fldñhqksiaÜ mlaifha m%ldykh · 2006-03-20 · fldñhqksia Ü mlaifha m%ldykh - 1 - manifesto of...

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fldñhqksiAÜ mlAIfhA m%ldYkh

mß.kl msgq ieliqu( úu,d pdkAokS" ux.,sld fjof.A

udlaiajd§kAf.A wkA;¾cd, f,ALkd.drh

www.marxists.org

fldñhqksiAÜ mlAIfhA m%ldYkh Manifesto of the Communist Party - 1 -

mgqk

fldñhqksiAÜ mlAIfhA m%ldYkh 2

I Okm;sfhda iy ksraOkfhda 3

II ks¾Okfhda iy fldñhqksiaÜjdÈfhda 12

III iudcjd§ iy fldñkshqksiaÜjd§ idys;H 20

1¡ m%;s.dó iudcjdoh 20

^w& ro, iudcjdoh 20

^wd& iq¿ Okm;s iudcjdoh 21

^we& c¾uka fyj;a ienE iudcjdoh 22

2¡ .;dlq.;sl fyj;a Okm;s iudcjdoh 24

3¡ úfúpl - ufkdardðl iudcjdoh iy fldñhqksiaÜjdoh 25

IV úúO rgj, úreoaO mlaI iïnkaOj fldñhqksiaájd§kaf.a ia:djrh 28

udlaiajd§kAf.A wkA;¾cd, f,ALkd.drh Marxists Internet Archive


fldñhqksiAÜ mlAIfhA m%ldYkh

wj;drhlA hqfrdAmfhA fyd,AukA lrhs - th fldïhqksiAÜjdofhA wj;drhh¡ mdmA jykAfiA iy id¾ rcqo" fug¾ksyA iy .SfidAo" m%xYfhA /ä,Ajre iy c¾ukA fmd,siA T;A;=lrefjdAo hk fï merks hqfrdAmfhA ishÆ n,fõ. fuu wj;drh m,jd yeÍu msksi Y=oAOjQ .súiqulg t,U isá;s¡

n,hg m;A jQ ish m%;sjd§kA úiskA fldïhqksiAÜjd§kA hhs fy,d olskq fkd,enQ úmlAIhlA we;Af;A fldfyAo@ ;ukAg jvd m%.dó úmlAIj,g úreoAOj fukAu ;ukAf.A m%;s.dó miñ;=rkAg úreoAOjo fldïhqksiAÜjdoh keue;s yxjvq .ik,o fodAIdfrdAmkh wdmiq oud fkd.eiQ úmlAIhlA we;Af;A fldfyAo@

fuu lrefkkA mek k.sk m%;sM, folls¡

fldïhqksiAÜjdoh oekgu;A ish¨ hqfrdAmd n,fõ.hkA úiskA n,hlA f,i ms,sf.k we;Af;Ah¡

fldïhqksiAÜjd§kA iAjl’h mlAIfhAu m%ldYkhlA u.skA uq¿uy;A f,dAlh bosßfhys újD; f,i iAjl’h woyiAo" iAjl’h wruqkqo" iAjl’h m%jk;djhkAo m%ldY l, hq;=" fldïhqksiAÜ wj;drhms,sU| <ud l;kAorj,g ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= ld,h meñk we;¡

fï mrud¾:h fmroeß lrf.k úúO cd;’kA ksfhdAckh lrk fldïhqksiAÜjd§yq ,kAvkhg tAlrdYS ù my; igykA m%ldYkh ,shd bx.S%is" m%xY" c¾ukA" b;d,s" mAf,ñIA iy fvkAudlA NdYdj,skA uqøkh lsÍug ;Srkh l<y¡



I. Okm;sfhda iy ks¾Okfhda fuf;la mej;s ish,q iudc j, b;sydih mx;s wr., j, b;sydih fõ’'

ksoyia ñksid iy jy,do frdau l=,Skhd iy frdau fmdÿ ckhdo ro,hd iy m%fõKsodihdo fY%aKs ysñhd iy fcHIaG wdOqkslhdo - jpkhlska meyeos,ss l<fyd;a mSvlhd iy mSä;hd tlsfkldg jsreoaOj ksh; f,i ke.Sisg jfrl ie.ZjqkdjQo jfrl újD; jQo igkla tlaflda uq¿ uy;a iudchu jsma,jjdoS f,i m%;s ksrAudKh lsrSfuka wjika jQ ke;akï igka lrk mx;Skaf.a fmdÿ jskdYfhka wjika jQ igkla fkdlvjdu lrf.k .shy'

b;sydifha wdos hq.j,oS úúO ia;rj,g fnok ,o mQ¾K ieleiaula iudcSh ;rd;srï j, úúsO irKS lrKhla yeu ;ekloSu mdfya wms olsuq' merKs frdaufhys l=,Skhskao wirejkao fmdÿ ckhdo jy,qkao uOH ld,Skhq. j,oS ro, wêm;shkao Tjqkaf.a .e;a;kao fY%aks ysñhkao fcHIaG wdOqkslhkao îsmaleñhkao& m%fõKsodihkao wms olsuq' ;jo fï ish,q mx;Ska ;=<u mdfya ;j;a wm%Odk irKS lrkhka úh'

ro, iudcfha kYaGdjfYaIj,ska we;sjqkq iuld,Sk Okm;s iudch mx;s m%;S>;hka úkdYlr ke;' th w,q;a mx;Skaa" mE.Su i|yd kj ;;a;ajhka" merKs igka l%u fjkqjg w,q;a igka l%uo th bosrsm;a l<d muKls' Okm;s mx;sfha hq.h jk wfma fuu hq.hg wh;a úfYaI ,laIKh kï th mx;s m%;S>;h ir< lsrSuhs' iuia;hla jYfhka iudch jeä jeäfhka tlsfkl i;=re uy l|jqre follg" tlsfkldg tfrysj uqyqKg uqyqK,d isgsk uyd mx;Ska follg" Okm;s yd lïlre keu;s mx;s follg fnfoñka mj;S'

uOH ld,Sk hq.fha m%fõKsodihkaf.ka wdoS k.r j, ksoyia ck.ykh we;sjsh' fï kd.rslhkaf.ka Okm;s mka;sfha m%:u fldgia we;sjsh'

weursldj fidhd.ekSu;a wms%ldj jgd hdug uqyqÿ ud¾.h fidhd.ekSu;a ksid ke.S wd Okm;s mx;shg w¨;a ls%hdldÍ lafIa;%hla we;s úh' fmrÈ. bkaÈhdkq iy Ök fj<| fmd<j,ao" weußldj hg;a úð; lrKhg yiqùuo" hg;aúð; iu. fj,oduo" yqjudre lsÍfï udOHhka iy fj<| NdKav j, jeäùuo ksid jdKschg;a fk!ld .ukg;a lrAudka;hg;a .rd jefgñka mej;s ro< iudcfha isá úma,ùh fldgig iS>% j¾Okhla ,nd ÿkafkah'

Ys,amSka w,am ixLHdjlg iSudù ;snqKq fY%Ks u.ska ld¾ñl ksIamdokh u; taldêldrhla wh;a l/ f.k isá merKs ro< jdohg jeäfjñka mej;s w¨;a fj<| fmd<j,aj, j¾Okh jk b,aü ;jÿrg;a imqrd,Sug fkdyels úh' th fjkqjg yiaf;daml%u l¾udka;h we;s úh' NdKav idok ueo mx;sh úiska fY%Ks Ys,amSka mfilg ;,a¨ leßK's iduQysl fY%Ks w;r mej;s Y%u úNckh bÈßfhys w;=reoyka úh'

tfy;a fj<|fmd,j,a fkdkej;S jefvkakg jQ w;r b,aüo tkag tkagu jeäúh' yiaf;daml%u l¾udka;hg mjd tu b,aü imqrd,Sug ;jÿrg;a fkdyels úh' túg jdIam iy hka;% iy hkaf;%damlrK úiska l¾udka; NdKav ksIamdokfha úma,jhla we;s úKs' yiaf;daml%u l¾udka;h fjkqjg kùk uyd mßudK fhdaOuh l¾udka;h we;súh' ld¾ñl ueo mx;shg wh;a ia:dkh oi ,laIdêm;s Ok ysñ l¾udka; lrefjda" l¾udka; yuqod fufyhjk kdhlfhda" iuld,Sk Okm;s mx;sh wh;a l/ .;ay'

uyd mßudK l¾udka;h iuia; f,dal fj<| fmd<la ìys lf<ah' fuhg u. fy<s lrk ,oafoa weußldj fidhd .ekSu úisks iuia; f,dal fj<|fmd, fj<|dfï;a fk!ld .ukfha;a f.dvìu .ukd.ukfha;a buy;a ixj¾Okhla we;s lf<ah' fuh h,s l¾udka; jHdma;



lsÍfuys,d n, mEula we;s lf<ah' tfukau l¾udka;h fj<odu fk!ld .ukh ÿïßh fiajdj j¾Okh jQ m%udKhgu iudkqmd;slj Okm;s mx;sh jeäÈhqKq ù ish m%d.aOkh jeä le/f.k uOHu hq. j,ska odhdo jYfhka mej; wd ish¨ mx;s miq;,hg weo ±ïfïh'

fï khska iuld,Sk Okm;s mx;sh §¾> ld,Sk ixj¾Ok ls%hdoduhl M,hla nj;a NdKav ksIamdok úêj, iy yqjudrej, we;s jQ fmr<s ud<djl M,hla nj;a wms olsuq'

Okm;s mx;sfha ÈhqKqfõ iEu mshjrla iu.u Bg wkqrEmj tu mx;sfha foaYmd,k m%.ukhlao we;súh' ro< l=,Sk wdêm;Hh hgf;a mSä; mx;shla jQ" uOHld,Sk fldñhqkh ;=< wú.;a iajhx md,l ix.uhla jQ ^b;d,sfha iy c¾uksfha fuks&" tla ;ekl iajdêk kd.ßl iuQydKavqjla jQ ^m%xYh fuks&" ;j;a ;efkl rdcdKavqjg whnÿ f.úh hq;= f;jeks m%cdj jQ" bka blaì;sj yiaf;daml%u l¾udka; mej;s wjêfha§ ro< m%N+jrekag úreoaOj mdúÉÑ l< n,fõ.hla f,i w¾O ro<jdohg fyda mru rdcdKavqjg fyd fiajh l< fmdÿfõ uyd rdcdKavqj, m%Odk uq,a., jQ Okm;s mx;sh wjidkfha§ iuld,Sk uyd l¾udka;h iy iuia; f,dal fj<| fmd< msysgqjd,Sfuka wk;=rej ksfhdað; iu ld,Sk rdcHhka ;=< ;udg muKla iSud jQ iqúfYaI foaYmd,kuh wdêm;Hhla ,ndf.k isà iuld,Sk rdcH n,h wka lsisjla fkdj uq¨ uy;a Okm;s mx;sfhau fmdÿ lghq;= fufyhjk ldrl uKav,hla muKls'

Okm;s mx;sh b;sydifhys w;s úma,ùh ls%hd l<dmhla bgqlr we;'

Okm;s mx;sh wdêm;Hh ,enQ yeu ;efklu ish¨ ro<jd§ mS;D uQ,sl mrudo¾YS ^pdka .eñ Ôú;& in|lï úkdY lf<ah' —iajdNdúl iajdñjrekag˜ ñksid ne| ;snqkq wfkalúO ro<jd§ nkaOkhka wkqlïmd úrys; f,i is| ì| ±uQ Okm;s mx;sh ñksyl= iy ñksyl= w;r k.ak iajd¾:lduh yer" wkqlïmd úrys; f,i uqo,a f.ùu yer" fjk;a lsiqÿ in|lula b;sß fkdlf<ah' wd.ñl Nla;sho ër - ùr Wkkaÿjo wjrisljd§ wkqrla;;djho wrNhd jQ iaj¾.uh wdkkaohka wd;aud¾;ldó .Kkane,Su keue;s whsia j;=frys .s,ajd ouk ,È' th fm!oa.,sl w.h yqjudre jákdlu njg fmr,k ,È' tfukau ixLHd úrys; " Wÿrd.; fkdyels" jr iys; ksoyia whs;Ska fjkqjg yDo idlaIshg fdldfy;au tl. fkdjk tlu ksoyi jk fj<odï lsÍfï ksoyi msysgqjd,Sh' jpkhlska lshf;d;a wd.ñl iy foaYmd,ksl udhdjkaf.ka jdid ;snqKq iQrdlEu fjkqjg th újD; ,Êcd úrys; iDcq lDDr iQrdlEu wdfoaY lf<ah'

fuf;la .re;ajhg Ndckh jQ f.!rj mQ¾jl úiauhlska hq;=j ie<l+ yeu jD;a;shlu ;snQ m%Nd uKav,h Okm;s mx;sh úiska bj;a leßKs' th ffjµjrhd" kS;sfõÈhd" mQclhd" lúhd" úµ lghq;= j, ksr;jkakd wd§ yeu flfklau jegqma ,nk Y%ñlhka njg m;a lf<ah'

Okm;s mx;sh mjqf,a is;a .kakd iq̈ wkqrla;;djfha wdl,am ì|oud th yqÿ uqo,a ms<sn| wdl,amhla olajd my; fy,Sh' m%.;s.dókaf.a wNsudKhg md;% jQ uOH ld,Sk hq.j, mej;s ;sßika f,i iúYla;sh úoyd fmkaùfï .;sh b;d lïue<s l=iS;ndjh ;=< Bg .e,fmk m%;súreoaO .;sh fidhd .ekSu flfia isÿùo hkak Okm;s mx;sh fy<s lf<ah' ñksia ls%hdldß;ajhg ,nd.; yels foa fudkjdo hkak th m%:u jrg fmkaùh' ñirfha msrñâ" frdaufha jdßud¾.^c, ud¾.&" fyd;sla l,dj wkqj bÈl< foajia:dk jeks fjk;a j¾.hlg wh;a úYauhckl l,d jia;=ka th ks¾udKh lf<ah' Bg l,ska mej;s cd;Skaf.a foaYdgkhka iy l=rei hqoaO ish,a,g jvd fjk;a j¾. j, uyd m%hdk j, th fhÿfkah'

iaa:djr f,iu ksIamdok WmlrK j, fmr<shla we;s fkdlr" tu.ska ksIamdok iïnkaOlï iy iudcfha uq¨ uy;a iïnkaOlï j, iuia:ho úma,ùh fjkilg Ndckh fkdfldg"



Okm;s mx;shg mej;sh fkdyelsh' wksla w;ska Bg l,ska we;sjQ ish¨ ld¾ñl mx;Skaf.a meje;aug wjYH jQ m<uqjeks fldkafoaish jQfha fjkia fkdjk wkaoulska merKs ksIamdok l%u mj;ajdf.k hduh' ksIamdokfhys we;sjk ia:djr úia,ùh fjkiaùï" ish¨ idudÔh in|;djhka j, w;sjk ksrka;r le<îï" iodld,sl wúksYaÑ;;djh iy .dul;ajh úiska Okjd§ hq.h wka ish¨ hq. j,g jvd fjkia fõ' ish fm!rdKsl jQ;a mQckSh jQ;a m%d.a úksYaphka iy u; iys; mdIdKSN+; hlv u< neÿKq ish¨ in|;djhka úkdY ù hk w;r w¨;ska we;sjk ish¨ in|;djhka wiaÓlrKhg Ndckh ùug;a fmr tajd h,amek hhs' >k jQ yeu fohlau WKq ù jd;h njg fmrf<a' Y+oaO jq yeu fohlau flf,ikafkah' wjidkfha§ ñksidg ;u Ôjk ;;ajhka iy ;u jrA.hd iu. we;s wfkHdakH in|;djhka foi ikaiqka is;ska ne,Sug wjYH;djhla we;sfõ'

ish ksIamdok NdKav j,g ksh; f,iu úYd, fjñka mj;sj fj<|fmd,la fidhd .ekSfï wjYH;djh úiska uq¨ uy;a f,dalf.da,h jgd Okm;s mx;shg ÿjkakg isÿfjhs' thg yeu ;ekgu ßx.kakgo yeu ;eklu mÈxÑ ùugo yeu ;eklu iïnkaOlï we;slr .ekSugo isÿfõ'

Okm;s mx;sh iuia: f,dal fj<|fmd, iQrdlEu ;=<ska yeu rglu ksYamdokhg iy mßfNdackhg ks¾cd;sl id¾j fN!ñl iajrEmhla § we;' th m%;s.dóka uy;a fia lkiai,a,g m;alrñka l¾udka;fha cd;sl moku tys md háka bj;g weo oud we;' mqrdK Ñrd.; cd;sl l¾udka; úkdY lr ouk ,È' ke;skï Èkm;d tajd úkdYlr oukq ,efí' ish¨ iNH cd;Ska bÈßfhys we;s Ôú;h;a urKh;a w;r m%Yak úiod,Sula jYfhka wNSkjfhka wdrïN l< hq;= kj l¾udka; u.ska ;j ÿrg;a foaYsh wuqøjH j,ska fkdj f,dalfha b;d wE; fmfoia j,ska f.fkkq ,nk wuqøjH j,ska jevlrk l¾udka; u.ska tla rgla ;=< muKla fkdj f,dal f.da,fha yeu Èidfjlu mßfNdackhg .kakd NdKav ksmojk l¾udka; u.ska merKs l¾udka; m<jdyßkq ,efí' rgl cd;sl ksIamdokh u.ska iEySulg m;alrkq ,nk merKs wjYH;djhka fjkqjg wE; iy úúO foaY.=Ksl rgj,g wh;a ksIamdok u.ska muKla iEySug m;al< yels kj wjYH;djhka mek k.S' merKs m%dfoaYsh iy cd;sl yqol,d;djh iy iajhxfmdaIs;;djh fjkqjg iuia: f,dal wka;¾ wdfõokhlao tla cd;shla ;j;a cd;shla u; rodmj;sk iuia: f,dal wfkHdakH mrdhla;;djhlao we;sfõ' fuh øjHuh ksIamdok j,g fukau wOHd;añl ks¾udK j,g tlfia n,mdhs' tla cd;shlf.a wOHd;añl ks¾udKfha :, ish¨ cd;Skaf.a fmdÿ odhdo njg m;afõ' cd;sl tal md¾Yaúl;ajh iy iSud iys; mgq nqoaêh jv jvd;a fkdl< yels fohla njg m;afõ' cd;sl yd m,d;ano idys;Hhkaf.a nyq ixLHdjla úiska c.;a idys;Hh;a ìysfjhs'

ish¨ ksYamdok WmlrK j, iS>% ÈhqKqj u.skao buy;a f,i myiq jk m%jdyk iy mKsjqv u.skao Okm;s mx;sh w;s ïf,aÉP cd;Ska we;=¨ ish¨ cd;Ska iNH;ajh fj;g weo.kS' Okm;s Ndkav j, ,dN ñ< uyd ld,;=jlal= j,g iudkh' fuh mdúÉÑ lrñka Okm;s mx;sh ish¨ Ök m%dldr ì| ouhs' ïf,aÉPhska ;=< úfoaYlhka flfrys we;sjk uqrKavq oafõY iy.; ffjrh fu,a, lr,hs' j|ù hdfï NS;sh bÈßfha bka ñfokq msKsi Okjd§ ksIamdok l%uh ms<s.kakd f,i th ish¨ cd;Skag n,lr isà' Tjqkg Bkshd YsIaG;ajh tkï Okm;sjdoh ms<s.kakd f,o n,lr isà' jpkhlska mjif;d;a Okm;s mx;sh ;u m%;suQ¾;shla iy ;udg iudk f,dalhla ujd,hs'

Okm;s mx;sh .u k.rfha wdêm;Hhg hglr ouhs' th w;súYd, k.r bÈlr we;' .eñ ck.ykh iu. ikaikaokh lrk úg k.rno ck.ykh ixLHdj w;ska jeä lf<ah' ta khska ck.ykfhka iEfyk fldgila .ïno Ôú;fha uq.aONdjfhka uqojd .;af;ah' th .u k.rhg mrdëk l<dla fukau ïf,aÉP iy w¾O ïf,aÉP rgj,a iNH rg j,g mrdëk lf<ah' f.dùkaf.ka iukaú; cd;Ska Okm;Skaf.ka iukaú; cd;Skago kef.kysr ngysrgo mrdëk lf<ah'



Okm;s mx;sh ck.yKh;a ksIamdok udOHhka iy foafmd<;a úiqreu jv jvd;a wfydaisl/ ±ófuys fh§isà' th ck.yKh msKaä; fldg ksIamdok udOHhka uOH.; fldg we;' foafmd< w,am ixLHdjla w; ixflakaøKh fldg we;' fuhska wjYHfhkau we;sjQ úmdlh jQfha foaYmd,kuh uOH.; ùuls' iajdëk kuqÿ ,sys,a f,i tlsfklg iïnkaOj ;snQ" úfNaoldÍ jqjukdjka" úúO kS;s moaO;s" wdKavq iy whnÿ l%u ;snqKq fmfoia" tlu wdKavqjla" tlu kS;s ix.%yhla" tlu cd;sl mx;s jqjukdjla" tlu ;Srenÿ l%uhla iys;" foaYiSudjla iys; talSh cd;shla f,i talrdYS úh'

Okm;s mx;sh ish jirlg;a jvd wvq ish md,k ld,h ;=<§ bka fmr mej;s ish¨ mrïmrdjka úiska bÈlrk ,o ksIamdok n,fõ.hkaf.a iuia;hg jvd w;s úYd, jQo w;s ±jeka; jQo ksIamdok n,fõ.hla ìys lf<ah' fidndoyu fu,a,lsÍu" hka;% ksIamdokh" l¾udka;hg yd lDIsl¾uhg ridhkh fhoùu" OQu fk!ld fiajh wdrïN lsÍu" ÿïßh fiajh" úÿ,s mKsjqv l%uh" j.dj i|yd uyoaùm fy<slsÍu" .x.d jdßud¾.lrKhg hglsÍu" nyq ck.yKhka fmd<fjka ujd mEu jeksfoa wd§ fï uyd ksIamdok n,fõ.hka idudÔh Y%ufha Wl=f<ys ie;mqk njg fmr ksñ;a;la ;snqfKa ñka fmr lskï ishjirgoæ

Okm;s mx;sfha bÈlsÍug moku jQ ksIamdok udOHhka iy yqjudre l%u ks¾udKh lrk ,oafoa ro< iudc l%uh ;=<§ neõ" tkhska ±ka wms ÿáuq' fï ksIamdok udOH j, yd yqjudre l%uj, ixj¾Okfha tla;rd wjêhl§ ro< iudch ish ksIamdokh iy yqjudrej lf<a hï ;;a;ajhka hgf;ao" tu ;;a;ajhkq;a lDIsl¾uh iy l=vd mßudK l¾udka; ms<sn| ro<jd§ ixúOdkh;a" tla jpkhlska lshf;d;a foafmd< ms<sn| ro<jdÈ in|;djhka" ta ld,h jk úg ixj¾Okh ù ;snqKq ksIamdok n,fõ.hkag ;jÿrg;a wkqrEmS fkdùh' ksIamdokh ÈhqKq lrkjd fjkqjg tajdg ndOd lrkakg úh' tajd ú,x.= njg m;a úh' tajd mqmqrjd ±óu wjYH úh' tf,iu tajd mqmqrjd ouk ,È'

ksoyia ;r.h Bg wkql+, jk mßÈ ilia l/.;a iudÔh yd foaYmd,kuh ixia:dmkhlao Okm;s mx;sfha wd¾Ól iy foaYmd,kuh wdêm;Hho iys;j tajdg wh;a ia:dkh .;af;ah'

wm bÈßfha tn÷ jHdmdrhla iïmQ¾K fjñka mj;S' ksIamdok iy yqjudre in|;djhka iys;" foafmd< whs;sh ms<sn| in|;djhka iys; iuld,Sk Okjd§ iudch" fu;rï n,iïmkak ksIamdok udOHhka iy yqjudre l%u ujd ;sfnk fuu iudch" ;ud úiska ish úÊcdldß n,fhka wdrdOkd fldg we;s md;d, f,dalfha N+; n,fõ.hla ;jÿrg;a fu,a, l< fkdyels úÊcdldrhl=f.a ;;a;ajhlg jeà isáhs' bl=;a oilhka lSmhla ;siafiau l¾udka;fha iy jdKscfha b;sydih kï" wka lsisjla fkdj" iuld,Sk ksIamdok ;;a;ajhkag úreoaOj Okm;s mx;sfha iy wdêm;Hfha meje;aug wjYH ;;a;ajhka jk foam< in|;djhkg úreoaOj iu ld,Sk ksIamdok n,fõ.hka f.khk le/,af,a b;sydihhs' l,ska l," h<s h<s;a wdmiq meñfKk tf,I wdmiq meñfKk yeu jdrhl§u jv jvd;a ;¾ckd;aul f,i uq¿ uy;a Okm;s iudcfha meje;aug ;¾ckh lrk jdKsc w¾nqo .ek i|yka lsÍu m%udKj;ah' fuu jdKsc w¾nqo j,§ ksIamdokh lr ;snQ NdKav j,ska iEfyk fldgila muKla fkdj ksIamdok n,fõ.hkaf.ao iEfyk fldgila mjd iEu jdrhl§u úkdYlr oukq ,efí' fuu w¾nqo j,§ Bg l,ska yeu jljdkqjl§u wuk ls%hdjla fia fmkS hd yels iudÔh jix.;hla wê ksIamdokh keu;s jix.;h oi; me;sr hhs' ysáyeáfha iudch ïf,aÉP;ajh lrd wdmiq weo jegqKq ieáhla ±fkhs' ÿ¾NslaIhla" iuia; f,dal úkdYldÍ hqoaOhla úiska Ôj;a ùfï udOHhka ish,a, lmd ±uQ lf,l fuka iudchg ±fkhs' l¾udka;h iy fj<odu úkdY jQjla fia ±fkhs' l=ula ksido@ jqjukdjg jvd jeä YsIaG;ajhla iudchg we;s ksidh" wjYH;djhg jvd jeä m%udKhla Ôjk udOHhka ;sfnk ksidh" jqjukdjg jvd jeä l¾udka;hla iy jdKschla iudch i;= ksidh' iudchg ßis mßÈ mdúÉÑ l< yels ksIamdok n,fõ.hka Okm;s foafmd< whs;sfha in|;djhka j¾Okh lsÍug ;j;a ÿr bv fkdfohs' tfy;a ta



fjkqjg" ksIamdok n,fõ. foam, in|;djhkag jvd buy;a f,i n,j;a fõ' Okjd§ in|;djhka tajdfha ixj¾Okhg ndod lrhs' fï ndod uev ke.S isàug ksIamdok n,fõ. bÈßm;a jQ úg" tajd uq¿ uy;a Okjd§ iudchu jHdl+,;ajhlg weo ouhs' Okjd§ foafmd< whs;sfha meje;au ;¾ckhg ,lalrhs' OfkaYajr iudcfha in|;djhka úiska ksmojk ,o Ok iïNdrh wvx.=lr ;eîug m%udKj;a fkdjk ;rñka th mgqúh' Okm;s mx;sh fï w¾nqohkaf.ka f.dv tkafka flfiao@ tla w;lska n,lsÍu ksid ksIamdok n,fõ.hkaf.a buy;a f;d.hla úkdYlr ±ófuks' wks;a w;ska" w¨;a fj<|fmd,j,a w,a,d .ekSfuka iy merKs fj<| fmd<j,a tfyu msákag iQrdlEfuks' th lrkafka flfiao@ jvd;a úia;S¾K jQo" jvd;a úkdYldÍ jQo w¾nqoj,g u. fy<slsÍfuka iy w¾nqo j,lajd,k udOHhka wvqlr,Sfuks' ro< l%uh uq<ska Wmqgd ±óug Okm;s mx;sh mdúÉÑ l< wú" ±ka Okm;s mx;shg tfrysj t,a, ùug mgka f.k we;'

;ukg urKh <.d lrk wú Okm;s mx;sh ksmojQjd muKla fkdj" fuu wú ;ukg úreoaOj t,a, lrk ñksiqkao" tkï iuld,Sk lïlrejka" ks¾OkSka ìys lf<ah'

Okm;s mx;sh" tkï m%d.aOkh jefvkafka hï m%udKhlgo" tu m%udKh iß,k fia iudkqmd;slj ks¾Ok mx;sh" kQ;k lïlre mx;sh j¾Okh fõ' fuu mx;sh ;ukag jev fidhd.; yels;dla l,a muKla mj;S" thg jev ,efnkafkao" th ish Y%ufhka m%d.aOkh jeälrk ;dla l,a muKls ;uka tl tld jYfhka fjka" fjkaj úl=Kd .; hq;= fï lïlrefjda" fj<odug ;nd we;s wka yeu NdKavhla fukau" fj<| NdKavhla jkakdy' fuys úmdlhla jYfhka Tjqyq ;r.fha ish¨ ch mrdchkago" ish¨ WÉPdjpkhgo f.dÿre fj;s'

hka;% iQ;% úia;S¾K f,i jeä jeäfhka mdúÉÑ lsÍu ksid;a" Y%u úNckh ksid;a" ks¾OkSkaf.a Y%ufhys fm!oa.,sl iajdëk iajrEmh w;=reoyka úh' ta wkqj" jevlrkakdg ;snQ jYSlrK;ajho ke;s úh' Tyq hka;%fha ir< Wmdx.hla njg m;aúh' Tyqf.ka b,a,d isákafka b;d ir<jQo" w;sYhskau tal;dkuh jQo" b;d f,fyisfhka ,nd.; yelsjQo ls%hdldß;ajhla muKls' lïlrejl=f.a ksIamdok úhou iïmQ¾Kfhkau mdfya" Tyqf.a Ôjk hemqï udOHhka i|yd;a" Tyqf.a j¾.h fnda lsÍu i|yd;a iSud fjhs' tfy;a NdKavhl ñ<;a" tu ksidu Y%ufha ñ<;a th ksmoùug hk úhoug iudk fjhs' tneúka jevl we;s úl¾Ykhg iudkqmd;slj" jegqma wvq fjhs' tmuKlao fkdfõ" hka;% iQ;% mdúÉÑh iy Y%u úNckh jeäjk m%udKhg iudkqmd;slj" jev lrk meh .Kk jeä lsÍfuka fyda tla;rd meh .Kkla ;=<§ jeh lrk Y%uh jeä lsÍfuka fyda tla;rd meh .Kkla ;=<§ jeh lrk Y%uh jeä lsÍfuka fyda hka;% iQ;%j, fõ.h jeälsÍfuka wdÈfhka fyda Y%u m%udKh jeä fjhs'

iuld,Sk l¾udka;h" mS;D uQ,sl Ys,amshdf.a l=vd jevfmd, ld¾ñl Okm;shdf.a uyd lïy, njg mßj¾;kh lf<ah' lïy,g tla/ia jQ lïlrejka fin¨ka f,i ixúOdkh lrk ,È' ld¾ñl fiajdfõ idudkH fin¨ka f,I Tjqka Wiia ks,OdÍkaf.a iy idckaÜ jrekaf.a wK §u hgf;a b;d iïmQ¾K OQrdj,shlg hg;afldg we;' Tjqyq Okm;s mx;sfha iy Okm;s wdKavqfõ jy¨ka muKla fkdfj;a' Tjqyq Èkm;du;a" mehla mdidu;a" hka;%fha;a" md,lhdf.a iy wka yeugu jvd fm!oa.,sl Okjd§ ksIamdolhdf.a;a jy¨ka njg m;afj;s' ;u wjidk iy tlu mrud¾:h ,dNh ,nd.ekSu nj fuu ÿIG taldêm;s;ajh m%isoaêfha m%ldY lrk ;rug" th jvd;a kSp" ffjr iy.;" jvd;a lDDr fomla njg m;afõ' ldhsl y%uh i|yd wjYH jk ksmqK;ajh iy ldhsl Yla;sh wvqjk ;rug" fjk;a jpk j,ska lshf;d;a" kQ;k l¾udka;h ixj¾Okh jk ;rug mqreIhskaf.a Y%ufha ia:dkh <ud iy ia;S% Y%uh úiska orkq ,efí lïlre mx;shg" jhia fNaoh iy ia;s% mqreI fNaoh úfYaI idudÔh jákdlu ;j ÿrg;a n,fkdmdhs' Tjqya ish¨ fokdu" jhi yd ,sx.sl fNaoh wkqj wvq fyda jeä úhoñka mdúÉÑ lrkq ,nk Y%u WmlrK njg m;afj;s'



lïlrejd l¾udka; ysñhd úiska iQrdlEu wjikaùu iy Tyqg jegqma ,efnkjd;a iu.u" Okysñ mx;sfha wfkl=;a fldgia jk f.j,a ysñhdo" lvldrhdo" fmd<Sldrhdo wd§yq Tyqu; lvd mks;s'

uOHu mx;sfha my< ;Ügq jk l=vd l¾udka; ysñfhdao" iq¿ fjf<kafodao" iq¿ fmd,Slrefjdao" yia;l¾udka; lrefjda iy f.dúfhdao hk fï fldgia ks¾Ok mx;sh olajd my;jefg;s wv jYfhka fufia ùug tla fya;=jlakï úYd, lïy,la mgka .ekSug ;rï Tjqkaf.a l=nd m%d.aOkh m%udKj;a fkdùuh" tfukau Tjqka úYd, Okm;Ska iu. lrk ;r.fha§ mrdchg m;aùuh' wksla fya;=jkï" kùk;u ksIamdok l%uúê Tjqkaf.a Ys,amuh olaI;djh fkdjgkd fohla njg m;alrkq ,eîuh' fï f,i ck.ykfha ish¨ mx;Skaf.ka ks¾Ok mx;shg mqoa.,hska n|jd.kq ,efí'

ixj¾Okfha úúO wjê ;=<ska ks¾Ok mx;sh .ukalrhs' ;u Wm;;a iu.u ks¾Ok mx;sh" Okm;s mx;shg úreoaOj wr.,h wdrïN lrhs'

wdrïNfha§ fuu wr.,h mgka.kafka ;ks ;ks lïlrejka úisks' bka blaì;sj tla lïy,l lïlrejka úiskao" wk;=rej tla jD;a;shl lïlrejka úiska tla fmfoil ;ukaj fl,skau iQrdlk Okm;shl=g úreoaOj wr.,h f.khkq ,efí' Tjqyq ish m%ydrh ksIamdokfha Okjd§ in|;djhkag úreoaOj muKla fkdj" ksIamdok WmlrKj,g úreoaOjo t,a, lr;s' Tjqyq ;u Y%uh iu. ;r. lrk wdkhks; NdKav úkdYlr;s" hka;% iQ;% lvdì| ou;s" lïy,a .sksn;a lr;s' uOH ld,Sk hq. j,§ lïlrejdg ;snqKq" ke;sù .sh ;;a;ajh" n,y;aldrfhka h<s ,nd .ekSug Tjqyq jer or;s'

fuu wjêfha§" lïlrefjda ;ju;a uq¿ uy;a rgmqrd me;sr mj;sk wixila; n,fj.h;a jk w;r" ;r.h ksid leã fjkaù isá;s lïlre nyq ck;djf.a talrdYsùu ;ju;a Tjqkaf.a iajhx iu.sfha m%;sM,hla fkdjk w;r th Okm;Skaf.a iu.sfha M,hla muKls' Okm;s mx;shg ish foaYmd,kuh wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug wjYH ksid thg uq¿ uy;a ks¾Ok mx;shu ls%hdfõ fhoùug isÿù we;' tmuKla fkdj thg ;j l,lg tfia lsÍugo yelshdjla we;' fï wjêfha§ ks¾OkSka igka lrkafka ;u i;=rkag úreoaOj fkdj" i;=rkaf.a i;=rka jk ksrfmalaI rdcdKavqfõ kgUqka j,g;a" bvï ysñhkag;a" ld¾ñl fkdjk Okm;s mx;shg;a" iq¿ Okm;s mx;shg;a úreoaOjh' fï wkqj uq¿ uy;a ft;sydisl ixj¾Ok jHdmdrh Okjd§ mx;sh w; ixflakaøKh fjhs tjeks ;;a;ajhka hgf;a ,nk iEu ch.%yKhlau" Okm;s mx;sfha ch.%yKhla jkafkah'

tfy;a l¾udka; ixj¾Okhka iu.u ks¾Ok mx;sh ixLHd;aul f,i jeä jkjd muKla fkdj" th jvd;a úYd, iuQyhka f,i talrdYS ù" ish Yla;sh j¾Okh l/ .kS" tfukau thg ish Yla;sh jeä jeäfhka ±fkhs' hka;% iQ;% u.ska Y%ufha ish¨ wkaofï úfYaI;ajhka uld ouk ;rug" yeu ;eklu mdfya tlu my;a uÜgulg jegqma fy<k ;rug" ks¾Ok mx;sfha úúO wjYH;djhka iy Ôjk ;;a;ajhka jv jvd;a tlu iudk;djhlg m;afõ' Okm;Ska w;r jeäfjñka mj;sk ;r.h;a" tys úmdlhla jYfhka mek k.sk jdKsc w¾nqO;a ksid lïlrejkaf.a jegqma jvd;a wiaÓr ;djhg Ndckh fjhs' hka;% iQ;% fkdlvjd ÈhqKqjk w;r jvd;a wêl fõ.hlska j¾Okh jk ksid ks¾Ok mx;sfha Èú fmfj; jv jvd;a iel iys; fjhs' tla tla lïlrejka iy tla tla Okm;Ska w;r yg.kakd wr., tkag tkagu mx;s folla w;r wr.,hl iajrEmh .kS' lïlrejka wdrïN lrkafka Okm;s mx;shg úreoaOj iNd. ^jD;a;Sh iñ;s& iE§ug mgka .ekSfuks' jegqma m%udKh my; jeàu j,lajd,kq msKsi Tjqyq tlg tlaù ls%hd lr;s' isÿúh yels yemamSï j,g iQodkïùu i|yd Tjqyq ia:djr ix.uhka msysgqjd .;ay' ;eka ;eka j, we;sjk fï yemamSï újD; .eàï j,g fmrf<hs'



lïlrejka b|ysg ch .;a;o" tu ch.%yKh ;djld,sl tajd úh' Tjqkaf.a igka wr.,j, kshu m%;sM,h jkafka iDcq laIKsl ch fkdj" jvd;a mq¿,a f,i me;sfrk lïlre tlai;aluh' úYd, l¾udka;h úiska ìyslrk" úúO fmfoiaj, lïlrejka w;r wfkHdakH iïnkaOlula we;slrk jvd;a ÈhqKq fjk iïnkaO ud¾. fuu tlai;a ix.uhg wdOdr fjhs' iudk iajrEmhlska hq;a úúO m%dfoaYSh wr., talSh cd;sl mx;s wr.,hla ;=<g uOH.; lr,Sug wjYH jQfha fï iïnkaO;djh muKls' tfy;a yeu mx;s igklau foaYmd,k igkls' ld,lKAKs uyd udj;a iys; uOH ld,Sk hq.j, kd.ßlhskag ishjir lSmhla ;siafia uqÿkamuqKqjd .ekSug fkdyels jQ fuu ix.uh iu ld,Sk ks¾Okfhda ÿïßh fiajdjkag mskaisÿ jkakg jir lSmhlska imqrdÆy'

fï f,i mx;shlg ks¾Okhska ixúOdkh lsÍuo" ta wkqj Tjqka foaYmd,k mlaIhlg ixúOdkh lsÍuo lïlrejka w;r fudfyd;la mdid mek k.sk ;r.h ksid úkdY fõ' tfy;a fuu ixúOdkh h,s;a jrla ke.S isákafka jvd;a Yla;su;a fjñks" jvd;a iaÓr f,isks" jvd;a n, iïmkak f,isks' Okm;Skaf.a úúO fldgia w;r we;sjk fNao j,ska m%fhdackh .ksñka" fuh lïlrejkaf.a ;ks b,a,Sï j,g kS;Hdkql=, ms<s.ekSula Èkd.ekSug n,lrhs' tx.,ka;fha Èklg meh oyfha jev mK; iïu;lrjd .;af;a fï wdldrhgh' fmdÿfõ merKs iudcfha wNHka;ßl >Ügkh fndfyda w;ska ks¾Ok mx;sfha ixj¾Oksl ls%hdoduhg fya;= fõ' Okm;s mx;sh ia:djr wr.,hl fh§ isà' m%:ufhka ro< l=,Skhskag úreoaOjo" bka blaì;sj" l¾udka; m%.uKhg mgyeks jqjukdjka we;s Okm;s fldgia j,g úreoaOjo" ks;H jYfhkau ish¨ úfoaYsh rgj, Okm;Skag úreoaOjo Okm;s mx;sh igka lrhs' fï ish¿ ix.%du j,§ ks¾Ok mx;shg wdhdpkd lsÍugo" tu mx;sfha wOdr b,a,d isàugo" tu.ska tu mx;sh foaYmd,k jHdmdrhg weo .ekSugo Okm;s mx;shg isÿfjhs' tu ksid iajlSh foaYmd,kuh yd fmdÿ wOHdmkh Okm;s mx;sh ks¾Ok mx;shg ,ndfohs" tkï" Okm;s mx;shg úreoaOj igka lsÍug ks¾OkSkag wú ,nd fohs'

;jo" wm ±kgu;a ÿgq mßÈ" l¾udka; m%.ukh u.ska" md,l mx;Skaf.a fldgia ks¾Ok mx;shg weo oukq ,efí' ke;fyd;a" hg;a msßfihska tajdfha meje;au wrNhd jQ ;;a;ajhkag ;¾ckh t,a, flf¾' fï fldgia ks¾Ok mx;shg m%nqoaO;ajfha iy m%.;sfha uQ,sldx. imh;s'

wjidkfha§" mx;s igfka ;SrKd;aul fudfyd; ióm jk úg" md,l mx;sh ;=<" uq¿ uy;a merKs iudch ;=< Èrdm;aùfï ls%hdoduh fl;rï m%pKav" fl;rï ;shqKq iajrEmhla .kafkaoh;a" md,l mx;sfhka iq¿ fldgila leã fjkaù" úma,jjd§ mx;shg" wkd.;h ysñ mx;shg tl;= fjhs' óg l,ska" ro< l=,Skhskaf.ka fldgila Okm;s mx;shg .shdla fukau" ±ka Okm;s mx;sfhka fldgila - tkï" iuia:hla jYfhka ft;sydisl ls%hdoduh kHdhsl f,i idlaId;a lr .ekSfï ;;a;ajh olajd Wiia ù we;s Okm;s oDIaÀ jd§kaf.ka fldgila - ks¾Ok mx;sh fj; meñfKhs'

Okm;s mx;shg úreoaOj uqyqKg uqyqK,d ke.S isák ish¨ mx;Ska w;=frka" ks¾Ok mx;sh muKla wo kshu úma,jjd§ mx;sh fõ' kùk uyd l¾udka;fha ixj¾Okh ksid b;sß ish¨ mx;Syq Èrdm;aùulg yiqj wjidkfha§ úkdYù h;s' ks¾Ok mx;sh tys iajlShu jQ;a" wjYH jQ;a M,h fõ'

ueo mx;Skaf.a fldgia( l=vd l¾udka; ysñhd" iq¿ fjf<kaod" yia; l¾udka; Ys,amshd" f.dúhd wd§yq ueo mx;sfha fldgia jYfhka ish úkdYh j,lajd,kq msKsi Okm;s mx;shg úreoaOj igka lr;s' fï fya;=j ksid Tjqyq úma,jjd§ka fkdj .;dkq.;slhska jkakdy' tmuKla fkdj Tjqyq m%;s.dñfhdah' b;sydifha bÈß.uk keu;s frdaoh wdmiq lrleùug Tjqyq uykais or;s'



Tjqka úma,jjd§ fj;s kï" thg fya;=j Tjqkag fkdfnda Èklskau ks¾Ok mx;shg we;=¨ùug isÿù we;s neúks' Tjqka wdrlaId lrkafka Tjqkaf.a woH;k jqjukdjka fkdj" wkd.; jqjukdjkah' Tjqka tfia lrkafka" ;u ia:djrh w;yer ks¾Ok mx;sl ia:djrh .ekSu msKsih'

zzmdov ks¾Ok mx;sh29ZZ fyj;a iudÔh l=Kqlkao,a" ke;skï merKs iudcfha my, ;Ügqj úiska bj;g ouk ,o wl¾uKH f,i l=Kqfjñka mj;sk fldgi tla fyda ;j;a ;ekl ks¾Ok mx;sl úma,jhlska jHdmdrh ;=<g we§ taug bv we;' flfia jqjo Ôjk ;;ajhka wkqj" m%;s.dó l=uka;%K j,§ fï fldgia w,a,ia j,g hgù l%shd lrk wú njg m;aùfï keUqrej fnfyúka n,mdhs'

merKs iudcfha ;;ajhka" ks¾Ok mx;sl ðjk ;;ajhka hgf;a iïmQ¾Kfhkau .s,S hh’' ks¾Okhdg foam< ke;' Tyq iy Tyqf.a mjq,o" ¥ orejkao w;r we;s in|;djhka yd Okjd§ mjq,a in|;djhka w;r ;jÿrg;a lsisÿ fmdÿ njla ke;' m%xYfha fukau tx.,ka;fhao" c¾uksfha fukau weußldfõo tl iudk jQ iuld,Sk l¾udka;uh Y%uhg" iuld,Sk m%d.aOkhg hg;aùu ksid Tyqf.a yeu cd;sl ,laIkhlau wlduld oud we;' kS;sh" iodpdrh" wd.u wdÈh Tyqg wka lsisjla fkdj" Okjd§ m%d.a úksYaphka muKls' fïjd Okm;s whs;sh jika lrk lv;=rdjkah'

óg fmr mx;s" wdÈm;H ,nd.;a miq" tajd úiska ta jk úg ,nd.;a ;;ajh ;yjqre lr .ekSu i|yd" tajd úiska wh;a lr .;a fldkafoais j,g uq¿ uy;a iudchu mrd§k lsÍu u.ska ;yjqre lr,Sug mßY%u ±rEy' ;u mQ¾j wh;a lr .ekSfï l%uh úkdY lrñka" tu.ska Bg fmr mej;s wh;a lr .ekSfï ish¿ l%u úkdY lrñka muKla ks¾OkSkag iudch ksIamdokh wh;a lr .; yels jkafkah' ks¾Ok mx;shg /l.ekSug fyda wdrlaId lr .ekSug fyda lsisjla fkdue;' fuf;la fm!oa.,sl foam, /lj,a lsÍu iy rlaIKh lsÍu l< yeu fohlau úkdY lr ,Su Tjqkaf.a ¥; fufyh jkafkah'

fuf;la mej;s ft;sydisl jHdmdr ish,a,u w,am;rfha jHdmdr ke;fyd;a" w,am;rfha Wjukdjka i|yd jQ jHdmdr fõ' ks¾Ok mx;sl jHdmdrh" w;s nyq;rfha Wjukdjka i|yd jQ w;s nyq;rfha iajdëk jHdmdrhhs' iuld,Sk iudcfha my,u ;Ügqj jk ks¾Ok mx;shg" ;uka msg ke.S isák ks, iudcfhka iukaú; jQ Wvq jHqyh iS iS lv hk fia ùis fkdlr" ke.sg isàugj;a iDcq f,i fldkao fl,ska lsÍugj;a fkdmq¿jk'

ks¾Ok mx;sh Okm;s mx;shg úreoaOj lrk wr.,h yrh wkqj fkdfõ kï" rEmdkql+,j kï" uq,§ cd;sl wr.,hls' yeu rglu Okm;s mx;sh m%:u fldgu iajlSh Okm;s mx;sh iu. .kqfokq fírd wjika l< hq;=h'

ks¾Ok mx;sfha ixj¾Okh wrNhd jQ b;d fyd| wjê úia;r lsÍfï§" ±kg mj;sk iudch ;=< wvqjeä jYfhka wdjrKh jQ rgjeis isú,a hqoaOh" újD; úma,jhla njg fmrf,k wjia:djla olajd" Okm;s mx;sh m%pKav f,i n,fhka my lr ±ófuka ks¾Ok mx;sfha wdêm;Hh i|yd mokï ±óu olajd wms igyka lf<uq'

wm ±kgu;a ±l ;sfnk mßÈ" fuf;la yeu iudcl%uhlau mokï ù ;sfnkafka mSvl iy mSä; mx;Ska w;r jQ m%;súfrdaO;djhka w;rh’ tfy;a lsishï mx;shla md.df.k isàug kï tu mx;shg hg;a msßfika" ;u jy,a ðú;h mj;ajdf.k hdug m%udKj;a jk ;;ajhka mSvl mx;sh úiska iy;sl l< hq;=h' m%fõksodi l%uh mej;s ld,fha§" m%fõksodihd kd.ßl iudcfha - fldñhqkfha iudðlhd olajd by, ke.af.ah' tf,iu ro, mrujdofha úh.ig



hg;a ù isá iq¿ Okm;shd Okm;shd olajd ÈhqKq ùug iu;a úh' tfy;a thg mgyeksj" iuld,Sk lïlrejd l¾udka;fha m%.ukhka iu. by, fkdhh’' ;u mx;sfha meje;afï ;;ajhkag;a jvd my,g weo jefghs' Tyq wka; È<sÿ njg m;a fjhs' oßø;djh ck.ykhg;a" Okhg;a jvd iS>% f,i j¾Okh fjhs' iudc wdêm;Hh Wiq,k mx;sh jYfhka ;jÿrg;a mej;Sug;a" ;u mx;sfha meje;aug wod, jQ ;;ajhka uq¿ uy;a iudch u; ish,a, uev mj;ajk wkql%ñl kS;shla f,i mekùug;a Okm;s mx;shg fkdyels nj b;d meyeÈ,s f,i fmfka' Okm;s mx;sfha md,khg iqÿiq fkdjkafka ish jy,dg Tjqkaf.a jy,a ;;ajh hgf;aj;a ðj;a ùfï ;;ajhka iy;sl lsÍug th wfmdfydi;a jk neúks' Tjqkaf.ka hefmkjd fjkqjg" Tyqg hemSug isÿjk ;;ajhlg Tyq m;aùu j,lajd,Sug thg fkdyels neúka iudchg ;jÿrg;a Okm;s mx;sh hgf;a ðj;a úh fkdyelsh" tkï tys meje;au iudchg ;jÿrg;a fkd.e,fma'

Okm;s mx;sfha meje;aug iy tys wdêm;Hg wjYH fldkafoaish kï" mqoa.,hka lSm fofkl= w;r Okh iuqÉph ùu;a m%d.aOkh iïmdok ùu iy ty jeäùu;a h' m%d.aOkh meje;afï fldkafoaish kï jegqma Y%uhh' jegqma Y%uh uq¿ukskau r|dmj;skafka lïlrejka w;r mj;sk ;r.h u;h' Okm;s mx;sh õiska wksÉPdkq.;j j¾Okh lrk l¾udka;fha m%.ukh lïlrejka w;r ;r.fhka mek k.sk wiu.sh" fjkqjg Tjqkaf.a iu.s ikaOdkfhka mekk.sk úma,ùh iu.shla we;slr,hs' tneúka iuld,Sk uyd l¾udka;fha ixj¾Okh Okm;s mx;sh ksImdokh lrk ksIamdÈ; NdKav wh;a lr .ekSfï moku ù we;s w;a;sjdru tys uq,skau ydrd ouhs' tndúka Okm;s mx;sh wka yeu foagu jeäfhka ksmojkafka ;u ñkSj,j,a ydrkakkah' Okm;s mx;sfha jeàug;a" ks¾Ok mx;sfha ch.%yKh;a tlfia fkdje,elaúh yelsh'



II. ks¾Okfhda iy fldñhqksiaÜjdÈfhda

fldñhqksiaÜjd§ka iy fmdÿfõ ks¾Ok mx;sh w;r we;s in|;djh l=ulao @

fldñhqksiaÜjdÈyq fjk;a lïlre mx;sl mlaIj,g úreoaOj foaYmd,k mlaI fkdido;s'

iuia;hla jYfhka ks¾Ok mx;sfhau jqjukdjka yer tajdg fjkia jQ;a" tajdhska mßndysr jQ;a fjk;a lsisÿ jqjukdjka fldñhqksiaÜjd§kag fkdue;'

ks¾Ok mx;sl jHdmdrh yev .iajd jd;a;= lsÍu i|yd fldñhqksiaÜjdÈfhda ;ukaf.au ksldhjd§ uQ,O¾u lsisjla we;s fkdlr;s'

fldñhqksiaÜjd§ka wksl=;a ks¾Ok mx;sl mlaI j,ska fjkaù fmfkkafka fï lreKq j,ska muKls' tla w;lska fldñhqksiaÜjre úúO rgj, ks¾OkSkaf.a wr., j,§" cd;sh l=ula jqjo" thg iajdëkj mj;sk uq¿ uy;a ks¾Ok mx;sfhau fmdÿ jqjukdjka fjkafldg fmkajñka tAjd fmruqKg f.k t;s' wks;a w;ska" Okm;s mx;shg úreoaOj we;s lïlre mx;s igka wr., .uka .kakd jQ úúO ixj¾Ok wjê j,§ fldñhqksiaÜjre iEu úgu;a" iEu ;ekl§u;a iuia;hla jYfhka uq¿ jHdmdrfha jqjukdjka ksfhdackh lrkafkda fj;s'

fuu fya;=j ksid fldñhqksiaÜjd§ka jHjydßl jYfhka yeu rglu lïlre mx;s mlaIj, b;d wêIaGdk iy.; iy bÈß .ukg wdiajdoh ,nd fok mqfrda.dó fldgi fõ' kHdhsl jYfhka Tjqkg ks¾Ok mx;sl jHdmdrfha ;;ajh" .uka ud¾.h yd fmdÿ m%;sM, .ek meyeÈ,s wjfndaOhla we;s neúka Tjqkg ks¾Ok mx;sfha fiiq nyq ck;djg ke;s jdishla we;af;ah'

fldñhqksiaÜjd§kaf.a laIKsl wruqK" wka ish¿ ks¾Ok mx;sl mlaI j, laIKsl wruqKuh' tkï" mx;shla jYfhka ks¾OkSka ixúOdkh lsÍuh" Okjd§ wdêm;Hh uq,skqmqgd oud" ks¾Ok mx;shg foaYmd,k n,h ,nd §uh'

úYaj iudc m%;sixialdrlhl= f,I fmkS isàug ;e;a lrk tla fyda ;j;a mqoa.,fhl= úiska ksmojk ,o" ke;skï fidhd .kakd ,o ixl,am fyda uQ,O¾u u; fldñhqksiaÜjd§kaf.a kJdhsl ks.ukhka lsis f,ilskaj;a mokïù ke;'

yqfola jdia;úl f,i mj;sk mx;s wr.,hla ;=,ska" wfma weia bÈßfhau flÍ f.k hk" ft;sydisl l%shdoduhla ;=,ska mek k.sk in|;djhka fmdÿfõ m%ldY lsÍu muKla fï kJdhsl ks.ukhka flf¾' ±kg mj;sk foafmd< in|;djhka wfydais lr ±óu lsisfia;au fldñhqksiaÜjdofha úfYaI ,laIKhla fkdfõ'

w;S;fha ish¿ foafmd< in|;djhka ft;sydisl ;;ajhkaf.a fjkia ùfï úmdlhla jYfhka ft;sydisl fjkia ùï j,g wúÉÑkak f,iu Ndckh ù we;' m%xY úma,jh ksoiqkla jYfhka" Okm;s foafmd< l%uh we;s lr,Sfuka" ro<jd§ foafmd< l%uh wfydais lf,ah'



foafmd< fmdÿ jYfhka wfydais lr ±óu fkdj Okjd§ foafmd< l%uh wj,x.= lr ±óu fldñhqksiaÜjdofha úfYaI ,laIKh fõ'

tfy;a iuld,Sk Okjd§ fm!oa.,sl foafmd< l%uh" mx;s m%;súfrdaO;d u;" ál fofkl= úsiska jeä fofkl= iQrd lEu u; mokï jQ ksIamdokh lsÍu iy ksIamdÈ; NdKAv wh;a lr .ekSu ms<sn|j wjidk jQ;a w;s mQ¾KjQ;a m%ldYkhhs'

fï w¾:fhka fldñhqksiaÜjd§kaf.a kHdhhg fujeks w¾: l:khla Èh yelsh' tkï" fm!oa.,sl foafmd< l%uh wfydais lr ±óuh'

fldñhqksiaÜjd§ka jk wmg fodaIdfrdamKhka t,a, fldg we;af;a" ish¿ fm!oa.,sl ksoyfia" l%shdldß;ajfha iy iajdëk;ajfha moku hehs lshkq ,nk" ñksyl=g ;u Y%ufha M,hla jYfhka fm!oa.,sl whs;s lr .; yels foafmd< whs;sh wfydais lr ±ófï wNs,dIhla wm ;=, ;sfnk neúks'

wudrefjka Èkd.;a" iajhx Wmd¾ð;" iajhx Y%ufhka ,nd.;a foafmd<æ Tn lshkafka Okjd§ foafmd< l%uhg fmr mej;s" l=vd yia; l¾udka; Ys,amshdf.a iy l=vd f.dúhdf.a foafmd< .eko@ tu foafmd< úkdY lr,Sug wmg lsisÿ jqjukdjla ke;' l¾udka; ixj¾Okh úiska w;s úYd, jYfhka fuh úkdY lr we;' th ±kgu;a Èkm;d th úkdY lrñka isà'

ke;skï" Tn iuyr úg l;d lrkafka iuld,Sk Okm;s mx;sfha foafmd< .eko@

tfy;a jegqma Y%uh" ks¾Okhdf.a Y%uh Tyqg lsishï foafmd<la ks¾udKh lrhso@ fldfy;au ke;' th ks¾udKh lrkafka m%d.aOkhhs' tkï" th jegqma Y%uh iQrd lk foafmd< ks¾udKh lrhs' w¿;ska iQrd lEu i|yd w¿;a jegqma Y%u f;d.hla ,nd .ekSfï ;;ajh hgf;a ñi wka f,ilska jeäùug fkdyels foafmd<h’ j;auka wdldrh iys; foafmd< mokï ù we;af;a m%d.aOkh;a" jegqma Y%uh;a w;r jQ m%;súfrdaë;d u;h’ wms ±ka fï m%;s.;;djfha fome;a; msßlaid n,uq'

Okm;sfhl= ùug ksIamdokfhys yqfola fm!oa.,sl ;;ajhla muKla fkdj" iudÔh ;;a;ajhlao wjYH fõ' m%d.aOkh iduQysl M,hls' th ks¾udKh fldg l%shd lrúh yelafla iudcfha idudðlhska fndfyda fofkl=f.a l%shdldß;ajh ;=,ska muKls' tmuKla fkdj" wjidkfha§" iudcfha idudðlhskaf.a tlai;a l%shdldÍ;ajh ;=,ska muKls'

tneúka m%d.aOkh fm!oa.,sl fkdj iudc n,hls'

tu ksid" m%d.aOkh fmdÿ foafmd< njg" iudcfha ish¿ idudðlhskaf.a foafmd< njg mßj¾;kh lrk úg tu.ska fm!oa.,sl foafmd< idudÔh foafmd< njg mßj¾;kh fkdfjhs' foafmd<j, iudcuh iajrEmh muKla fjkia fjhs tys' mx;s iajrEmh ke;sfjhs'

±ka wms jegqma Y%uh f.k n,uq'



jegqma Y%ufha idudkH ñ< kï" wjuh jegqmhs" tkï lïlrejd yqÿ lïlrejl= f,i hï;ï Ôj;a fldg ;nd .ekSug wjYH" ksrfmalaI hemqï udOHhkaf.a iuia;hhs' tneúka jegqma Y%ñlhd ;u Y%uh u.ska wh;a lr .kafka ;u Ôú;h È.a.eiaiùug iy th m%;sksIAmdokh lsÍug wjYH wju m%udKhla muKls' fï wdldrfha Y%u M,hla úkdY lr ±óug wm fldfy;au woyia fkdlrkafka" th ñksia Ôú;h mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd;a ñksia Ôú;h m%;s ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd;a jeh jk w;r th wkqkaf.a Y%uh iQrd lk md,khla we;s lrk w;sßla;hla b;sß fkdlrk neúks' wmg úkdY lsÍug jqjukd ù we;af;a fï wh;a lr .ekSfï ld,lKaKs iajrEmh muKls' fï wh;a lr .ekSu hgf;a lïlrejd Ôj;a jkafka yqfola m%d.aOkh jeä lsÍu i|ydh' tfukau md,l mx;sfha jqjukdjkag wjYH jk f;la Tyqg Ôj;a ùug bv§ we;'

Okm;s iudch ;=, Ôjudk Y%uh" iuqÉp.; lrk ,o Y%uh jeä lr,Sfï udOHhla muKls' fldñhqksiaÜjd§ iudchla ;=, iuqÉp.; lrk ,o Y%uh lïkrejdf.a meje;au mq¿,a lsÍug;a" th fmdfydi;a lr,Sug;a" myiq lÍug;a fhdok udOHhla muKls'

ta wkqj Okjd§ iudch ;=, j¾;udkh uev w;S;h wdêm;Hh Wiq,hs' fldñhqksiaÜjd§ iudch ;=, w;S;h uev j¾;udkh wdêm;Hh Wiq,kq we;' Okjd§ iudch ;=, m%d.aOkh iajdëkh" fm!oa.,sl;ajfhka hqla;h" tfy;a Ôjudk jev lrk mqoa.,hd mrdëkh" fm!oa.,sl;ajfhka f;drh'

fujeks in|;djhka úkdY lr,Su Okm;s mx;sh yÿkajkafka fm!oa.,sl;ajh iy ksoyi ke;s lr,Sila f,isks' Tjqka ksjerÈh' w;a; jYfhkau fuys§ wfma wruqK ù ;sfnkafka" Okjd§ fm!oa.,sl;ajh;a" Okjd§ ksoyi;a" Okj§ iajdëk;ajh;a ke;s lr ,Suh'

ksIamdokh ms<sn| wOH;k Okm;s ;;ajhka hgf;a ksoyi hkq fj<odfï ksoyih" wf,ú lsÍfï ksoyih" ñ<§ .ekSfï ksoyih'

tfy;a wf,ú lsÍu iy ñ<§ .ekSu w;=reoyka jkafka kï" ksoyia fj<odu iy ksoyia ñ<§ .ekSu;a w;=reoyka fjhs' ksoyfia wf,ú lsÍu iy ñ<§ .ekSu wrUhd jQ fï l;dfõ;a" fmdÿfõ ksoyi wrUhd jQ wfma Okm;s mx;sfha wka ish¿ —mïfmdaß l;d j,;a˜ lsishï f;areula wef;d;a" we;af;a tu uOH ld,Sk hq.j, meje;s iajdëk;ajfhka f;drjQ iSud iys; wf,ú lsÍu yd ñ<§ .ekSu iys;j jy,a ;;ajfha isÜ fjf<kaoka iuÕ ikaikaokh lrk úg muKls' tfy;a wf,ú lsÍu iy ñ<§ .ekSu;a" ksImdokh lsÍfï Okjd§ in|;djhka iy Okm;s l%uh;a úkdY lr,Sfï fldñhqksiaÜ l%uh iuÕ ikikaokh lrk úg tys lsisÿ f;areula ke;'

Tn ;e;sf.k isákafka fm!oa.,sl foafmd< ke;s kr ±ófï wmf.a wNsm%dh .ekh' tfy;a ±kg mj;sk Tfí iudch ;=, oyfhka fldgia kjhlgu fm!oa.,sl foafmd< ±kgu;a ke;s lr oud we;' iudcfha oyfhka fldgia kjhlgu fm!oa.,sl foafmd< ke;s fya;=j ksidu iaj,am fofkl=g th we;af;ah' tneúka" iudcfha w;s nyq;rhg lsisÿ foafmd<la fkd;sîu" iajlSh meje;au i|yd wjYH ;;ajh jYfhka mj;sk foafmd< l%uh ke;s lr ±óug wm woyia lrk ksid Tn wmg fodia mjrkafkysh'

tl jpkhlska lshf;d;a" Tfí foafmd< ke;s lsÍug woyia lsÍu .ek Tn wmg fodia mjrkafkysh' i;a;lskau tfiah' wms we;a;jYfhkau tfia lsÍug woyia lruq'



Y%u Yla;sh" m%d.aOkh" uqo,a" bvï nÿ l=,sh njg ;jÿrg;a mßj¾;kh lsÍug fkdyels" fláfhka lshf;d;a" taldêldÍ n,hlg k;= l, yels iudÔh n,hg mßj¾;kh l< fkdyels fudfydf;a isg tkï" fm!oa.,sl foafmd< Okjd§ foafmd< njg ;jÿrg;a mßj¾;kh l, fkdyels fudfydf;a isg" fm!oa.,sl;ajh úkdY fj;shs Tn lshkafkysh'

tneúka mqoa.,hd hkqfjka Tn woyia lrkafka Okm;shd yer" ke;fyd;a Okjd§ foafmd< ysñhd yer wka lsisjl= fkdjk nj Tn fkdiÕjd ms,s.; hq;=h' fujeks mqoa.,fhl= ienúkau ke;s lr ±ñh hq;=h'

fldñhqksiaÜjdoh iudcfha M, wh;a lr .ekSfï yelshdj lsisjl=f.ka meyer fkd.kS' tjeks wh;a lr .ekSï u.ska wkqkaf.a Y%uh jy,a lr .ekSfï yelshdj Tyqf.ka Wÿrd .ekSu muKla th bgq lr ,hs'

fm!oa.,sl foafmd< wfydais lr ±ófuka blaì;sj" yeu jevlau k;r ù" iuia; f,dal w,iNdjhla rc lrkq we;ehso hkqfjka úreoaO;ajhla u;= fldg we;'

fuh i;Hhla kï" w,i lu ksid Okjd§ f,dalh úkdYù hd hq;=j ;snqfka óg fndfyda l,lg fmrh' ukao h;a" tu iudch ;=, jev lrk wh i;=j lsisjla fkd;snqKq nejeks' ish¿ foafmd< wh;alr f.k isák jqka jev fkdlrk neúks' m%d.aOkh ;jÿjrg;a fkdmj;sk l,ays" jegqma Y%uhlgo mej;sh fkdyels hehs lshk úg uq¿ uy;a úreoaO;ajh wka lsisjla fkdj mqk¾jdplfha ;j;a m%ldYkhla muKls'

øjHuh NdKav ksmoùfï iy wh;a lr .ekSfï fldñhqksiaÜjd§ wdldrhg tfrysj bÈßm;a lrk ish¿ úreoaO;ajhka nqoaêuh M, ksmoùfï iy wh;a lr .ekSfï fldñhqksiaÜjd§ wdldr j,g tfrysjo tf,iu bÈßm;a lr we;' Okm;s mx;shg wh;a foafmd< wfydais lr ±óu" uq¿uy;a ksIamdokhu wfydais lr ±óula f,i Okm;shd úiska .Kka .kq ,nkafka hï fiao tfiau Okm;s mx;shg wh;a ixialD;sh wfydais lr ,Su" ixialD;sh iuia;hla jYfhka wfydais lr,Sula fia Tyq i,lhs'

ke;sù hdu ksid Tyqf.a fodïkig Ndckh ù we;s ta ixialD;sh w;s uy;a nyq;rhg kï" hka;%hla jYfhka l%shd lsÍu i|yd fokq ,nk mqyqKqjla muKls'

tfy;a Okjd§ foafmd, wfydais lr,Su uek ne,Su msksi iajdëk;ajh" ixialD;sh iy kS;sh wdÈh ms<sn|jQ Tfí ixl,am fhdok ;=re Tn wm iuÕ újdo fkdlrkak' Tnf.a kS;s ix.%yh" ish¿foa u; n,mdk kS;shla olajd Wiia lrk ,o Tn mx;sfhau wNsu;h jkakdfiau" Tfí mx;sfha meje;au ms<snoj jQ øjHuh ;;ajhka uÕska ;SrKh lrkq ,nk wNsu;hla jkakd fiau" Tfí ixl,amo Okm;s ksIamdok in|;djhka iy Okm;s foam, whs;sh ms<sn| Okjd§ in|;djhkaf.a M,hfõ'

ksIamdok in|;djhka f.ka iy foam, ms<sn| in| ;djhkaf.ka mek k.sk idudÔh iajrEmhka ksImdok ixj¾Ok l%shdodufha§ we;s ù" ke;s ù hk ft;sydisl in|;djhka iajNdj O¾ufha iy m%nqoaO;ajfha iodld,Sk kS;s njg mßj¾;kh lsÍug Tn fmd<Ujd,k ta wd;aud¾:ldó idjµ úl,amkh Tng muKla iSud jQjla fkdj" Tng l,ska meje;s iy wNdjhg .sh yeu md,l mx;shlgu fmdÿ jQjls' fm!rdKsl foafmd< ms<sn|j;a" ro<jd§ foafmd< ms<sn|j;a Tfí jegySu yd Tfí ms<s.ekSu Okjd§ foafmd< iïnkaOfhka Tn jgyd .ekSug fldfy;au ms<s.ekSug iQodkï ke;'



mjq, úkdY lr ±óu" w;s /äl,ajd§ mqoa.,hd mjd fuu b;d wmlS¾;su;a wNsm%dh ksid fldamdkaú; fjhs' iuld,Sk" Okjd§ mjq, mokïù ;sfnkafka l=uk w;a;sjdrula u;o@ m%d.aOkh u;h" fm!oa.,sl ,dNh u;h' iïmQ¾K f,i j¾Okh jQ iajrEmhlska fï mjq, mj;skafka Okm;s mx;sh i|yd muKls' tfy;a fï ;;ajfhys wkqmQrlh ù we;af;a ks¾OkSka w;r kshu mjq,a Ôú;hla fkdue;s ùu;a m%isoaO .Ksld jD;a;shla ;sîu;ah'

fï wkqmQrlh w;=reoyka jk úg" Okjd§ mjq,o iajNdjfhkau w;=reoyka fjhs' m%d.aOkh w;=reoyka ùu;a iuÕ fï folu w;=reoyka jkafkah'

Tn wmg fpdaokd lrkafka" orejka iajlSh foudmshka úiska iQrd lEu kj;ajd,Sug wmg jqjukd ksido@ fï wmrdOhg jerÈlrejka nj wms ms<s.ksuq'

tfy;a .Dyuh wOHdmkh ke;s lr oud ta fjkqkg idudÔh wOHdmkhla we;s lrk úg" ñksidg w;sYhskau jgkd in|lï wm úkdY lr;shs Tn mjikafkysh'

Tfí wOHdmkh idudÔh fkdjkafkao@ kshu fyda wkshï fyda jYfhka flfrk iudcfha ueoy;a ùu uÕska mdi,a udOHfhka Tn wOHdmkh fokafka hï idudÔh ;;ajhka hgf;ao" tu idudÔh ;;ajhka u.ska th ;SrKh fkdjkafkao@ wOHdmkh §fï§ iudcfha n,mEu fldñhqksiaÜjd§ka úiska ujkq ,enQ fohla fkdfõ' tu wOHdmkfha iajrEmh muKla fjkia lsÍu fldñhqksiaÜjd§kaf.a jEhu fjhs' md,l mx;sfha n,mEfuka wOHdmkh .,jd .ekSu muKls'

iuld,Sk uyd mßudK l¾udka;fha ixj¾Okh u.ska ks¾OkSka w;r we;s ish¿ mjq,a in|;djhka brd ouk ;rug ks¾OkSkaf.a ¥ orejka ir, fj<| NdKav njg yd Y%u WmlrK njg mßj¾;kh lrk ;rug" mjq, iy wOHdmkh .ek;a foudmshka iy ¥ orejka w;r uDÿ in|lï .ek;a jQ Okjd§ mx;sfha /já,s iy.; ysia m%,dm ;jÿrg;a ms<sl=,a iy.; fjhs'

tfy;a fldñkshqiaájd§ka jk kqU,d ia;%Ska fmdÿfú mdßfNda. lssÍulg bÈßm;a ù we;ehs Okm;Syq tlyçka fnßyka fo;s'

Okm;shd ish ìß| i,lkafka o yqfola ksIamdok WmlrKhla f,igh' ish¨ ksIamdok WmlrK fmdÿfú mdúÉÑ lsÍug hk njla Tyqg wefihs' ta wkqj iajNdjfhkau fmdÿ mdßfNdackfha brKu tf,iu ia;%Skago n,md;shs hk woyi yer fjk;a fohla is;d .ekSug fyda wfmdfydi;a fjhs'

ia;%Ska yqfola ksIamdok WmlrK muKla yeáhg is;Sfñ ;;a;ajfhka Tjqka uqojd,Su wfma wruqK hehs wkqudk jYfhka l,amkd lsÍug ;rïj;a Tyqg Yla;shla ke;'

fldñkshqksiaájreka ks, jYfhka msysgqjd,Sug h;shs Okm;Ska lshk ia;%Ska fmdÿfú mdßfNdackh lsÍfñ l%uh flfrys Okm;Ska olajk Wiia wOHd;añl fldamhg jvd ydiHckl fohla ;j;a ke;' ia;%Ska fmdÿfú mdßfNdackh lsÍu fldñkshqiaájrekag w¿;ska bÈßm;a lsÍug jqjukdla ke;' th wkdÈu;a ld,hl isg mej; tkakls'



wfma Om;sfhda m%isoaO .Ksldjka yereKq úg" ks¾OkSkaf.a ìßhka yd ¥jreka o ;ukg rsis fia mdúÉÑ lr;s' Tjqfkdjqkaf.a nsrshka iu. wkdprfha yeisfrñka bka iuyrla ;Dma;shla ,n;s'

OkjdoS újdyh ienjskau fmdÿq Nd¾Hd l%uhls' tneúka fldñhqksiaájdoSkag úreoaOj Okm;Skag l< yels Wmßuh fodaIdfrdamkh jkafka jxpksl f,i i.jd we;s fmdÿ Nd¾Hd l%uh ks, jYfhka újD; f,i lsÍug hkafkah lshdh' j;auka ksIamdok l%uh wfydis lr ±óu;a iu.u ta iudc l%uhfhka mek ke.s fmdÿ Nd¾Hd l%uh;a" tkñ m%isoaêfha iy wm%isoaêfha lefrk .Ksld jD;a;sh;a wfydais úh hq;= hehs ñka m%;HlaI f,iu meyeÈ,s fjhs'

fldñhqksiaÜjd§ka fj; t,a, lrk ;j;a fodaIdfrdamkhla kï" rg" cd;sh wfydais lr ±óug Tjqka bÈßm;a ù isák njh'

jev lrk lïlrejkag rgla ke;' Tjqkg ke;s fohla Tjqkaf.ka meyer .; fkdyelsh' ks¾Ok mx;sh m%:u fldgu" foaYmd,k wdêm;H ,nd.; hq;= neúka" u; cd;sfhka u iukaú; úh hq;= neúka" t;rï ÿrg th cd;sl úh hq;=h' tfy;a Okjd§ w¾:h wkqj cd;sl f,i fkdfõ'

Okm;s mx;sfha j¾Okho" ksoyia fj<|duo" iuia; f,dal fj<| fmd<o" l¾uka; ksIamdokfha tal;dkuh Ndjho" Bg wkqrEmS Ôjk ;;a;jhka o fya;= fldg f.k" ck;djka w;r cd;s fjkialï iy m%;s>;s;hkao jv jvd;a w;=reoyka fjñka mj;S'

ks¾Ok mx;sl wdêm;H úiska fñ w;=reoyka ùu jvd;a fú.j;a lrkq we;' hg;a msßfihska iNH rgj, talSh l%shdldÍ;ajh ks¾Ok mx;sfha úuqla;sh i|yd wjYH uq,a fldkafoaisj,ska tlls'

tla mqoa.,fhla ;j;a mqoa.,hl= iQrdlEu wjika lr ouk m%udKhg iudkqmd;slj tla cd;shla ;j;a cd;shla iQrdlEuo wfydaislr oukq we;'

tla cd;shla ;=< mx;Ska w;r we;s úfrdaOh w;=reoyka jk m%udKhg iudkqmd;slj cd;skS w;r we;s i;=re wdl,amhkao wvqjkq we;'

wd.ñl" od¾Yksl iy oDIaáuh ia:djrhka u; msysgd fldñkshqiaá jdohg úreoaOj t,a, lrk fpdaokd ne?reï msßlaiqug yiq lsÍug ;rï iqÿiq tajd fkdfõ'

Ôjk ;;a;ajhka iu." tys idudÔh in|;djhka iu." idudÔh Ôú;fhys we;s jk yeu fjkiaùula iu. ñksidf.a woyia" oDIaáh iy ixl,amkd" tl jpkhlska lshf;d;a" Tyqf.a iú{kh fjkia jk nj jgyd .ekSug úfYaI .eUqre nqoaêhla wjYH jkafkao @ ø%jHuh ksIamdokh fjkia jk ;rug" Bg iudkqmd;slj wOHd;añl ksIamdokh fjkia jkafka hehs yereKq úg" ixl,am ms,sn| b;sydih fjk l=ula Tmamq lrkafkao@ yeu ld,hlgu n,mE woyia tu ld,fha md,l mx;sfha woyia úh'



uq¿ uy;a iudch úma,jhg yiq lrk ixl,amh .ek mji;s' thska woyia lrkafka wka lsisjla fkdj" merKs iudchla ;=< w¿;a iudchl îchla ygf.k ;sfnk njh" Ôj;aùfñ merKs ;;a;ajhka wNdjhg hk w;r th;a iu. w;aje,a ne|f.k merKs ixl,amhka o wNdjhg hk njh'

merKs f,dalh úkdYfha .eÜg fj; ,xjQ úg" merKs wd.ï mrojd l%sia;shdks wd.u ch .;af;ah' 18 jeks Y;j¾Ifha§ l%sia;shdks ixl,am ;d¾lsl fya;=jd§ ixl,amhg hgù wNdjhg h;au" ro<jd§ iudch tjlg úma,jjd§ je isá Okjd§ mx;shg úreoaOj udrl igkl fhÿfkah' wd.ñl ksoyi iy yDoh idlaIsfha ksoyi wrNhd jQ ixl,am ms<sn|j lafIa;%fha ksoyia ;rÕfha wdêm;Hh muKla m%ldY lf<ah'

—ft;sydisl ixj¾Ok l%shdodufha § wd.ñl" iodpdrd;aul" od¾Yksl" foaYdm,kuh iy kS;suh ixl,am úlrKhg Ndckh jQ kuqÿ wd.u" iodpdrh" o¾Ykjdoh" foaYdmd,k úµdj iy kS;sh fñ fjkia ùug yiq fkdù wdrlaId ù we;e˜ hs wmg lshkq we;'

—tmuKla fkdj" iudc ixj¾Okfha ish¨ wjêj,g fmdÿ jQ ksoyi" idOdrK;ajh" wd§ iodld,sl i;Hhkao we;' tfy;a fldñhqksiaÜjdoh ish¨ iodld,sl i;Hhka wj,x.= lrhs' wd.ï iy iodpdrhka kj mokula u; mqk·ia:dmkh lrkjd fjkqjg fldñkahqiaájdoh tajd ish,a, wj,x.= lrhs' ta wkqj th fuf;la mej;s ish¨ ft;sydisl l%shdodufha w;a±lSïj,g úreoaOh'˜

fï fpdaokdfú f;areu l=ulao@ ish¨ w;S; iudcj, b;sydih" úúO hq.j,§ úúO iajrEmhka .;a mx;s m%;s>;j, ixj¾Okfhka iukaú; ù ;sîuh'

tfy;a w;S; hq. lskï iajrEmhla .;a;o" ta ish¨ hq.j,g fmdÿ jQfha iudcfha tla fldgila wks;a fldgia iQrdlEuhs' tneúka w;S; hq.j, iudÔh ú{dkh wfkal úúO;ajhla iy kdkd;ajhla m%o¾Ykh l<o" th mx;s m%;s>;s;hkaf.a mQrK w;=reoyka ùula iu. ñi" iïmQrKfhka w;=reoyka úh fkdyels hï fmdÿ wdldrhka ;=<u ñi" fmdÿ ixl,amhka ;=<u .uka lsÍu uú;hg lreKla fkdfú'

fldñhqksiaÜ õma,jh idïm%odhsl foafmd< in|;dj,ska iïmQ¾Kfhkau leã hdula we;s lrhs' th ish ixj¾Okfha§ idïm%odhsl woyiaj,ska yd;amiskau leã fjkaù hdula we;s lsÍu úu;shg fya;=jla fkdfõ'

tfia jqjo fldñkshqiaÜjdohg úreoaOj yvk.k Okjd§ fpdaokdj,g ms<s;=re iemhSu ñka kj;ajuq'

lïlre mx;s úmamjfha m%:u mshjr jkafka ks¾Ok mx;sh md,l mx;sh njg k.d isgqùu nj;a" m%cd;ka;%jdoh Èkd .ekSu nj;a wms by;ska ÿáuq' mshjfrka mshjr il, úO m%d.aOkh Okm;s mx;sfhka Wÿrd .ekSugo" rdcH yia;fhys" tkï md,l mx;sh f,i ixúOdkh jk ks¾Ok mx;sh wf;ys ish¨ ksIamdok WmlrK uOH.; lsÍugo" yels ;rï wêl fú.hlska ksIamdok n,fú.hkaf.a iuia;h jeä lr,Sugo ks¾Ok mx;sh iajlSh foaYmd,k wdêm;H mdúÉÑ lrkq we;'



i;a;lskau mgka .ekSfñ§ foafmd,j, whs;sjdislï ;=<g" Okjd§ ksIamdok in|;djhka ;=<g taldêm;s f,i lvd jÈkafka ke;sj" tkï wd¾Ól jYfhka fkdiEfyk iy ;yjqre l< fkdyels tajd fia fmfkk" tkuqÿ jHdmdrh f.khdfñ§ ;jÿrÜ bÈßhg .uka lrk" merKS iudc l%uh ;=<g ;jÿrg;a lvd je§u wjYH lrkakd jQ mshjrj,a fkdf.k" fuh imqrd,sh fkdyelsh'

i;a;lskau fï mshjrj,a úúO rgj, úúOdldr jkafkah'

tfia jqjo" my; igyka mshjrhka b;d ÈhqKQ rgj,a j,g fmdÿfú fndfyda ÿrg .e<fma'

1' bvï whs;sh wfydais lr,Su iy bvïj,ska ,efnk ish¨ nÿl=,S rcfha úhoï i|yd fhoùu'

2' by, uÜgfï wkql%u wh noaola fyda l%udxlsl whnoaola mekùu'

3' ckaufhka foafmd, whs;súfñ ish¨ whs;sh wfydais lr,Su'

4' ish¨ úY%dñlhkaf.a iy ish¨ ler<s lrejkaf.a foafmd, rdcika;l lsÍu'

5' rdcH m%d.aOkfhka iy iqúfYaI taldêldrhlska hq;a cd;sl nexl=j, udOHfhka Kh .kq fokq rch w; uOH.; lsÍu'

6' m%jdyk udOHhka rdch w; uOH.; lsÍu'

7' rch i;= l¾udka; Yd,dj,;a" ksIamdok WmlrKj,;a ixLHdj jeä lsÍu" fmdÿ ie,eiauhlg wkql+,j uqvq ìï j.d lsÍu iy mi iY%sl lsÍu'

8' ish¨ fokdgu tl yd iudk Y%u j.lSula we;s lr,Su' lDIsl¾uh i|yd úfYaI jQ iy fjk;a ld¾ñl yuqodo msysgqjd,Su'

9' lDIsl¾uh l¾udka; iu. iïnkaO lr,Su' ck.ykh jvd;a iudk f,i rg mqrd úiqrejd yeÍu u.ska k.rh;a .u;a w;r we;s fjki ;=rka lr,Su'

10' ish¨ <uhskag m%isoaO mdi,aj, fkdñf,a wOHdmkh ,nd§u" l¾udka; Yd,dj, <uhskaf.ka jev .ekSfï woH;k l%uh wfydais lsÍu” wOHdmkh ld¾ñl ksIamdokh iu. ixfhdackh lr,Su" wdÈh fú'

ixj¾Ok l%shd ix;;sfha§ mx;s m%fNao ke;s ù uq¿ uy;a ksIamdokhu mqoa.,hskaf.a oejeka; iud.uhla ;=< ixflakaøkh jQ úg" fmdÿ n,fha foaYmd,kuh iajrEmh wfydais ù hkq we;' jpkfha mßiudma; w¾:h wkqj foaYmd,k n,h hkq tla mx;shla úiska ;j;a mx;shla mE.Su i|yd idod we;s ixúOdkd;aul n,hhs' ks¾OkSka Okm;s mx;shg úreoaOj lrk wr.,fha§ wksjdrHfhkau mx;shla jYfhka iu.s jkafka kï" md,l mx;sh f,i th merKs ksYamdok in|;djhka n,d;aldrfhka bj; ,kafka kï túg ks¾Ok mx;sh" mx;s m%;s>;hka mej;aùfï ;;a;jhka ke;s lr,hs" fmdÿfõ mx;Skaf.a meje;auo wfydis lr ouhs' tfia lsÍfuka mx;shla jYfhka" iajlSh wdêm;Ho wfydais lr,hs'

mx;sj,ska iy mx;s m%;s>;j,ska iukaú; merKs Okjd§ iudch fjkqjg" yeu flfkl=f.au iajdëk ixj¾Okh" ish,q fokdf.au iajdëk ixj¾Okfha fldkafoaishla njg m;ajk iud.uhla we;s jkafkah'



III. iudcjd§ iy fldñhqksiaÜjd§ idys;H

1' m%;s.dó iudcjdoh

^w& ro, iudcjdoh

m%xY yd bx.%Sis ro, fm<eka;sh ish ft;sydisl ;;a;jhka ksidu" iuld,Sk Okjd§ iudchg úreoaOj m;%sld ,sùu jD;a;shka njg m;a lr.;af;ah' 1830 cq,s ui isÿ jQ m%xY úma,jfha§o md¾,sfïka;= m%;sixialrK jHdmdrfha§o" ;u ffjrhg md;% jQ fñ WoaoÉphd h<s;a jrla fñ ro< fm<eka;shg mrdch f.k ÿkafkah' t;eka isg ne?reï foaYmd,k wr.,hla lsÍu .ek is;Sug mjd fkdyels úh' bka miq l< yels jQfha idys;Huh wr.,hla muKls' tfy;a idys;H lafIa;%fhys jqjo" mqk(ia:dmk hq.h h<s msygqjd,Su i|yd fh¥ merKs jdlH Lkav fhoùu ;jÿrg;a l< fkdyels úh' ^bx.%Sis mqk(ia:dmk iuh ^1660-1689& fkdj m%xY mqk(ia:dmk iuh ^1814-1830& .ekh' - 1888 ixialrKhg tx.a,ia úiska ,shk ,o igykls' & wkqlïmdj weúiaiùu i|yd" ;u whs;sjdislï iy jqjukdjka wu;l lr oud we;s njla ujdmdñka" iQrdlEug Ndckh jQ lïlre mx;sfha whs;sjdislï yd jqjukdjka fjkqfjka muKla Okm;a mx;shg úreoaOj fpdaokd bÈßm;a lrk nj fmkaùug ro< fm<eka;shg isÿúh' ;u kj iajdñhdg úreoaOj kskaod iy.; ,sms ,shñka iy <Õdfjñka mj;sk úkdYh .ek wkdjels Tyqf.a lkg fld÷rd lshñka iEySug m;aùug ro< fm<eka;shg isÿ úh'

ro< iudcjdoh ìys jQfha fñ f,isks( th w¾O ú,dmhls' wv jYfhka kskaod iy.; ,shú,a,ls' w;S;fha w¾O fodaxldrhls' wkd.;h wrNhd jQ w¾O ;¾ckhls' th iuyrúg" ish ;s;a;" Wmydickl" ;shqKq f,i ld jÈk úfúpk u.ska Okm;s mx;s yojf;a wrgqjg t,a, lrhs' tkuqÿ yeuúgu th iuld,Sk b;sydifha bÈß .uk jgyd .ekSug iïmQrKfhkau wfmdfydi;a jk neúka" yeuodu mQrK yeiHckl yeÕSula we;s lr,hs'

uyck;dj ;ud jgd tla/ialr.kq msKsi ro< fm<eka;sh Ochla fjkqjg ks¾Ok mx;sfha ysÕk miqïìh jekqfúh' tfy;a ck;dj Tjqka iu. tlajQ yeu úfglu Tjqkaf.a miqmi merKs ro< Ñyak ÿgqfjka" yv k.ñka iy .re ire rys; isky mdñka Tjqyq Tjqkaf.ka wE;a jQy'

m%xY f,ðáïiaÜ jrekaf.aka fldgila iy —fh!jk tx.,ka; ldrfhda˜ 31 fñ ydiHh ckl kdglh rÕ mEy'

ro<fhda iQrdlEfï úêh" Okjd§ iQrdlEug jvd fjkia nj fmkajd fokafkda kï" Tjqyq óg jvd iïmQ¾Kfhkau fjkia jQo" oekg h,amek we;a;d jQo wjia:djka yd ;;ajhka hgf;a iQrd lEu nj wu;l lr;s' ish md,kh hgf;a§ j;auka ks¾Ok mx;sh lsis lf<l;a fkdmej;s nj fmkajd fok Tjqyq" iuld,Sk Okm;s mx;sh ;u iudc l%ufha wksjd¾H m%;sm,hla njo wu;l lr;s' flfia jqjo" Tjqka ;u úfúpkfhys jQ m%;s.dó iajrEmh fl;rï w,am jYfhka iÕj;soh;a" Okm;s mx;shg úreoaOj Tjqyq bÈßm;a lrk m%Ok fpdaokdfõ f;areu" merKs iudc l%uh mqmqrejd ouk mx;s hla Okm;s wdêm;H hgf;a j¾Okh fjñka m;skfkah hkqhs'

Okm;s mx;sh ks¾Ok mx;shla msyslsÍu .ek fkdj" úma,jjd§ ks¾Ok mx;shla ìys lsÍu .ek ro<fhda jvd;a jeäfhka Okm;s mx;shg fpdaokd lr;s'



tneúka foaYmd,k m%dfhda.sl lghq;= j,§ ro<fhda lïlre mx;shg úreoaOj ish¨ m%pkav l%shdjkag iyNd.S fj;s' tfukau idudkH Ôú;fha§ Tjqyq fl;rï j.dvïnr l:d foid nEjo" l¾udka;h keue;s lmareflka iaj¾Kuh M, fk,d .ekSugo" neg¿ f,dï" îÜ w,j,ska idok iSks iy w¾;dm,aj,ska fmrk ,o u;ameka úlKSu i|yd Nla;sh" wd,h iy .re;ajh yqjudre lr .ekSfñ ;;a;ajh olajd my;g jeà isá;s'

mQclhd yeuodu bvï ysñ ro<hd iu. w;aje,a ne|f.k .uka l<dla fukau" mQcl iudcjdoh o" ro< iudcjdoh iu. w;aje,a ne|f.k .uka lrhs'

l%sia;shdks ;mig iudcjd§ meyehla §u ;rï fjk;a myiq fohla fkdue;’ ls;=Kq oyu fm!oa.,sl foafmd<j,g úreoaOj;a" újdyhg úreoaOj;a" rchg úreoaOj;a jHla; f>daIdjl fh§ ke;so@ fñjd fjkqjg ls;=kq oyu oka§u iy ÿ.S njo" n%yaupßhdj iy lhg jO§uo" wdY%u Ôú;h o foaYkd fkdlf<ao@ ls;=kq iudcjdoh wka lsisjla fkdj" ro<hdf.a fldamh ksjd,kq msKsi mQclhd bisk wdisßmeka muKls'

^wd& iq¿ Okm;s iudcjdoh

Okm;s mx;sh úiska úkdY lr oukq ,enQ" iuld,Sk Okjd§ iudch ;=< ish Ôjk ;;ajhka ySk ù .sh" iy wNdjhg m;a ù .sh tlu mx;sh ro< fm<eka;sh muKla fkfú' uOHld,Sk hq.fha k.rjeis fldgiao" iq¿ bvï ysñ f.dúfhdao iuld,Sk Okm;s mx;sfha mqrda.dóka jQy' ^fuh c¾ukshg m%Odk jYfhka .e,fmhs' tys bvï ysñ o< fm<eka;sh iy .ïno bvï ysñ hqkal¾jre ;u j;= yd bvï rgj,ska w;s úYd, fldgila ndrlrejkaf.a ud¾.fhka j.d lrjd .;ay' tfukau Tjqyq îÜ iSksj,ska iy w¾;dm,a j,ska u;a meka fmrkakkao jQy' jvd;a fmfydi;a ì%s;kH ro< fm<eka;sh fu;rï my;g jeà ke;' tfy;a Tjqyqo jHdcuh noaO jHdmdr jia;= fj<| iud.ï iE§ug ;u kï mdjÉÑ lsÍug bv§u u.ska my; jefgñka mj;sk nÿ uqo,aj, mdvqj msßuid,Sfñ wdldrh fkdokafkda fkfj;s' ^1888 bx.%Sis uqøKhg tx.,aia ,shQ igykls'&

kùk YsIAG;ajh mQ¾K j¾Okhla ,nd we;s rgj, Okm;s iudcfha w;sf¾l fldgila f,i" ks;r w¿;a jeähd fjñka mj;sk iq¿ Okjd§kaf.a kj mx;shla iE§ we;' fuh ks¾Ok mx;sh iy Okm;s mx;sh w;r jefkñka mj;S' tfy;a ;rÕfha m%;sM,hla jYfhka" fñ mx;shg wh;a ;ks" ;ks idudðlfhda ksrka;rfhkau ks¾Ok mx;shg weo jefg;s' tfukau uyd mßudK l¾udka; j¾Okh ùug mgka .ekSu;a iu.u" iuld,Sk iudcfha iajdëk fldgila f,i iïmQrKfhkau w;=reoyka ùu;a" NdKav ksIamdokfhys" lDIsl¾ufhys iy jdKscfhys ;ukag wh;a je ;snQ ia:dkj,g Tsj¾ish¾iajreka" j;= l<ukdlrejka iy jegqma ,nk fiajlhska mj;ajk ieá Tjqkg fmfka' ck.ykh yß wvlg;a jvd fndfyda jeäfhka f.dùka isák m%xYh jeks rgj, Okm;s mx;shg úreoaOj ks¾Ok mx;sfha me;a; .;a" .;alrejka we;sùu iajNdúl fohla úh' fudjqyq Okm;s md,khg úreoaOj l< úfúpk j,§ iq¿ Okm;shdf.a iy iq¿ f.dúhdf.a ñïu mdúÉÑ lrñka" iq¿ Okjd§ ia:djrhl msysgd lïlrejkaf.a whs;sjdislï wdrlaId l<y'

fuf,i iq¿ Okjd§ iudcjdoh ìysúh' m%xYfhys muKla fkdj tx.,ka;fhyso isiafudkaâ 82 fñ o¾Ykjd§ ksldfha m%Odkshd jQfhah'

fñ iudcjd§ ksldh iuld,Sk ksIamdokuh in|;djhkaf.a mriamr úfrdaê;djhka w;s ;shqKQ f,i ksoyig lreKq oelaùfñ w;s ysianj th úika fy<slrjq lerKs' th hka;% u.ska ksIAmdokh lsÍfño Y%u úNckfhao úkdYldÍ úmdl M<hka újdo rys;j ms<S.efkk fia Tmamq lf<ah' m%d.aOkh iy bvï w;af,diaila fokd w; ixflaøKfha wrdðl;ajho" Okh fnod yeÍfñ§ we;s ù ;sfnk idmrdë wiudk;djho cd;Ska w;r mj;ska iuQ, >d;k ld¾ñl



hqoaOho" merKs iodpdruh ne£ï Èhùhduo" merKs mjq,a in|;djhkq;a merKs cd;Skq;a wfydais ù hdu o th fmkajd ÿkfkah'

tfia jqjo fï mkakfha iudcjdoh ish h:dkqN+; mrud¾: w;ska tlaflda NdKav ksIamdokh iy yqjurej wrNhd merKs l%u;a tajd iu. merKs foafmd< in|;djhka mqk#ia:dmkh lsÍug fyda ke;skï ksIamdokh iy yqjudrej w;ska ±kgu;a mqmqrejd oud we;s yd w;HdjYH f,iu mqmqrejd ±ñh hq;= merKs foafmd< in|;djhkaf.a rduqj ;=< ksIamdokh iy yqjudrej ms,sn| iuld,Sk udOHhka n,d;aldrfhka isrlsÍulg Ndckh lsÍug wNs,dIhla okajhs' fñ isoaëka foflys§ iq¿ Okm;s iudcjdoh tljru m%;s.dóh" ufkdardcsl jdoSh'

l¾udka;fhys fY%aKs ixúOdkho" lDISl¾ufhys mS;D uQ,sl in|;djhkao fñ mkakfha iudcjdofha wjidk jpk jkakfkah'

;jÿrg;a ish ixj¾Okfha§ fñ m%jK;djh ìh iq¨ uq¾Pdjlg weo jefghs'

^we& c¾uka fyj;a ienE iudcjdoh

wdêm;Hg meñK isák Okm;s mx;sfha mSvkg hgf;a we;s jQ fuu wdêm;Hhg úreoaOj f.k .sh wr., m%ldYhg m;a l< idys;Hhla jQ m%xYfha iudcjd§ iy fldñhqksiaÜjd§ idys;Hh c¾ukshg bosrsm;a lrkq ,enQfú trfá Okm;s mx;sh ro<jd§ taldka;jdohg úreoaOj ish wr.,h wdrïN l< ld,fha§uh'

c¾uka od¾Ykslfhdao w¾O od¾Ykslfhdao" w,xldr jd.a mdG fovùfuys ßisfhda o buy;a wdYdjlska hq;=j fuu idys;Hh nod je<|.;a kuqÿ" fñ idys;H lD;Ska m%xYfha isg c¾ukshg ixl%uKh jk úg" ta iu.u m%xYfha iudch ;;a;ajhkao c¾ukshg ixl%uKh fkdjQ nj Tjqyq wu;l l<y' c¾uksfha iudc ;;a;ajhka bÈßfha fñ m%xY idys;Hfhys iDcq jHjydßl jeo.;alu iïmQrKfhka ke;sù" yqÿ idys;Huh m%jK;djhla muKla .;af;ah' úh hq;= msßoafokau" fuf<i oywg jeks ishjif¾ c¾uka od¾Ykslhkag m<uqjeks m%xY úma,jfha b,a,Sï" yqfola jHjydßl nqoaêfha b,a,Sï yeáhg fmksKs' õm,jjd§ m%xY Okm;s mx;sfha wêIaGdkh ms<sn| m%ldYkh" fmdÿ jYfhka jQ kshu udkj wêIaGdkfha kS;s f,i Tjqkg fmksKs'

wNskj m%xY ixl,am ish merKs od¾Yksl yDoh idlaISh iu. ix.;sl f,i .<md .ekSug muKla ke;skï ish od¾Yksl woyia neyer fkdlr m%xY ixl,am wEÞ .ekSu ;u lD;s u.ska c¾uka idys;H fú§yq l<y'

wkqjdoh u.ska úfoaAYSh NdIdjla Wlyd .kakd wkaoug" fuu Wlyd .ekSuo isÿ úh'

ls;=kq iuh fkdo;a merKs f,dalfha wdù¾K l,amsl .%ka: j, uq,a msgm;a u;= msg mQclhka úiska lf;da,sld.fï Y=iaOjka;hskaf.a Ôjk pß; wuk f,i ,shk ,o wdldrh iqm%lgh' O¾u {dkfhka f;dr jQ f,!lsl idys;H wrNhdo" c¾uka idys;H fúÈfhda fuu l%shdoduh wks;a w;g fhojQy' m%xY uq,a msgm;aj,g háka" Tjqyq ish od¾Yksl m,ayE,s ,shd ;enQy' ksoiqkla jYfhka" uqo,aj, wd¾Ól ld¾hhka ms<sn|j m%xY úfúpkhg háka Tjqyq —ukqIH;ajh wkai;= lsÍu˜ ,shQy' Okjd§ rch ms<sn|j m%xY úfúpkhg háka —úhqla;-jHdma;sfha wdêm;H ke;s lr oeóu˜ wdÈh ,shQy'



m%xY kHdhhg háka ish o¾Ykjd§ jdlH Lkav bÈßm;a lsÍu Tjqka ye¢kajQfha —l%shdldÍ;ajfha o¾Ykjdoh˜" —ienE iudcjdoh˜" —iudcjdofha c¾uka úµdj˜" —iudcjdofha od¾Yksl moku˜ wd§ jYfhks'

fñ wkaoug m%xY iudcjd§ iy fldñhqksiaÜjd§ idys;H iïmQ¾Kfhkau ÿ¾j, lrk ,§' ;jo c¾uka ldrhd w;g m;a jQ tu idys;Hfhka tla mx;shla ;j;a mx;shlg úreoaOj f.khk wr.,h m%ldY lsÍu ksudjg m;a jQ ksid fuhska —m%xY tal md¾Yúl;ajh˜ wNsNjd ke.S isgfha hehso" i;H jqjukdfjka fkdj" i;Hfha jqjukdjka" ks¾Ok mx;sl jqjukdjka fkdj" ñksia iajNdjfha jqjukdjka" lsis÷ mx;shlg wh;a ke;s" h:d¾:jd§ fkdjk o¾Ykjd§ ukia iDIaáh keue;s óÿï mg,hla ;=< mj;sk ñksidf.a whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lrk nj Tyqg yeÕsKs' ;u ismaleñ wNHdih fu;rï Ndr ¥r f,i iy .dïNSr f,i ysig .;a;d jQ iy th fu;rï lEflda .iñka j¾Kkd l<d jQ fuu c¾uka iudcjdoh" ish mKaä; udkS;ajh áflka ál ke;s lr .;af;ah'

ro< fm<eka;shg iy ksrfmalaI rdcdKavqjg úreoaOj f.k.ssh c¾uka Okm;s mx;sfha" úfYaIfhka mareishka Okm;s mx;sfha igk" tla jpkhlska lshf;d;a" ,snr,ajd§ jHdmdrh jvd;a ne?reï úh'

foaYdm,k jHdmdrh bÈßmsg iudcjd§ b,a,Sï bÈßm;a lsÍug;a" ,snr,ajdohg úreoaOjo" ksfhdað; wdKqv l%uhg úreoaOjo" Okjd§ ;rÕhg" Okjd§ mQj;am;a ksoyig" Okjd§ jHjia:dmkhg" Okjd§ ksoyig iy iudkd;au;djhg úreoaOjo mdrïmßl wNsYdm bÈßm;a lsÍug;a" fñ Okjd§ jHdmdrh u.ska ;ukag Èkd .ekSug lsisjla ke;s w;r yeu fohlau ke;s ù hdfñ wk;=rg uQK mdk nj foaYkd lsÍug;a" fñ u.ska —ienE˜ iudcjdohg È.= l,la ;siafia m;ñka isá iaj¾Kuh wjia:dj ,eìKs' c¾uksfha tajd Èkd .ekSu wjYHh hk wruqKq j, muKla ;ju;a ;sfnk mQ¾jdjhjhka" tkï wd¾Óluh Ôjk ;;ajhka iy thg .e<fmk fia iliajqKq foaYmd,k jHjia:djlska hqla;j iuld,Sj Okjd§ iudch mj;sk nj m%xY úfúpkh mQ¾j l,amkdfjl fhÿKq neõ" tysu ixfú.odhS fodaxldrhla jQ c¾uka iudcjdoh wjYH;u fudfydf;a§ wu;l lf<ah' mQclhska" mdGYd,d wëldÍka" .ïno bvï ysñ hqkalrhska iy ks<OdÍka msßjr fldg .;a taldka;jd§ ksrfmalaI wdKavq j,g kï fï iudcjdoh" ;ukag ;¾ckh lrñka ke.S tk Okm;s mx;shg úreoaO mdúÉÑ l< yels mUhl= úh'

th" c¾uka lïlre mx;sl ler<s md.d oeóu msKsi wúhla f,i wdKavqj,g wdOdr jQ w;r th ta iu.u m%;s.dñ jqjukdjka" tkï c¾uka wjrislhkaf.a jqjukdjka iDcq f,iu ksfhdackh lf<ah' oyih jeks ishjif¾ wjfYaIhla jQ t;eka isg tla fyda ;j;a wdldrhlska ksrka;rfhkau h<s h<s;a u;=fjñka mej;s iq¿ Okm;s mx;sh c¾uksfha ±kg mj;sk ;;ajhkaf.a h:d¾jd§ idudcSh moku fú'

fñ mx;sh /l .ekSu" c¾uksfhys ±kg n,mdk ;;a;ajh wdrlaId lr .ekSuh' Okm;s mx;sfha ld¾ñl iy foaYmd,kuh wdêm;Hh tla w;lska m%d.aOkh ixflakaøkh ùfukao" wfkla w;ska úma,jjd§ ks¾Ok mx;sfha j¾Okfhka o fuu mx;sh ish úkdYh ìfhka hq;=j n,d isà' tla fjä myrlska ydjqka fofofkl= urd oeóug —ienE˜ iudcjdoh ìysù ;sfnk nj thg ±kqkdla fuks' —ienE˜ iudcjdoh jix.;hla fuka me;sßKs'

w,xldfrdala;sh keu; mqIamfhka f.;a;ï l<" uDÿ Ñ;a;fú.h keu;s l÷,ska fmdÕjd" ld,amkslh keu;s ul=¿±f,ka f.d;k ,o udhdldÍ jia;%h" c¾uka iudcjd§ka úiska ish



flÜgq —iodld,sl i;Hhka˜ ±jàu i|yd mdúÉÑ l< fñ W;alDIag jia;%h" tn÷ ck.ykhla bÈßfha Tjqkaf.a NdKav wf,úh jeä lsÍug muKla WmldÍ úh'

c¾uka iudcjdodh ;u me;af;ka" iq¿ Okm;s wjrisl;ajfha mqrdfÊreldr ksfhdað;hd jYfhka jQ ;u ld¾Hh fldgi jvd;a fyd¢ka jgyd .;af;ah'

wdo¾Yj;a cd;sh c¾uka cd;sh nj;a" kshu wdo¾Yj;a ñksid c¾uka iq¿ Okjd§ wjrislhd nj;a" th f,djg m%ldY lf<ah' fuu wdo¾Yj;a ñksid lrk iEu ÿIAG kSp l%shdjlgu" th tu l%shdjlg ienE uQKqjrg jvd yd;amiskau fjkia jQ .=ma;uh" Wiia iudcjd§ w¾:l:khla ÿkafkah' —r¿ f,i úkdYldÍ jQ̃ fldñhqksiaÜjd§ m%jk;djhg iDcq f,iu úreoaO ùu;a ish¨ mx;s wr., flfrys jQ ish W;a;Í;r ms<sl=, m%ldY lr ,Sug;a ;rñ jQ wka;hlg th .sfhah' c¾uksfhys ±kg ^1847& m%pdrh jk Bkshd iudcjd§ iy fldñhqksiaÜjd§ fmd;am;a j,ska b;d iq¿ ixLHdjla yer wka ish,a, fuu ;=Ép idys;H .Khg wh;ah'

2 .;dlq.;sl fyj;a Okm;s iudcjdoh

Okm;s iudcfha meje;au iy;sl lrkq msKsi iudÔh ÿla.ekú,s j,g ms<shï lsÍug Okm;s mx;sfhka iEfyk fldgila leue;a; olajhs'

fuu fldgig wd¾Óljd§ka" mrd¾:p¾HdjdÈfhda" udkj ys;jdÈfhda" lïlre mx;sfha ;;a;ajh Wiia lsÍug wdYd lrkafkda" mqKH l¾uhka ixúOdkh lrkafkda" ;sßikqkakg jo§u j<lajk iudcj, idudð;fhda" wuOHm ùrfhda" yeu;eku ieák úúO iudc m%;sixialrK jdÈfhda wdÈh wh;afj;s' fñ j¾.fha iudcjdoh wx. iïmqQ¾K moaO;s njg iliafldg we;' ^1848 l=Kdgqj fï wfYdaNk m%jk;djh tfyu msákau bj;g f.k f.dia" iudcjdoh w;.Eug wdYd l< Odrlhskaf.ka th Wÿrd .kakd ,§' fuu m%jkd;djfha m%Odk ksfhdað;hd iy iod;ksl

wdlD;sh jQfha ld,a .arEkah34 - 1890 c¾uka uqøKhg tx.,aia úiska ,shk ,o igykls'&

marefodka úiska ,shk ,o —ÿ.S nfú o¾Ykjdoh˜ fñ j¾.hg ksoiqkla fia ±laúh yelsh'

iuld,Sk iudc ;;a;ajhka ksid wksjd¾Hfhkau mekk.sk wr.,hka iy wk;=re rys;j ;u meje;afñ ;;a;ajhka wdrlaId lr .ekSug Okm;s iudcjd§kag wjYH ù we;’ úma,jjd§ iy Èrdm;a lrjk fldgia j,ska f;drj" ±kg mj;sk Okm;s l%uh /l.ekSu Tjqkaf.a wNsm%dh jkafkah' ks¾Ok mx;shla rys; Okm;s mx;shla Tjqkag Wjukdh' Okm;s mx;sfha wdêm;H we;s f,dalhla b;du fyd| f,dalhla nj tu mx;sh woyia lsÍu iajNdúl fohls' Okm;s iudcjdoh fñ iekis,sodhl ixl,amkh wvq jeä jYfhka wx. iïmQ¾K moaO;s njg j¾Okh lrhs' tjeks iudc jd§ l%uhla l%shdfú fhdojk f,io" th Tiafia idudÔh kj fcrefi,ula lrd tl t,af,au .uka lrk f,io" th ks¾Ok mx;shg fhdackd lrk úg" th ienúkau b,a,d isákafka ks¾Ok mx;sh oekg mj;sk Okm;s mx;shg ;jÿrg;a ffjr fkdl< hq;= njo th b,a,d isà'

Ôj;aùfñ øjHuh ;;a;ajhka" wd¾Ól in|;djhka fjkia lsÍfuka muKla ñi" yqÿ foaYmd,k jHdmdrfhka lsis fi;la we;s fkdjk nj fmkajd §fuka" lïlre mx;sh bÈßfhys yeu õma,jjd§ jHDmdrhlau fy<d oelSug fuu iudcjdofhau tkuqÿ jvd;a jeäfhka m%dfhda.sl" jvd;a wvqfjka l%udkql+, ;j;a j¾.hla jEhï lf<ah' Ôj;aaùfï øjHuh ;;a;ajhka fjkia lsÍu hkafkka fï j¾.fha iudcjdoh" úma,jhlska muKla isÿ l< yels Okjd§ ksIamdok in|;djhka úkdYlr oeóula fldfy;au woyia fkdlrhs' tfy;a th Okjd§ ksIamdok



in|;djhla u; mokï jQ mßmd,k m%;sixialrKhla we;s lsÍu muKla" m%d.aOkh;a" Y%uh;a w;r we;s in|;djhkag lsis÷ ydkshla fkd lrk kuqÿ fyd|gu jeä jqfKd;a Okm;s wdKavqfú mßmd,k úhoï wvq lrk iy tu mßmd,kh ,sys,a lrk m%;sixialrK we;s lssÍula woyia lrhs'

Okm;s iudcjdoh thg iEfyk muKska meyeÈ,s f,i m%ldY jkafka" th yqÿ w,xldr NdId ffY,shlg mßj¾;kh jQ úg muKls'

ksoyia fj<Þuæ lïlre mx;sfha wNsjDoaêh i|ydh' wdrlaIl ;Sre nÿæ lïlre fi; msKsi jkafkah' nkaOkd.dr m%;sixialrKæ lïlre mx;sfha jqjukdjka i|ydh - wjidk jpk Okm;s iudcjdoh ne?reï w¾:hlska hq;=j m%ldY l< tlu jpkhhs' Okm;s iudcjdofha yrh tla mdGhla ;=< iïmsKavkh ù we; - tkï Okm;shd Okm;sfhls" tfy;a lïlre mx;sfha wNsjDoaêh msKsih'

3 úfúpl - ufkdardðl iudcjdoh iy fldñhqksiaÜjdoh

kQQ;k ld,fha yeu fY%aIaG úma,jhl§u ks¾Omx;sfha b,a,Sï m%ldY l< ^nfímaa35 wd§kaf.a lD;s jeks& idys;H .ek wms fuys§ igyka fkdlruq'

ro<jd§ iudc l%uh fmr<d±uQ wjëfha§" yeu;eku le<öï mej;s ld,fha§ ish wruqKQ bgqqlr .ekSu i|yd ks¾Ok mx;sh iDcq f,iu orE m%:u jEhu" tjlg ks¾Ok mx;sfha mej;s fkdÈhqKQ ;;a;ajhka ksid;a" ;u mx;sfha úuqla;sh i|yd w;HdjYH wd¾Ól ;;a;ajhka fkd;snqKq ksid;a ^fkdue;sùu ksid;a& fkdje,elaúh yels fia wid¾:l úh' ukaoh;a tu w;HjYH ;;a;ajhka Okjd§ wjêh úiska ìysl< hq;=j ;snqKq ;;a;ajhka neúks' ks¾Ok mx;sfha fñ m%:u jHdmdr iu. mek ke.S úma,jjd§ idys;Hg wksjd¾H f,iu m%;s.dó iajrEmhla ;snqKS' th úYaj;mia oyu;a b;d r¿ j¾.fha iudÔh iu;,d lsÍul=;a foaYkd lf<ah'

iudcjd§ iy fldñhqksiaÜjd§ l%uhka hehs fhda.H f,i kï lrk ,o fika-isfudaka" mQßfha"

´jkaa35 wd§kaf.a l%u ìysjQfha by; úia;r lrk ,o ks¾Ok mx;sh iy Okm;s mx;sh w;r mej;s wr.,fha uq,a fkdÈhqKq jljdkqfú§h' ^—Okm;sfhda iy ks¾Okfhda˜ keu;s 1 fldgi n,kak' &

fñ l%u j, iïmdoljre ienúkau mx;sSkaf.a m%;s>;sl;djho" tjlg wdÈm;H orE mx;sh ;=< úkdYldÍ fldgiaj, l%shdldÍ;ajh o ÿgqfjdah' tfy;a ;ju;a ì<s÷ úfhys miqjk ks¾Ok mx;shg fft;sydisl iajdëk;ajhla fyda Tjqkg wdfúksl jQ foaYmd,ksl jHdmdrhla ;sfnk nj;a Tjqyq fkdÿgy'

mx;s m%;s>;sl;ajhkaf.a ixj¾Okh l¾udka;fha ÈhqKqjg iudk fú.hlska isÿjk ksid ;ju;a ks¾Ok mx;sfha úuqla;shg wjYH wd¾Ól ;;a;ajhka imhd ke;s nj Tjqkg fmksKs' tneúka fuu ;;a;ajhka ìys lsÍfuys iu;a kj iudc úµdjla" kj iudc kshduhka fidhkakg jQy'



iudÔh l%shdldÍ;ajhg wh;a ia:dkh Tjqkaf.a fm!oa.,sl ks¾udKYS,S l%shdldÍ;ajhg hg;aúh hq;=h' ft;sydisl úuqla;s ;;a;ajhkag wh;a ia:dkh uk#l,ams; ;;a;ajhkag hg;a úh hq;=h' tfukau mx;shla jYfhka wkql%ufhka iy bfì yg .kakd ks¾Ok mx;sl ixúOdkh fudjqkaf.a jáfgdarejla wkqj idok ,o ixúOdkhg hg;a úh hq;=h' Tjqkaf.a u;h wkqj wkd.;fha iuia; f,da; b;sydih Tjkaf.a iudÔh ie<Eiau m%pdrh lsÍu iy m%dfhda.sl f,i l%shdjg fmr,Su njg m;a jkafkah'

jeäfhkau ÿla ú£k mx;sh" lïlre mx;sh neúka ish l%u iïmdokhka ie,eiaudkq.; lsÍfñ§ tu mx;sfha wNsjDoaêh .ek m%Odk jYfhka wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=h hk iú{a{dkl yeÕSu Tjqkg we;' Tjqkg ks¾Ok mx;sh mj;skafka th w;sYHhskau ÿla lror ú¢k mx;sh hk ia:djrh wkqj muKls' mx;s igfka fkdÈhqKq ;;a;ajh ksid;a" iajlSh mßirh ksid;a" fñ .Kfha iudcjd§kq;a ;uka ish¨ m%;s>;sl;djhkag jvd by,ska isák msßila f,i is;d .ks;s' iudcfha yeu iduðlhl=f.au ;;a;ajh" b;d hym;a ;;a;ajhl mj;sk idudðlhdf.a ;;a;ajh mjd Wiia lr,Sug fudjqkg Wjukdh' tu ksid Tjqyq ksrka;rfhkau mx;s m%fNAohla fkd;ld uq¿ uy;a mx;shgu;a" jvd;a jeä jYfhka md,l mx;shg;a wdhdpkh lr;s' Tjqkaf.a u;h yeáhg Tjqkf.a ie<eiau .ek ±k.ekSu mukla iEfya' túg th b;du fyd| ie<eiau nj iudch ms<S.kq we;'

fï fya;=j ksid Tjqyq ish¨ foaYmd,k ls%shdjkao" úfYaIfhkau úma,jjd§ l%shdjkao m%;slafIAm lr;s' ;u wruqKQ idudldó l%shd u.ska iy l=vd mßudK w;ayod ne,Sï" tu fya;=j ksid wid¾:l ùug Ndckh jQ w;ayod ne,Sï u.skao" wdo¾Yfha n,mEu u.skao" kj iudÔh nhsn,hla i|yd u. mdod.ekSug l%shd lr;s'

ks¾Ok mx;sh ;ju;a fkdoshqKq ;;a;ajhl mj;sk jljdkqjl" ;u ;;a;ajh ms<sn|j ukia iDIaÀl ixl,amhla muKla we;s lrf.k isák jljdkqjl wkd.; iudch .ek w¢kq ,nk fujeks ukia iDIaÀl Ñ;% iudcfha fmdÿ m%;sks¾udKh i|yd jQ tu mx;sfha m%:u mQ¾j yeÕSu iys; wNs,dihkag .e,fma'

tfy;a fñ iudcjd§ iy fldñhqksiaÜjd§ idys;H ;=< tfukau úfúpl fldgiao we;' tajd ±kg mj;sk iudcfha ish¨ mokï j,g myr fohs' tneúka lïlre mx;sfha wOHdmkh ioyd b;d wjYH jgkd lreKq j,ska tu idys;H iukaú;h' tu idys;H u.ska fhdackd lr ;sfnk mshjrhka jk k.rh iy .u w;r we;s m%;súfrdaO;djh ke;s lsÍu o" mjq, wfydais lr,Suo" jegqma Y%uh u.ska fm!oa.,sl ,dN .rd .ekSu wfydais lr,Suo" iudÔh ix>;sh f,djg m%ldY lr isàuo" ir< ksIamdok fufyhùula olajd rdcHfha ld¾Hhka mßj¾;kh lsÍuo hk fï ish¨ fhdackd" tjlg hka;ñka ìysfjñka mej;s fñ idys;H u.ska wmeyeÈ,s iy wúksIaÑ; wd§;u iajrEmhka jYfhka muKla y÷kd.kq ,enQ mx;s m%;s>;slhkaf.a w;=reoyka ùu fj; fhduqù ;snqKs' tu ksid fuu fhdackd yqÿ ufkdardðl iajrEmhlska hqla;h'

úfúpl-ufkdrdðl iudcjdodh iy fldñhqksiaÜjdofha jeo.;alu iy ft;sydisl ixj¾Okh;a w;r ;sfnkqfha wmj¾;kSh iïnkaOluls' iuld,Sk mx;s wr.,h j¾Okh jk iy ksh; yevhla .kakd m%udKhg iudckqmd;slj" wr.,hg by,ska isg thska wE;a ù" fjkaù isàfñ ukia iDIaÀl m%ydrhkaf.a uq¿ m%dfhda.sl jákdluo" uq¿ kHdhsl ifya;=l ksfodiaNdjho ke;sù hkq we;' tuksid fñ l%ufha ks¾ud;Djreka fndfyda lreKQ w;ska úma,jjd§ jqjo" Tjqkaf.a f.da,fhda yeuodu m%;s.dó ksldhj,a ie¥y' ks¾Ok mx;sfha ;j;a ÿr ixõOkh fkdolsk Tjqyq ish .=rekaf.a merKs u;j, ;Èkau t,a,S isá;s' tneúka Tjqyq mx;s wr., wm%dKsl lsÍug;a mx;s m%;s.;sl;djhka iudodkfhka ksrjq,alr ±óug;a fkdlvjd l%shdlr;s' Tjqyq ;ju;a iajlSh ufkdardðl iudchka w;ayod ne,Sug isysk olsñka kj



fcrefi,fñ l=vd ie<eiau jk yqol,d me,ekaàSia msysgqjd,Sugo ^Home Colonies& wNHka;ßl ckmo msysgqjd,Sugo l=vd bldßhd msysgqjd,Sugo l%shd lr;s' fñ wyiaud,s.d bÈlsÍu msKSi Okm;Skaf.a yoj;a j,g iy uqo,a miqïì j,g wdhdpkh lsÍug fudjqkg isÿú we;' by;ska úia;r l< m%;s.dó yd .;dkq.;sl iudcjd§kaf.a m%j¾.hg fudjqka l%ul%ufhka jefgñka isá;s' Tjqka tu m%j¾.fhka fjkiajkafka jvd;a l%udkql+, mKaä;udkS;ajh ksid;a" ;u iudc úµdfú wdkqNdiïmkak m%;sm, ms<sn|j Tjqka ;=< we;s wkaONla;sh ksid;a muKls'

fñ fya;=j ksid Tjqyq lïlrejkaf.a ish¨ foaYmd,k jHDmdr j,g úreoaO fj;s' kj nhsn,h flfrys we;s wúYajdifha úmdlhka jYfhka tn÷ l%shdjka we;s úh yelsh hkq Tjqkf.a u;hh'

tx.,ka;fha TsjkajdÈfhda iy m%xYfha mQßfhajdÈfhda ms<sfj,ska tx.,ka;fha

pdáiaÜjrekago37" m%xYfha m%;sixialrKjd§kago38 úreoaOj l%shd lr;s'



IV. úúO rgj, úreoaO mlaI iïnkaOj fldñhqksiaájd§kaf.a ia:djrh

fojeks fldgiska lrk ,o meyeÈ,s lsÍfuka blaì;sj ±kg msysgqjd we;s lïlre mlaI tkï tx.,ka;fha pdáiaÜjreka iy W;=re wefußlfú bvï m%;sixialrKjd§ka flfrys fldñhqksiaÜjd§kaf.a wdl,amh fln÷o hkak wjfndaO lr.; yelsh'

lïlre mx;sfha laIKsl wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug;a" laIKsl whs;sjdislï yd Wjukdjka l%shd;aul lr .ekSug;a igka lrk fldñhqksiaÜjd§ka woH;k jHdmdrh lrf.k hdfñ§" wkd.;h i|yd o igka lr;s' m%xYfha fldñhqksiaÜjdÈka .;dkq.;sl iy /äl,a Okm;s mx;shg úreoaOj" iudcm%cd;ka;%jd§ka iu. tl;=fj;s’ tfy;a tfia lrkafka úma,jjd§ iïm%Ofha isg mej;s tk jd.a mdG iy udhd u; úfúpkh lsÍfñ whs;sh m%;slafIam fkdlrñks'

iaúÜi¾,ka;fha fldñhqksiaÜjre /äl,ajd§kag wdOdr fo;s' tfy;a tfia lsÍfñ§ tu mlaIh tlsfklg m%;súfrdaë lKavdhñ j,ska iE§ ;sfnk nj;a" fldgila m%xY ffY,h wkqj m%cd;ka;%jd§ iudcjd§ka nj;a" wksla fldgi /äl,a Okjd§ka nj;a wu;l fkdlr;s'

fmda,ka;fha cd;sl úuqla;sh i|yd m%Odk;u fldkafoais jYfhka lDIsl úma,jhla we;s l<

hq;= hhs ;rfha m%ldY lrk mlaIhg" 1846 l%dfldjq le/,a, 40 we;sl< mlaIhg fldñhqksiaájre wdOdr lr;s'

c¾uka Okm;s mx;sh" ksrfmalaI rdcdKavqjg;a" ro<jd§ bvï ysñhkag;a" m%;s.dó wjrislhskag;a úreoaOj úma,jjd§ f,i l%shdlrk yeu úgu c¾uka fldñhqksiaÜjre tu mx;sh iu. tl;=ù igka lr;’'

tfy;a Okm;s mx;sh ish wdêm;Hh;a iu.u wksjd¾Hfhkau bÈßm;a l<hq;= iudchsl iy foaYdmd,kuh fldkafoais c¾uka lïlrejka Okm;s mx;shg úreoAOj fufyhjk wú f,i laIKslju mdúÉÑhg .ekSu i|ydo" c¾uksfha m%;s.dñ mx;sSka weo jegqkq jydu Okm;s mx;shg úreoaOj igk wrUd,Su iy;sl lrkq i|ydo Okm;s mx;sh iy lïlre mx;sh w;r we;s m%;s>;sl;djh ms<sn| jvd;a meyeÈ,s jegySula lïlre mx;sh ;=< we;slrjd,kq msKSi Tjqyq tl fudfyd;laj;a wmf;a fkdhj;s'

c¾uksh hqfrdamfha jvd;a ÈhqKq ;;a;ajhla hgf;a mj;sk ksid;a" tx.,ka;fha 17 jk ishjif¾§ o" m%xYfha 18 jk ishjif¾o isá ks¾Ok mx;shg jvd byu;a f,i oshqKq jQ ks¾Ok mx;shla iys;j isÿùug hk Okm;s úma,jhlg c¾uksh wdikakù we;s ksi;a" ;u wjOdkh m%Odk jYfhka c¾uksh flfrys fhduq lr;s' tfukau cßuksfha Okm;s úma,jh bka blaì;sj l;aIKslj we;súh yels ks¾Ok mx;s úms,jhl m%drïNhla úh yels neúks'

tla joklska mjif;d;a iEu rglu isák fldñhqksiaÜjdÈfhda ta ta rgj, ±kg mj;sk iduchsl iy foaYmd,kuh l%u j,g úreoaOj úma,jjd§ iEu jHdmdrhlgu wdOdr fo;s'

fñ yeu jHdmdrhlu foafmd, ms<sn| m%Yakh" tu wjêfha§ th wvq fyda jeä fyda jYfhka ÈhqKq iajrEmhla .;a;o tajd ish,a,lu m%:u m%Yakh f,i bÈßm;a lr;s'



wjidk jYfhka ish¨ rgj, m%cd;ka;%jd§ mlaIj, iu.shla iy tlÕ;djhla we;s lrjkq msKsi yeu ;ekl§u fldñhqksiaÜjre mßY%uhla or;s'

ish woyia yd wruqKQ ieÕùu fldñhqksiaÜjd§yq ms<sl=,a lr;s' oekg mj;sk iudÔh ;;a;ajhka m%ckavldÍ f,i ì| fy,Sfuka muKla ish wruqKq imqrd,sh yels nj Tjqyq m%isoaêfhau mji;s' fldñhqksiaÜjd§ úma,jhla bÈßfha md,l mx;sSka ìfhka ief<;ajd' iajlSh ú,x.= yer ks¾OkSkag ke;s ùug fjk lsisjla ke;' Èkd.ekSug f,dalhla Tjqkag we;af;ah'

il, foaYjdiS ks¾Okhsks tlajõæ


fldñhqksiaÜ mlaifha m%ldykh · 2006-03-20 · fldñhqksia Ü mlaifha m%ldykh - 1 - manifesto of...

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