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Figura’ve‐Formalist Bias Drawing From Life – Third Edi’on – by Clint Brown & Cheryl McLean p. 194‐217

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Page 1: Figurave‐Formalist Biasmelacy/pages/Drawing/Figurative-Formalist.pdf · The formalist approach –disciplined and raonal governed by intellect objecvely – analyzing the figure,

Figura've‐Formalist Bias 

Drawing From Life – Third Edi'on – by Clint Brown & Cheryl McLean 

p. 194‐217  

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The formalist approach –disciplined and ra'onal 

governed by intellect 

objec'vely – analyzing the figure, focusing on physically observable phenomena 

play of light 

structural rela'onships of form 

body’s spa'al posi'on and physical posi'on within environment 

“rela'onship minded” rather than “subject minded ” 

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Thiebaud studied the play of light and shadow. Intensely observed, the figure is void of sen'ment, presented maPer‐of‐factly, in the most formal way possible. A strong light illuminates and isolates the figure. 

Making this solitary figure the sole determinant of the composi'on, the ar'st dismisses the possibility of narra've and makes the formal components – the body’s form and the paPern of light – the total focus and content of the work. 

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As a figura've‐formalist, the ar'st views the figure primarily as a composi'onal device, oSen posing it formally and consciously as a structural element.  

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Composi'on 

Composi'on can be defined simply as the organiza'on of all the visual elements into a unified whole. Also establishes implicit rela'onships that can make a series of drawings of the same model – even of the same pose, framed in different ways or seen from different angles – composi'onally unique. For along with its ability to differen'ate visual elements within a work of art, composi'on formulates the visual idea.  The subject maPer is not the essen'al objec've; rather, the drawing’s construct is the central concept of the drawing.  

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Henri Ma'sse.  Grand Odalisque a la Culo7e Bayadere. 1925. Lithograph, 21.25 x 17.25 in.  

For Ma'sse, the goal is to make the composi'on expressive as an aesthe'cally pleasing experience. 

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Contemporary ar'st Ira Korman pays homage to Whistler by making an unmistakable reference to his composi'on Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1 more commonly called Whistler’s Mother.  

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Degas also used the figure primarily as an aesthe'c device by which to break up the picture plane and on which to hang his color. He created numerous varia'ons on such themes as the dancer and the bather. These figures in themselves have no par'cular significance as individuals; instead they exist as aesthe'c devices. 

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These drawing, like many of his pain'ngs, are based on his research and experimenta'on with light and color. His methodology of execu'ng numerous studies of the same them, with subtle composi'onal changes and altera'ons in ligh'ng condi'ons, is typical of the figura've‐formalist approach, whereby the ar'st inves'gates aesthe'c varia'ons in a disciplined and controlled manner. 

As Degas once said, “It is essen'al to do the same subject over again, ten 'mes, a hundred 'mes.” 

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Breaking Up the Pictorial Space 

Edward Hopper’s small composi'onal sketch Study for Morning in the City is a preliminary drawing for his pain'ng Morning in a City. This work, with its single figure situated in an interior space, presents a typical theme for Hopper. The pain'ng and the drawing that preceded it document an external world that Hopper both observed and consciously arranged for the picture plane of his canvas.  

The content comes not from narra've but, rather, from the interac'on of light with the human form and the interior space. His value sketch defines the structural components of th room that will determine the design of his canvas. 

The nude is a composi'onal component –  defines the three‐dimensional space divides the picture plane 

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Elmer Bischoff. Model ResGng. 1973. Charcoal on paper, 26 x 20 in. 

Elmer Bischoff, Richard Diebenkorn, and others were dubbed San Francisco Bay Area Figura'sts in the late 1950’s. Their work was seen as a West Coast an'thesis to the New York Abstract Expressionism of the same period. 

As in Hopper’s drawing, the figure form the focal point of the composi'on, at the intersec'on where the ver'cal panels of dark value in the background cross the horizontal structural elements of the table and counter. Bischoff’s drawing extends the value paPerns on the body into those of its surroundings, each shape supported by and aPached to the next un'l anchored securely to the outer frame. He divides the space and defines the structural rela'onships as the main subject of the work. 

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Richard Diebenkorn Seated Woman Charcoal Collec'on of Eve Benesch Goldschmidt 

Diebenkorn’s figura've drawings, done before he turned to thoroughly abstract composi'ons, employ the figure to the same end: a composi'onal arrangement of elements. Diebenkorn prefers to zoom in on his subject, lehng the body fill more of the picture frame. 

Diebenkorn does not want to make psychological contact with the face. He wants meaning of the work from the whole composi'on and not through the personality of the model. The meaning of the work is composi'on. The physical and purely visual rela'onships are what is relevant. 

Diebenkorn defines the body as much by drawing its surroundings as by drawing the figure itself. 

Diebenkorn’s presenta'on of the figure is drained of personality to more freely communicate his aesthe'c concern for pictorial design. 

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Philip Pearlstein Female Model Seated on a Lozenge‐Pa7ered Drape ink on paper 1976 22 1/2 in x 29 3/4 in Portland Art Museum, Portland Oregon 

(sepia wash on paper) 

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Pearlstein is more concerned with depic'ng the body as a three‐dimensional volume in a space one could occupy.  

“The volumetric torso, limbs and other parts of the figure have to move choreographically through measurable three‐dimensional space; simultaneously they must be the primary architectonic units of the strongest possible two‐dimensional structure.” 

He seeks to remain completely objec've. Pearlstein wants his nudes to be psychologically neutral. 

Although he offers sensory material – furniture, oriental rugs, naked flesh – we are expected to keep our distance and to appreciate these objects on al higher intellectual level. 

Pearlstein draws his figures large within the picture frame, oSen cropping faces at the edge, which adds to their anonymity. He treats the body as a s'll life object, observing and rendering it with detachment. APempts to deal with the facts, visual presenta'on of light and form.  

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Philip Pearlstein. Two Seated Models, One on Eames Chair. 1982. charcoal. 30¼ x 44 in. 

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Philip Pearlstein. Nude and New York. 1985, graphite, 23 x 29 in. 

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Philip Pearlstein Back of Seated Model Facing Mirror No. 1 1967  graphite  14 x 11 in . 

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Philip Pearlstein. Model With Leg Extended on Wooden Bench. 1983.  Conté.  30 x 40 in.  

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In a purely linear composi'on Regina Granne uses the model as but one object in her interior s'll‐life. As in the game of chess, where one move prompts another, in the act of drawing, each line takes into account all the preceding ones.  

The line works first to divide the surface of the drawing and then to penetrate it, implying a great deal of space with the addi'on of linear perspec've. 

Every representa'onal composi'on works with two levels of reality, one that deals with the two‐dimensional surface and another that penetrates the surface to present the illustra'on of volume and space. 

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