fig. 9-co, nucleic acid: how structure conveys information genetic material gene-chromosome...
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![Page 1: Fig. 9-CO, Nucleic acid: how structure conveys information Genetic material Gene-chromosome 親子鑑定 ??? DNA-RNA- Protein deoxyribonucleic acid ribonucleic](https://reader035.vdocuments.pub/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697bffc1a28abf838cc18a9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fig. 9-CO,
Nucleic acid: how structure conveys information
Genetic materialGene-chromosome
親子鑑定 ???
DNA-RNA- Protein
deoxyribonucleic acidribonucleic acid
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Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acid:Nucleic acid: a biopolymer containing three types of monomer units
– a base derived from purine or pyrimidine (nucleobases) – a monosaccharide, either D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose
(nucleoside)– phosphoric acid
• RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
Nucleotide (核甘酸 )
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Fig. 9-1
Common nucleobases: primary structure
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Fig. 9-2,
Less common nucleobases
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Fig. 9-3,
Ribonucleoside & deoxyribonucleoside: -D-ribose and nucleobase
N-glycosidic linkage
N1-pyrimidineN9-purine
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Fig. 9-4,
Adding phosphoric acid-nucleotide
AMP, ADP, ATP
Esterified
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Fig. 9-4a (1), p. 238
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Fig. 9-5,
Polymerization3’,5’-phosphodiester bondSugar-phosphate backbone
pApCpGpU
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Fig. 9-6,
pd(TGCA)
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The DNA family tree
fossil Ancient DNA amber
(polynucleotides)
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Nucleic Acids
• Levels of structure– 1°structure: the order of bases on the
polynucleotide sequence; the order of bases specifies the genetic code
– 2°structure: the three-dimensional conformation of the polynucleotide backbone
– 3°structure: supercoiling– 4°structure: interaction between DNA and
proteins
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Fig. 9-7,
Double helix-1953-Watson & Crick-X ray
One turn—3.4 nm 10 base pairs
Negative chargeMajor & minor groove
AntiparallelComplementary strandA=T, G=C
secondary structure
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Fig. 9-8
1
6
12
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Fig. 9-9a,
B-DNA-major: 10 bp-right-handed
Z-DNA-GC rich left –handed
A-DNA-11bp, not in vivo (dehydrated DNA), right handed
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Fig. 9-10,
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Fig. 9-11,
GC rich
Zigzag: 180O
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Fig. 9-12,
Best pairing(but not stacking)
Helical twist
Expose to water at minor groove
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Fig. 9-13,
Stacking-propeller-twisted base pairs
Eliminate water contact
Ring portion is hydrophobicStacking better than pairing
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Fig. 9-15,
Supercoiled DNA-tertiary structure
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Fig. 9-16
Topoisomerase-type1: one strand type2: double strand
DNA gyrase
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Fig. 9-17
Chromatin-DNA+ Protein (histone)Histone-positive charge H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4
Nucleosome150 base pairs and(H2A)2(H2B)2(H3)2(H4)2
Spacer region: 30-50 base pairs andhistone 1 & others
The structure of chromatin
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Insertiondeletion
Insertion and deletion
Mutation rate around nucleosome
Nucleotide changes
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Methylation and Acetylation of histones regulates expression of genes
Gene off
Gene on
Disease and epigenetic statesCancer immune deficiencies Diabetes heart disease
DNA methylation: shutting off
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Why identical twins are not identical
Microarrays coded to show epigenetic differences
DNA sequence is the same
Gene expressionDNA methylation—5-methylcytosineTurn off expression (in Z DNA)
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Fig. 9-18
DNA denaturation
H bond, stacking
Melting
hyperchromicity
OD260 nm
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Fig. 9-19
DNA denaturationPCR reaction (amplification of DNA)
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Fig. 9-20
Information transfer in cells
Replication
Transcription
Translation
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Fig. 9-21
The role of mRNA in transcription
snRNPs: snRNA + proteins
mRNA:Small amount and Very short-lived
100-200 nts
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Table 9-1
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Fig. 9-22
Transfer RNA-cloverleaf
1 amino acid :1 tRNA or more
80 nts
Stem and loop
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Fig. 9-23
Modified bases in transfer RNA
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Fig. 9-24
Three dimensional structure of tRNA
3 nucleotides: 1 amino acid
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Fig. 9-26
E. Coli 70S
Reduce Mg 2+ dissociationreversible
The structure of typical ribosome
antibiotics
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Fig. 9-25
The analytical ultracentrifuge
Sedimentation coefficient
Svedberg unit (S)
Molecular weight and shape
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Fig. 9-27
Secondary structure for 16S ribosomal RNA
1500 nts500 KDa
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Micro RNA :Regulation of geneExpression
dsRNA (siRNA):Used by scientiststo knock down a gene
Adopted from giuworld.com
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The human Genome project
3.3 billion base pair30,000 genes (25,000)
EthicalLegalSocial implications
Gene therapy
Genome on a ID card
Synthetic genome created (2009) Watermark—blue colonies