Table of contents

INTRODUCTION………………………………….1

Contents

1. RUNAWAY…………………………………….22. RUNAWAY MARKING……………………..33. TAXIWAY……………………………….……..44. MARKINGS…………………………………….65. LIGHTING COLOUR………………………..7

5.1. ALS5.2. VASI5.3. PAPI

6. FLIGHT STRIP FULL SCALE……………107. PICTURE MODEL………..…………………11

CONCLUSION………………,……………………12

BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………13

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Introductionhe Flight Strip installations, operation and its effective management are vital for every airport. It basically includes :T

01. Runway02. Taxiway03. Holding bays04. Apron05. Bays/stands06. Runway lights07. Runway markings08. ARP09. Stopway10. Clearway11. Threshold12. Navigational aids or NAVAIDS as

NDB (Non directional beacon) VOR DME Localizer Glide Path

This assignment discusses about Flight Strip including Runaway,Taxiway,ARP,Stopway,Clearway,Threshold,Runaway Marking,Lighting Colour and Measurement.Picture and descriptions are include.

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RUNAWAY

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Designators

Aiming point

Touchdown zone

Threshold

RUNAWAYA defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft

PRECISION INSTRUMENT MARKING

Having an instrument approach procedure using a precision instrument landing system, ILS or Precision Approach Radar (PAR) which provides both horizontal and vertical guidance to

the runway

RUNAWAY

LIGHTING

RUNWAY MARKINGS

• Runway Threshold: Helps identify the beginning of the runway that is available for landing.

• Runway Designators: Shows the magnetic heading• Runway Centerline Marking: Provides alignment guidance during

takeoff and landings.• Runway Aiming Point Marking: Serves as a visual aiming point for a

landing aircraft.• Runway Touchdown Zone Markers: Identify the touchdown zone for

landing operations

RUNAWAY DESIGNATORS

Identified by a two digit number according to their magnetic heading. The angle is measured from magnetic north and is divided by 10 and

rounded to the nearest integer. Example: RWY with a magnetic heading of 340° is marked as RWY 34. Each runway can be used in either direction, and they have two

numbers, each 18 apart. Example: (34-18=16), so the other runway marked as RWY 16

• For multiple runways each runway is identified by Left (L), Center (C) and Right (R).

• Example: 26L and 26R.

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RUNWAYS LENGTH

RUNAWAY

LIGHTING

TAXIWAY

• Generally, width smaller than runway• Lightings for night flying• Can be one or multiple in bigger airport.• Taxiways should be provided to permit the safe surface movement of aircraft.• Sufficient entrance and exit taxiways for a runway should be provided to make the

movement of airplanes to and from the runway smooth and to provide more rapid exit taxiways when traffic volumes are high.

There are four types of taxiways:• Parallel taxiways: aligned parallel next to runway• Entrance taxiways: perpendicular to the runway & located near the departure end

of runways.• High-speed taxiways: to allow aircraft quickly free-up the runway. (Also known as

Rapid Exit) , located at various points along the runway to allow landing aircraft to efficiently exit the runway after landing.

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• Runway lengths depend on the size of aircraft to operate and the weather conditions.

• The bigger the aircraft the longer the runway (take-off and landing distances)

• The hotter the weather the longer the runway

By-pass taxiways: located near apron, to allow aircraft by-pass other aircraft at aircraft parking area

TAXIWAY IDENTIFICATIONTaxiways can be identified through:

• Taxiway markings (centerline in yellow color, no azimuth)• Taxiway signs (have location sign) • Taxiway lightings (centerline light in green color, edge light in blue color)• Taxiway size and pavement strength (width smaller than runway, pavement

thickness less than runway)

TAXIWAY MARKINGS

• Taxiway Centerline: single continuous yellow line.• All taxiways should have centerline markings.• Aircraft should be kept centered during taxi to guarantee

wingtip Clearance with other aircraft or other objects

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Taxiway Centerline

MARKINGS

RUNAWAY TAXIWAY MARKINGS

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Lighting colorunway lighting is extremely important for night time aircraft operation or in poor visibility weather conditions. There are three

kind of light arrangements in and around the runway.

R Approach Lighting

Systems VASI PAPI

Approach lighting system (ALS): ALS serves the runway that has the Instrument Approach Procedure such as Instrument Landing System (ILS).

ALS allows the pilot to see and identify the Runway end and align the aircraft to land on the runway. Pilot will follow the ILS and descend along the glideslope, until the Decision height based on ILS categories is reached. At this point, the pilot must have the runway or its approach lights in sight to continue the approach.

To help pilots at night quickly identify the beginning of a runway, green threshold lights line the runway's edge. Red lights mark the ends of runways and indicate obstructions. Blue lights run alongside taxiways while runways have white or yellow lights marking their edges. All these markings and lights serve to set a safety standard for all pilots to follow.

Airports also use standardized lighting to provide direction and identification to all air and ground crews. To assist pilots in differentiating at night between airport runways and major roads, airports have rotating beacon lights. These beacons usually flash green and white lights to indicate a civilian airport.

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Philadelphia International Airport. The white lighting of the 3 runways is clearly visible, while the taxiways are lit in blue.

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TAXIWA

VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR (VASI):

VASI may have 2 bars (rows) of lights. A 2-bar system has one near and one far bar. Each bar can contain 2 light units. If both bars show white lights, you are too high for your landing. If both bars show red, you are too low. If the far bar is red and the near bar is white you are just right (be on the glide path).

PAPI work in a similar manner to the VASI. The difference is PAPI only have one row of lights. This one row contain 4 light units. If all four lights show white, you are too high for your landing. If all four lights show red, you are too low. If two lights show red and two lights show white you are just right (be on the glide

path).

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Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI)

FLIGHT STRIP FULL SCALE

For any given runway, four declared distances defined by ICAO are

Take Off Run Available TORA Take-off Distance Available TODA Accelerate-stop Distance Available ASDA Landing Distance Available LDA

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• Runways: A defined area for aircraft take-off & landing.• Stopways: Area beyond the end of runway.• Clearways: Include the stopway and any additional surface

cleared of obstacle.

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PICTURE MODEL

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CONCLUSIONhe effective management of the facilities that exist on and around an airport’s airfield is vital to the safety and efficiency of aircraft operations. Because of this, airport

operations management represents many of the defining issues concerning airport planners and managers.

TTimely inspections are important to maintain airport

operational safety. Areas under Safety Inspection Programs include: Apron-Aircraft Parking Area,Taxiways,Runways, Fueling Facilities, Buildings and Hangars.

Purpose of pavement maintenance is: To prevent further runway crack, To provide good runway surface friction, To increase safety by providing correct and clearly visible runway marking.

All aerodrome users should be as familiar with aerodrome markings as they are with highway traffic sign – not knowing what they represent could lead to a dangerous situation.

All safety precaution is to ensure safety of aircraft and passengers.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY1. For Books:

Author(s) Year Title City Publisher

AviationManagementCollege 2010 Airport Management KL AMC

2. For Internet Sources (no author)Article Title

URL (Internet Site Address)

Pilot Friends

http://www.pilotfriend.com/training/flight_training/communication/atc_light.htm

3. For Educated Person and Other Periodicals:Author’s Name Notes PositionZuliana bt Ismail Powerpoint LecturerMejar Maya Marimuthu Powerpoint Lecturer

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