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TRANSCRIPT
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FFIINNAALL RREEPPOORRTT
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YYAAYYAASSAANN DD IIAANN DDEESSAA,, YYOOGGYYAAKKAARRTTAA,, 22000033
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FFOORREEWWOORRDD
This report is the result of 18 months study to estimate the development
impact of Solar Home System in the Province of Lampung. The impact is particularly
addressed to the issues of social economic status of the SHS household users,
gender equity, lifestyle and efficiency cost of energy expenditure. Here the study
takes into account the appropriation of the system by individual members of
household is a very crucial factor for understanding the impact of SHS to the
transformation of status and role in the household. This study is conducted by
Yayasan Dian Desa at the request of Project Support Group of the SHS Project. In
this respect Jim Finucane is the initiator who initiated and conceptualized this work.
The accomplishment of this whole study depends on innumerable support
and assistance from many individuals and institutions perticularly during the
fieldwork. Our gratitude goes primarily to our field assistants in Bandar Lampung.
They are Wuli Marwanto, Edy Susanto, Rudy Leo Chandrika, Yovan Yorvane, Teguh
Suprayitno, Ricky Wibowo, Jeffri Bagus Bachtiar, Wiwit, Budhi Ariyati and Futri. We
would like to convey our thanks also to our hosts Pak Rejo, Mbah Rejo, Mbah Harjo,
Mas Bambang and to our informants whose names can not be mentioned one by one
in this report. Last but not least, we would like also to thank to our editors Bonivasius
Dwi P and Ms. Adventina Putranti who have made this report more readable.
Yayasan Dian Desa is grateful for the genuine cooperation of PT Mambruk
during the fieldwork. Finally Yayasan Dian Desa hopes that the result of this study
will be useful for the development of the Solar Home System.
Research Team
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EEXXCCUUTTIIVVEE SSUUMMMMAARRYY
This report is the result of a study by Yayasan Dian Desa at the request of
the SHS Project Support Group to estimate the development impact of the SHS use
in the province of Lampung. The study consists of three steps. The first was a survey
to establish the base-line data of the socio-economic and cultural conditions and to
assess the needs that led to the households deciding to install the SHS. This step
was conducted at the time when the household users installed the SHS. The second
step survey was the preliminary assessment to identify different effects of the use of
the SHS in the households after six months. Then, the last step was the third survey
to verifify the impacts of the SHS one year after the installation.
Based on the social economic indicators, it can be reflected that the majority
of SHS users belong to the middle and upper classes in the community. Most of them
are peasants who rely on agricultural sectors as their livelihood, both for subsistence
and cash. In this sense, their income earnings fluctuate depending on the seasons,
and the market prices of their crop commodities. The first round follow up survey had
found that the drought during the past dry season and the falling prices of the crops
had contributed to declining incomes. In the third survey, the economic condition
seemed a bit improved compared to that six months earlier.
Regarding the household financial management, the majority of respondents
have not yet utilized the banking system. They still manage their finance in a simple
way, such as borrowing money from their neighbors or local installment plan union if
they need some, and keeping their money under the pillow if they have some extra.
The information about SHS is circulated through neighbors, household
members, and door-to-door salesmen than through mass media. Such information is
more widely received by the respondents since they can directly observe the
application of the system in the neighborhood. To some extent, those who have not
yet installed the system also get advantages from the SHS when they visit or watch
television in their neighbors houses. Most of respondents know how the system
works. In some cases, they claim that they are able to repair the equipment.
Nevertheless, when some parts of the system are down, they tend to entrust the
technicians of the marketing agency to repair it.
Their need to purchase SHS in a competitive price has inspired some
strangers to manipulate the image of SHS for purpose of selling emergency lamps.
There are at least 25 households of the non SHS users inflicting a financial loss for
the case in Way Serdang village. The reseacher team also find the similar cases in
other areas, such as Seputih Mataram, Pardasuka, Punduh Pidada, etc. When the
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researcher approaches them to cross check the issue, they are mostly angry at first.
Then, they eventually ask for an apology when the team clarify the matters.
The SHS installation has not yet dramatically improved the living condition of
the users but it has small impacts on the gender basis of the division of labors,
households life style and the efficiency of the cost for the energy expenditure. The
social economic status does not change much because of the SHS. In some cases,
some households used their SHS to generate additional income because they could
extend their shop services until late at night.
The division of labors in the households remains the same because women
still hold the dominant role in domestic activities, while men still maintain their role in
public domain. With the SHS lighting many women work over time on their domestic
tasks. The role of the women in the domestic sectors is therefore reinforced. On the
other hand, most men take the advantage of the SHS for pleasure.
The use of SHS somehow brings about impacts on the education of the
children. The children are encouraged to study more with the extension of lighting,
particularly for reading activities. More children of the SHS users attain better
achievements in their school due to the increase of their time allocation to do their
homework. Likewise, the households of SHS users also get the benefit to access the
flow of information, specifically from the radio and television. The availability of power
supply for the electronic equipments enables the SHS user respondents to update
information of modern life style or at least to break up the isolation of their villages.
Regarding the habit of house cleaning, apparently some change occurs. The
households that seldom cleaned their houses, after installing SHS do the such
activities at least once or twice a day. In some instances, respondents claim to clean
their houses many more times when they find the house dirty. Perhaps, the
brightness of the SHS lighting awakens their feeling of discomfort to see the
untidiness of their houses.
This study indicates that the house of the SHS users is more often used as
the venue for social gatherings. The decision to choose the SHS users houses for
gatherings is somehow due to its lighting facility. Hence, the SHS use may lead the
owner to get involved more actively in the community life because their house will be
chosen for the center of social activities, particularly at night.
In terms of household expenditure for energy, this survey reveals the
significant cost reduction. There is less purchasing of dry cell batteries and kerosene
as well as less cost for recharging car batteries. These three energy sources are
actually the most affected by the use of SHS. However, the use of SHS has not
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implied any radical changes for the use of energy sources because most
respondents combine various energy sources for different purposes.
Dealing with the remoteness of the respondents living areas, the SHS likely
contributes to breaking their feelings of being isolated. With the limited distribution of
printed media, they can access the information on regional, national and even global
issues from the electronic media. Recently some satellite telephone shops (wartel) in
the neighborhood are also powered by the SHS. These wartels help them to get
engaged in national and international communications with their relatives in other
parts of the world, such as Saudi Arabia and Malaysia. Thus, it slightly overcome the
insufficient facilities of public transportation in their countryside.
All in all, this study affirms the positive impacts of the SHS use on the
households due to its support for education, social gatherings, cleanliness of the
houses, and the reduction of cost for the household energy expenditure.
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RRIINNGGKKAASSAANN
Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya untuk rumah tangga atau Solar Home
System (SHS) telah diperkenalkan di Indonesia sejak tahun 1980-an. SHS memiliki
teknologi yang ramah lingkungan, bersih dan tidak menimbulkan polusi. Sosialisasi
penerapan pemakaian SHS dilakukan oleh berbagai institusi di tingkat pemerintah,
swasta maupun lembaga donor. Tahun 1999, teknologi ini mulai terakreditasi dan
mulai efektif diterapkan di beberapa daerah di Indonesia. Pada tahap pendistribusian
secara komersial, World Bank memberikan subsidi melalui sektor swasta yang
terlibat dalam pemasarannya. Sektor swasta tersebut antara lain PT Mambruk
Tenaga Surya, PT Altari, dan PT Guna Elektro, PT Sundaya, dsb. Wilayah yang
digunakan sebagai pilot project bagi penyebarannya adalah Propinsi Jawa Barat,
Propinsi Lampung dan Propinsi Sulawesi Selatan.
Ada pun studi ini dilakukan dalam rangka penelitian untuk mencermati dampak
penggunaan SHS dalam rumah tangga. Sementara studi ini sendiri bertujuan untuk
mendeskripsikan dan menganalisa pengguna dan non pengguna SHS dari sisi
ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya. Tujuan khususnya adalah untuk mengetahui dampak
pemakaian SHS terhadap tingkat pendidikan, peran masing-masing anggota
keluarga, migrasi, motivasi pembelian, harapan dan kebutuhan akan SHS bagi
rumah tangga.
Penelitian ini berlangsung melalui tiga tahap. Tahap pertama adalah Baseline
Study dengan menggali informasi awal mengenai kondisi umum dan karakteristik
responden serta motivasi mereka memasang SHS. Penelitian pada tahap ini
dilakukan saat responden sedang memasang SHS di rumah mereka. Tahap kedua
merupakan kajian awal terhadap dampak yang muncul setelah responden
menggunakan SHS dalam kurun waktu enam bulan. Penelitian tahap ketiga
dilakukan genap satu tahun setelah responden menggunakan SHS dengan sasaran
utama mengkaji dan melakukan verifikasi dampak yang ditimbulkan dari pemakaian
SHS. Pendekatan yang dipakai untuk melakukan penelitian ini menggunakan
pendekatan kuantitatif (survey) dan kualitatif.
Survey dilakukan terhadap 50 responden pemasang dan 50 responden non
pemasang SHS. Dalam tahap akhir dari proses penelitian ini jumlah responden
menjadi 48 pemasang dan 47 non pemasang. Hal tersebut terjadi karena pada
survey tahap kedua tiga responden yang sebelumnya non pemasang kemudian
menjadi pemasang. Jumlah itu menggantikan tiga responden pemasang yang minta
dicabut penggunaan SHS mereka. Pada tahap penelitian yang ketiga terdapat dua
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responden pemasang lagi yang minta dicabut. Wawancara dibedakan antara
anggota keluarga, yang terdiri dari ayah, ibu, anak laki-laki dan anak perempuan.
Selain itu juga dilakukan wawancara mendalam untuk menggali data-data yang lebih
detail dari beberapa rumah tangga yang telah disurvey. Metode lain yang digunakan
untuk mempertajam penggalian data adalah dengan Focus Group Discussion (FGD).
Pesertanya dipilih berdasarkan lokasi pemasangan yang berkelompok.
Kebanyakan pemasang SHS berasal dari wilayah yang disebut daerah gagal
listrik, yaitu mereka yang daerahnya dekat dengan jaringan listrik PLN tetapi tidak
pernah mendapatkan tanggapan untuk memperoleh layanan atau
penyambungannya. Di samping itu, sebagian besar dari pemasang SHS adalah
warga transmigran dari Jawa yang telah tinggal di propinsi Lampung dalam satu atau
dua generasi. Status sosial ekonomi mereka umumnya dari status menengah ke atas
yang mata pencahariannya adalah pertanian, terutama yang telah memiliki sawah
selain berladang. Bisa dikatakan petani pemasang SHS ini berasal dari mereka yang
telah mampu memenuhi kebutuhan subsisten pangannya. Hal tersebut dapat juga
terlihat dari kondisi rumah, kepemilikan serta pengeluarannya yang rata-rata berada
di atas Rp 500.000,- per bulan. Kendati demikian, kebanyakan diantara mereka
membeli SHS dengan cara kredit karena dipandang lebih ringan beban tanggungan
pengeluaran bulanan mereka.
Para pemasang SHS ini juga tidak bisa dibedakan menurut tingkat
pendidikan mereka. Baik orang yang tidak pernah sekolah hingga orang yang
mengenyam perguruan tinggi membeli SHS. Bahkan, kebanyakan para pemasang
SHS ini berasal dari mereka yang tingkat pendidikannya tergolong rendah. Dengan
demikian, tingkat pendidikan tidak merupakan faktor penentu apakah orang
memasang SHS atau tidak. SHS bisa dimiliki oleh semua orang tidak terbatas pada
mereka yang memiliki pendidikan atau pengetahuan yang dipandang tinggi.
Rumah tangga yang mempunyai televisi dan sering menonton televisi
cenderung untuk membeli SHS. Dalam hal ini, bisa diduga bahwa dengan
pemasangan SHS, orang membayangkan bisa menikmati tontonan televisi tanpa
harus repot menambah daya aki setiap saat ke tempat strumnya. Di samping itu,
rumah tangga yang sering menjadi tuan rumah bagi pertemuan warga komunitasnya
juga cenderung memasang SHS. Hal ini berkaitan dengan fungsi kemudahan
penerangan yang umumnya dibutuhkan pada pertemuan malam hari saat mereka
tidak lagi bekerja di luar rumah.
Para pemasang SHS juga kebanyakan berasal dari rumah tangga yang ingin
menetap di daerah yang sekarang ditempati. Kendati demikian, mereka juga memiliki
mobilitas ruang yang cukup tinggi dengan seringnya bepergian di luar daerah
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mereka. Berkaitan dengan hal ini, informasi SHS rupanya juga tersebar melalui jalur
laki-laki yang kebanyakan memiliki peran lebih besar di luar rumah di samping laki-
laki yang banyak berurusan dengan tanggung jawab atau keputusan dalam membeli
peralatan elektronik dan perbaikannya serta penerangan rumah.
Sebagian besar pemasang SHS rupanya juga memiliki harapan dan motivasi
yang tinggi. Mereka memesan pemasangan SHS kepada penjual umumnya kurang
dari satu minggu semenjak mengetahui informasinya. Informasi yang paling efektif
tampaknya justru dari tetangga mereka meskipun ada iklan yang disiarkan melalui
radio atau surat kabar oleh agen penjual SHS. Tampaknya hal ini merupakan efek
dari strategi promosi dari rumah ke rumah yang dilakukan oleh pihak penjual. Dalam
hal ini orang cenderung melihat terlebih dahulu SHS yang sudah dipasang tetangga
mereka sebelum membeli.
Keinginan yang tinggi untuk memiliki SHS dengan harga murah rupanya telah
dimanfaatkan oleh pihak-pihak yang ingin mengambil untung dari citra baik SHS di
mata masyarakat. Sebagaian warga masyarakat mengutarakan bahwa mereka telah
tertipu oleh para penjual lampu darurat (emergency lamp) yang mempromosikan
lampu itu sebagai miniatur SHS yang cara kerjanya cukup dijemur di terik siang hari
manakala lampu tidak mau menyala kehabisan daya.
Hasil penelitian ini selanjutnya bisa disarikan dalam beberapa hal berikut.
Pertama, pemakaian SHS belum terlihat memberikan kontribusi terhadap
peningkatan status sosial ekonomi rumah tangga. Dalam hal ini, daya SHS yang
terpasang, masih memiliki keterbatasan dalam kapasitasnya untuk mengembangkan
usaha atau sumber pendapatan. SHS yang umumnya terpasang praktis hanya bisa
untuk membantu penerangan rumah dan menghidupkan beberapa alat elektronik.
Kedua, pemakaian SHS semakin memperkuat peran dan posisi domestik
perempuan di dalam rumah tangga. Pembagian kerja dan pengambilan keputusan di
dalam rumah tangga masih menekankan perbedaan peran laki-laki dan perempuan
dalam domain tugas dan tanggung jawab yang berlainan. Perempuan bertanggung
jawab dalam ruang domestik, membereskan pekerjaan-pekerjaan di dalam rumah
serta mengelola keuangan, sedangkan laki-laki cenderung berada dalam ruang
publik seperti menghadiri pertemuan sosial, aktivitas kemasyarakatan selain mencari
sumber penghasilan utama untuk rumah tangganya. Berkenaan dengan peran
gender ini, para ibu-ibu diuntungkan dengan penerangan SHS karena bisa
membereskan pekerjaan rumah tangganya di malam hari sementara suaminya
cenderung meluangkan waktu dengan menikmati hiburan televisi, radio atau sekedar
duduk-duduk mengobrol baik dengan tetangga atau anggota keluarga mereka.
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Di samping itu, SHS pun dipandang sebagai barang yang berasosiasi dengan
laki-laki karena perawatannya berada dalam tanggung jawab mereka walaupun
ketika membeli diputuskan secara bersama antara suami dan isterinya. Namun
demikian, keterlibatan perempuan dalam pengambilan keputusan pembelian SHS ini
lebih berkaitan dengan tugasnya dalam mengelola keuangan keluarga karena harga
SHS yang cukup mahal untuk keuangan rumah tangga mereka. Perlu dicatat di sini
bahwa masalah keuangan keluarga responden sebagian besar dikelola secara
tradisional dan sedikit di antara mereka yang berhubungan dengan layanan
perbankan.
Ketiga, SHS memberikan dampak positif bagi gaya hidup individu dalam
rumah tangga yang memasangnya. Anak-anak menjadi lebih giat belajar dan
hasilnya pun terlihat dengan peningkatan prestasi belajar mereka di sekolah. Orang
tua mereka pun mengaku memperoleh manfaat karena bisa mengikuti informasi dari
media elektronik. Mereka juga mengemukakan bahwa berkat SHS ini membawa rasa
aman dan menghilangkan perasaan keterpencilan di desa mereka. Penelitian ini juga
menemukan bahwa aktivitas membersihkan rumah menjadi lebih sering
dibandingkan semasa rumahnya belum menggunakan penerangan SHS. Selain itu,
partisipasi mereka dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat pun meningkat karena rumah
mereka menjadi lebih sering dipakai untuk perkumpulan sosial dan keagamaan di
malam hari.
Keempat, penggunaan SHS telah menurunkan pengeluaran rumah tangga
mereka untuk energi, khususnya minyak tanah, baterai dan aki. Dalam hal ini,
penggunaan SHS tidak serta merta menghilangkan pemakaian sumber energi lain
tetapi mengkombinasikannya untuk keperluan yang berlainan di samping sebagai
cadangan manakala daya SHS menurun. Berkaitan dengan ketersediaan daya yang
dihasilkan SHS ini pula, tercatat bahwa jumlah perangkat elektronik dalam rumah
tangga seperti televisi, tape recorder, radio bahkan VCD kian bertambah.
Kelima, secara umum pengertian tentang cara kerja SHS telah diketahui di
kalangan responden baik yang memasang atau yang tidak. Bahkan di antara
mereka ada yang mengaku bisa memperbaiki sendiri apabila terjadi gangguan atau
kerusakan. Namun demikian, sedikit di antara responden yang pernah mengalami
kerusakan SHS-nya menyerahkan perbaikan itu pada teknisi dari agen penjualan.
Keenam, sebagian besar responden pengguna SHS ini juga menyatakan
puas dengan kondisi SHS-nya. Bahkan beberapa di antara mereka berniat
membelinya lagi untuk menambah daya yang dihasilkan. Sebagian lagi yang merasa
puas tetapi tidak berniat membeli lagi dikarenakan oleh kesulitan keuangan dalam
rumah tangga dan kredit mereka yang belum lunas. Sementara itu, mereka yang
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mengaku tidak puas disebabkan oleh kapasitas daya yang dihasilkan oleh SHS
terbatas dalam memenuhi kebutuhan listrik mereka. Mereka masih membayangkan
bahwa kapasitas SHS yang mereka pasang tak ubahnya dengan kapasitas daya dari
jaringan listrik PLN.
Beberapa temuan lain yang menarik selanjutnya bisa dibaca dan dicermati di
dalam laporan penelitian ini.
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TTAABBLLEE OOFF CCOONNTTEENNTT
FFOORREEWW OORRDD II
EEXXEECCUUTT IIVV EE SS UUMMMM AARRYY .... IIII
RR IINNGGKKAASS AANN VV
TTAABBLLEE OO FF CCOONNTTEENNTT .. XX
TTHHEE LLIISS TT OO FF TTAABBLLEE .... XXII IIII
TTHHEE LLIISS TT OO FF CCHHAARRTT XXVVII II
TTHHEE LLIISS TT OO FF FFIIGGUURREE .... XXVVII II
CCHHAAPPTTEERR II IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN
A. Background .. 1
B. Statement of the Problem .. 3
C. Objectives . 4
D. Assumption and Hypothesis .. 4
E. Research Methodology ... 5
E.1. Approach 5
E.2. Sampling 6
E.3. Interview 8
E.4. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) 8
F. Research Site .. 9
G. Research Schedule . 10
H. The Organization of the Report . 10
CCHHAAPPTTEERR IIII TTHHEE IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN OOFF CCOOMMMM EERRCCIIAALL SSOOLLAARR HHOOMM EE SS YYSSTTEEMM IINN TTHHEE
PPRROOVVIINNCCEE OO FF LLAAMMPP UUNNGG
A. Environmental Condition 12
A. 1. Geography and Topography . 13
A. 2. Population .14
B. Way of Life . 15
C. Price of Energy and Electricity Grid ... 19
D. The Distribution of Solar Home System (SHS) 22
D.1. Promotion and Advertisement 24
D.1.1 Door to Door Promotion ... 24
D.1.2. Radio Broadcast .. 25
D.1.3. Newspaper Advertisement .. 26
D.2. Sales Mechanisms and Services . 27
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E. The Needs of SHS .. 28
CCHHAAPPTTEERR IIII II TTHHEE SSOOCCIIAALL EE CCOONNOOMM IICC FFEEAATTUURREESS OO FF TTHHEE SS UURRVV EEYY RREESSPP OONNDDEENNTTSS
A. Ethnic Identity, Family Size, and Age Distribution .. 30
B. Social Economic Status .. 32
B.1. House and Land Ownership .. 33
B. 2. Source of Income and Occupation 36
B. 3. Expenditure 38
B. 4. Valuable Belongings ... 40
C. Financial Management of the Respondents Households .. 41
D. The Information and Knowledge of SHS 43
D. 1. Information of SHS . 43
D. 2. Knowledge of the SHS 45
E. Motivation to Install the SHS 47
F. Purchase and Payment 49
G. The Maintenance and Reparation of the SHS . 51
CCHHAAPPTTEERR IIVV TTHHEE IIMMPP AACCTTSS OO FF SSOOLLAARR HHOOMM EE SSYYSS TTEEMM OONN DD EEVV EELLOOPPMM EENNTT
A. The Social Economic Status the SHS Users 53
A.1. Occupation and Income .. 54
A.2. Expenditure and Valuable Belongings .. 56
B. The Different Impacts of the SHS Use in the Household 62
B.1. The Division of Labor 62
B.2. Length of Activities ... 73
C. The Change of Lifestyle 77
C.1. Education 78
C.2. Social Participation 82
C.3. Cleanliness of the SHS Users Houses . 83
C.4. Spatial Mobility .. 84
D. Accessibility . 86
E. The Energy Use and Expenditure 89
E.1. The Source of Energy in the Household 90
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E.2. The Used Energy for Lighting Devices .. 92
E.3. The Used Energy for Electronics 92
E.4. Monthly Household Expenditure of Energy .. 93
F. The Use of SHS . 97
G. Social Identity . 95
H. H. Expectations and Satisfaction 100
CCHHAAPPTTEERR VV CCOONNCCLLUUSS IIOONN 110044
BB IIBBLLIIOOGGRRAAPP HHYY .. 110088
AAPPPP EENNDDIIXX
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TTHHEE LL IISSTT OOFF TTAABBLLEE
1. Table 1. 1 The Number of Respondents
2. Table 1. 2 The Distribution of Respondents Based on the Districts
3. Table 2. 1 The Total Area and Population Density/ km in the Province ofLampung
4. Table 2. 2 The Price List of Basic Goods in Bandar Lampung
5. Table 2. 3 The Average Price of Energy in Lampung (IDR)
6. Table 2. 4 Electricity Generated and Sold per Branch in Lampung Province,2001
7. Table 2. 5 The Audited SHS in Lampung up to June 2003
8. Table 2. 6 The Price of List of the SHS in PT Mambruk
9. Table 2. 7 The Distance between Electricity Grid from the House ofRespondents
10. Table 3. 1 The Ethnic Identity of the Respondents
11. Table 3. 2 The Number of Household Members
12. Table 3. 3 Age Distribution of the Household Members
13. Table 3. 4 The Roof of the Respondents House
14. Table 3. 5 The Housing Condition Based on the Wall
15. Table 3. 6 The Housing Condition Based on the Type of Floor
16. Table 3. 7 The Value of the Respondents House and Its Yard
17. Table 3. 8 Land Ownership
18. Table 3. 9 Land Use Pattern
19. Table 3. 10 Respondents Occupation
20. Table 3. 11 Monthly Household Income
21. Table 3. 12 Monthly Household Expenditure
22. Table 3. 13 The Monthly Expenditure
23. Table 3. 14 The Value of Household Belongings
24. Table 3. 15 The Value of the Respondents Livestock
25. Table 3. 16 Respondents and Bank Services
26. Table 3. 17 Reasons for Not Going to the Bank
27. Table 3. 18 Households Members Who Know Information on SHS
28. Table 3. 19 Agents of SHS Information
29. Table 3. 20 Respondents Knowledge about SHS
30. Table 3. 21 The Interest of Husband and Wife to Install SHS
31. Table 3. 22 Length of Wait to Order SHS
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32. Table 3. 23 The Way of Ordering SHS
33. Table 3. 24 The Reasons of Husband and Wife to Install SHS
34. Table 3. 25 The Mechanism of Payment
35. Table 3. 26 The SHS Trouble
36. Table 4. 1 The SHS User and Non User According to the Income Source
37. Table 4. 2 Monthly Income of the SHS Users
38. Table 4. 3 The Respondents Claim of Having Advantage from Using the SHS
39. Table 4. 4 Monthly Expenditure of the SHS User
40. Table 4. 5 Monthly Expenditure of SHS User for Productive Activities
41. Table 4. 6 New Valuable Goods Bought during the Research Process
42. Table 4. 7 The SHS User and Non User According to Their Land Ownership
43. Table 4. 8 The Land Use Pattern
44. Table 4. 9 Cooking Activities in the Household by Gender
45. Table 4. 10 Childrearing Activities in the Household by Gender
46. Table 4. 11 Laundering Activities in the Household by Gender
47. Table 4. 12 Frequency of Doing House Cleaning by Gender
48. Table. 4. 13 The Maintenance of SHS by Gender
49. Table 4. 14 Fulfilling Energy Needs by Gender
50. Table 4. 15 Doing Farmland by Gender
51. Table 4. 16 Keeping Livestock by Gender
52. Table 4. 17 Participation of SHS User in Social Gatherings
53. Table 4. 18 Participation of SHS User in Religious Gatherings
54. Table 4. 19 Decision Maker in Building House
55. Table 4. 20 Decision Maker in Buying Electronics
56. Table 4. 21 Decision Maker to Repair Electronics
57. Table 4. 22 Decision Maker for Children Schooling
58. Table 4. 23 Decision Maker to Educate Children
59. Table 4. 24 Decision Maker to Buy Kitchen Tools
60. Table 4. 25 Decision Maker to Prepare Food
61. Table 4. 26 The Length of Productive Activities by Gender
62. Table 4. 27 The Length of Recreation by Gender
63. Table 4. 28 The Length of Bedtime by Gender
64. Table 4. 29 The Advantage from the SHS by Gender
65. Table 4. 30 Reasons for the Advantages of Having SHS
66. Table 4. 31 The Educational Attainment of the Household Members
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67. Table 4. 32 The Length of Childrens Study
68. Table 4. 33 The Achievement of Children at School
69. Table 4. 34 Frequency of Watching Television
70. Tabel 4. 35 Respondents Favorite Program on Television
71. Table 4. 36 Frequency of Listening to the Radio
72. Table 4. 37 Frequency of Reading Newspaper
73. Table 4. 38 Frequency of Hosting Community Activities
74. Table 4. 39 Frequency of House Cleaning
75. Table 4. 40 Reasons to Stay by Gender
76. Table 4. 41 Frequency of Traveling Out
77. Table 4. 42 Differential Responses on the Accessibility in Communication
78. Table 4. 43 Media of Communication
79. Table 4. 44 Getting Access to Information Amongst Different HouseholdMembers of SHS User
80. Table 4. 45 Getting Access to Information Amongst Different HouseholdMembers of non-SHS User
81. Table 4. 46 Sources of Information for Members of the SHS Household
82. Table 4. 47 The Energy Source in the Household of SHS User.
83. Table 4. 48 Lighting Tools in the SHS User
84. Table 4. 49 Electronic Appliances in the SHS User
85. Table 4. 50 SHS user Household Monthly Expenditure for Buying Dry Cell,Kerosene and for Recharging Car Battery (Volume)
86. Table 4. 51 SHS User Household Monthly Expenditure for Dry Cell, Keroseneand for Recharging Car Batteries (IDR)
87. Table 4. 52 Monthly Energy Expenditure for Appliances before Using SHS
88. Table 4. 53 Monthly Energy Expenditure for Appliances after a Year Using SHS
89. Table 4. 54 Length of Daily SHS Use
90. Table 4. 55 Power Capacity of Electronic Appliances
91. Table 4. 56 Responses of the SHS Users on the Advantage of the System
92. Table 4. 57 The Expectation of Household Members at the Time of SHSInstallment
93. Table 4. 58 Differential Responses toward the SHS
94. Table 4. 59 Planning to Buy More SHS: Husband and Wife
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TTHHEE LL IISSTT OOFF CCHHAARRTT
1. Chart 1 Fluctuation Price of Crop Commodity 15
2. Chart 2 Fluctuation Price of Agricultural Commodity 16
3. Chart 3. Average Retail Price of Basic Commodity .. 17
TTHHEE LL IISSTT OOFF FF IIGGUURREE
1. Figure 1 Household Survey in Kasui 5
2. Figure 2 Indepth Interview in Mesuji . 6
3. Figure 3 Focus Group Discussion in Seputih Mataram . 8
4. Figure 4 Village in Pardasuka 22
5. Figure 4 Preparation to Install SHS .. 24
6. Figure 5 SHS Installation 44
7. Figure 6 Electrycity by SHS 45
8. Figure 7 SHS Battery .. 51
9. Figure 8 The Damage Of Battery .. 52
10. Figure 9 SHS Users in Mesuji . . 61
11. Figure 10 Wartel 86
12. Figure 11 Fuel Energy .. 91
13. Figure 12 SHS Used for Electronic Appliances 96
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CCHHAAPPTTEERR IIIINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN
A. Background
A solar home system (SHS) is an alternative source of modern energy.
It provides high quality and convenient service for non-grid connected rural
households, which are able to use the SHS instead of kerosene for lighting and
instead of batteries for radio/cassette or television. As a part of a program to
develop sustainable access, the World Bank and the Government of Indonesia
through the SHS Project have supported efforts by the private sector to
distribute SHS through commercial market mechanisms since 1999. The
coverage areas of the project are the province of West Java, Lampung, and
South Sulawesi. The companies involved in the project are PT Mambruk, PT
Altari, PT Guna Elektro, PT Sundaya, PT MetroIndo and PT Gerbang.
This research is a study by Yayasan Dian Desa, conducted at the
request of the Project Support Group of the SHS Project. The purpose of the
study is to explore the development impacts of the use of SHS within
households and, to a lesser extent, within communities. This is a pilot study,
focused on selected household in the province of Lampung. The study has
been conducted in three stages. The first step was to collect base-line data of
the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the households and communities
and to assess the needs of the households that contributed to the decision to
purchase an SHS. This step was conducted at the time the SHS was installed
in the household. The second step was to identify the different effects that the
use of the SHS had had on the households, particularly the impacts on the
different members of the households. This was carried out in the second
survey, which was conducted approximately six months after the installation of
the SHS in the household. The third stage was to conduct the third household
level survey, after approximately six additional months, to further track the
effects of the SHS and to form a basis for explaining the impact of the SHS on
the living conditions of the users one year after the SHS installment. Focus
group interviews and interviews of community leaders were also conducted to
explore the possible impacts.
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The newly installed SHS technology may provide different advantages
to the individual members of the SHS user households. From this assumption,
there are potentially observable shifts in the pattern of the individual household
members daily activities due to the use of SHS. New habits may emerge and
in the long run the roles of the individuals in the households may be
reconstructed. This study pays a special attention to these potential impacts.
The impacts of the use of SHS in this study aremeasured by exploring
the differences between the conditions as found during the baseline survey at
the time of the SHS installation and at the time of the second and third rounds
of the surveys. The data are analysed quantitatively to determine how the SHS
is used within a household, who uses it, how it affects the duties, activities,
roles, status and income of the household members, and how it affects the
relationship between the household members and the community. The study
examines the advantages of using the SHS in relation to gender, generation,
and social status. The changing life style and identity of the SHS users are
taken into account in the analysis.
Beyond the household level, the study attempts to assess the impact of
the SHS on the prospect of the local community, whether or not the SHS
installation is beneficial for both the SHS users and non-SHS users. Although
the direct benefit for the whole local community may be very limited or
insignificant, it assumes that a single installation will produce a certain ripple or
snow-ball effect in the community.
This report has been prepared after the third survey round. It is the
accumulation of the study results, containing the updated data and analysis
from the previous research steps. It exposes the impact of the SHS on the
living conditions of the users one year after the SHS installation. Therefore, it
verifies the findings of the first follow-up survey and irons out several of the rival
factors that influence its findings. This final report particularly provides the
dynamic features of the introduction of the SHS in Lampung, the profile of SHS
users, the impact of the use of SHS on the development of the households and
community, concluding remarks, and some recommendations.
B. Statement of the Problem
In general, the study attempts to reveal the impacts of the use of the
SHS on the development of both the households and community. It also
explores the motivation, experience and expectation of the SHS users
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concerning the operation of the system. To estimate the impacts, the study
focuses on a set of variables and attempts to track them through the three
rounds of the study. Those variables include socio-economic status, life style,
cost efficiency of the expenditures on energy, and the individual appropriation
of the system. Specifically, this study inquires both the explorative and
structural questions.
The explorative questions:
1. Why do certain households choose SHS as their alternative energy?
2. From what social and economic status do the SHS users come from?
3. How do they get information and knowledge about SHS?
4. What are the factors influencing their decisions to install a SHS?
5. What different initial expectations are there amongst the household
members when the SHS is installed?
The structural questions:
1. Does the SHS bring about the improvement in social economic status of the
users? Does it foster income generation activities?
2. Does the SHS lead to the reduction of the households expenditures on
energy? If so, how do those variables change?
3. Does the use of SHS affect the division of labor in the households? How far
is the division of labor in the households affected? Does the use of the SHS
support to the gender equity?
4. Who gets the benefits from the system? What are their advantages?
5. Does the SHS influence education, spatial mobilization, and social
participation? Does the use of the SHS shape life style of the users? How
far is their life style influenced?
6. How do the SHS users maintain and take care of the system? How do they
repair it when it is out of order? Who repairs it? What components must be
replaced and how often must they be replaced?
7. Are there any households withdrawing from using the SHS? If so, Why?
C. Objectives
The objective of the study is to explore and describe the impacts of the
use of SHS. Explicitly, the research objectives are:
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1. To identify different motivations, reasons, and expectations in installing the
SHS in the housheold and community.
2. To delve into the implications of the use of SHS on the division of labor and
changing individual roles in the households.
3. To discover the impacts of SHS installation on the households in their
social economic status, transformation of lifestyle and the efficiency cost of
the expenditure for the energy.
4. To explorethe impacts of the SHS on the development of both the
households and the community.
5. To describe the use and appropriation of the SHS in the households and in
the community.
6. To gather information to assist the analysis of the financial and economic
impacts of the project.
D. Assumption and Hypothesis
The study explores whether there are different impacts of the SHS
among members of the households. The use of SHS is viewed as a potential
triggering factor contributing to changes in the division of labor, roles and the
individual status within the households. This is due to the use and appropriation
of the SHS by each household member for her/his own benefit. The use of SHS
may lead to the individuals shifting of attitudes and behavior in everyday-life.
Thus the study examines the hypothesis that there are some relationships
between the installation and use of an SHS and the social economic status
and the life style of household members.
E. Research Methodology
The research was carried out in three steps of data gathering and
analysis. The first was to establish the base line data by interviewing the
respondent households at the day of the SHS installation in their houses. The
data on the key indicators were collected
and examined by looking into the
relationships of several variables in both
the households that hadpurchased the
SHS from the commercial vendors and
neighboring households that had not
ordered the equipment as the control
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5
group. The baseline survey also collected data on the way the people had
gained information that led to the purchase, how they were motivated to make
the purchase and their expectations of the system.
The second step was the first followup round of research which aimed
at initial observations and estimates of the impact of the use of SHS over the
initial six months. The respondents who had installed the systems and the
control group were revisited and interviewed based on the same variables of
the baseline survey. The respondents were revisited during the third and final
round of survey at a point approximately one year after the installations of the
systems.
EE..11.. AAPPPPRROOAACCHH
The study followed quantitative (survey) and qualitative
approaches. The quantitative approach was done through the series of
three comparative surveys, which applied similar questionnaires to the
same respondents at specific time intervals. Through introductory
discussions, Information on the membership of each household was
determined and categorized depending on the members status, e.g.,
husband, wife, son and daughter. The leading adult and children
household members were, then, were interviewed separately, that is
wives and husbands were interviewed separately. The children to be
interviewed wereselected from the eldest son and the eldest daughter
within the household whose age is more than 12 years old. This is to
anticipate their willingness to answer questions as well as their ability to
articulate their experiences. The result of the survey data was later
computed and processed by the SPSS-10 database.
The qualitative approach was applied to gather details and insights
from certain key informants.
The key informants were
determined from those who
possess particular
knowledge of SHS in the
area during the study. They
are asked, in details, for
information regarding their competences. The selection of key informants
was conducted in accordance with the capability of the informants to
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6
provide information, and their willingness to share their experiences with
the researcher. The technique of this approach was in-depth interviewing
and direct observations.
Further, focus group discussions (FGD) were held to reflect on the
findings emerging from the collected survey data with regard to the
respective community and to assist in illuminating the similarities and the
differences of the opinions from different SHS users. The participants of
the FGD were respondents, who reside close to one another. This was
the basis of the selection practical logistical reasons, i.e., to make it
possible for the researcher to coordinate and to reach the focus group
members.
EE..22.. SSAAMMPPLLIINNGG
The survey sample was selected purposively. In the base line
study, the total number of the respondents were100 households. It
consisted of 50 households of SHS buyers from the available vendors in
the area, and 50 households of non-SHS buyers as the control group. In
the first and second rounds of follow up surveys, the number of the
household respondents changed due to the respondents departure from
the area and the termination of using the SHS. During the research
process, five SHS users and three non-SHS users from the control group
stopped being respondents. The three non-SHS users became SHS
users following the first follow up survey round and thus were no longer
included in the control group and are counted as SHS users. Finally, the
total number of the respondents at the last step of the research is 95
households consisting of 48 SHS users and 47 non-SHS users. The
dynamics of the respondent composition is presented in table 1.1
Table 1.1. The Number of Respondents
Research Step Number of Respondents
SHS User Control Total
Baseline 50 50 100
First Round 50 47 97
Second Round 48 47 95 Source: Primary Data 2003
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7
Of the five SHS users who stopped being respondents, two of them had
moved to other villages after the baseline survey. The other three refused to
participate in the follow survey interviews; these respondents explained that
they found no advantage of using the SHS, they felt they had been
disillusioned by the SHS promotion, and they were unable to pay the
installments (they had purchased the systems with credit from the vendor). For
these three households, the systems had already been uninstalled and taken
back by the sales agent from the respondents houses.
In this survey, the number of the respondents children that were
interviewed also varied. The baseline survey managed to interview 62 boys and
44 girls. The number then decreased to 28 boys and 22 girls in the first follow
up round. At the last step of the survey, the research team interviewed 33 boys
and 25 girls. The variability of this number occurs because some of them have
moved to the city, with the most typical reasons being either to continue their
education or to work.
EE..33.. IINNTTEERRVVIIEEWW OOFF KK EEYY IINNFFOORRMM AATTIIOONNSS
The key informant interview is conducted to gather detailed information
and insights on the SHS development in the area of the study. It is a
complement to generate additional data to that has been obtained from the
survey questionaires. The interview guide is designed in a form of flexible
questions based on the flow of information given during the field work. The key
informants comprise several persons either as individuals or group
representatives. They come from the stake holders of the project and related
institutions that are concerned about the development of the SHS. In this
regard, the researcher team members have gathered information from the
World Bank-SHS Project Support Group, BPPT, METI, PLN, PT Mambruk, and
PT Altari. The researcher team also conducted such interviews with selected
survey respondents whose experiences of using SHS show a range of
confidence in SHS --ranging from confident, moderate, up to bad. The selection
of the key informants is based, also, on their willingness to cooperate with the
researchers.
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EE..44.. FFOOCCUUSS GGRROOUUPP DD IISSCCUUSSSSIIOONN ((FFGGDD))
FGD were held in order to
recollect experiences, feelings, and
memories of the SHS household users,
so that they are able to share their own
experience having SHS in their house
with the fellow users and with the
research team. By doing so, they are
able to generate a better sharred knowledge on SHS. FGD is intended as a
medium for the SHS user community to more fully appropriate the new
technology as well as for the researchers to gain a better understanding of the
context and impacts.
There were two locations where FGD were conducted during the
research. The first one was held in Mesuji and the other in Mataram Jaya.
These two locations had been selected to host the FGDs for a practical reason.
There are a sufficient number of SHS users in Mesuji and Mataram Jaya, who
live in a close vicinity. FGDs were held three times in each location following
the three steps of data collection. The participants of the FGD came from
various socio-economic strata. Each FGD required about two hours in a
complete participatory spirit.
F. Research Site
The research activities were carried out in the Province of Lampung.
The province had been selected as the research site because it is an active
area for commercial SHS market development that is supported by the
government and the World Bank through the SHS project. The sampling
procedure required respondents who had just installed the SHS at the time of
the baseline survey. The selection of respondents for the baseline survey
followed the direction of the actual SHS sales until it reached 50 buyers in the
province. The respondents residences are thus located in seven districts of the
province of Lampung (as presented in table 1.2). With the assistance of the
vendors, the research team track out to the addresses of the respondents,
most of them being in remote, scattered areas in the countryside of Lampung.
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Table 1.2. The Distribution of Respondents Based on the Districts
Districts Baseline First Round Second Round
F % F % F %
Tanggamus 18 18.0 18 18.6 18 18.9
South Lampung 18 18.0 18 18.6 18 18.9East Lampung 2 2.0 2 2.1 2 2.1
The Center of Lampung 26 26.0 24 24.7 23 24.3
North Lampung 2 2.0 2 2.1 2 2.1Way Kanan 10 10.0 10 10.2 10 10.5
Tulang Bawang 24 24.0 23 23.7 22 23.2
Total 100 100.0 97 100.0 95 100.0Source: Primary Data, 2002 & 2003
G. Research Schedule
As the research is divided into three steps, the schedule for the
interviews was also arranged in three periods. The first period was scheduled
beginning on the fourth week of March, 2002. The first period was delayed due
to low sales and eventually could be carried out from April 11th to June 9th,
2002, with the interview being done on the day of the SHS installation in the
house of the respondents. The second period started from the mid October and
ended up on December 2002, and the third period was done from the early of
June up to the July 31st, 2003.
H. The Organization of the Report
This report consists of five chapters. The first chapter is an
introductory chapter that contains a brief presentation of the research
background, questions, objectives, assumption and hypothesis, and the
research methodology. Chapter two summarizes the general setting - the
geographical and environmental condition, as well as the macro social
economic situation in the province of Lampung during the study. This chapter
also describes the fluctuation of the main crop prices in the province and the
basic commodities that influenced the livelihood of the respondents. To
streamline the estimation of the development impact of the SHS in the
households, the condition of electricity grid and other energy sources are
discussed as well.
Chapter three is the description of the respondents characteristics. It
provides features on the social economic aspects of the respondent
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10
households. The management of income and income sources in the household
are also discussed in this chapter
Chapter four is an explanatory analysis on variables of social and
economical status of the SHS users side by side with the non-users as the
control group. The assessment is made through cross tabulation of the relevant
variables found in the baseline and its verification of the findings in the first
round survey. Those variables include the social economic status, the division
of labor by gender and generation, the life style and their cost of energy.
Moreover, this chapter also reveals the perceptions and the expectations of the
user on their SHS.
Finally, chapter five draws conclusion and recommendations of the study.
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CCHHAAPPTTEERR IIIITTHHEE IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN OOFF CCOOMMMMEERRCCIIAALL SSOOLLAARR HHOOMMEE SSYYSSTTEEMM
IINN TTHHEE PPRROOVVIINNCCEE OOFF LLAAMMPPUUNNGG
A concise understanding of the natural and historical backgrounds of the
SHS users studied can assist explain the motivation of the households when
they decide to purchase an SHS and their perceptions of the SHS at that time.
It is instructive for this study to describe the most relevant environmental
condition and the way of life in the Province of Lampung, where all respondents
of this study live. The development of electricity grid and its constraints is
included in this description as it is a major technological factor, which opens up
or closes the market for SHS. This chapter also describes the selling strategy of
the SHS vendors, which has helped make the SHS available in the market.
Even though the different marketing strategies among the different vendors
may become an interesting research theme in itself, this report includes only PT
Mambruk Tenaga Suryas marketing strategies and activities, since all sales in
the area at the time of the baseline survey were being done by PT Mambruk
and thus respondents of this study are customers of PT Mambruk.
A. Environmental Condition
The environmental characteristics of Lampung leadits population to
cultivate plantation and agricultural commodities. Even though its coastal areas
are widely spread out around the eastern, southern and western part of the
province, the fishing activities are less developed than agricultural ones. This
condition is likely shaped by the characteristics of its population in which most
of them comprise Javanese transmigrants whose livelihood relies on agriculture
rather than aquatic culture. To the extent of the population background, it is
therefore the topographic and climate characters in the area that cause a
potential effect to the social economic status of the province by which seasonal
crop commodities are affected much.
AA..11.. GGEEOOGGRRAAPP HHYY AANNDD TTOOPPOOGGRRAAPP HHYY
The province of Lampung is situated in the southern tip of
Sumatera Island. On the northern part, it borders on the province of
South Sumatra and Bengkulu. Sunda Strait is on the southern part,
while Java Sea and the Indonesian Ocean is on the eastern and
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12
western parts of its coastal areas. This province is divided into ten
regencies: Lampung Utara, Lampung Timur, Lampung Barat, Lampung
Selatan, Lampung Tengah, Tanggamus, Way Kanan, Tulang Bawang,
Bandar Lampung and the municipality of Metro. The capital city of the
province is Tanjung Karang.
The province covers the area of 35.288,35 km2, which is located on
-103040 105050 East Longitude and -3045 6045 South Latitude.
The type of the topography includes the hilly and mountainous area,
rolling hills, alluvial land, tidal marshland and river basins. The
mountainous area is in Bukit Barisan with its peaks at Tanggamus,
Pasawaran and Raja Basa. It is generally steep and sheer with the
angle of 25% and a height of 300 M 1500 M above the sea level. The
area is mainly covered by forest vegetation.
Within this area, there is low hill with narrow flat land and slope
between 8%-15%. The height is about 300M-500M from the sea level in
which the settlement and crop plantation are mostly founded. In this
area, people cultivate plantations like coffee, cloves, pepper, and other
crops such as corn and vegetables. The area is located in Bandar
Lampung, Gedong Tataan, Sukoharjo, Pulau Panggung and Kalirejo.
Some areas of the province are covered by alluvial land. Those
areas include Lampung Tengah, Lampung Timur, Tulang Bawang, and
along the West coast parallel with Bukit Barisan. Their heights are about
25-75 M with slopes between 0% - 3%. Coupled with the availability of
several rivers in the areas, such as Way Sekampung, Way Tulang
Bawang, and Way Mesuji, people are able to grow rice and vegetables.
There are five main river basins in the province, as follows: Tulang
Bawang river basin, Seputih river basin, Sekampung river basin,
Semangka river basin, Way Jepara river basin. Since those rivers have
low debit of water in the dry season, there are only a few areas where
people are able to grow plants and vegetables. As the part of the
topography, the eastern coast of the province constitutes tidal marshes
with a height of 0.5 1 M above the sea level according to the tides of
the sea (BPS Propinsi Lampung, 2001).
Lampung is located below the equator at 50 south lattitude. It has a
tropical humid climate with damp sea winds from the Indonesian ocean
blowing to two directions every year. The two directions are (1)
November March, when the wind blows from the West and North
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13
West; (2) July- August, when the wind blows from the East and South
east. The average velocity is about 5.83 km per hour. In the mainland
area with the height of 30 60 M above the sea level, the temperature
generally varies between 260 280C, the maximum is 330 C and the
minimum is about 220C. The average humidity at the meteorogical
station is about 80% - 88%.
AA..22.. PPOOPP UULLAATTIIOONN
This province has been a main destination for transmigrants from
Java, Bali, and other islands since early 1900s. The Javanese,
Sundanese, Balinese, and other transmigrants have flowed into
Lampung both spontaneously and under the transmigration scheme.
They contribute not only to a rapid population growth to Lampung, but
also to heterogeneity of cultures and ethnicities.
Today, the total population of Lampung is 6.654.354 people which
belong to 1.615.010 households. Its growth-rate population (2,67% per
year) occupies the highest percentage in Indonesia. In average the
population density is almost 200 people per square kilometer. Except
for the cities of Metro and Bandar Lampung, the population density in all
districts shows no extreme differences. Thus the population of Lampung
is spread almost in very wide areas, which causes in many cases any
centralized system of communication and service distribution, such as
centralized grid electricity, to be problematic and expensive. Lampung
needs therefore, e.g., more a diffused system of electric distribution
rather than the centralized one. Table2.1 below performs the density of
the province by regency in 2003.
TTAABBLLEE 22..11 TTHHEE TTOOTTAALL AARREEAA AANNDD PPOOPP UULLAATT IIOONN DDEENNSSIITTYY// KKMM IINN TTHHEEPPRROOVVIINNCCEE OOFF LLAAMMPP UUNNGG
Regency Area (km 2 ) Population Density / km2
Lampung Barat 4.950,40 73,93
Tanggamus 3.356,61 238,36
Lampung Selatan 3.180,78 356,26Lampung Timur 4.337,89 200,43
Lampung Tengah 4.789,82 218,42
Lampung Utara 2.725,63 194,01Way Kanan 3.921,63 91,19
Tulang Bawang 7.770,84 89,03
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Bandar Lampung City 192,96 3.851,10
Metro City 61,79 1.912,20
Total 35.288,35 188,57 Source: Lampung in Figures, 2003
B. Way of Life
The environmental condition of Lampung gives enough benefits to the
people to cultivate crops as well as forest commodities. Due to the shortage of
irrigation systems in most parts of the areas, people grow cassava, corn, and
soybean in their farmland. Big plantation companies produce agricultural
commodities for the world market such as pepper, tobacco, tea, coffee, sugar
cane, rubber, coconut, and oil palm. Lampung also has quite e few mining
resources. More and more people are working as laborers in the plantation and
mining industries. However the incomes of Lampung are still coming mainly
from the agricultural sectors, which indeed determines the cash flow and the
peoples buying capability in the province.
Chart 1. Fluctuation Price of Crop Commodity
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
Pepper
Robusta Coffee
Copra
Rupiah/ Kg.
Source: Statistic on Record, BPS- Lampung 2003
The chart above draws the fluctuation of crop prices within the past five
years. The prices of crop commodities move in different directions from year to
year. The price of pepper that has become one of the main commodities in
Lampung is the most unstable. After it hiked up in 1999 when the price reached
IDR 36,000 per kg, a result of higher international prices and the sharp
depreciation of the Rupiah, It fell to IDR 15,000,-/ kg. In the following years;
IDR 13,430,-/ kg is the current price. The price of robusta coffee, which was as
high as IDR16,000,- in 1999, has continously declined since, to IDR 4,420/kg
recently. In contrast, copra which is another important crop in Lampung, has
seen a gradual increase in its price. At the time of the second round of the
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15
survey, the price was IDR 1,768,-/kg. Up to now, the indicator of SHS sales
and the payment methods arranged by the vendors are linked to the harvesting
of export commodities such as coffee, pepper and copra. In fact, the prices of
those crops has decreased for quite sometime and their fluctuation has been
unpredictable.
Specifically, the study found that more people who were growing cassava
could afford the SHS either by paying cash or by installment plan. Most of the
respondents of the study are cassava planters. According to its seasonal
harvest, the price of cassava typically begins to increase in February, and
reachs its peak in May. The price of cassava has tended to be stable in IDR
200,- /kg. In comparison to the prices per kg of the other agricultural
commodities, cassava is indeed at the lowest, but it also has been the most
stable.
Chart 2. Fluctuation Price of Agricultural Commodity
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
Rupiah/ Kg.
Peanut
Potato
Soya Bean
Maize
Cassava
Sourc
e: Statistic on Record, BPS- Lampung 2003
Better management and crop rotation, however, has increased the
villagers buying power. The respondents in Mesuji claim that within a seven
month period they manage to earn three to four million rupiahs from two
hectares of cassava (around ten tons per hectare). Moreover, this income from
cassava is not the only source of income. Many villagers have other sources of
income as workers in the tapioca and sugar industries, ojek drivers and petty
food traders in the market. These facts indicate that the cash flow in the villages
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16
seems to spread almost evenly from month to month although it is not yet
independent from the fluctuation of the cash-crop prices in the market.
In contrast to the falling price of crop commodities, the prices of basic
goods tend to go up slightly. As indicated in chart 3, the prices incline upwards
on stable line from 1998 to 2002. There is a saying among the respondents that
once the price increases, it never goes down. The exception is the practice of
increasing prices of basic commodities during the month of Ramadhan, when
they can double.
Average Retail Price of Basic Commodities
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
Rupiah/ Kg
Salted Fish
Cooking
Sugar Rice
Source: Statistic on Record, BPS- Lampung 2003
During the Ramadhan, Moslems fast along the day up to thirty days, and it
ends on Id Fitri. People usually associate the fasting days by reducing their
productive hours, especially for those whose work exhausts a lot of physical
energy. It, therefore, requests more demand of the basic goods despite the low
productivity. The peak season of the demand happens in the week of Id, at the
end of Ramadhan, when people celebrate the tradition by having festivals with
their family and neighbors. This condition, thus, leads to the raising of the
prices of the basic goods in the market to accommodate the increasing
demand.
Last year, the increases had started two days before the beginning of
the fasting month (Lampung Post, 5 November 2002). Not only were the prices
of the nine basic goods (sembako) raised, but the prices of vegetables were
also. Table 2.2 illustrates the record of the increase of basic good prices in the
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17
market of Bandar Lampung on November 5, 2002 in concomitant with the
coming of Ramadhan month.
Table 2.2. The Price List of Basic Goods in Bandar Lampung
Commodity Price (IDR/kg.)
Before Present
Cooking Oil (yellow) 4,600 4,800
Cooking Oil (white) 4,700 5000Sugar 3,800 4,000
Egg 7,000 8,000
Flour Mills 2,800 3,000Rice (good quality) 2,800 3,000
Rice (low quality) 2,200 2,500Red Chili 10,000 15,000 18,000 20,000
Green Chili 8,000 12,000
Tomato 2,500 4,000Onion 6,000 7,000
Garlic 4,000 5,000 Source: Lampung Post, 2002
C. Price of Energy and Electricity Grid
The energy prices, when the follow up surveys were conducted, also had
increased in comparison with when the baseline study was made. Table 2.3
points to the average of the increasing price of energy in most parts of Lampung
during the survey. The varying prices of energy depend on the location and its
availability and the official policy to gradually reduce the high subsidies that were
given from kerosene, diesel and gasoline. It is obviously seen that the more
remote the area, the higher the prices of energy, except for the fuel woods in
which people could collect from forest for free.
Table 2.3. The Average Price of Energy in Lampung (IDR)
Energy Baseline First Round Second Round
Fuel Wood (per ikat)* 1,500 1,500 2,000
Kerosene 1,125 1,250 1300Diesel 1,500 1,600 2,000
Gasoline 1,750 1,850 2,250Charging Car Battery 1,500 2,000 2,000
Dry Cell Battery 2,000 2,000 2,100 * 1 ikat = 5 kg.
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18
Source: Primary Data, 2002-2003
Most of the population in this province has not obtained the electricity
service from the State Electricity Grid yet. According to the statistics based on
record of 2001, there was 851.007.313 kWh sold from the 1.018.039.043 kWh
electricity generated. The direct customers comprise 491.430 households
(30.43% of the total population); there are also an unknown number of indirect
customers, that is households who are connected through the practice of
sharing connections and through other informal methods. There are regencies,
in which the number of direct customers of PLN is less than 30%. These
regencies are Tulang Bawang (6,9%), Way Kanan (15%), Kabupaten Lampung
Tengah (20%), Kabupaten Lampung Utara (25%), dan Kabupaten Lampung
Barat (25 %).
The province has two hydro power stations, they are Way Besai power
station with the capacity of 2 x 45MW and Batu Tegi power station with the
capacity of 2 x 14 MW. Moreover, the province is supplied by the power from
gas power station of Tanjung Enim in South Sumatra as much as 64,006,018
KWH. State Electricity Enterprise (PLN) Tanjung Karang Branch records that 10
% of electricity generated had been unsold yet. The comparative amount of
electricity generated and sold is performed in the table 2. 4.
Electricity service is concentrated in Tanjung Karang where the capital of
the province is situated. Even though the other places are also connected with
the grid, the service mostly takes place in urban areas. The grid of electricity is
still limited in rural areas. As it is described in the base line-study, the villagers
usually generate the electricity either by diesel, genset or car batteries.
Table 2.4 Electricity Generated and Sold per Branch in Lampung
Province, 2001
Branch Electricity Generated(KWH)
Electricity Sold (KWH)
Tanjungkarang 599,488,007 480,300,896
Talang Padang 113,516,722 90,685,873
Kalianda 73,682,776 61,704,034
Metro 118,684,558 102,924,682
Bandar Jaya 168,983,483 147,572,101
Kotabumi 105,011,087 81,030,341
Bukit Kemuning 30,389,266 24,835,401
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Liwa 26,161,176 20,651,259
Total 1,195,917,075 1,009,704,551 Source: PT PLN Cabang Tanjung Karang,2001
According to some respondents experiences, however, the generator
would not last for a period longer than three consecutive years. Besides, due to
this technical constraint, people feel it is inconvenient using a generator set.
Many respondents envisage that a genset organized in the community (i.e., an
independent village grid) would only benefit the elite group, and there would be
the problem of the noise it produces.
On other hand, those who have already been connected to the PLN
grid, are not quite satisfied with the service. Brownouts occur quite often for
many reasons. When we conducted the baseline of this study, the reason for it
was the flood, which destroyed the Way Besai power station. PLN claimed they
lost 90 Megawatt due to the closing of Way Besai power station and it caused
shortage of electricity supply for Lampung. Thus, PLN rotates its distribution by
shutting down its power twice a week. On the contrary, when we conducted the
first round survey, the brownouts were explained as caused by the shortage of
water up to about 50% both in Way Besai power station and Batu Tegi power
station. . The Chief of PLN of Lampung district stated that the shortage of water
had reduced Way Besai power station capacity to 35 MW, while Batu Tegi
power station could only produce 12,5 MW. Facing this lack of power up to 60
MW, PLN turns off the power circularly from one area to the other. The reported
policy is four days on and one day off (Lampung Post, 28th September and 5th
November 2002).
Moreover, the policy for new extensions of the grid is confusing. The lack
of information on the policy is somehow creating opportunities for corruption
and maliciousness. Some villagers in the East Lampung have waited for the
grid installation for a year after they paid
around IDR 1,900,000 to the PLN agent
in their district. First, they are asked to
pay IDR 1,500,000 when they have a
meeting with PLN officers, the
contractor and the village officers. But,
later, they are asked for another IDR
400,000 by the committee. The only reason given for the extra payment is that
the initial payment wasnot sufficient. Nonetheless, the grid extensionhas not
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20
been realized yet. In West Lampung, the villagers are asked to pay a deposit
as much as IDR 5,000,000 for the grid installation, but up to now it is not neve
realized. However, as we confirmed such issues to PLN, their officers accuse
that there must be a broker or a third party who tries to take advantage of the
situation. They are also unable to describe the master plan of the grid extension
in the province.
D. The Distribution of Solar Home System (SHS)
The solar home system is rarely used although PT Sudimara had
introduced it since 1980s. This company had been there for ten years and had
achieved a high selling point. It was a success story at that time. Later, with the
economic crisis, the SHS sales from PT Sudimara decreased and then ended.
Several SHS produced by Sudimara can still be found in the areas. Then, after
the worst of the crisis had passed, PT Altari came to continue the marketing of
SHS in Lampung from its South Sumatera branch office in Tugumulyo, OKI. In
Lampung, Altari now only has a warehouse. Nowadays, PT Mambruk and PT
Sundaya are the two agents that actively distribute the SHS under the World
Bank Support Project Program. According to an informant, Sundaya started to
sell the SHS in Lampung in early 2003, , while PT Mambruk has operated in the
Lampung market since 2001. There are three other agencies that do the SHS
selling under the World Bank project, namely PT Guna Elekro, PT Metro and
PT Gerbang, butthe researcher team confirmed that they were not operating in
Lampung.
Along with the companies from the SHS project,, there is also a company
selling used SHS in Lampung, namely PT Cahaya Mantap Mustika Sari. This
company collects the used SHS from the governments SHS projects in
Sulawesi, Java and other islands, as well as in Lampung, where people have
replaced the system with electricity after getting connected with the PLN grid.
PT Cahaya Mantap Mustika Sari sells the unit in the province with lower prices
compared to the new one. The price is around IDR 2,500,000, cash without
warranty. Although it is done commercially, this SHS market does not receive a
subsidy from the World Bank SHS Project. The reason is that they sell a
second-hand product.
Up to June 2003, World Bank has audited data that there are totally 2,065
new units, equals with 101,324 Wp, sold in the province of Lampung.. Amongst
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21
the SHS dealers, PT Mambruk takes the biggest market share in Lampung by
selling 808 units.
Table 2.5. The Audited SHS in Lampung up to June 2003
Dealers Unit WP
N %
Altari 418 20.2 17,466
Mambruk 808 39.1 42,020Guna Elektro 660 32.0 32,888
Sundaya 179 8.7 8,950
Metro - 0.0 -Total 2,065 100.0 101,324
Source: World Bank PSG, 2003
DD..11.. PPRROOMMOOTTIIOONN AANNDD AADDVV EERRTTIISS EEMM EENNTT
There are various ways in promoting the SHS in the province of
Lampung. Different dealers may use different strategies to attract the
customers to buy the SHS. In terms of promotion activities, PT
Mambruk, for instance, takes various media simultaneously i.e:
community meetings, door-to-door salesman visits, local radio
broadcasts and newspapers.
DD..11..11 DDOOOORR TTOO DDOOOORR PPRROOMMOOTTIIOONN
In terms of door to door promotion, SHS salesmen must
sometimes stay in local villagers houses due to the absence of hotels in
these remote market areast. More than that, staying in the villagers
houses may give them more opportunities to improve their rapport with
the prospective customers. To attain sales, some salesmen,
furthermore, try their own style by acknowledging their customers
habits, language and
culture. As they proved
it,especially in Javanese
villages, it is considered an
effective strategy to
convince people to order
the SHS. In fact, some of
them mention that there is a significantly different rate of SHS
acceptance across ethnic boundaries.
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22
Another strategy to promote the product in villages is also carried
out by making intensive salesman attendance there. For example,
several salesmen of PT Mambruk states that they are often roaming
around the prospective areas within a week. At the same time, they try
convince the villagers perpetually that SHS meets to their needs of
electric current besides offering the convenient investment through the
renewable energy. Accordingly, it works as there are many villagers
asking them directly to install SHS in their houses. Some other
customers make orders while they are looking at the installation of SHS
in their neighbors.
DD..11..22.. RRAADDIIOO BBRROOAADDCCAASS TT
Radios are an effective way to promote SHS in a remote area,
because radio is the only media of communication for those customers
who live in out of the way places. Most villagers in Lampung listen to the
radio everyday.
One particular spot of radio advertisement on SHS broadcasted in
a local station apparently worked well in attracting the attention of the
Javanese transmigrants in Lampung. This advertisement starts with the
conversation between two Javanese (as it is indicated by their use of
Indonesian language accented in Javanese) talking about the
inconvenient operation of the diesel generator. In the noisy atmosphere
of the diesel generator when someone needs light in the evening, his
younger brother (addressing to the person with Pakde) recommends
him to replace it with the promising system of SHS. His younger brother
says that the SHS will solve the problem of electricity shortage. It will
generate the electric current without gasoline or kerosene, accordingly.
He said Tinggal ceklek langsung byar. (you just needto click the button, then you will get the light).
The short conversation is then followed by the advertorial
statements of male and female broadcasters by turns. After a long
introduction with the back-sound of dangdut music, the male
broadcaster says :
Wed like to introduce to you the electricity generated bysolar energy (SHS). It is more productive, no fuels needed,environment friendly, easy to use, and sustainable.
Then, the female one adds :
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23
The SHS can utilize any kinds of electronic equipmentssuch as televisions, irons, water pumps, telecomunication caf(wartel) and many more equipment .
The male broadcaster further mentions the address for ordering:Please contact promptly the Sejahtera Cooperation,
Mesuji E SP 4, Way Serdang, Tulang Bawang. The phonenumber is 0828724754. We will come to serve you in your placeright away.
Yes using the SHS principally means click and thenbyaaar., asserted the female broadcaster in affectionate voice.
The SHS gives you a long time lighting closes the malebroadcaster.
Although the broadcasting advertisement may not be the only
source of information, the image of SHS in this particular advertisement
seems to be exaggerated. Unlike the other electric generator, the SHS
can not meet the needs of people for electric current to supply all kinds
electronic equipments.
DD..11..33.. NNEEWW SSPPAAPP EERR AADDVV EERRTTIISS EEMM EENNTT
Another important medium to promote the SHS is advertisements
in local newspapers, as is done from time to time by PT Mambruk.
Although the circulation of local newspapers is very limited,
advertisements are considered an effective medium to introduce SHS to
a wider public. In one of the newspapers, the advertisement appears as
follows:
Figure 1.1. The SHS Advertisement in a Local Newspaper
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DD..22.. SSAALLEESS MMEECCHHAANNIISSMMSS AANNDD SS EERRVVIICCEESS
There are different mechanisms of selling the SHS amongst the
agencies. It occurs because each agency distributes different product
types and power capacity. PT Altari distributes two types of SHS with
panels made by Solarex. The model of Solarex SX-40, which generates
40 WP, is sold for IDR 3,000,000, while Solarex VLX-53 costs IDR
3,600,000,-. PT Mambruk provides MTS-200 for IDR 3,500,000, MTS-
400 for 5,700,000,- and MTS-600 for IDR 7,740,000,- cash. The cash
payment method is, however, tolerated by PT Mambruk within the
duration of three months. It means if the customers could afford the
amount of money requested within three months, the purchase is still
accounted as cash price.
PT Mambruk also offers installment plans to purchase the
SHS. The plan is offered to help the customers to afford the SHS, due
to the unavailability of cash. The installment plan and its term varies
among 6 months, 18 months, 24 months and 30 months. Table 2.6
shows the price list of the SHS in the province of Lampung in 2002. The
prices include 10% as the selling tax.
Even when each dealer sells the SHS in different prices, they are
committed to provide an after-sales service and warranty similarly, as
part of the requirements of being eligible for the World Bank subsidy.
The warranty includes the photovoltaic cells for 10 years, the automatic
controller for 1 year and the car battery for 9 months.
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25
Table 2.6. The Price of List of the SHS in PT Mambruk
Type of Cash Credit (IDR)
SHS (IDR) DownPayment
6 Month
12Month
18Month
24Month
30Month
750,000 514,000 280,000 205,000 165,000 143,000
1,000,000 468,000 255,000 186,000 150,000 130,000
MTS-200 3,500,000 1,250,000 422,000 230,000 168,000 136,000 118,000
1,500,000 376,000 205,000 150,000 121,000 105,000
1,750,000 330,000 180,000 132,000 107,000 93,000
1,500,000 780,000 425,000 309,000 250,000 215,000
1,750,000 743,000 400,000 291,000 235,000 203,000
MTS-400 5,700,000 2,000,000 688,000 375,000 273,000 220,000 190,000
2,250,000 642,000 350,000 255,000 206,000 178,000
2,500,000 596,000 325,000 273,000 191,000 165,000
2,000,000 1,062,000 579,000 420,000 340,000 292,000
2250,000 1016,000 554,000 402,000 325,000 280,000
MTS-600 7,740,000 2,500,000 970,000 529,000 384,000 310,000 267,000
2,750,000 924,000 504,000 366,000 296,000 255,000
3,000,000 878,000 479,000 348,000 281,000 242,000
MLS 4 1,200,000Source: PT Mambruk tenaga Surya, 2002
E. The Needs of SHSAs described earlier, electricity is a scarce resource in the survey
areas a the grid of PLN is only available in limited areas. People, therefore,
search for alternative solutions for their electricity needs. Several salesmen
state that they mostly receive orders of SHS installation from near to the grid
areas. The survey further finds out that 46.0% of the respondents live about
less than five kilometers from the electricity grid. The closest distance is about
half a kilometer, which consists of one household.
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26
Table 2.7. The Distance between Electricity Grid from the House of Respondents
Distance (km.) Frequency Percent (%)
Less than 1 1 1.0
1 - 5 45 45.0
6 25 23 23.0> 25 31 31.0
Total 100 100.0 Source: Primary Data, 2002
It seems that the relatively close distance of the electricity grid from the
houses of respondents influences their motivation to install SHS. The SHS
salesmen particularly identify such sites as the area of electricity failure (daerah
gagal listrik). In this sense, the villagers from these areas envy their neighboring
villages who enjoy the electricity service. This situation triggers their strong
motivation to find similar infrastructure. These areas are considered by the
salesmen as high potential for the SHS market.
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CCHHAAPPTTEERR IIIIII
TTHHEE SSOOCCIIAALL EECCOONNOOMMIICC FFEEAATTUURREESS OOFF
TTHHEE SSUURRVVEEYY RREESSPPOONNDDEENNTTSS
This chapter presents a general description of the dynamics of the
social economic status of the respondents households during the whole
research process. The social background of respondents including ethnic
identity, family size and age distribution are delineated to identify their social
characteristics. Then, this chapter exposes their economic status by looking at
their income sources, expenditure and valuable belongings. The management
of household finance is described to understand how the respondents manage
their money. The respondents perceptions on banking system is also revealed.
The chapter finally provides insights about the respondents motivation to install
SHS, the constraints in purchasing it, their knowledge, as well as the
maintenance of the system.
A. Ethnic Identity, Family Size, and Age DistributionThe majority of the survey household respondents are not indigenous
Sumatranese, although the research is conducted in the province of Lampung.
Table 3.1 shows the composition of the ethnic groups in which Javanese is in
the highest percentage. Following it, there are Sundanese, Madurese and
Balinese. In contrast, there are only 3.2 % of the respondents are indigenous to
Sumatra consisting of Ogan and Semendo people. The composition of the
respondents that comprises more non-indigenous Sumatrans occurs as the
province has become the transmigrant area since the colonial time. The
researchers found that the migrants have been living in the province of
Lampung for at least two generations through the program initiated by the
national government. There were a few voluntary migrants from Java who did
not take part in the program, but who had decided to move to Lampung
province to improve their living condition.
Table 3.1. The Ethnic Identity of the Respondents
Ethnic Group Frequency Percent (%)
Javanese 75 78.9
Sundanese 15 15.7
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28
Madurese 1 1.1
Balinese 1 1.1
Ogan 1 1.1Semendo 2 2.1
Total 95 100.0 Source: Primary Data 2003
The high number of SHS customers in the transmigration area is not a
coincidence. Inspite of the fact that the transmigration area is poorly facilitated
by public infrastructure, such as transportation and electricity grid, the livelihood
of transmigrants is well developed from their agricultural activities. During the
harvest season, the availability of cash-money from selling crop commodities
has enabled them to afford their needs of goods including SHS.
The respondents background as the new migrants in the province is
reflected in the average size of their households. Since the nuclear family is
primarily requisited in this transmigration program, the average of household
members in the respondents houses is relatively small. A household generally
consists of a husband, a wife and two or three children. Table 3.2 indicates
30.5% of the household respondents comprise 1 to 3 members while 55.8 % of
the household has 4 to 6 members. Most households are nuclear families.
Newly married couples immediately setting up their household live separately
from their parental house in a neolocal residence that has no connection with
the parents of the wife or husband.
Table 3.2. The Number of Household Members
Household Members Frequency Percent (%)
1 3 29 30.5
4 6 53 55.8
7> 13 13.7Total 95 100.0
Source: Primary Data 2003
Among the survey respondents, there are a widow and a widower. Based
on the age distribution of the household respondents, 81.9% of the husbands
are in the most productive age categories (16-55), so are the wives. In the
same category, a similar trend is also found in the tendency that the husbands
are older than their wives. Meanwhile, for the highest proportion of households
the age of the most of the children is lower than 20 years old, indicating that
they are still dependent on their parents socio-economically. The decreasing
number of children over the age of 21 within the household is caused by the
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29
post marital tradition in which the neolocal residence separate from their
parents is preferred for the newly married couple. The following table 3.3 shows
the age distribution within the households of the respondents.
Table 3.3. Age Distribution of the Household Members
Age Husband Wifes Son Daughter
F % F % F % F %
1 5 - 0.0 - 0.0 11 15.3 3 4.4
6 10 - 0.0 - 0.0 9 12.5