168

bank

arst

vo 6

201

3

Bronzani novac - Majorina

Kovnica: Solun

FLAVIJE JOVIAN (363-364)

Rezime

Flavije Jovijan (Flavius Jovianus Augustus) rođen je 331. godine u Singidunumu, današnjem Beogradu, a umro 17. februara 364. godine u Dadastanu, Mala Azija pod nerazjašnjenim okolnostima. Sahranjen je u Konstantinopolju. Poznat je kao zagovornik verskih sloboda i politike tolerancije u odnosu na hrišćane i pagane, te se na njegovim kovanicama pojavljuju hrišćanski i paganski simboli. Numizmatika je bogata kovanicama posvećenim vladavini cara Jovijana iako je ona trajala samo godinu dana (363-364).

Ključne reči: Flavije Jovijan, Singidunum, Julijan, Dadastan, Persija, car Šapur II, Konstantinopolj, hrišćanstvo, paganstvo, kovanice, Varonijan, garda, Tigar, Galerije

JEL: B11, E42, N23

UDK 336.746(497.11)"3" ; 321.18:929 Flаviје Јоviаn

Svetlana Pantelić

Udruženje banaka Srbijesvetlana.pantelic@ubs-asb.com

pregledni naučni članak

Rad primljen: 12.12.2013.

Odobren za štampu: 20.12.2013.

169

bank

arst

vo 6

201

3

FLAVIUS JOVIANUS (363-364)

Summary

Flavius Jovianus Augustus was born in 331 AD at Singidunum, today’s Belgrade, and died on 17 February 364 at Dadastana, Asia Minor, under mysterious circumstances. He was buried in Constantinople. As a renowned advocate of religious freedoms and policy of tolerance towards the Christians and pagans, his coins featured both Christian and pagan symbols. Numismatic collections are rich with coins dedicated to the Emperor Jovian’s rule even though it lasted just one year (363-364).

Keywords: Flavius Jovianus, Singidunum, Julian, Dadastana, Persia, Emperor Shapur II, Constantinople, Christianity, paganism, coins, Varronianus, guard, Tigris, Galerius

JEL: B11, E42, N23

UDC 336.746(497.11)"3" ; 321.18:929 Flаviје Јоviаn

Svetlana Pantelić

Association of Serbian Bankssvetlana.pantelic@ubs-asb.com

scientific review article

Bronze coin - Mayorina

Mint: ThessalonicaPaper received: 12.12.2013

Approved for publishing: 20.12.2013

Jovijan je rođen 331. godine u Singidunumu, današnjem Beogradu, u viđenijoj porodici, od oca Varonijana, koji je imao uspešnu vojničku

karijeru. Jovijan je isto tako izabrao vojnu profesiju i kao pripadnik garde služio je Konstanciju II i Julijanu. Svoje kratkotrajno, jednogodišnje carovanje Jovijan je započeo nakon Julijanove smrti.

Gubitnik u poređenju dva vladara je Jovijan. Julijan (Apostata) je bio jedan od najobrazovanijih rimskih careva svih vremena, inteligentan, hrabar, pravedan, dostojanstven, autoritativan, izuzetne memorije i talenta za pisanje. Osim toga, bio je i prijatne spoljašnosti: srednje visine, meke talasaste kose i lepih bistrih očiju. Jovijan je bio skromnih sposobnosti i obrazovanja, kolebljiv, proždrljiv, ljubitelj vina i žena. Od dobrih osobina krasile su ga dobroćudnost, hrabrost i tolerancija. Pogotovu kada su u pitanju bile verske slobode. Proglasio je povratak države hrišćanstvu, uključujući i finansijsku pomoć Crkvi. Vodio je i politiku tolerancije u odnosu na pagane, te se na njegovim kovanicama pojavljuju hrišćanski i paganski simboli. Jovijan je bio veoma visok i krupan čovek, veselog lica i sivih očiju. Jedini detalj iz njihove biografije koji je identičan jeste to što su obojica živeli samo 32 godine.

Napadi Persijanaca u pojedinim pokrajinama carstva su se umnožili kada je car Šapur II čuo da je novoizabrani car Jovijan bleda senka prethodnog Julijana. Jovijan je želeo što pre da se njegova vojska izvuče iz Persije pa je sklopio mir koji je teritorijalno imao visoku cenu: vratio je Persiji pet oblasti s druge strane reke Tigar koje je još Galerije osvojio. Po povratku iz Persije kratko vreme je proveo u Antiohiji. U želji da što pre učvrsti svoju vlast u zimu 364. godine krenuo je na zapad. U Dadastanu, Mala Azija umro je 17. februara iste godine pod nerazjašnjenim okolnostima. Sahranjen je u Konstantinopolju.

Numizmatika je bogata kovanicama posvećenim vladavini cara Jovijana iako je ona trajala samo godinu dana (363-364). Na novcu Jovijan je koristio uobičajene epitete rimskih careva, kao što su: Victoria Romanorum, Victor and Triumphator, Eternal Augustus, Gloria Romanorum, itd. Portreti Jovijana na novcu su lepi, verno prenose njegovo dostojanstvo, ahilovsku snagu, veseli pogled životnog optimizma.

Jovian was born in 331 AD at Singidunum, today’s Belgrade, in a respectable family. His father Varronianus had built a successful military

career. Jovian followed in his father’s footsteps by choosing the military profession, and, as a member of the guard, served under Constantius II and Julian. Jovian’s brief, one-year long rule commenced after Julian’s demise.

Jovian is, by all means, the lesser man when compared to his predecessor. Julian (the Apostate) was one of the best educated Roman emperors of all times, intelligent, brave, just, dignified, authoritative, gifted with exquisite memory and talented for writing. Apart from that, he had a pleasant appearance, being of medium height, with soft wavy hair and beautiful, bright eyes. As opposed to that, Jovian was of modest abilities and education, indecisive, gluttonous, and disposed to enjoying wine and women. His virtues included good-naturedness, courageousness and tolerance, especially when it came to religious freedoms. He proclaimed the Empire’s return to Christianity, including financial aid to the Church. He led the policy of tolerance towards the pagans, his coins, hence, featuring

both Christian and pagan symbols. Jovian was very tall and sturdy, with a cheerful face and grey eyes. The only identical detail in Julian’s and Jovian’s biographies is the fact that they both lived only to the age of 32.

The Persian attacks in certain provinces of the Empire multiplied once the Emperor Shapur II heard that the newly-elected Emperor Jovian was a bleak copy of his predecessor Julian. Jovian wanted his army to retreat from Persia as soon as possible, so he made peace at a territorially huge price: he returned to Persia the five provinces on the other side of the Tigris River, which had been previously won by Galerius. Having returned from Persia, he spent some time in Antioch. Wishing to consolidate his power, in the winter of 364 he started for the West. At Dadastana, Asia Minor, on 17 February that same year, he died under mysterious circumstances. He was buried in Constantinople.

Numismatic collections are rich with coins dedicated to the Emperor Jovian’s rule even though it lasted just one year (363-364). On his coins, Jovian used the typical epithets of the Roman emperors, including: Victoria Romanorum, Victor and Triumphator, Eternal Augustus, Gloria Romanorum, etc. Jovian’s portraits on the coins are beautiful, truthfully depicting his dignity, Achilles’ strength, and a cheerful gaze bursting with optimism.

Literatura / References

1. Jovanović, Aleksandar (2006), Tlo Srbije zavičaj rimskih careva. Beograd: Princip Bonart Pres.

2. Lopandić, Duško (2007), Purpur imperije - Rimski carevi sa prostora Srbije i Balkana. Beograd: Book&Marso.

3. Banchich, Tomas, De Imperatoribus Romanie, www.luc.edu/roman-emperors/jovian.htm