{ k|hflt, hflt, ;Dk|bfo, ;d'bfo, hft, ef}uf]lns If]q cflb OToflb s'g} klg cfwf/df ljefhg gu/L ;dli6df æs[0jGtf] ljZjdfo{d\Æ eg]sf 5g\ eg] ;f/f ;+;f/ g} Ps ;dli6s[t PsfO eP tfklg cg]s sf/0fn] ljZjdf cg]s /fi6«x¿ cl:tTjdf cfpg] Jofjxfl/s oyfy{nfO{ a'em]sf x'gfn] j}lbs dGqb|i6fx¿n] :jtGq /fi6«sf ljljw


cfofdaf/] lrGtg klg u/]sf 5g\ . æ/fi6«Æ aGg] cfwf/ cg]s x'g] ePtfklg lg0ff{os cfwf/ eg] Pp6f lglZrt ef}uf]lns ;Ldfa4 æ/fHoÆ g} xf] eGg] dfGotf j}lbs jfª\dodf kfOG5 . lbs\ (Space) / sfn (Time) dWo] lbs\ g} k|fylds ePsf] j}lbs dfGotf x'gfn] Pp6f lglZrt ef}uf]lns ;Ldfa4 æ/fHoÆ nfO{ g} æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] kl/efiffsf lgldQ lg0ff{os dfGg' j}lbs b[li6sf]0fdf :jfefljs xf] . k|frLg ef/tjif{, g]kfn, jt{dfg Ol08of, ;+=/f= cd]l/sf cflbsf] æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] kl/efiff d'VotM æ/fHoÆ af6 g} lgM;[t ePsf] xf] . clt k|frLg g]kfnsf] s'/f gu/L k|frLg, dWosfnLg tyf cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] kl/k|]Iodf s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] klg g]kfnsf] æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] k|fylds tŒj æ/fHoÆ g} /lxcfPsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] s]Gb| ag]/ /x]sf] g]kfnd08n If]q tyf oxfFsf /}yfg] dflgPsf] g]jf/ ;d'bfo t æ/fHo/fi6«Æ (State

Nation) sf] lhpFbf]–hfUbf] k|df0f x'Fb} xf] . o:t} hLjGt k|df0f g]kfnsf] ldlynf If]q jf cGo s'g} klg If]qdf ;d]t kfOG5 . d]rL, sf]zL, u08sL, s0ff{nL, dxfsfnL k|>j0f If]qx¿df k|frLg sfnb]lv ljBdfg ljljwtfsf] ;dGjoaf6 g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf] pb\ej Pj+ ljsf; x'g' æ/fHo/fi6«Æ (State

Nation) l;4fGtsf] Jofjxfl/s ;fIo xf] . Ol08of tyf ;+=/f= cd]l/sf h:tf b]zx¿ klg æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf cg]s pbfx/0f x'g\ . o;/L, æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf k|d]o / k|df0f b'j}sf] ljBdfgtfn] s] b]vfpF5 eg] æ/fHo/fi6«Æ cjwf/0ffsf] bfz{lgs ljdz{ Pj+ l;4fGtLs/0fsf lgldQ cfjZos kg]{ k"jf{wf/x¿ ljBdfg 5g\ . t'ngfTds ljdz{sf lgldQ æ/fHo/fi6«Æ eGbf ljkl/t b[li6sf]0f ePsf cjwf/0ffx¿ -/fi6«/fHo, lå–/fli6«otf, ax'–/fli6«otf_ ;d]t /x]sf x'gfn] pko'{St bfz{lgs ljdz{ Pj+ l;4fGtLs/0fsf] bfo/f yk a[xQ/ ePsf] 5 .

(=#= /fHo/fi6«sf] j}lbs ;Gbe{ /fHo, /fHosf] zf;g k|0ffnL / /fHo–;~rfngstf{÷zf;s s:tf] x'g' kg]{ eGg]af/] ef/tjif{df ;Eotfsf] k|f/Deb]lv g} lrGtg ePsf] b]lvG5 .


CUj]b -#.#*.^_ df /fHo ;~rfngsf nflu lq–cfofdL ;+/rgfaf/] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;Qf;Lg zf;snfO{ g} ;jf]{kl/ dfGg] d]lsofj]lnog dfGotf / ju{–ljz]ifsf] bn -kf6L{_ nfO{ g} ;jf]{kl/ dfGg] dfS;{jfbL dfGotf tyf kf6L{sf gfddf JolStsf] /hfOF rNg] :6flngjfbL cEof;nfO{ j}lbs lxGb", af}4 cflb bz{gdf :yfg 5}g . cyj{j]bdf ‘/fi6«’ tyf ‘/fHo’ sf] cjwf/0ff clxn]s} h:tf] cy{df kfOG5 . cyj{j]bdf cg]s /fhgLlts l;4fGtx¿nfO{ :yfg lbOPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf dfgj Oltxf;df dft[e"ldsf] cjwf/0ff k|yd k6s cyj{j]bd} kfOG5 . k|l;4 ‘e"ld–;"St’n] g} /fli6«otfsf] cjwf/0ff ljsl;t u/fPsf] xf] . e"ld;"Qm— !@.! df Clif k[YjLnfO{ dftf / cfkm" :jo+nfO{rflxF pgsf] k'q 3f]lift ub{5g\ — ædftf e"ldM k'qf] cxd\ k[lyJofM .Æ /fi6«, /fi6«/Iffsf] ljljw pkfo, ljleGg zf;g k|0ffnL, ;+:yf tyf l;4fGtx¿sf] klg ;':ki6 pNn]v cyj{j]bdf 5 . st} hgtfsf k|ltlglwx¿n] k|ToIftM zf;g ug]{ u0ftGqfTds zf;g k|0ffnL lyP¦ st} /fhtGqfTds zf;g k|0ffnL lyP / st} ldl>t -clxn]sf] ;Gbe{df eGg' kbf{ ;+j}wflgs /fh;+:yfo'Qm ;+;bLo Joj:yf_ zf;g k|0ffnL lyP . h:tf];'s} zf;g k|0ffnL /x]sf] eP tfklg olta]nf;Dd zf;s eGbf nf]s -k|hf_ g} alnof /x]sf lyP . kf}/fl0fs sfnv08df eg] zf;s -/fhf_ cToGt anzfnL b]vf kb{5g\ . To; o'usf hglk|o zf;sx¿sf] j0f{g k'/f0fx¿df xfdL k9\g ;S5f}F . ;fy}, sltko cj;/df lg/ª\s'z zf;slj?4 ePsf hgljb|f]xsf ufyf klg k'/f0fsf kfgfdf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . >Ldb\efujtdf jl0f{t a]g /fhflj?4sf] hgljb|f]xnfO{ ;+;f/s} klxnf] hgljb|f]xsf ¿kdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . tTkZrft\ k[y'n] s;/L ;ª\qmd0fsfnsf] a'l4dQfk"0f{ Joj:yfkg u/L hgcg'df]lbt zf;gsf] cfwf/lznf /fv] eGg]af/] rrf{ klg oxfF :d/0fLo 5 . j}lbs jfª\dosf] cWoog ubf{ zf;gsf] pTklQ;DaGwL ljleGg 5 k|sf/sf l;4fGtx¿ v'§\ofpg ;lsG5 — -!_ JolQmljz]ifk|wfg l;4fGt, -@_ dT:oGofo l;4fGt, -#_ ;Too'u l;4fGt, -$_ ;fdflhs ;Demf}tfsf]


l;4fGt, -%_ lkt[k|fwfGo l;4fGt / -^_ b}jL l;4fGt . /fHosf] pTklQsf] cfwf/ h'g l;4fGtnfO{ dfGg] xf], To;}cg';f/sf] zf;g k|0ffnL lgwf{/0f x'g] tYo oxfFg]/ :d/0fLo 5 .k|frLg ef/tjif{df zf;gsf ljljw k|0ffnLx¿ k|rngdf lyP . P]t/]o a|fx\d0fdf ljleGg k|sf/sf zf;g k|0ffnLx¿af/] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf M P]t/]o a|fx\d0fdf pNn]lvt zf;g k|0ffnLx¿

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dfly tflnsfdf pNn]lvt zf;gk|0ffnLx¿nfO{ d"ntM nf]sk|wfg k|0ffnL / /fhfk|wfg k|0ffnL u/L b'O{ k|sf/df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . tLdWo] ;fd|fHo, /fHo, kf/d]i7\o, dfxf/fHo / cflwkTodf /fh;Qfsf] / ef}Ho, :jf/fHo / j}/fHodf nf]s;Qfsf] k|fwfGo /x]sf] a'lemG5 . /fh;QfTds x'Fb}df tL ;a} Joj:yfdf lg/k]If ¿kdf /fhf ;j{zlQmdfg /xg] cj:yf eg] lyPg . oh'j]{bdf sltko o:tf dGq ljBdfg 5g\, h;sf] cfwf/df xfdL Toltv]/ /fhf hgtfåf/f k|ToIftM lgjf{lrt x'g' kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] a'em\5f}F -h:t}— oh'= (.$)_ . sltko cj:yfdf /fhfnfO{ x6fpg / k'glg{o'Qm ug{ klg ;lsg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] -cyj{= !.$.^_ b]lvG5 . /fdfo0fsfndf klg /fhfsf] 5f]/f g} :jtM /fhf aGg] s'g} lglZrt lyPg / ljzM -hgtf_ n] j/0f u/]kl5 dfq sf]xL JolQm cf}krfl/s


¿kdf /fhf aGg ;SbYof] . /fhfsf] pQ/flwsf/Lsf ¿kdf pgsf h]7f 5f]/fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOGYof]¦ t/ Tof] clgjfo{ lyPg / kl/ifb\ -;ef_ n] cGo JolQmnfO{ pQ/flwsf/L rog ug]{ ;Defjgf klg k|an /xGYof] . ‘;d|f6–k4lt’ cg';f/ ;d|f6sf] cf1fg} ;j{dfGo x'G5 . /fhf jf ;d|f6sf nfluklg g}lts lgodx¿ x'G5g\ / p;n] ToxL cfwf/df zf;g ub{5 . /fhfn] k|hfsf] /Iff ug'{, /fi6«sf] pGglt k|ult u/fpg' / b'i6x¿nfO{ b08 lbg' kb{5 . cfðgf] b08 ljwfgn] g} /fhf k|tfkL x'G5 -cyj{= $.*.!_ elgPsf] 5 . ‘lj/f6’ k4ltdf /fhf x'Fb}gg\ . hgtf ;j{;Ddlt of ax'dtsf cfwf/df cfðgf] km};nf ub{5g\ . o; k4ltdf hf] ;fd"lxs lg0f{o x'G5, ToxL g} dfGo x'G5 . ‘:j/f6\’ k4ltdf s]Gb|Lo zf;g x'GYof] . cyj{j]bdf :jtGq /fhfsf] nflu ‘:j/f6\’ zAb k|of]u ul/Psf] 5, hf] cfðgf] t]hl:jtfsf sf/0f lgjf{lrt x'G5 -cyj{= @).!!#.@_ . hgtf o:tf] JolQmnfO{ rog ub{5g\ hf] OGb| cyf{t\ P]Zjo{o'Qm xf];\ . j[q cyf{t\ kfkL÷c1fgL JolQmnfO{ /fhf agfpg] pgLx¿sf] rfxgf x'Fb}g -cyj{= !@.!.#&_ . o; k|0ffnLdf hgtfsf k|ltlglw ;ef / ;ldltdf hfG5g\ / s]Gb|Lo ;ef tyf ;ldltdf pgLx¿ /fHo ;DaGwL lgodx¿ agfpF5g\ . o;df hgtfsf k|ltlglwn] /fi6«df zf;g ug]{ x'gfn] o;nfO{ hgtGq /fHo klg elgG5 . P]t/]o a|fx\d0fdf pNn]lvt cf7 k|sf/sf zf;g k|0ffnLsf cltl/Qm cGo k|0ffnLx¿ klg sfnfGt/df ef/tjif{df k|of]udf cfpg yfn]sf ;“:s[t jfª\dosf] cWoogaf6 yfxf nfUb5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, /fli6«s, k]Qlgs, å}/fHo, c/fhs, pu| / /fhGo . z'qmgLltdf x]g]{ xf] eg] k|foM /fh;QfTds k|0ffnLs} dfq j0f{g xfdL kfpF5f}F . P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmdnfO{ Wofgk"j{s x]bf{ ef/tjifL{o ;dfh hlt hlt j}lbssfnaf6 kf}/fl0fssfnlt/ kbfk{0f ub}{ uof], plt plt nf]s;Qf sdhf]/ / /fh;Qf alnof] x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . j}lbs jfª\dodf Psflt/ /fhfs} Psn zf;g rNg] k|0ffnL / csf]{lt/ u0ftGqfTds zf;g k|0ffnLh:tf lgtfGt ljkl/t k|0ffnLx¿af/]


pNn]v ul/Psf] eP tfklg j}lbs Clifx¿n] cfbz{ 7x¥ofPsf] zf;g k|0ffnL eg] dWodfuL{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . clxn]sf] ;Gbe{df /fhf;lxtsf] ;+;b\ -ls· Og kfln{ofd]G6_ eGg ;lsg] nf]stflGqs k4lt cg'¿ksf ;ef -C= !).&!.!), cyj{= &.!@, oh'= !^.@$ / !^.@*_ Pj+ ;ldlt -cyj{ ^.**.# / %.!(.!%_ h:tf ;+:yfx¿;lxtsf] /fh;+:yfsf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;jf]{Qd dflgPsf] ;fIo j}lbs jfª\dodf 5 . j}lbs o'usf] /fi6«sf] zf;g cfbz{ cj:yfdf ;ef / ;ldlt gfdsf b'O{ ;+:yfx¿;lxt /fhfåf/f x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . /fHosf] k|zf;g rnfpg /fhfn] dlGqd08nsf] u7g ug'{ kg]{ / Tof] dlGqd08n ;ef / ;ldltaf6 cg'df]lbt x'g' kg]{ k|rng /x]sf] lyof] . cyj{j]bsfnLg /fHodf kfFr k|sf/sf nf]s -k|hf_ /x]sf lyP — a|fx\d0f, Iflqo, j}Zo, z'b| / lgiffb . oL ;a} k[YjLs} ;Gtfg ePsfn] ;a}nfO{ ;dfg clwsf/ k|fKt x'g] s'/f cyj{j]bdf atfOPsf] 5 -cyj{= !@.!.!%_ . /fi6«df pFr–gLrsf] e]b geP/ ldqtf / Pstfsf] efj xf];\ -cyj{= !@.!.@_¦ kf/:kl/s km"6 slxNo} gxf];\ -cyj{= #.*.!_ / ;+u7g, ;f}dg:osf] lj:tf/ xf];\ -cyj{= ^.^$.!_ eGg] efjgf JofKt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . /fi6«sf] /Iffsf nflu ;]gf cfjZos x'g] ePsfn] @! k|sf/sf ;]gfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . j}lbs sfnLg ;]gfdf k'?ifsf;fy} dlxnf klg /xg] u/]sf] a'lemG5 . cyj{j]b @.#.! df OGb|nfO{ / !.@&.$ df OGb|f0fLnfO{ ;]gfkltsf ¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdfGotof o'4nfO{ 7Ls dflgPsf] 5}g, t/ s;}n] cfqmd0f u/]df k|Tofqmd0f ug{ elgPsf] 5 . hLjgnfO{ /fi6«sf] ;DklQ ;Dem]/ sfo{ ug{ j]bdf k|]/0ff lbOPsf] / /fi6«–/Iffsf nflu /fhf / k|hf ;dfg¿k]0f pQ/bfoL ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;a}sf] sNof0f ug]{ efjgf, ;Tosf] cfTd;fttf, kbfy{x¿sf] oyfy{ 1fg k|fKt u/L k|fs[lts lgodx¿sf] 7Ls–7Ls kfngf, cfl:tstf, wd{do cfrf/–Jojxf/ j}lbs /fhgLltsf cfwf/sf ¿kdf :ki6;Fu b]Vg ;lsG5 . kf}/fl0fssfndf eg] /fh;Qf g} k|foM ;j{:jLs[t zf;g k|0ffnL aGg ;kmn eof] . To;otf ef/tjifL{o /fHox¿df /fhfsf] jl/kl/ g} ;Dk"0f{ /fHo;Qf 3'd]sf] / /fHosf] efUo klg /fhfcg';f/ ;f}efUo jf b'ef{Uosf


¿kdf /xg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . x'g t To; o'udf klg k|foM /fhfx¿ cfkm\gf] ;jf]{Rrtfsf] l:yltdf;d]t hgtfnfO{ ‘hgfb{g’ sf ¿kdf plQs} dxTj k|bfg ug{df ;r]t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ a]gh:tf sltko /fhfx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ :j]R5frf/L, lg/Í'z agfP/ cnf]slk|otf sdfPsfn] nf]s -k|hf_ n] ljb|f]x u/]sf] b[i6fGt kfOG5 . a]g elgg] /fhfsf] lg/Í'z, :j]R5frf/L zf;gaf/] >Ldb\efujtdf k|z:t n]lvPsf] 5 . sltko s'/f clt/~hgf / ldysLs/0fn] otf ptf k/] tfklg >Ldb\efujt k9\bf k|i6 a'lemG5 lsæ/fhf g} O{Zj/ xf]Æ, æ/fhf g} /fi6« xf]Æ / æ/fhfsf] :j}lR5s cfb]z g} b08 -sfg'g_ xf]Æ eGg] 3f]if0ff ub}{ a]gn] ;ef, ;ldlt / dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ e· ul/lbof] . cfkm\gf /fHoleqsf ;Dk"0f{ u|fd;ef, u0f;ef / hfgkb;efnfO{ klg p;n] e· ul/lbof] . /fHon] h'g;'s} a]nf JolQmsf] :jtGqtf / cfly{s clwsf/dfly xdnf ug]{ rng a]gn] a;fNof] . cfkm\gf] OR5fd'tflas wfld{s sd{ ug{;d]t /f]s nfUof] . j}lbs /fhgLltcg';f/ ;~rflnt zf;g k4ltnfO{ a]gsf] ;}GojfbL k4ltn] lj:yfkg u/]kl5 nf]sdf cToGt c;Gt'li6 km}lnof] . ;j{;fwf/0fn] cfkm\gf] si6 Clifx¿;dIf /fv]kl5 clx+;fjfbL Clifx¿n] klxn] t a]gnfO{ e]6L /fhwd{ ;Demfpg k|of; u/] . t/ a]gn] Clifx¿sf] k|d08nnfO{ b'Jo{jxf/ u¥of] . /fh;Qf / nf]s;Qfsf] ;';+of]hgdf /fi6« cl3 a9\g' kb{5 eGg] Clifx¿dWo] s]xLnfO{ a]gn] h]ndf /fVof] . clt ePkl5 Psy/Ln] h·naf6 a]glj?4 ;z:q ljb|f]x ;'? u/]sf] a'lemG5, h;nfO{ >Ldb\efujt ‘lgiffb’ sf ¿kdf lrgfOPsf] 5 . otf Clifx¿n] eg] To:tf] lx+;fTds ljb|f]x c:jLsf/ u/] . pgLx¿n] ‘x'°f/’ n] g} a]gsf] ;}Go pGdfbdfly ljho k|fKt u/] . >Ldb\efujtdf h]nfO{ ‘x'°f/’ elgPsf] 5, clxn]sf] ;Gbe{df Tof] gf/f–h'n'; / x8\tfn g} xf] . a]glj?4 nf]sn] u/]sf] ljb|f]x g} dfgjsf] 1ft Oltxf;df k|yd hgljb|f]x xf] . o;cl3 klZrdf ;Gbe{df :kf6f{s;sf] g]t[Tjdf bf;x¿åf/f ePsf] ljb|f]xnfO{ k|yd hgljb|f]xsf ¿kdf JofVof ub}{ pgnfO{ ‘cflbljb|f]xL’ dfGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ptf, lrgLof ;Gbe{df cfFvLef}F /·fPsfx¿sf] /


kx]Fnf] km]6f afFw]sfx¿sf] ljb|f]x -ls;fg ljb|f]x_ nfO{ cem k|frLg dflgG5 . t/ tL ;a} eGbf k'/fgf] 7x5{ /fhf a]glj?4sf] ljb|f]x . pQm kf}/fl0fs ljb|f]xsf] ljz]iftf s]df klg 5 eg] To;n] cfw'lgs ;Gbe{df ‘;Tofu|x’ elgg] clx+;fTds ljb|f]xsf] >]i7tf Toltv]/} k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 . a]gsf] ktgkl5 gofF zf;s s;nfO{ agfpg] eGg] ;jfn v8f eof] . a]glj?4 ;z:q ljb|f]x ug]{ ‘lgiffb’ sf] bfaL ;a} eGbf klxn] cfof] . t/ Clifx¿n] c:jLsf/ u/]kl5 ‘lgiffb’ sf] ;Qf/f]x0f ;Dej ePg . :jo+ Clifx¿n] g} ;Qf rnfpg' kg]{ Psy/Lsf] dfunfO{ Clifu0fn] :jLsf/]g, lsg eg] pgLx¿n] ljb|f]xsf] g]t[Tj u/]sf] zf;s aGg] ceLi6n] lyPg . gofF /fHosf] :j¿k s:tf] x'g' kg]{ / s:tf] zf;g k|0ffnLdf s;nfO{ zf;s agfpg] eGg]af/] cGof}nsf] l:ylt s]xL nfd} ;do;Dd sfod /x]sf] ;Í]t >Ldb\efujtdf kfOG5 . Clifx¿ / ;j{;fwf/0fsf] dt ;ef / ;ldlt;lxtsf] /fhf /xg] k'/fg} k4ltsf] kIfdf uPkl5 ‘lgiffb’ kIfsf] bfaL Psbd} sdhf]/ 7xl/of] / cGTodf a]gs} j+zh k[y'nfO{ /fhf agfpg] ;xdlt h'6\of] . k[y'sf] g]t[Tjdf ;~rflnt /fHok|0ffnLnfO{ ‘lgiffb’ kIfn] klg s]xL ;dokl5 g} dg k/fPsf] / /fi6«df ;j{;Ddlt h'6]sf] a'lemG5 .>Ldb\efujtdf atfOPcg';f/ /fHosf] ;~rfng nf]s;Ddltsf] cfwf/df /fhf, dlGqkl/ifb\, ;ef, ;ldlt / :yfgLo kflnsfx¿n] ug]{ ;+oGq ljsf; ul/Psf] lyof] . a]g eGbf cl3 u0f;efx¿ d'Vo zlQmzfnL x'g] u/]sf]df k[y'sf] ;dodf eg] ltgnfO{ eGbf klg ef}uf]lns cfwf/nfO{ k|wfgtf lbO{ u|fdkflnsf, gu/kflnsf h:tf lgsfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] a'lemG5 . cfhsf] dfkb08af6 eGg] xf] eg] æ/fi6«/fHoÆ (Nation State) dfGotfnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/L æ/fHo/fi6«Æ (State Nation) sf] lxtsf/L k4ltdf hfg] sfo{ k[y'sf] g]t[Tjdf ePsf] lyof] . ;ef / ;ldltdf /fi6«sf ;a} e"efu / ;a} ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj xf];\ eg]/ ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofOPsfn] cr]n elgg] ‘;dfj]zLs/0f’ sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ klg Toltv]/ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] eGg' kg]{ x'G5 . ;DejtM Toltv]/ agfOPsf] b08gLlt -sfg'g_ lnlvt g} lyof] . a]gaf6 To;cl3


g} 7"nf] wf]sf vfO;s]sfn] k[y'nfO{ b08 -sfg'g_ sf] k"0f{ lgoGq0fdf /fVg] k|aGw ug{ eg] Clifx¿n] e'n]gg\ eGg] k|i6} a'lemG5 . Tof] k|yd hgljb|f]xn] s'g} JolQmljz]ifsf] :j]R5frf/L zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ :ki6tM c:jLsf/ ub}{ zf;g ljlw jf sfg'g -Toltv]/sf] zAbfjnLdf ‘b08gLlt’_ sf] x'g' kg]{ j}lbs dfGotfnfO{ k'gk'{li6 u¥of] . /fhfnfO{ ‘/fi6«e[To’ -/fi6«sf] ;]js_ / nf]snfO{ ‘/fi6«:jfdL’ dflgg] -cyj{= !(.#&.@ / !%.(.!_ j}lbs dtdf k[y'n] k"0f{ cf:yf k|s6 u/]sf lyP . pgsf] hglk|otfaf6 8fl9P/ csf]{ /fHosf ‘OGb|’ gfdsf sf]xL ;dsfnLg /fhfn] k[y'lj?4 k|rf/o'4 -cfw'lgs ;Gbe{df k|f]kfuf08f–jf/_ ;d]t u/]sf lyP . t/ pgsf] nf]slk|otf o:t/L a9\of] ls /fHof/f]x0fsf] s]xL jif{kl5 g} nf]sn] k[y'nfO{ lji0f'sf] cjtf/ -hLljt O{Zj/_ sf ¿kdf k"Hg yfln;s]sf lyP . pgs} gfdsf] cfwf/df wtL{sf] gofF ;+1f ‘k[lyjL’ eGg yflnPsf] lyof] . o;/L kf/:kl/s ;x[botfn] /fhf / k|hfaLrsf] ;DaGw cToGt ;f}xfb|{ aGg k'u]sf] lyof] . j}lbs /fhwd{sf] dof{bfnfO{ k[y'n] slxNo} pNnª\3g gu/]sf] >Ldb\efujtdf atfOG5 . oBlk sfnfGt/df /fj0f, s+;, h/f;Gw, lzz'kfn, zfNjh:tf /fhfx¿n] eg] /fhfnfO{ g} ;j]{;jf{ 7fGg] a]gsf] ;f]rnfO{ km]l/ cufl8 a9fPsf lyP . xfd|f]df Ps ztfAbL rn]sf] /f0ffzf;g a]gjfbL zf;g k|0ffnLsf] csf]{ ¿k lyof] . d]lsofa]nLsf] l;4fGtn] a]gjfbL zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ o'/f]k]nL ;Gbe{df cufl8 ;f/]sf] lyof] . ;f]ljot ;ª\3sf :6flng, rLgsf dfcf], sDaf]l8ofsf kf]nkf]6, /f]dflgofsf rfpr]:s' cflb klg k|sf/fGt/n] a]gjfbs} cg'ofoL b]lvG5g\ . DofGdfsf ldln6/L h'Gtf, o'uf08fsf ObL cldg, hd{gLsf lx6n/, O6fnLsf d';f]lngL cflb klg a]gs} gofF ;+:s/0f lyP eGg ldN5 . ;j{;QfjfbL ljrf/ / Jojxf/ g} a]g–k|j[lQsf] Bf]ts xf] . a]gjfbL zf;gn] /fHoleqsf ljleGg hftLo, eflifs, ef}uf]lns cfwf/sf cg]s ;d'bfox¿nfO{ :yfgLo zf;g;Qf Pj+ s]Gb|Lo zf;g;Qfdf ;d'lrt ;xefuL gu/fpg] x'gfn] k|ltlqmofjz b]zdf ;ª\sL0f{ lsQfsf6sf


kIfw/x¿nfO{ hg;dy{g x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . a]g lj?4sf] ;ª\3if{df cu|0fL /x]sf] ‘lgiffb’ kIfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g]{ xf] eg] cfh g]kfndf ælå/fli6«otfÆ tyf æax'/fli6«otfÆ sf kIfw/x¿sf] dfgl;stf a'em\g ;xh x'G5 . jt{dfg g]kfndf cg]s hftLo, eflifs, If]qLo cfwf/sf ;d'bfox¿n] cfkm"nfO{ lsgf/Ls[t, jl~rt, lje]bdf k/]sf] dx;'; ug'{df /f0ffsfnLg unt gLlt, lgod, Jojxf/sf] k|ltlqmof Ps k|d'v sf/s tŒj /x]sf] 5 . h;/L k[y'sf] g]t[Tjdf pbf/jfbL ljrf/ / Jojxf/n] sfnfGt/df ;a}nfO{ Pstfsf] ;"qdf hf]8\g ;lsof], To;/L g} /fHo/fi6« l;4fGt cg';f/ g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf] k'gM ;+/rgf x'Fb} hfFbf pbf/–/fli6«otfjfbL ljrf/ / Jojxf/n] ;a}yl/ g]kfnLhgnfO{ hf]8\g] ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 .

(=$= /fHo/fi6« l;4fGt

‘/fi6«’ sf] kl/efiffM—e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgstf k|fKt Pp6f lglZrt ef}uf]lns ;Ldfa4 æ/fHoÆ g} æ/fi6«Æ xf], h'g :jtGq, :jfwLg, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg x'G5 / hxfF ljljw k|hflt, hflt, efiff, ;+:s[lt, ;Dk|bfo, ;d'bfo, ef}uf]lns If]q cflbsf] ;dGjoaf6 ;dli6s[t æ/fli6«otfÆ lgwf{/0f ePsf] x'G5 .

/fHo/fi6« (State Nation) l;4fGtsf] ;f/nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf rf/j6f a'Fbfx¿df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M—• /fHo g} /fi6« xf] . (State as Nation)

• s'g} klg b]zsf] e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgstf / ;f+:s[lts ;fdflhs PsTjsf] ;dli6 g} æ/fHo/fi6«Æ xf] . (State Nation as the integration

of both the Geo-political-legality and the Cultural-Social-unity)

• æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] kl/efiff Pj+ klxrfgsf lgldQ æ/fHoÆ g} lg0ff{os tŒj xf] . (State as the decisive factor for defining and identifying

Nationality)

• æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] ;'b[l9s/0fsf lgldQ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts


clwsf/ / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ljlzli6s[t x'g' k5{ . (Ensuring the Civil and Political Rights and the Cultural Rights as

mutually exclusive entities)

pSt rf/j6f a'Fbfx¿df ;d]l6Psf cfwf/e"t k|:yfkgfaf/] qmdzM ljdz{ ul/Psf] 5 M—

(=$=!= /fHo g} /fi6« æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtdf æ/fHoÆ nfO{ ljz]if0f jf u'0fsf ¿kdf dfgL æ/fi6«Æ Pj+ æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] kl/efiff Pj+ k|rng x'G5 . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGt cg';f/, e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgstf k|fKt Pp6f lglZrt ef}uf]lns ;Ldfa4 æ/fHoÆ g} æ/fi6«Æ xf], hxfF ljljw k|hflt, hflt, efiff, ;+:s[lt, ;Dk|bfo, ;d'bfo, ef}uf]lns If]q cflbsf] ;dGjoaf6 ;dli6s[t æ/fli6«otfÆ lgwf{/0f ePsf] x'G5 . of] l;4fGtdf :jtGq, :jfwLg, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg b]z -æ/fHoÆ_ sf] e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgs cl:tTjnfO{ æ/fi6«Æ Pj+ æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] kl/efiffsf nflu k|fylds tTj dflgPsf] 5 . of] l;4fGtdf k|hflt, hflt, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg, If]qLo klxrfg cflbnfO{ clgjfo{ æ/fi6«Æ dflgFb}g¦ k|To't pko'{St tTjx¿df ljljwtf /xFbf/xFb} klg ;femf /fli6«otfdf ;dlGjt x'g'nfO{ g} æ/fli6«otfÆ dflgG5 . t;y{, s'g} klg JolSt / gful/snfO{ lghsf] hGd, j0f{, wd{, /ª\u cflb, of] jf Tof] s'g} klg, sf/0fn] e]befj gug'{ æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] df}lns ljz]iftf (Intrinsic characteristics by virtue of orgin) xf] . o;/L, æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtn] pbf/–/fli6«otfjfbL b[li6sf]0f cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . csf]{lt/, æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtsf] ljkl/t dfGotf /fVg] æ/fi6«/fHoÆ, ælå–/fli6«o /fHoÆ Pj+ æax'–/fli6«o /fHoÆ cjwf/0ffx¿df ;ª\sL0f{–/fli6«otfjfbL b[li6sf]0f cjnlDat 5 . lsgeg] ltgLx¿df k|hflt (Race), hflt (Ethnicity, Tribe, Clan), efiff (Language), wfld{s ;Dk|bfo (Religion), ;f+:s[lts klxrfg (Cultural Identity), If]qLo klxrfg (Regional


Identity) cflbnfO{ æ/fi6«Æ Pj+ æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] kl/efiffsf nflu k|fylds tTj dflgPsf] x'G5 . æ/fi6«Æ Pj+ æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] kl/efiff g} ;ª\sL0f{ kfy{SojfbL, j}leGGojfbL, cxª\sf/jfbL, 3[0ffjfbL b[li6sf]0faf6 ug]{ x'gfn] æ/fi6«/fHoÆ, ælå–/fli6«o /fHoÆ, æax'–/fli6«o /fHoÆ cjwf/0ff cg';f/ ag]sf b]zdf k|hftLo, hftLo, eflifs, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, ef}uf]lns If]qut e]befj g} æ/fi6«Æ sf] df}lns ljz]iftf (Intrinsic characteristics

by virtue of orgin) x'G5 . dfgjflwsf/sf s}of}F k|fjwfgx¿ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gaf6 k|Tofe"t ePsf] tyf /fli6«o sfg'gdf ;d]t df}lns xssf alnof k|fjwfgx¿ Joj:yf ul/Psf] jt{dfg o'udf ;d]t g:nLo–e]befj / /ª\ue]b jf cGo k|sf/sf e]befj gx6\g'sf] sf/0f ;+;f/df cem} klg ;ª\sL0f{–/fli6«otfjfbsf] wªwªL sfod} /xg' klg xf] . ljljwtfnfO{ :jfut u/L j0f{;ª\s/tfnfO{ ;dt] lgs} dxTjk"j{s :jLsfl/Psf] ;+=/f= cd]l/sfdf Zj]t–k'?if–cxª\sf/jfbL (White-Male-Supremacist)x¿n] /fi6«klt r'gfjsf bf}/fgdf af/fs cf]afdf tyf lxnf/L lSnG6gk|lt JoSt u/]sf 3[0ffhGo jrgsf] d"ndf klg ;ª\sL0f{–/fli6«otfjfbL ;f]r g} /x]sf] 5 . o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfgsf] æ/fi6«/fHoÆ cjwf/0ffdf æ/fi6«Æ / æ/fHoÆ nfO{ cnu cnu kl/36gfsf ¿kdf x]/L æ/fi6«jfbÆ (Nationalism) / æb]zelStÆ (Patriotism) nfO{ klg cnu cnu dfg]/ kl/eflift ug]{ lj;ª\ultk"0f{ b[li6sf]0f /x]sf] 5 . t/, æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtdf æ/fi6«Æ / æ/fHoÆ nfO{ To;/L cnu cnu gdflgg] Pj+ e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgstf k|fKt Pp6f lglZrt ef}uf]lns ;Ldfa4 æ/fHoÆ g} æ/fi6«Æ sf :j¿kdf ljsf; x'g] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . ljljw k|hflt, hflt, efiff, ;+:s[lt, ;Dk|bfo, ;d'bfo, ef}uf]lns If]q cflbsf] ;dGjoaf6 ;dli6s[t æ/fli6«otfÆ lgwf{/0f x'g] ePsfn] pSt æ/fHo/fi6«Æ df æ/fi6«jfbÆ (Nationalism) / æb]zelStÆ (Patriotism) jf:tjdf pxL dfGotfsf ljljw ;+1f dfq 7xl/G5g\ . cyf{t\, sltko klZrdf cWo]tfx¿ tyf ltgsf cg'ofoL cGo JolStx¿n] æ/fi6«jfbÆ nfO{ gsf/fTds, ;ª\sL0f{, lje]bsf/L dfg]/


cfnf]rgf ug]{ tyf To;sf] ljsNkdf æb]zelStÆ n] /fli6«o rl/q af]Sg] egL ljZn]if0f ug]{ h'g k|rng 5, Tof] k|rng æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] kl/k|]Iodf k"/} c;fGble{s b]lvG5 . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] b[li6laGb'af6 x]bf{ æ/fi6«jfbÆ (Nationalism) / æb]zelStÆ (Patriotism) ;dfgfy{s ;+1fx¿ x'g\ . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtdf /fHosf] hGd Pj+ ljsf;df ljleGg kfl/l:ylts ;DefJotf (Situational probability) sf] e"ldsf /xg] dflgPsf] k"jf]{lSt (Premise) oxfFg]/ pNn]Vo 5 . /fHosf] pb\ej tyf ljsf; s;/L eof] eGg]af/] ljleGg l;4fGtx¿sf cfkm\g}vfn] dfGotfx¿ 5g\ . s;}n] O{Zj/Lo OR5fnfO{, s;}n] dflg;x¿sf] dT:o–Gofoaf6 qf0f kfpg] cfjZostfnfO{, s;}n] ;fdflhs ;Demf}tfnfO{ tyf cGon] c? g} s'g} sf/0fnfO{ /fHosf] pb\ejsf] sf/s dfg]sf 5g\ . /fHosf] lgdf{0fdf ef}uf]lns kIfsf] lg0ff{os k|efj /x\of] eGg] sltkosf] ljZn]if0f b]lvG5 eg] cGo sltkon] k|hftLo, hftLo, wfld{s, eflifs cflb tŒjx¿nfO{ k|wfg dfg]/ ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . jf:tjdf, /fHosf] pb\ej, ;Ldfª\sg, ljsf; cflbdf s'g} lglZrt ul0ftLo ;"q h:tf] ;fdfGoLs[t ;"q 5 eg]/ dfGg ;lsFb}g, a? ljleGg kfl/l:ylts ;DefJotf (Situational probability) n] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 eg]/ dfGg' g} a9L ts{;ª\ut x'G5 . Jofjxfl/s lx;fan] s] b]lvG5 eg] h'g–s'g} sf/0fn] hGdf];\, x/]s e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgs b]zn] cfkm\gf] cl:tTj;Fu} Ps;fy æ/fHoÆ, æ/fi6«Æ Pj+ æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] ljz]ifflwsf/ k|fKt u5{ . ha s'g} slyt b]zn] Ps;fy æ/fHoÆ, æ/fi6«Æ Pj+ æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] ljz]ifflwsf/ xfl;n ug{ ;Sb}g, ta :jtGqtf, :jfwLgtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;'lglZrt x'Fb}g . ljZjdf cfh;Ddsf] Jofjxfl/s k|rng oxL xf] / eljiodf klg kfl/l:ylts ;DefJotfsf sf/0fn] olb s'g} gofF b]z hGDof] eg] To;nfO{ nfu" x'g] cj:yf klg oxL xf] . pko'{St Jofjxfl/s oyfy{nfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]/ g} æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtdf e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgstf k|fKt Pp6f lglZrt ef}uf]lns ;Ldfa4 æ/fHoÆ nfO{ g} æ/fi6«Æ dflgPsf] xf], h'g :jtGq, :jfwLg, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg x'G5 / hxfF ljljw k|hflt, hflt, efiff,


;+:s[lt, ;Dk|bfo, ;d'bfo, ef}uf]lns If]q cflbsf] ;dGjoaf6 ;dli6s[t æ/fli6«otfÆ lgwf{/0f ePsf] x'G5 . s'g} b]z -æ/fHoÆ/æ/fi6«Æ_ n] e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgstf s;/L k|fKt u5{ / cfkm\gf] :jtGqtf, :jfwLgtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;'lglZrt u5{ eGg] ljrf/ ubf{ To;sf] k4lt ljleGg o'udf ljleGg t/xsf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . jt{dfg o'udf ljleGg j}lZjs÷cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL ;+oGqx¿, ;lGwx¿ Pj+ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3 nufotsf ;+:yfx¿sf] ljBdfgtfn] e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgstfsf] ljlzli6s/0f Pj+ :jtGqtf, :jfwLgtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] k4lt w]/} g} Jojl:yt, cf}krfl/s, ;dlGjt ePsf] 5 . s]xL ckjfbx¿nfO{ 5f8]/ cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldfx¿ klg oyfzlSt lgodg–;So, k/:k/ dfGo Pj+ w]/} xb;Dd l:y/ eO;s]sf 5g\ . To:t}, s]xL ckjfbx¿nfO{ 5f8]/ k|foM b]zx¿df æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] klxrfg, kl/efiff Pj+ JofVof ug{ ;xh} ;lsg] cj:yf 5 . o;/L o'ufg's"n k4ltaf6 cl:tTjdfg\ b]z -æ/fHoÆ/æ/fi6«Æ_ nfO{ ljz]iosf] :yfgdf æ/fi6«Æ zAb / ljz]if0fsf] :yfgdf æ/fHoÆ zAb /fvL æ/fi6«Æ sf] kl/efiff æ/fHoÆ sf] b[li6laGb'af6 lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5 . /fHo/fi6« l;4fGtsf] cfnf]sdf ;xh};Fu ;a}yl/ /fli6«otfsf] lj1fg;Ddt JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfn, ef/t, ;+=/f= cd]l/sf h:tf df}lns ¿kd} ljljwtfk"0f{ b]zx¿sf kl/k|]Iodf dfq xf]Og ls, ljutdf ;ª\sL0f{–/fli6«otfjfbL cfwf/af6 hGd]sf ePtfklg j}lZjs/0f (Globalization) k|lqmof tyf cGo sf/0fx¿n] jt{dfgdf ljljwtfk"0f{ aGg cfOk'u]sf o'/f]k]nL tyf u}/–o'/f]k]nL b]zx¿sf kl/k|]Iodf ;d]t /fHo g} /fi6« xf] eGg] æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtaf6 dfq æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] cBfjlws kl/efiff Pj+ JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 .

(=$=@= e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgstf / ;f+:s[lts ;fdflhs PsTjsf] ;dli6 lglZrt ef}uf]lns ;Ldfleq a;f]af; ug]{ ljljw k|hflt, hflt, ;d'bfox¿sf aLrdf æ/fHoÆ sf sf/0fn] ;x–cl:tTj, ;dGjo, ;xsfo{,


;x[botf df}nfP/ b]zdf ;f+:s[lts ;fdflhs PsTj :yflkt x'g uO{ Ps ;dli6 æ/fi6«Æ hLjGt aG5 . t;y{, æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtdf cGttf]uTjf æ/fHoÆ / æ/fi6«Æ ;dfg cy{ lbg] ;+1fx¿ aGg k'U5g\ — hxfF æ/fi6«Æ sf] cfwf/lznf Ps :jtGq, :jfwLg, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg æ/fHoÆ sf] e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgstfdf :yflkt x'G5 . k|rngdf s] b]lvG5 eg] æ/fHoÆ ;+1fdf e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgstfnfO{ / æ/fi6«Æ ;+1fdf ;f+:s[lts ;fdflhs PsTjnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] x'G5 . 7Ls kl/k|]Iodf k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] pSt k|rngnfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 . æ/fHoÆ ;+1fdf e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgstfnfO{ / æ/fi6«Æ ;+1fdf ;f+:s[lts ;fdflhs PsTjnfO{ hf]8 lbFbf ltgLx¿ cnu cnu tŒjx¿ eG7fGg' x'Fb}g . jf:tjdf æ/fHo/fi6«Æ df k|d]orflxF æ/fi6«Æ ePsf] x'gfn] cfbz{ l:yltdf æ/fi6«Æ sf] a[xb\ cjwf/0ff leqsf] cfwf/lznf jf r'/f]sf ¿kdf æ/fHoÆ /x]sf] x'G5 elgPsf] xf] . t;y{, /fHo / /fi6« cnu cnu tŒjx¿ xf]Ogg\ . k|;+ujz pNn]v eO;s]sf] 5 ls æ/fi6«/fHoÆ, ælå–/fli6«o /fHoÆ Pj+ æax'–/fli6«o /fHoÆ cjwf/0ffx¿df k'/fgf] o'/f]k]nL dfGotfn] æ/fi6«Æ (Nation) / æ/fHoÆ (State) nfO{ cnu cnu tTjx¿ dfG5 — h;dWo] æ/fi6«Æ nfO{ k"j{jtL{ / æ/fHoÆ nfO{ k/jtL{ dflgG5 . o'/f]k]nL cjwf/0ffcg';f/, sltko cj:yfdf æ/fi6«Æ / æ/fHoÆ n] ;dfg ;+/rgfnfO{ hgfpg] tyf cGo sltko cj:yfdf cnu cnu tTjx¿nfO{ hgfpg] u/L tL ;+1fsf] k|of]u ePsf] x'G5 . To:tf] kfy{Sosf] sf/0fn] ubf{ g} b]zdf k|hftLo, hftLo jf cGo ;ª\sL0f{ klxrfgnfO{ lgx'F agfP/ æk|lt:kwL{ /fli6«otfx¿sf] ;ª\3if{Æ ;'? x'g ;Sg] vt/f hlxNo} /xg] xf] .b]zdf ;f+:s[lts ;fdflhs PsTjsf] ;'lglZrttflagf s'g} klg b]z æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf ¿kdf ;fy{s x'g ;Sb}g . g]kfn, Ol08of tyf cGo h'g;'s} klg ax'–k|hftLo, ax'–hftLo, ax'–eflifs, ax'–;f+:s[lts, ax'–;Dk|bfoo'St b]zx¿df ax'ntf / ljljwtfnfO{ ;dlGjt, ;dli6s[t, ;+Zn]lift u/]/ g} æ/fHoÆ af6 æ/fi6«Æ sf] tx;Dd ljsf; ;Dej x'g] xf] . b]zleq ljBdfg ljljw k|hflt, hflt, ;d'bfo, ;Dk|bfo, efiff,


ef}uf]lns Onfsf cflbnfO{ /fHo;Qfdf hf] cf;Lg 5g\, pgLx¿n] ;dfg, ;dGofoL, ;x[botfk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug'{ clgjfo{ x'G5 . zf;gdf 8f8'–kGo' h;sf] xftdf 5, ;d'lrt k|zf;gsf] k|Tofe"ltsf] lhDdf klg p;}sf] xf] . olb s;}n] klg zf;gaf6 cGofo ePsf] dx;'; u¥of] eg] :jfefljs ¿kdf p;sf] k|j[lQ zf;g;Qflj?4 hfG5, hfG5 . t;y{, b]zsf ljljw k|hflt, hflt, efiffefifL, ;d'bfo, ;Dk|bfo, ljz]if ef}uf]lns If]qsf afl;Gbf cflb ;a}yl/nfO{ ;f+:s[lts ;fdflhs PsTjsf] ;"qdf hf]8\g] k|fylds lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/, ;+;b\, Gofokflnsf h:tf /fHo;Qfsf k|d'v cjojx¿df hf] hf] cf;Lg 5g\, pgLx¿s} xf] . ;fy}, ;j{;fwf/0fn] klg æ/fHoÆ cfkm\g} xf] eGg] af]w u/L æ/fHoÆ nfO{ ;'b[9 kfg'{nfO{ cfkm\gf] st{Jo dfGg' clgjfo{ x'G5 . b]zleq ljBdfg ljljwtfsf] ;dGjoaf6 ;femf æ/fli6«oÆ ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts r]tgfsf] ljsf; x'g] k|lqmofnfO{ ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0faf6 x]l/Pg eg] æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] dd{nfO{ a'em\g ;lsFb}g . æ;+uR5Wj+ ;+jbWj+ ;+ jf] dgf+l; hfgtfd\Æ eGg] j}lbs cfbz{ oxfFg]/ ;fGble{s 5 . b]zdf ljBdfg ljljw k|hflt, hflt, ;d'bfo cflbsf cf–cfðgf ljz]iftfx¿ x'G5g\ / tL ;a}yl/sf] PsTjaf6 hLjGt x'g] ;d'Rrf /fi6«sf], /fli6«o rl/qsf] / ;+:s[ltsf] klg Pp6f ljlzi6 :j¿k x'G5 . o;nfO{ /;fogzf:qsf] pbfx/0f lnP/ x]bf{ olb cDn / Iff/ ldnfpFbf aGg] 5'§} k|sf/sf] j:t' nj0fsf] u'0f cDn / Iff/ eGbf 5'§} vfnsf] eP tfklg Tof] nj0fdf cDn / Iff/sf] a/fa/L of]ubfg 5 eGg] s'/f j}1flgs ;To xf], To;/L g} /fli6«o rl/q Pj+ ;+:s[lt;Fu s'g} hftLo ;d'bfo, eflifs ;d'bfo, ef}uf]lns If]qsf] rl/q Pj+ ;+:s[ltsf] tfbfTDo b]Vg g;lsPsf] cj:yf 5 eg] klg To; /fi6«sf] /fli6«o rl/q Pj+ ;+:s[ltdf pQm hfltsf] rl/q Pj+ ;+:s[lt ;lGglxt x'G5 . h;/L dfly lbOPsf] pbfx/0fdf cDn / Iff/sf] u'0f nj0fsf] u'0f;Fu tfbfTDo b]Vg g;lsP tfklg nj0fdf cDn / Iff/ b'j}sf] a/fa/L of]ubfg / dxTj 5, To;/L g} æ/fHo/fi6«Æ df b]zleqsf ljljwtfx¿ ;dlGjt, ;+Zn]lift, ;x[boLs[t x'G5g\ .


oxLFg]/ Vofn ug'{ kg]{ tYo s] klg xf] eg] b]zsf] ;femf æ/fli6«oÆ ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts r]tgfdf ;f] b]zdf ljBdfg ljljw k|hflt, hflt, ;d'bfo cflbsf of]ubfg / dxTj a/fa/L ePtfklg æ/fli6«oÆ klxrfgsf ¿kdf cf}krfl/s jf cgf}krfl/s dfGotf kfPsf rf8kj{, ;f+:s[lts cEof;, k|tLs cflbdf s'g} Ps jf s]xL ;d'bfosf] s]Gb|Lo e"ldsf d'vl/t x'g] cj:yf /xg ;S5 . o:tf] s]Gb|Lo e"ldsf P]ltxfl;s sfnb]lv g} :jtM :yflkt eP/ cfPsf] v08df ;f]xL cg';f/ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 eg] gofF lg0f{ox¿ ug]{ cj;/df tt\ tt\ If]qsf /}yfg] ;d'bfonfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' /fHosf] st{Jo xf] . g]kfnd08ndf x'g] ;f+:s[lts cfof]hgdf g]jf/ ;d'bfosf], hgsk'/df x'g] ;f+:s[lts cfof]hgdf d}lyn ;d'bfosf], 88]Nw'/fdf x'g] ;f+:s[lts cfof]hgdf 8f]6]nL ;d'bfosf] s]Gb|Lo e"ldsf :jfefljs xf] . ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf kl/k|]Iodf /}yfg] ;d'bfosf] cu|flwsf/ eP tfklg gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/sf kl/k|]Iodf cu|flwsf/ x'Fb}g eGg] æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] dfGotf klg oxLFg]/ :d/0fLo 5 . s]xL ;do klxn];Dd klg g]kfnd08ndf hLjGt /x]sf] cEof; Pj+ k4ltsf] cGj]if0faf6 1ft x'G5 ls æ/fHo/fi6«Æ df /fHo / ;f] /fHosf] ;/xbleqsf ljljw hg;d'bfosf] cEof;af6 :jfefljs kl/36gfsf] kmn:j¿k ;femf ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts r]tgfsf] cljlR5Gg ljsf; eO/x]sf] x'G5 . ;femf ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts r]tgfsf] ljsf; gePsf] eP g]kfnd08ndf cg]slt/af6 a;fOF ;/]sf ljljw k|hflt, hflt, ;d'bfo cflbsf] ;dlGjt :j¿k ag]/ cfhsf] g]jf/ ;d'bfosf] ljsf; x'g] lyPg . g]kfnd08ndf a|fx\d0f–If]qL–j}Zo–z'b| rf/} j0f{sf ;fy} lzNkL -æblntÆ_ ;d'bfo / j0f{ Joj:yfdf gc6\g] cGo ;d'bfox¿ ldn]/ cfw'lgs g]jf/ ;d'bfo ag]sf] xf] . /fhj+zsf lx;fan] uf]kfn, dlxifkfn, ls/ft, lnR5lj, dNn 7s'/L tyf zfx 7s'/L j+z;Fu;Fu} oxfF cfOk'u]sf ;of}Fyl/ ;d'bfo ldl;P/ cfw'lgs g]jf/ ;d'bfosf] ;dli6s[t :j¿k ag]sf] 5 . o;/L g]jf/ ;d'bfo ;dlGjt aGg' g} k|ToIf k|df0f xf] ls æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtdf dflgPem}F lglZrt ef}uf]lns ;Ldfleq a;f]af; ug]{ ljljw k|hflt, hflt,


;d'bfox¿sf aLrdf æ/fHoÆ sf sf/0fn] ;x–cl:tTj, ;dGjo, ;xsfo{, ;x[botf df}nfP/ b]zdf ;f+:s[lts ;fdflhs PsTj :yflkt x'g ;Dej 5 . ;femf ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts r]tgfsf] cljlR5Gg ljsf; x'g] hLjGt cEof; g]kfnd08nsf] dfq kl/36gf xf]Og . k|frLg ef/tjifL{o /fHox¿df htftt} ;f]xL l/tsf] hLjGt cEof; /x]sf] lyof] . æ/fHoÆ nfO{ g} /fi6«sf] r'/f] dfgL e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgs ;Ldfª\sg ug]{ tyf cfkm\gf ;/xbleqsf ;a}yl/ k|hflt, hflt, ;d'bfo cflbnfO{ pgLx¿sf lghfTds ljz]iftfsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ æ/fli6«oÆ :t/sf] ;femf ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts r]tgfdf cfa4 x'g k|]l/t ug]{ j}lbs k4ltsf] sf/0fn] g} pko'{St cEof; ;Dej ePsf] xf] . o;/L x]g]{ xf] eg] ljljwtfo'Qm b]z g]kfnsf ljljw k|hflt, hflt, ;d'bfo cflbsf] ;dGjoaf6 Pp6} /fi6« lgld{t x'g' :jfefljs / ;xh s'/f g} xf] . t;y{, ;d'Rrf g]kfnL /fli6«o ;+:s[ltdf a|fx\d0f–If]qL–j}Zo–z'b|sf ;fy} lzNkL -æblntÆ_ ;d'bfo / j0f{ Joj:yfdf gc6\g] cGo ;d'bfox¿sf] klg ;femf of]ubfg / dxTj 5 eGg] dfGg' g} ;dLrLg 7x5{ . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtn] :jtGq, :jfwLg, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg b]z -æ/fHoÆ_ sf] e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgs cl:tTjnfO{ æ/fi6«Æ Pj+ æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] kl/efiffsf nflu k|fylds tTj dfgL h'g–s'g} klg k|hflt, hflt, hft, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg, If]qLo klxrfg cflbnfO{ ;dli6s[t b[li6sf]0faf6 cfkm"leq} ;dflxt, ;dlGjt, ;';+of]lht ug]{ x'gfn] æ/fHo/fi6«Æ df pSt k[ys\ k[ys\ cjojx¿nfO{ k/:k/ lj/f]wL, k|lt:kwL{ x'Fb}gg\ / æ/fli6«otfx¿sf] ;ª\3if{Æ sf lgldQ s'g} :yfg x'Fb}g . g]kfn / g]kfnh:t} hftLo, eflifs, ;fDk|bflos cflb ljljwtfo'Qm b]zsf nflu cfkm\gf] :jtGq, :jfwLg, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg æ/fHoÆ sf] x}l;otnfO{ ;b}j ;'b[9 agfpg] l;4fGt æ/fHo/fi6«Æ (State Nation) g} xf] . /fli6«otfsf] lj1fg;Ddt JofVof ug{ ;lsg] /fHo/fi6« l;4fGt ljsf; eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf ca ;ª\sL0f{–/fli6«otfjfbL l;4fGt cGtu{tsf tLgj6f cjwf/0ffx¿ -/fi6«/fHo, lå–/fli6«otf, ax'–/fli6«otf_ TofUg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .


(=$=#= æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] klxrfg Pj+ kl/efiffsf] lgldQ æ/fHoÆ g} lg0ff{os tŒj æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtdf æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] kl/efiff Pj+ klxrfgsf lgldQ æ/fHoÆ g} lg0ff{os tŒj xf] . æ/fHoÆ nfO{ æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] kl/efiff Pj+ klxrfgsf lgldQ lg0ff{os tŒj dflgg'sf] tfTko{ s] xf] eg] k|hflt, hflt, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg, If]qLo klxrfg cflbsf cfwf/df æ/fi6«Æ sf] kl/efiff ug{' x'Fb}g / h'g /fHosf] gful/s xf]OG5, ;f]xL /fHosf] gful/stf;Fu} /fli6«otf klg lgwf{/0f x'G5 . æ/fli6«otfÆ af/] lg0f{o ug]{ pko'{St k4lt g]kfnsf df}lns /}yfg] j}lbs, af}4, h}g, ls/ftL, af]g k/Dk/fdf plxNo}b]lv k|rngdf 5Fb}5 / ;+;f/df cfw'lgs /fHox¿n] klg Jojxf/tM nfu" ul//x]s} 5g\, h;sf] k|ToIf k|df0f /fli6«otfsf] klxrfg gful/stf (Citizenship) sf] k|df0fkqaf6 x'g' xf] . dfly ljleGg pkzLif{sx¿ cGtu{t ePsf kl/rrf{af6 :ki6 ePs} 5 ls h'g a]nf o'/f]kdf æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] kl/efiff x'Fb} lyof], æ/fi6«Æ x¿sf] klxrfg ul/Fb} lyof] Pj+ æ/fHoÆ sf] j}wflgstf :yflkt ul/Fb} lyof], pgLx¿;Fu g]kfn, Ol08of cflbdf h:tf] ljljwtfk"0f{ kl/l:ylt lyPg . o'/f]k]nLx¿n] cfkm\gf] ljz]if kl/l:yltnfO{ ldNg] u/L æ/fi6«/fHoÆ (Nation State) cjwf/0ffnfO{ dfg]¦ hxfF k|hflt, hflt, efiff, wfld{s ;Dk|bfo, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg, If]qLo klxrfg cflbnfO{ æ/fi6«Æ lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ dflgof] . ;s];Dd To;/L aGg] æ/fi6«Æ sf] g} :jtGq, :jfwLg, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg æ/fHoÆ sf] ¿kdf e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgs x}l;ot x'g' jf~5gLo dflgPsfn] o'/f]k]nL b]zx¿sf] j}wflgstf ;f]xL cg';f/ aGof] . t/, To;/L ag]sf o'/f]k]nL b]zx¿n] ;d]t cGo b]zaf6 a;fOF;/fO u/]sf JolStx¿nfO{ gful/ssf x}l;otdf ;dflxt ub}{ hfFbf lxhf]sf] æ/fi6«/fHoÆ dfGotf ToxLF ;d]t utfy{ (Outdated), c;fGble{s, c:jLsfo{ alg;s]sf] 5 . o;/L, jt{dfg o'udf gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq g} /fli6«otfsf] k|df0fkq ;d]t ag]sf] 5 . JolSt / æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] cGt;{DaGwsf] kl/k|]Iodf ;dosf] rqm


3'd]/ k|frLg o'u;Fu t'ngLo cj:yf cfPsf] jf cfpg nfu]sf] elgof] eg] cTo'lSt x'Fb}g . k|frLg o'udf -h:t} M ztky a|fx\d0fsf] ;fIo lng ;lsG5_ hf]–sf]xL JolSt h'g–s'g} a]nf ;'ljwf cg';f/ a;fOF;/fO uYof]{ / p;sf] :yfoL a;f]af; h'g /fHosf ;/xbleq x'g] xf], ToxL /fHosf] /fli6«otfdf pm ;dflxt x'GYof] . k|frLg ef/tjifL{o k/Dk/fdf ljz]if kl/l:yltdf afx]s JolStsf] hft, uf]q, k|j/ cflb ckl/jt{gLo eP tfklg /fli6«otf To:tf] ckl/jt{gLo klxrfgsf ¿kdf /x]sf] lyPg . cfhsf] o'udf klg JolStsf] gful/stf Pj+ /fli6«otf kl/jt{gLo xf] . tyflk, JolStsf] d"n s] xf] eGg] klxrfgnfO{ ge'Ng] k|rng a9]sf] 5 . cd]l/sL gful/s eO{ cd]l/sL /fli6«otf :jLsf/]sfx¿nfO{ clk|msg cd]l/sg, rfOlgh cd]l/sg, Ol08og cd]l/sg, g]kfnL cd]l/sg cflb eg]/ klxrfg ul/g' plxn]sf] o'udf JolStsf] hft, uf]q, k|j/ cflb ckl/jt{gLo dfg]h:t} xf] . k|frLg o'u;Fu t'ngf ubf{ km/s s] xf] eg] clxn] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq, /fxbfgL, k|j]zf1f cflbsf] cf}krfl/s sfg'gL Pj+ Jofjxfl/s ;+/rgfx¿ 5g\ / sfg'gL k|lqmof k"/f u/]/ dfq gful/stf ;Da4 j}wflgstf k"/f x'G5 . æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] cBfjlws JofVof ug]{ qmddf s] klg e'Ng ldNb}g eg] k|frLg o'u / cfw'lgs o'usf] eGbf cnUu} Jojxf/ rn]sf] o'usf] ;dofjlw klg ztfAbLof}F nfdf] /x\of], hxfF k|hflt, hflt, ;d'bfo, slanf cflbsf cfwf/df lsQfsf6 u/L æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] ;fF3'/f] kl/efiff ul/Psf] lyof] . æ/fi6«Æ, æ/fi6«/fHoÆ, æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfg ag]sf] klg ;f]xL k|sf/sf] ;fF3'/f] k[i7e"ldd} xf] . ;f/f k[YjLsf afl;GbfnfO{ s'6'Da dfGg] j}lbs dfGotfsf pQ/flwsf/L eP tfklg sf}l6No -rf0fSo_ sf a]nfsf] ljz]if kl/l:yltn] ubf{ ljb]zL gful/s t s], ljb]zL;Fu lax] u/]sf cfkm\g} b]zsf gful/snfO{ ;d]t /fHosf d'Vo d'Vo lhDd]jf/L lbg gx'g] Jofjxfl/s lgb]{zg cufl8 cfPsf] tYo klg oxfFg]/ pNn]Vo 5 .t/ clxn] j}lZjs cfa4tfsf] sf/0fn] kl/l:ylt ablnP/ k|frLg o'uh:t} pbf/ Jojxf/ ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgfsf] 9f]sf v'n]sf] jf v'Nb} u/]sf] b]lvG5 .


o; qmddf k|hflt, hflt, ;d'bfo, slanf cflbsf cfwf/df æ/fi6«Æ Pj+ æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] klxrfg / kl/efiff ug{ gldNg] eO;s]sf] x'gfn] Ps Jofjxfl/s Pj+ 7f]; dfkb08sf ¿kdf gful/stf (Citizenship) sf] e"ldsf s'g} klg b]zsf] /fli6«otfsf] ;jfndf ;a}eGbf cxd\ aGg k'u]sf] 5 . a;fOF;/fO dfgj ;Eotfsf] Ps :jfefljs kl/36gf xf] . /fHox¿n] a;fOF;/fO lgoGq0f ug]{ vfnsf k|fjwfgx¿ -;Ldf, gful/stf, /fxbfgL, k|j]zf1f_ nfu" u/]sf] cfw'lgs o'udf t a;fOF;/fO eO/x]s} 5 eg] k|frLg o'udf ha ;f/f ;+;f/ g} ;femf 3/ xf] eGg] dflgPsf] o;sf] dfqf slt w]/} x'Fbf] xf], :jtM cfFsng ug{ ;lsG5 . dfgj ;d'bfosf] ;fgf] lx:;f lgs} nfdf] ;do;Dd s'g} :yfg ljz]ifdf /}yfg] ag]/ a:g] ePtfklg 7"nf] lx:;frflxF rnfodfg g} /xg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . eljiodf klg a;fOF;/fO rln/xg]5 . t;y{, cfw'lgs /fHox¿n] cfkm\gf] lxtsf] b[li6laGb'af6 a;fOF;/fOsf] kl/36gfnfO{ a'‰g], ljZn]if0f ug]{ Pj+ /fli6«o lxtsf lgldQ a9L eGbf a9L cg's"ntf x'g] u/L sfo{ ug{ u/fpg gLlt agfpg' g} a'l4dfgL x'g]5 . a;fOF;/fO / cfk|jf;g sf sf/0fn] b]zsf hg;d'bfosf] ;+/rgfdf cfpg] kl/jt{gsf] oyfy{nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ /fli6«otfsf] cBfjlws JofVof ub}{ hfg], df}lns /}yfg] ;+:s[ltnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ gjfuGt's gful/ssf ;+:s[ltnfO{ /fli6«o ;+:s[ltdf ;dflxt ug{ k|To]s /fHo hlxNo} tTk/ /xg' k5{ . æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] kl/efiff Pj+ klxrfgsf lgldQ æ/fHoÆ g} lg0ff{os tŒj x'g] ;}4flGts dfGotf hlt ;xh 5, gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq g} /fli6«otfsf] k|df0fkqsf ¿kdf lnOg] Jofjxfl/s k|rng Tolt ;xh b]lvFb}g . oBlk gful/stfsf] j}lbs, af}4, h}g cflb b[li6sf]0faf6 ljdz{ u/L k|frLg ef/tjif{sf] k|rngnfO{ cfw'lgs ;Gbe{df cg's"ng u/L Jojxf/df Nofpg ;Sg] xf] eg] clxn] ;+;f/el/ gful/stfsf] k|fjwfgsf] sf/0fn] cfPsf] hl6ntfsf] pko'St ;dfwfg x'G5 . gq, o'/f]k]nL dfkb08 cg';f/ g} gful/stfnfO{ a'em\g] Pj+ Jojxf/ ug]{ xf] eg] ;+;f/el/ g} gjgful/s jf c·Ls[t gful/ssf] ;jfn emg\ emg\ hNbf]aNbf] x'Fb} hfg]


:ki6} 5 . gful/stf ;Da4 ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg'gL k|fjwfgaf/] g]kfndf bzsf}Fb]lv x'Fb} cfO/x]sf ljjfb, sf]nfxn, cfGbf]ng Pp6f k|ToIf pbfx/0f xf] . k|mfG;, ;+=/f= cd]l/sf cflb b]zx¿df cfk|jf;L tyf gjgful/ssf] /fIf;Ls/0f jf t'i6Ls/0f klg ;fGble{s pbfx/0f x'g\ . a;fOF;/fOnfO{ sbflk /f]Sg g;lsg] x'gfn] To;nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ k"j{–;lqmotf x'g' g} a'l4dfgL 7x5{ . t;y{, a;fOF;/fO / ;f] ;Da4 kl/36gfnfO{ s;/L g]kfnsf] /fli6«o lxtsf lgldQ a9L eGbf a9L cg's"n agfpg jf Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] k|oTg cjZo} ug{'k5{ . g]kfnLx¿ ;+;f/sf ljleGg b]zx¿df k'Ug' / ldNbf;Dd ;DkGg b]zsf] :yfoL a;f]af; cg'dlt jf gful/stf ;d]t lng' Pj+ cGoqsf JolQmx¿ g]kfndf cfP/ :yfoL a;f]af; ug{' / g]kfns} gful/stf lng vf]Hg'nfO{ xfdLn] :jfefljs ¿kn] lng' kg]{ x'G5 . oxL s'/f ;+;f/sf cGo b]zx¿sf ;Gbe{df klg nfu" x'G5 . ljZjdf s]xL b]zx¿nfO{ ckjfb 5f]8]/ k|foM ;a} b]zx¿df ljljwtf a9\bf] qmddf 5 . j+zh Pj+ hGdl;4 gful/stfnfO{ Tofu]/ c·Ls[t jf cGo s'g} k|sf/sf] gofF gful/stf lng] k|j[lQ a9\b} hfFbf ljljwtfsf] pQ/f]Q/ j[l4 g} x'g] b]lvG5 . æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] kl/efiff Pj+ klxrfgsf lgldQ æ/fHoÆ g} lg0ff{os tŒj ePsf] -sfg'gL ¿kdf gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq g} /fli6«otfsf] k|df0fkq ag]sf]_ x'gfn] gful/stfsf] k|fjwfg s:tf] x'g] eGg] ;jfn w]/} dxTjk"0f{, ;+j]bgzLn / sltko :yfgdf t hl6n ;d]t aGg k'U5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df a;fOF;/fO Pj+ gful/stfsf] ;jfn emg} ;+j]bgzLn Pj+ a9L hl6n 5 lsgeg] g]kfnn] ;+;f/sf ;a}eGbf w]/} hg;+Vof ePsf b]zx¿sf] aLrdf /x]sf] ;fgf] ef}uf]lns ;/xbnfO{ dfq rr]{sf] 5, hxfF l5d]sL b]zx¿sf Ps Ps k|ltzt dfq dflg;x¿sf] a;fOF;/fO eof] eg] /}yfg] g]kfnLx¿ cNkdtdf kg]{5g\ . cGoq klg ljljwtf;Fu} dflg;x¿aLrdf lsQfsf6, cljZjf;, 3[0ff a9]sf] jf a9\g ;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5 . pk/f]St lsQfsf6, cljZjf;, 3[0ffsf] j[l4df Psflt/ o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfgsf] æ/fi6«/fHoÆ sf] cjwf/0ffut wª\wªLsf sf/0fn]


;ª\sL0f{–/fli6«otfjfbL ;f]rsf] e"ldsf cjZo} 5, t/ hn, hdLg, hª\un cflb k|fs[lts ;+;fwgsf] ;Lldttfsf sf/0fn] klg a;fOF;/fO cfk|jf;g c;Lldt kl/df0fdf x'g g;Sg], x'g gx'g] Jofjxfl/s kf6f] klg e'Ng ldNb}g . ;dfwfg s;/L ug]{ t < pko'{St ;dfwfgsf] lgldQ æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtdf /x]sf dfGotfx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ a'Fbfut ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M-!_ gful/stfsf] juL{s/0f j+zh, hGdl;4, c·Ls[t jf cGo h'g–s'g}

;+1fsf] k|of]u u/L ul/P tfklg s'g} klg JolStnfO{ gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lbO{ gful/ssf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug'{cl3 lghsf] kfqtf k/LIf0fsf] j:t'ut (Objective), qmdfut (Systematic), k/LIf0fLo (Verifiable), e/kbf]{ (Reliable) ljlwsf] sfg'gd} Joj:yf x'g' k5{ .

-@_ sf]xL JolStnfO{ gjgful/ssf ¿kdf c·Lsf/ ug'{ eGbf klxn] -c·Ls[t jf cGo s'g} k|sf/sf] gful/stf lbg' cufl8_ g} pgLx¿ b]zleq h'g If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ xf], ;f] If]qsf] /}yfg] ;+:s[ltdf cg's"ng ePsf] x'g' kg]{ k|fjwfg /fVg' æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtsf] cg's"n Jojxf/ 7x5{ . wd{, ;+:s[lt, efiff cflbsf dfkb08df of]Uo 7xl/g] JolStnfO{ dfq gful/ssf x}l;otdf c·Lsf/ ug'{ pko'St b]lvG5 .

h:t} M sf]xL JolStnfO{ c·Ls[t gful/stf lbg] ls glbg] eGg] lg0f{o ubf{ pSt JolSt k/fO ;|f]tsf] (Exogenous) Pj+ cfqmd0fsf/L k|j[lQsf] ;Dk|bfosf] cg'ofoL xf] ls xf]Og eGg] tYonfO{ klg ljz]if Vofn k'¥ofpg' pko'St x'G5 . j}lbs lxGb", af}4, h}g, ls/ftL, af]g, lzv h:tf wfld{s k/Dk/fdf cfqmd0fsf/L k|j[lQ gePsf] x'gfn] ;+;f/sf h'g;'s} b]zdf klg pgLx¿nfO{ gful/ssf ¿kdf :jfut ubf{ s'g} gsf/fTds c;/ kb}{g . t/ O:nfd (Islam) , O;fO (Christianity) cflbsf] k|j[lQ cfqmd0fsf/L ePsf] x'gfn] ;sf/fTds c;/ gkg]{ ;Defjgf g} Hofbf x'G5 . eljiodf cfOkg{ ;Sg] ;d:ofnfO{ klxNo} a'em]/ æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] rl/q cg's"n x'g] u/L gful/stfsf k|fjwfg


agfpg' g} a'l4dfgL x'G5 .-#_ j+zh, hGdl;4, c·Ls[t jf cGo h'g–s'g} tl/sfaf6 gful/s

ag]sf] eP tfklg lghsf] lqmofsnfksf] cfwf/df b]zb|f]x u/]sf] 7xl/Pdf s7f]/td b08sf] k|fjwfg x'g' k5{ . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ df e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgstf k|fKt Pp6f lglZrt ef}uf]lns ;Ldfa4 æ/fHoÆ g} æ/fi6«Æ sf :j¿kdf ljsf; x'g] dfGotf /x]sf] x'gfn] b]zsf ;a} gful/ssf] ;jf]{Rr Pj+ ;femf cleefjssf ¿kdf æ/fHoÆ sf] j}wflgstf, Jofjxfl/s cflwsfl/stf, ;Ddfg Pj+ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/sf If]qdf lg0ff{os e"ldsf clgjfo{ x'G5 . ;a} gful/ssf] ;+/If0f ug'{, /fHo–;Qfdf ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug'{, ljljwtfx¿nfO{ ;femf æ/fli6«otfÆ df ;dGjo ug'{ cflb h:tf sfo{x¿ æ/fHoÆ sf bfloTj x'g\ eg] cfkm\gf] :jtGqtf, :jfwLgtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, If]qLo cv08tf, gful/sx¿df ;x[botfsf] ;DaGwsf] k|jw{g, æ/fHob|f]xLÆ -æ/fi6«b|f]xLÆ_ nfO{ s7f]/td\ ;hfosf] k|fjwfg cflbrflxF æ/fHoÆ sf ljz]ifflwsf/ x'g\ eGg] dfGotf æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtdf lglxt 5 .

-$_ gful/stf lbg' cufl8 kfqtf k/LIf0fdf s7f]/ k|fjwfg Pj+ j+zh, hGdl;4, c·Ls[t jf cGo h'g–s'g} tl/sfaf6 gful/s ag]sf] eP tfklg lghsf] lqmofsnfksf] cfwf/df b]zb|f]x u/]sf] 7xl/Pdf s7f]/td b08sf] k|fjwfg eO;s]kl5 pSt gful/s -JolSt_ nfO{ /fHon] ;fdfGotof ;a} gful/sx¿nfO{ h:t} ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{ k4lt æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtsf] cg's"n xf] .

j+zh gful/s hlt ;a}hgf /fd|} /fd|f, c;n} c;n, OdfGbf/} OdfGbf/ / c·Ls[t gful/s hlt g/fd|} g/fd|f, v/fa} v/fa, a]Odfg g} a]Odfg eG7fGg] ;f]r vf]6k"0f{ xf] lsgeg] /fd|f] jf g/fd|f], c;n jf v/fa, OdfGbf/ jf a]Odfg x'g] ljz]iftf lgtfGt j}olSts xf] . j+zh gful/sx¿dWo] klg sf]xL /fd|f / sf]xL g/fd|f, sf]xL c;n / sf]xL v/fa, sf]xL OdfGbf/ / a]Odfg x'g ;S5g\ eg] c·Ls[t


gful/sx¿dWo] klg sf]xL /fd|f / sf]xL g/fd|f, sf]xL c;n / sf]xL v/fa, sf]xL OdfGbf/ / sf]xL a]Odfg x'g ;S5g\ . ck/fw ug]{ hf] sf]xLnfO{ sfg'gL b08 lbg' /fHosf] lhDd]jf/L xf] .

t/, b]zsf] ljlzi6 kl/j]z cg';f/ /}yfg] ;d'bfosf JolStx¿nfO{ ;sf/fTds lje]b ug{' :jfefljs} xf] .

-%_ hGdsf lx;fan] /}yfg] ;d'bfosf ePtfklg wdf{Gt/0f / wd{kl/jt{g u/L k/fO ;|f]tsf (Exogenous) Pj+ cfqmd0fsf/L k|j[lQsf ;Dk|bfonfO{ cjnDag ug]{ JolStx¿nfO{ /}yfg] ;d'bfosf JolStn] kfpg] s'g} klg ljz]ifflwsf/, cu|flwsf/, ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] nfe glbg] . To:tf wdf{Gt/0fsf/L / wd{kl/jt{gsf/L JolStx¿af6 k|ToIf jf k/f]If tj/n] /fi6«3ft x'g] ;Defjgf :jfefljs ¿kdf a9L x'g] ePsfn] k/fO ;|f]tsf Pj+ cfqmd0fsf/L k|j[lQsf ld;g/L k4ltaf6 x'g] wdf{Gt/0f / wd{kl/jt{gnfO{ sfg'gL tj/n] b08gLo agfO{ lg/fs/0f ug]{ .

-^_ cfkm\gf gful/s ;+;f/sf h'g–s'g} :yfgdf /x]sf ePtfklg ltgLx¿sf] ;+/If0fsf] bfloTj b]zn] u|x0f ul//xg' klg æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtsf] Ps k|d'v ljz]iftf xf] . k/b]zdf cfkm\gf gful/sx¿dfly lje]b, lyrf]ldrf], cGofo gxf];\ egL x/]s b]zn] k|efjsf/L ;+/If0ffTds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ k5{ .

;fy}, k|ljlwsf] k|ultsf sf/0fn] casf] o'udf ljb]zdf /x]sf gful/ssf] dt lng ;d]t ;Dej ePsf] x'gfn] lgjf{rgdf ;+;f/df hxfFslxF klg /x] cfkm\gf gful/ssf] dtbfgnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ klg b]zsf] st{Jo dflgg' æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGt cg';f/s} sfo{ xf] .

t/, æ/fHo/fi6«Æ of] l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag ug]{ b]zn] b\j}w gful/stf (Dual citizenship) jf ax'–gful/stf (Multiple citizenship) nfO{ sbflk dfGotf lbg ldNb}g . of] æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] k|antd ljz]iftfx¿dWo] Pp6f xf] .

cyf{t\, klxn] cfkm\gf] æd"n–b]zÆ (Nation of origin) s} gful/s


/x]sf JolStx¿ s'g} sf/0fn] cGo b]zsf] gful/s alg;s]sf 5g\ eg] ltgLx¿sf] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ (Civil and Political

Rights) jt{dfgdf gful/stf lnPsf] b]zs} kl/k|]Iodf pkef]u x'g] xf] . ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ (Cultural Rights) sf] kl/k|]IodfrflxF æd"n–b]zÆ sf] oyf;Dej e"ldsf /xG5 .

t;y{, d"n (Origin) sf lx;fan] ;Da4 ePtfklg cfkm\gf] æd"n–b]zÆ sf] gful/stf TofuL cfkm}Fn] cGo b]zsf] gful/stf lnPsf jf cfkm\gf k'vf{n] P]ltxfl;s sfndf æd"n–b]zÆ sf] gful/stf Tofu]sf] sf/0fn] xfn æd"n–b]zÆ sf] gful/s geO{ cGo b]zsf gful/ssf] x}l;ot ePsf JolStx¿nfO{ ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf If]qdf ckgTjsf] Jojxf/ ub}{ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/sf If]qdfrflxF gful/sx¿sf] dfq dtnfO{ dfGotf lbg' æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] ljz]iftf 7xl/G5 .

æd"n–b]zÆ af6 a;fOF;/fO u/L cGo b]zdf k'u]sf] JolStn] d"n–b]z sf] gful/stf TofuL tTsfn a;f]af; ul//x]sf] b]zsf] gful/stf lnPsf]df sfnfGt/df lghn] jf lghsf ;Gtlt / j+zhn] k'gM d"n–b]zs} gful/stf lng rfx]sf] v08df kfqtf k/LIf0f k|lqmofaf6 of]Uotf 7x¥ofO{ gful/ssf ¿kdf c+uLsf/ ug'{ æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] rl/q;Fu cg's"n g} x'g] b]lvG5 . t/, wdf{Gt/0f / wd{kl/jt{g u/L k/fO ;|f]tsf (Exogenous) Pj+ cfqmd0fsf/L k|j[lQsf ;Dk|bfonfO{ cjnDag ug]{ JolStnfO{ eg] o:tf] ;'ljwf sbflk lbg' x'Fb}g .

a;f]af;sf] ;'ljwfh:tf sf/0fn] cGo b]zsf] gful/stf lnPsf JolStn] jf lghsf ;Gtlt / j+zhn] sfnfGt/df æd"n–b]zÆ s} gful/stf lng rfx]sf] v08df kfqtf k/LIf0f k|lqmofaf6 of]Uotf 7x¥ofO{ gful/ssf ¿kdf c+uLsf/ ug'{ æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] rl/q;Fu cg's"n ePtfklg Jojxf/tM To:tf] k|fjwfgsf] sfof{Gjogsf] kf6f]rflxF kl/l:ylthGo cg]s kIfx¿nfO{ Vofn /fvL lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

-&_ s'g} b]zsf gful/sn] ef8fsf l;kfxLsf x}l;otdf cGo b]zsf ;}Go ;+/rgfdf etL{ x'g] Pj+ cfkm\gf] b]zeGbf afx]s cGo b]zsf


;}Go ;+/rgfdf sfo{ ug]{ h:tf lj;ª\ultk"0f{ Jojxf/ æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtsf] k|lts"n xf] . cfkm\gf b]zsf gful/snfO{ cGo b]zsf l;kfxL aGg k7fpg' jf hfg :jLs[lt lbg' s'g} klg :jtGq, :jfwLg, ;fj{ef}d;Qf–;DkGg b]znfO{ ;'xfpg] sfo{ xf]Og, csf]{lt/ cGo b]zsf gful/snfO{ ;d]t ef8fsf l;kfxLsf x}l;otdf etL{ ug{ ;Sg] b]zsf lgldQ ;f]xL sfo{ uf}/jaf]ws b]lvG5 . ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3 h:tf] ;femf ;+:yfsf g]t[Tjdf ;+;f/sf s'g} b]zdf zflGt :yfkgfy{ ;]gf kl/rfng ug{'rflxF b]zsf lgldQ cjZo} uf}/jsf] sfo{ xf] .

h:t} M g]kfnL gful/sx¿nfO{ a]nfot / Ol08ofn] æuf]vf{etL{Æ dfkm{t\ -/ cr]n cGo s]xL b]zx¿n] klg rf]/af6f]af6_ ltgLx¿sf ;}Goandf etL{ ug]{ h'g k|rng 5, Tof] g]kfnn] tTsfn x6fpg' g} æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtsf] cg's"n 7x5{ . csf]{lt/, ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3Lo ldzgsf lgldQ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] kl/rfngdf ;s];Dd w]/} ;lqmotf pko'St b]lvG5 .

-*_ /fli6«o, k|fb]lzs, :yfgLo ;f+:s[lts Jojxf/df /fHon] /}yfg] ;d'bfosf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] ckl/xfo{ ljz]iftf xf] . of] ljz]iftf æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtdf :jLsfl/Psf] æ/fi6«Æ sf] kl/efiffd} lglxt 5 . b]zdf ;f+:s[lts ;fdflhs PsTjsf] ;'lglZrttfn] g} s'g} klg b]z æ/fi6«Æ sf :j¿kdf ljsf; x'g] x'gfn] cfkm\gf ;/xbleqsf df}lns /}yfg] ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;x[botfsf] ;"qdf cfa4 u/fpg' æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] bfloTj xf] .

-(_ æ/fHo/fi6«Æ df k|fs[lts ;+;fwgdf d"ntM /fHosf] j}wflgs÷sfg'gL :jfldTj / :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] g}lts Pj+ Jofjxfl/s÷k|fof]lus :jfldTj dflgG5 . /fHosf] o:tf] j}wflgs÷sfg'gL :jfldTjsf] sfof{lwsf/ /fHosf ;+oGq -h:t} M s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ jf :yfgLo ;/sf/_ df /xg] xf] / ;f] :jfldTjsf] k|s[lt cleefjsLo, ;+/If0ffTds Pj+ s/–;+u|fxs k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . g}lts Pj+ Jofjxfl/s÷k|fof]lus :jfldTjsf] clwsf/ ePsf] :yfgLo ;d'bfo s'g xf] eGg] lg0f{o ubf{


hftLo÷k|hftLo÷gZnLo cfwf/df xf]Og ls a;f]af;sf] ef}uf]lns cfwf/ Pj+ hg–cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

k|fs[lts ;+;fwgdf /fHosf] lg/k]If k|flwsf/ jf ;Dk"0f{tM j}olSts clwsf/ dfGg] — b'O6} k4ltnfO{ /fHo/fi6« l;4fGtdf c:jLsf/ ul/G5 . k|fs[lts ;+;fwgdf /fHosf] lg/k]If k|flwsf/ dflgg] k4ltsf] d"ndf ;j{;QfjfbL dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . ;fdGtjfbL ;fy} jfdkGyL÷;dfhjfbL÷sDo'lg:6x¿ ;j{;QfjfbL ePsfn] pgLx¿n] k|fs[lts ;+;fwgdf /fHosf] k|flwsf/ dfGg] x'g\ . csf]{lt/, ;Dk"0f{tM j}olSts clwsf/ dfGg] k4ltdf k"FhLjfbL ahf/jfbL dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] k4ltdfrflxF g}lts Pj+ Jofjxfl/s÷k|fof]lus lx;fan] k|fs[lts ;+;fwgdf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] g} :jfldTj /xg' kg]{ b]lvG5, hxfF :yfgLo ;d'bfo s'g xf] eGg] lg0f{o ubf{ hftLo÷k|hftLo÷gZnLo cfwf/df xf]Og ls a;f]af;sf] ef}uf]lns cfwf/ Pj+ hg–cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL lg0f{o ug'{ / /fHon] oyf]lrt s/ (Tax) lng' g} xfd|f] df}lns /}yfg] k4lt xf] . dxfef/tsf] zflGtkj{df eLidn] o'lwli7/nfO{ /fHosf] pTklQaf/] atfpFbf h] kl/rrf{ u/]sf 5g\, To;sf] tfTko{ klg /fHosf] pko'{St e"ldsfsf] Bf]ts g} b]lvG5 .

jf:tjdf kl/jf/, s'6'Da, ;d'bfosf] g}lts Pj+ Jofjxfl/s÷k|fof]lus :jfldTj tyf /fHosf] j}wflgs÷sfg'gL ;+/If0fsf] ;';+of]hgn] /fHo/fi6« l;4fGtdf e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgstf / ;f+:s[lts ;fdflhs PsTjsf] ;dli6sf] hu alnof] kf5{ . /fHon] oyf]lrt s/ lng' /fHosf] clwsf/ xf] / /fHonfO{ oyf]lrt s/ lbg' pSt /fHosf] ;/xbleq a;f]af; ug]{ ;a} JolStx¿ -gful/s tyf cGo ;d]t_ sf] st{Jo xf] . s/–;+u|fxs ePsf] x'gfn] lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;fj{hlgs oftfoft, /f]huf/L cflbsf] k|Tofe"lt jf -sDtLdf klg_ Joj:yfkgsf] k|fylds bfloTj klg /fHos} x'g hfG5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;fj{hlgs oftfoft, /f]huf/L cflbsf kl/k|]Iodf /fHosf] k|fylds bfloTj


elgg'sf] tfTko{ tT;DaGwL ;a} sfo{x¿ ;/sf/L nufgLaf6} x'g] eGg]rflxF xf]OgÙ k|To't ;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos, ;xsf/L, lghL jf cGo s'g} ;+oGqdfkm{t\ ;~rfng, Joj:yfkg, lgodg u/L lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;fj{hlgs oftfoft, /f]huf/L cflbaf6 sf]xL klg jl~rt gx'g] l:ylt ;'lglZrt ug]{ lhDd]jf/L /fHos} xf] . cGoyf /fHosf] cleefjsLo, ;+/If0ffTds Pj+ s/–;+u|fxs x}l;otsf] j}wflgstf g}lts ¿kdf sdhf]/ x'G5 .

-!)_ slyt cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf (INGO) sf] e"ldsf a9\bf :jtGq, cfTdlge{/, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg b]zsf] clwsf/If]qdfly cltqmd0f, xgg / sltko cj:yfdf t k"/} cf3ft ;d]t k'Ug] x'G5 . t;y{ pSt k|sf/sf ;+:yfx¿nfO{, b]zleq clt cfjZos k/]sf] v08df dfq, /fHoåf/f lglZrt Pj+ :yfgLo ;d'bfoåf/f cg'df]lbt kl/of]hgf ljz]if (specific project) ;~rfng ug{ lbg] sfo{gLlt cjnDag ug'{ g} æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtsf] dfGotf cg's"n x'G5 . cfO{=Pg=hL=cf]=nfO{ /fHon] s8f lgu/fgLdf /fvL /fHosf] sfg'gL lgodgsf] aGb]hleq ;Lldt /fVg ;lsg] u/L dfq b]zleq k|j]z lbOg' pko'St x'G5 / /fHosf ;+oGqx¿;Fu cfO{=Pg=hL=cf]=nfO{ lgu/fgL, lgodg Pj+ cfjZos k/]sf] cj:yfdf sfafxL ug]{ Ifdtf 5}g eg] æg/x] afF; gah] afF;'/LÆ eg]em}F b]zleq k|j]z ug{ k"0f{ k|ltaGw nufpg' k5{ .

dfly k|:t't a'Fbfx¿nfO{ pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lnFb} cGo ljifo–j:t'sf kl/k|]Iodf klg /fHo/fi6« l;4fGtsf] cfnf]sdf Jofjxfl/s÷k|fof]lus ljZn]if0f Pj+ lg0f{o ug{ ;lsG5 . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ df lglZrt ef}uf]lns ;Ldfleq a;f]af; ug]{ ljljw k|hflt, hflt, ;d'bfox¿sf aLrdf æ/fHoÆ sf sf/0fn] ;x–cl:tTj, ;dGjo, ;xsfo{, ;x[botf df}nfP/ b]zdf ;f+:s[lts ;fdflhs PsTj :yflkt x'g uO{ Ps ;dli6 æ/fi6«Æ hLjGt aGg] dfGotf /x]sf] x'gfn] /fHonfO{ ;femf cleefjs dfGg' Pj+ /fHob\jf/f cflwsfl/s ¿kdf :jLsfl/Psf] ;femf æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] cfbz{nfO{ cjnDag ug'{ k|To]s


gful/ssf] st{Jo dflgG5 . /fHon] ;femf æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] cfbz{sf] lg¿k0f ug]{ cfwf/ agfpFbf e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgstfsf ;fy;fy} ;f+:s[lts ;fdflhs PsTjsf] ;';+of]hg x'g} k5{ . /fHo/fi6« l;4fGtnfO{ dfly kl/rlr{t tLgj6f a'Fbfx¿sf kl/k|]Iodf ljZn]if0f ul/;s]kl5 ca gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] ;';+of]hg s;/L ug]{ eGg] ljifodf ljrf/ ug'{ cfjZos x'g cfpF5 . /fHo;Qfdf b]zsf ;a} gful/ssf] ;xeflutf u/fpg], t/ k|hftLo, hftLo, eflifs, ;fDk|bflos cflb lgx'Fdf 3[0ffjfbL lsQfsf6 x'g glbg] Pj+ ;f+:s[lts ;fdflhs PsTjsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ xf] eg] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ (Civil and Political Rights) / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ (Cultural Rights) sf] k[ySs/0f cfjZos x'G5 .

(=$=$= gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] ljlzli6s[t k|Tofe"lt gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ (Civil and Political Rights) / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ (Cultural Rights) nfO{ 3fnd]n gug'{ / ltgLx¿sf ljlzli6s[t bfo/f 5'6\6\ofP/ ljlzli6s[t (mutually exclusive entities) ¿kdf k|Tofe"lt ug'{ æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtsf] k|d'v ljz]iftf xf] . pk/f]St b'O{ k|sf/sf clwsf/x¿nfO{ 3fnd]n ubf{ b]zdf ;ª\sL0f{–/fli6«otfjfbL ;f]r JofKt eO{ slyt klxrfgsf] /fhgLlt (Identity Politics) df}nfpg] x'g hfG5 / slyt klxrfgsf] /fhgLltn] æ/fi6«/fHoÆ, ælå–/fli6«otfÆ, æax'–/fli6«otfÆ cjwf/0ffx¿ k|jw{g ug]{ x'gfn] ;femf æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] cfbz{dfly cf3ft k'U5 . t;y{, æ/fli6«otfÆ nfO{ ;d"n :yflkt ug{ æ/fHo/fi6«Æ df gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] k[ySs/0f (Separation of Civil and Political Rights & Cultural Rights) cfjZos k5{ . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ df gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ / ;f+:s[lts


clwsf/nfO{ ltgLx¿sf ljlzi6 kl/k|]Iodf ljlzi6tfk"j{s k|Tofe"t ul/G5 . k|hftLo, hftLo, ;fDk|bflos, ;fd'bflos, If]qLo cflb klxrfgx¿ ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf ljifo–j:t' x'g\ eg] gful/stf Pj+ /fli6«otfsf ljifonfO{ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/sf ljifo–j:t' x'g\ . cyf{t\, gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/sf lgldQ JolSt g} cfwf/e"t PsfO xf] / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf lgldQ b]zsf k|hftLo, hftLo, ;fDk|bflos, ;fd'bflos, If]qLo cflb klxrfgx¿sf cfwf/df ag]sf cjojx¿nfO{ PsfO dflgG5 . t;y{, gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/sf kl/k|]Iodf k|hflt, hflt, ;Dk|bfo, ;d'bfo, ef}uf]lnsIf]q cflbaf6 clelgld{t klxrfgsf] lg0ff{os e"ldsf x'Fb}g¦ t/ ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf kl/k|]IodfrflxF /fHo ;+:s[lt, k|hflt, hflt, ;Dk|bfo, ;d'bfo, ef}uf]lnsIf]q cflbaf6 lg/k]If /xg ;Sb}g . ;dli6df, æ/fHo/fi6«Æ df ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf kl/k|]Iodf /}yfg] ;d'bfosf] cu|flwsf/ eP tfklg gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/sf kl/k|]Iodf cu|flwsf/ x'Fb}g . cyf{t\, gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ (Civil and Political Rights) / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ (Cultural Rights) nfO{ 3fnd]n ug{ glbO{ ljlzli6s[t k|Tofe"lt u/]/ /fHo;Qfdf b]zsf ;a} gful/ssf] ;xeflutf u/fpg], t/ k|hftLo, hftLo, eflifs, ;fDk|bflos cflb lgx'Fdf 3[0ffjfbL lsQfsf6 x'g glbg] Pj+ ;f+:s[lts ;fdflhs PsTjsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ k4ltnfO{ æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtdf cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 . æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] kl/efiff Pj+ klxrfgsf lgldQ æ/fHoÆ g} r'/f] tŒj dfGg] dfGotf ePsfn] gfs r'Rrf] 5 ls y]Krf] -g]K6f]_ 5, cfFvf lj:kmfl/t -v'n]sf]_ 5 ls lrD;f] 5, /· uf]/f] 5 ls sfnf] 5, h'Fuf–bfx|L 5kSs} afSnf] cfpF5 ls stfslt ltnrfdn] dfq cfpF5, lxdfnL e]usf] xf] jf kxf8L e]usf] xf] jf t/fO dw]z e]usf] xf], s'g hfltsf] xf], s'g k|hfltsf] xf], s'g hftsf] xf] — o:tf o:tf lgx'Fdf dfG5]sf] lsQfsf6 ug]{÷w|'jLs/0f x'g] 3[0ffjfbL /fhgLltsf b[li6sf]0faf6 æ/fi6«Æ sf] kl/efiff ug]{ k4ltnfO{ æ/fHo/fi6«Æ n] c:jLsf/ u5{ . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ df ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf kl/k|]Iodf /}yfg] ;d'bfosf]


cu|flwsf/ dflgg] ePsfn] s'g} klg b]zdf ToxfFsf df}lns /}yfg] wd{, ;+:s[lt, ;+:sf/, ;Eotf cflbnfO{ /fHosf ;a} ;+oGqn] k|fyldstf lbg' :jfefljs x'g hfG5 . t;y{, /fli6«o, k|fb]lzs, :yfgLo ;f+:s[lts Jojxf/df /fHon] /}yfg] ;d'bfosf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ k|fyldstf jf~5gLo 5 . h:t} M j}lbs ;gftg wd{ -h;nfO{ lxGb" ;+1f klg lbg] ul/Psf] 5_ sf ;fy} af}4, ls/ft, af]gh:tf wd{ g]kfnsf df}lns /}yfg] ePsfn] g]kfnsf] klxrfg oxfFsf df}lns /}yfg] wd{af6 x'g' / /fHosf ;a} lgsfo Pj+ ;+oGqx¿n] df}lns /}yfg] wd{, ;+:s[lt, ;+:sf/, ;Eotf cflbsf] ljz]if ;+/If0f ug{' æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtsf] dfGotf cg';f/s} sfo{ 7x5{ . To:t}, g]kfnd08ndf x'g] ;f+:s[lts cfof]hgdf g]jf/ ;d'bfosf], hgsk'/df x'g] ;f+:s[lts cfof]hgdf d}lyn ;d'bfosf], 88]Nw'/fdf x'g] ;f+:s[lts cfof]hgdf 8f]6]nL ;d'bfosf] s]Gb|Lo e"ldsf :jfefljs /x]sf] s'/f dfly klg pNn]v ul/;lsPsf] 5 . ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf kl/k|]Iodf /}yfg] ;d'bfosf] cu|flwsf/ eP tfklg gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/sf kl/k|]Iodf cu|flwsf/ x'Fb}g -gful/sx¿nfO{ ;fdfGotof ;dfg Jojxf/ ul/G5_ eGg] æ/fHo/fi6«Æ sf] dfGotf xf] . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGt cg';f/sf] s'g} klg b]zdf ;j{;QfjfbL zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ :yfg x'Fb}g . j}lbs k4ltdf JolStsf] xf]Og, ljlw -b08, sfg'g_ sf] zf;gnfO{ dfq :jLsf/ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . j}lbs k/Dk/fdf ;ef / ;ldlt h:tf k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfsf] k|fjwfg Pj+ dGqLkl/ifb\ dfkm{t\ dfq zf;g–;Qf ;+rfng ug'{ kg]{ k|rng oxfFg]/ pNn]Vo 5 . /fHosf ;+/rgfdf cf;Lg JolSt, ;d"x jf bn -kf6L{_ v/fa ePsf] cj:yfdf zf;g–;Qfsf] lj?4df ljb|f]x x'g] ;fIo >Ldb\efujtdf a]g / k[y'sf] k|s/0faf6 klg phfu/ ePs} 5 . zf;g–;Qfdf /x]sf JolSt, ;d"x jf bn -kf6L{_ sf] rl/qcg';f/ ltgnfO{ c;n jf v/fa egL 5'6\6\ofpg ;lsG5, t/ æ/fHoÆ Pj+ ;f]xL /fHosf] cfwf/df ljsl;t æ/fi6«Æ rflxF ;b}j c;n g} x'G5 / olb ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ /fHosf] c;n rl/qsf] Jofjxfl/s nfe eO/x]sf] 5}g eg] zf;g–;Qfdf tTsfn kl/jt{g h?/L x'G5 eGg] dfGotf


j}lbs k4ltdf /x]sf] 5 . æ/fHoÆ Pj+ ;f]xL /fHosf] cfwf/df ljsl;t æ/fi6«Æ n] slxNo} uNtL ub}{g eGg] dfGotf æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtsf] ljz]iftf xf] . o;sf] tfTko{ /fHosf gfddf ;Qf;Lg Pj+ ;Qfj[Qsf JolSt, ;d"x jf bn -kf6L{_ n] h] u/] klg kfpg] eGg] ;j{;QfjfbL ;f]rnfO{ dflgPsf] sbflk xf]Og, k|To't olb /fHosf gfddf s]xL unt sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 eg] Tof] unt sfo{sf lgldQ ;Qf;Lg Pj+ ;Qfj[Qsf ul/Psf JolSt, ;d"x jf bn -kf6L{_ nfO{ tTsfn b08 ;hfoF lbP/ /fHonfO{ ;b}j c;n, sNof0fsf/L, lxtsf/L rl/qsf] agfO/fVg' clgjfo{ 5 eGg] xf] . o'/f]ksf] ljz]if P]ltxfl;s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, /fhgLlts Pj+ cfly{s k[i7e"lddf hGd]sf k"FhLjfbL / sDo'lg:6 ljrf/wf/fdf j}olStstf / ;fd"lxstf, ;fd'bflostf, /fli6«otf cflbnfO{ Psfª\uL b[li6sf]0fn] x]l/g] ePsfn] :jfefljs ;Gt'ngsf] cefj x'G5 . Psflt/ k"FhLjfbL pbf/jfbsf kIfw/x¿n] j}olStstfnfO{ clt dxTj lbP/ ljjfx, kl/jf/, ;d'bfo, /fHo h:tf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ j}olSts :jtGqtfsf] b[li6laGb'af6 d"ntM gsf/fTds dfG5g\ / csf]{lt/ dfS;L{o bz{gsf] r'/f]df j}olStstfk|lt cTolws b'/fu|x /x]sf] b]lvG5 . j}lbs ljZj–b[li6sf]0fdf j}olStstf / ;fd"lxstf, ;fd'bflostf, /fli6«otf cflbnfO{ o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfgdf h:tf] k|lt:kwL{ dflgFb}g, k|To't j}olStstf / ;fd"lxstf, ;fd'bflostf, /fli6«otf cflbsf] ;d'lrt ;Gt'ng, ;dGjo, ;dli6s/0fnfO{ cjnDag ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o;/L sDo'lg:6 jf k"FhLjfbL h'g lsQfsf eP tfklg o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfgnfO{ dfGg]x¿n] vf]6k"0f{ b[li6sf]0faf6 JolSt / /fHosf] aLrdf cljZjf;sf] kvf{n v8f ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . jf:tjdf, o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfgdf /fHosf] e"ldsf ls lgs} sdhf]/ x'g], ls t ;j{;QfjfbLn] zf;g–;Qf xTofP/ /fHosf] gfd b'¿kof]u u/L lg/ª\s'z, :j]R5frf/L, tfgfzfxL, kmfl;jfbL, gfhLjfbL, k|hftLo jf hftLo 3[0ffjfbL cflb OToflb lsl;dsf zf;g nfb\g] vt/f hlxNo} ljBdfg /xG5 . t/, æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtdf ljlw -b08, sfg'g_ sf] ;jf]{Rrtf x'g] ePsfn] :jfefljs ¿kd} ;j{;QfjfbL zf;gnfO{ s'g} :yfg x'Fb}g . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtdf /fHo


g} /fi6«sf] cfwf/lznf dfGg], e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgstf / ;f+:s[lts ;fdflhs PsTjsf] ;dli6nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] Pj+ æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] klxrfg Pj+ kl/efiffsf] lgldQ æ/fHoÆ g} lg0ff{os tŒj dfGg] ;fy} gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ljlzli6s[t (mutually exclusive entities) ¿kdf ug]{ k4ltnfO{ cjnDag ul/Psf] xf] . æ/fHo/fi6«Æ :jfefljs ¿kdf pbf/–/fli6«otfjfbL l;4fGt xf] . csf]{lt/, æ/fi6«/fHoÆ, ælå–/fli6«otfÆ / æax'–/fli6«otfÆ cjwf/0ffx¿df utfy{ o'/f]k]nL k|ltdfg (Outdated European paradigm) xfaL /x]sf] x'gfn] ltgLx¿df :jfefljs ¿kdf ;ª\sL0f{–/fli6«otfjfbL b[li6sf]0f /x]sf] 5 . h'g kl/l:yltdf o'/f]kdf æ/fi6«/fHoÆ cjwf/0ff kl/eflift ePsf] lyof], ;f] kl/l:ylt cfh ;+;f/df slxF–st} gePsf] x'gfn] æ/fi6«/fHoÆ, ælå–/fli6«otfÆ / æax'–/fli6«otfÆ cjwf/0ffx¿ c;fGble{s, cjfl~5t, cgfjZos aGg k'u]sf 5g\ eg] jt{dfg ljZjdf e"–/fhgLlts–j}wflgstf k|fKt b]zx¿sf æ/fli6«otfÆ sf] Jofjxfl/s, k|fof]lus, oyfy{k/s kl/efiff Pj+ JofVof lbg ;Sg] x'gfn] æ/fHo/fi6«Æ l;4fGtnfO{ o'uLg, ;d;fdlos, ;fj{hgLg (Universal) dfGg ;lsg] kl/l:ylt ljBdfg 5 .


;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

clwsf/L, lgd{ndl0f . lj=;+= @)%&, sflt{s @# . g]kfndf hftLo ;d:ofsf] ;jfn / ;dfwfg . 36gf / ljrf/ ;fKtflxs .clwsf/L, lgd{ndl0f . lj=;+= @)^@ . dLdf+;f–bz{g lgb]{zg . sf7df8f}F M k|zflGt k':ts e08f/ .clwsf/L, lgd{ndl0f . lj=;+= @)^#, h]7 . j}olSts :jtGqtf M rf0fSo / h]P; ldnsf b[li6sf]0f . k|frL, k"0ff{ª\s %&–%*, k[= $#–$^ .clwsf/L, lgd{ndl0f . lj=;+= @)^#, ;fpg . dxfef/t o'4kZrft\sf] cGtl/d cjlw / To;af6 l;Sg ;lsg] kf7 . k|frL, k"0ff{ª\s %(, k[= $!–$# .clwsf/L, lgd{ndl0f . lj=;+= @)^#, c;f]h . ljZjsf] k|yd hgljb|f]x, a]gsf] ktg / gofF /fi6«sf] ljlw lgdf{0f . k|frL, k"0ff{ª\s ̂ ), k[= $#–$% .clwsf/L, lgd{ndl0f . lj=;+= @)&! . dxfg\ bfz{lgs s'dfl/n e6\6 / ef6\6–dLdf+;f–bz{gsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro . sf7df8f}F M lzjk|;fb uf}td, zflGtb]jL uf}td / ;'zLn uf}td .clwsf/L, lgd{ndl0f . lj=;+= @)&@ . j]b / j}lbs lxGb" wf/f . emfkf M uª\ufb]jL r'8fn .clwsf/L, lgd{ndl0f, / pkfWofo, uf]ljGbz/0f . lj=;+= @)&# . /fHo/fi6«


cjwf/0ff / l;4fGt -k|yd ;+:s/0f_ . gjnk/f;L M /fdxl/ zdf{ / ch'{g zdf{ .cfof]b wf}Do ‘lgd{n’ . lj=;+= @)%^ . r'Rr]–g]K6]sf] ;jfn / bz}F alx:sf/ . lj/f6gu/ M g]kfnL efiff–;+:s[lt kl/ifb\ .cfof]b wf}Do ‘lgd{n’ . lj=;+= @)%& . cf:yfsf] zflGt–o'4 . lj/f6gu/ M g]kfnL efiff–;+:s[lt kl/ifb\ .cfof]b wf}Do . lj=;+= @)%& . 5LgLª kLxLgf] du/sf] < lj/f6gu/ M g]kfnL efiff–;F:s[lt kl/ifb\ .cfof]bwf}Do ‘lgd{n’ . lj=;+= @)^!s . j}1flgstfo'St wd{ wfld{stfo'St lj1fg . sf7df8f}F M o'u lgdf{0f cleofg g]kfn .cfof]bwf}Do ‘lgd{n’ . lj=;+= @)^!v . j}1flgs ;Too'usf] cfwf/zLnf . sf7df8f}F M o'u lgdf{0f cleofg g]kfn .cfof]bwf}Do . lj=;+= @)^%s . a|fx\d0fjfb lj?4 3[0ffjfb M g]kfndf hftLo, eflifs / ;fDk|bflos ;jfn . sf7df8f}F M lg/Gt/ k|sfzg .cfof]bwf}Do . lj=;+= @)^%v . jL/fª\ugf z"/k|ef . cf7 v08sfJox¿ cfof]bwf}Dosf . lkkn6f/, tgx'F M tª\u ;flxlTos cleofg .pkfWofo uf]ljGb z/0f . lj=;+= @)^# . lxGb" g}lts bz{g . sf7df8f}+ M P=s]= k|sfzg .pkfWofo, uf]ljGb z/0f . lj=;+= @)^$ . cfo{bz{g . sf7df8f}+ M ljBfyL{ k|sfzg .pkfWofo, uf]ljGb z/0f . lj=;+= @)^^ . kl/rofTds kfZrfTo bz{g . sf7df8f}+ M k}/jL k|sfzg .pkfWofo, uf]ljGb z/0f . lj=;+= @)&! . wd{ lg/k]Iftf M g]kfnL kl/k]Iodf . sf7df8f}+ M lxhfg] .h/f] / lsnf] g]kfnd} ePsf] df}lns /}yfg] zlSt . lj=;+= @)&@ . cfx\jfgkq . sf7df8f}F .h/f] / lsnf] g]kfnd} ePsf] df}lns /}yfg] zlSt . ldlt cg'Nn]lvt . kl/ro . sf7df8f}F .


Adhikary, N. M. 2010. Post-2006 Tarai/Madhesh unrest in Nepal: An attempt for searching new identity. Shweta Shardul, vol. VII, pp. 12-18.Adhikary, N. M. 2014. Theory and practice of communication – Bharata Muni. Bhopal: Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Communication.


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