วชิา 104 107 Man and Environment 4 (4-0-8) ภาคการศึกษาที่ 1 ปีการศึกษา 2549

Environment of Human Population:

The Biotic Environments:

โดย อ. มงคล ผจงธนสฤษฏ์ วนัที่ 29 มถินุายน 2549 เวลา 15.00-17.00 น. ณ อาคารเรยีนรวม หอ้ง B3103

Flora & Fauna- Biomes of the World -

F L O R A•รุกขชาติในท้องถิ่น หรอืในชว่งระยะ

เวลาใดๆ(list of the plants of an area or period)

F A U N A•บรรดาสตัวใ์นท้องถิ่น ในชว่งเวลา

หรอืในสภาวะแวดล้อมพเิศษใดๆ (the animals characteristic of a region, period, or special environment)

B I O M E•Large ecosystem characterized by similar plant/vegetation, animal, and climate–There are various terrestrial biomes

–and two aquatic (freshwater and salt-water) biomes

Some of the Biomes on Earth (1)- Terrestrial -•Desert –very dry, either hot or cold

•Tropical Rain Forest –warm and very wet

•Grassland –Windy, grass with few trees

Some of the Biomes on Earth (2)- Terrestrial -•Deciduous Forest –cool and rainy, with deciduous trees

•Tundra –cool, treeless, and dry

•Coniferous Forest (Taiga)–cool and dry, with coniferous trees

Some of the Biomes on Earth (3)- Aquatic - •Wetlands - many types, including swamps, marshes, bogs, fens, sloughs, etc.

•Marine–benthic biomes (bottom)–coral reef (warm shallow salt-water environments) –pelagic biomes (open seas near the surface) –estuarine biomes (where rivers meet oceans)

DESERTDESERT

DESERT•Deserts cover about 18-20% of the Earth's land area

•Insects, reptiles (especially lizards), birds and small mammals reside in the desert, many active only at night

DESERT• Temperature: Average of 38 OC (day), -3.9 OC (night) • Precipitation: About 250 mm of rain per year • Vegetation: Cacti, small bushes, short grasses • Location: Between 15 O and 35 O latitude (North and

South of the equator); examples are Mojave, Sonoran, Chihuahua, and Great Basin (North America); Sahara (Africa); Negev (Middle East); and Gobi (Asia)

• Other: Perennials survive for several years by becoming dormant and flourishing when water is available. Annuals are referred to as ephemerals because some can complete an entire life cycle in weeks.

• Example: El-Oasr el-Akhdar, Egypt

น้ำ��และสิง่มชีวีติในทะเลทร�ย• ในทะเลทรายที่แหง้แล้งบางแหง่อาจไมม่ฝีน

ตกเลยเป็นระยะเวลาหลายปี เชน่ ในชลีิไมไ่ด้รบัน้ำ6าฝนมากกวา่ 20 ปี ดังนั6นจงึไมม่สีิง่มชีวีติในบรเิวณนั6น

• ในทะเลทรายอ่ืน ๆ บางครั 6งอาจพบแหล่งน้ำ6าฝนท่ีขงัอยูบ่า้ง บางครั 6งก็เป็นน้ำ6าใต้ดิน ในบรเิวณนั6นจะมสีิง่มชีวีติหลายชนิดที่อาศัยแหล่งน้ำ6าพวกนี6ในการด้ำารงชวีติ

พชืท่ีอยูใ่นทะเลทร�ย• มลี้ำาต้นอ่อนนิ่ม ฉ้ำ่าไปด้วยน้ำ6า มขีี6ผึ6งฉาบ

อยูร่อบใบและล้ำาต้น – ได้แก่ พวกกระบองเพชร หรอืไมพุ้ม่ผลัด

ใบ • ฤดท่ีูพชืพวกนี6เจรญิเติบโตมเีวลาสั6น • ชว่งท่ีมดีอกเกิดขึ6นอยา่งสวยงามคือเมื่อ

มฝีนตก

Desert Plant Adaptations

•Some flowering desert plants are ephemeral; – They live for a few days. Their seeds lie

dormant in the soil, sometimes for years, until a soaking rain enables them to germinate and quickly bloom

•Desert plants usually have small leaves. – This conserves water by reducing surface area

from which transpiration can take place

Desert Plant Adaptations

•Other plants drop their leaves during the dry period

•Woody desert plants either:–have long root systems that reach deep water sources or

–have spreading shallow roots that are able to take up surface moisture quickly from heavy dews and occasional rains

Desert Plant Adaptations•Desert plants are succulents,

storing water in leaves, stems, and roots

•Thorns, modified leaves, guard the water from animal invaders

•These plants may take in and store carbon dioxide only at night; during the day their stomata, or pores, are closed to prevent evaporation.

สตัวต่์�งๆ ในทะเลทร�ย• พบในบรเิวณท่ีมพีชืเกิดขึ6น • ขุดรูอยูใ่ต้ดินในตอนกลางวนัและออกหากินในเวลากลาง

คืน – เชน่ กระรอก สตัวเ์ลื6อยคลาน แมลง แมงมุม แมงป่อง

Desert Animal Adaptations

•Amphibian species mature rapidly, mate, and lay eggs

•Many birds and rodents reproduce only periods of winter rain that stimulate the growth of vegetation

•Some desert rodents are extremely efficient at conserving and recycling water, their urine is highly concentrated

Desert Animal Adaptations

•Most desert mammals and reptiles are nocturnal, remaining in cool underground burrows or in the shade by day

•Some desert reptiles can control their metabolic heat production by varying their rate of heartbeat and the rate of body metabolism

TROPICAL TROPICAL RAIN RAIN

FORESTFOREST

TROPICAL RAINFORESTS•Located near the equator •Cover less than 10% of the Earth's surface, but provide a habitat for 50 to 90% of the world's plant and animal species

TROPICAL RAIN FOREST• Temperature: 20 OC to 25 OC,

must remain warm and frost-free • Precipitation: 2,000 to 10,000 millimeters of rain per

year • Vegetation: Vines, palm trees, orchids, ferns • Location: Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic

of Capricorn • Other: There are two types of rainforests, tropical and

temperate. Tropical rainforests are found closer to the equator and temperate rainforests are found farther north near coastal areas. The majority of common houseplants come from the rainforest.

• Example: Campa Pita, Belize

Characteristics•Greatest diversity of species•Near the equator, within the area bounded by latitudes 23.5 degrees N and 23.5 degrees S

•Distinct seasonality: winter is absent, and only two seasons are present (rainy and dry)

•Daylight is 12 hours and varies little.

•Characterized by rapid plant growth, thick forest canopy, and a huge diversity of animal species

•A multitude of insects and other invertebrates thrive along with birds, monkey, snakes and lizard

•Flora is highly diverse: one square kilometer may contain as many as 100 different tree species. –Trees are 25-35 m tall, with buttressed trunks and shallow roots, mostly evergreen, with large dark green leaves.

–Plants such as orchids, bromeliads, vines, ferns, mosses, and palms are present in tropical forests.

•Fauna include numerous birds, bats, small mammals, and insects.

•EMERGENTS: Giant trees - houses many birds and insects. •CANOPY: The upper parts - full of life in a tropical rainforest and includes: insects, birds, reptiles, mammals, and more. •UNDERSTORY: A dark, cool environment under the leaves but over the ground. •FOREST FLOOR: Teeming with animal life, especially insects. The largest animals in the rainforest generally live here.

Rain Forest Plants

•Large leaves are commonly found especially where light is low and transpiration reduced due to the high humidity

•Many trees have thin, smooth bark because there is little need to conserve water, while others are armed with spikes or thorns for protection.

Rain Forest Plants

•Some trees have large fleshy fruits to attract the birds and animals that disperse the seeds

•Epiphytes (กาฝาก) are plants that root on the trees

•Climbers are woody vines (เถาวลัย)์ that grow high into the canopy

Rain Forest Animals

•Many endemic species are found in rainforests

•Sometimes living on only one type of food plant

•Being active at certain times of the day

•Adaptations for living in the high canopy include flying, gliding, and prehensile tails

Rain Forest Animals

• Ground-dwelling forest mammals include large cats, such as tigers and jaguars, pigs, and many species of rodent

• Bird and reptile species occur in each of the forest layers -bright colouring and distinctive calls patterning

• Many species have effective camouflage behaviours

•The deforestation technique of slash and burn causes environmental damage:–carbon dioxide adds to the greenhouse effect

–destroys animal habitats–accelerates erosion–adding to the sediment loads of rivers

–making seasonal flooding much more severe

GRASSLANGRASSLANDD

GRASSLAND•Large parts of grasslands are

now planted with wheat, barley, and maize

•Most famous animal are the large grazers and browsers of the savannah, – lion, cheetah, elephant, rhinoceros,

giraffe, buffalo, zebra and numerous species of antelopes

GRASSLAND• Temperature: Dependent on latitude, yearly range

can be between -20 OC to 30 OC • Precipitation: About 500 to 900 mm of rain per year • Vegetation: Grasses (prairie clover, salvia, oats,

wheat, barley, coneflowers) • Location: The prairies of the Great Plains of North

America, the pampas of South America, the veldt of South Africa, the steppes of Central Eurasia, and surrounding the deserts in Australia

• Other: Found on every continent except Antarctica • Example: Ingeniera White, Argentina

สิง่มชีวีติในชุมชนท่ีเปน็ทุ่งหญ้�

• สตัวท่ี์อาศัยอยูต่ามทุ่งหญ้ามมีากและอุดมสมบูรณ์แตกต่างกันไป เชน่ พวกสตัวเ์ลี6ยงลกูด้วยนม สตัว์กีบ และสตัวแ์ทะ เชน่ กวาง สนุัข กระรอก สนัุขป่า ไก่ป่า นกกระจอก แมลงต่าง ๆ

• ทุ่งหญ้าในประเทศไทยไมไ่ด้เป็นทุ่งโล่งอยา่งในบางประเทศ แต่ในประเทศไทยจะมทีุ่งหญ้าแถบภาคกลางและภาคตะวนัออกเฉียงเหนือซึ่งเหมาะกับการเลี6ยงสตัวค์วบคู่ไปกับการเพาะปลกู

There are 2 main divisions of grasslands:1. tropical grassland, called savanna

2. temperate grassland

Savanna•Grassland with scattered

individual trees•Cover almost half the surface

of Africa (about five million square miles, generally central Africa) and large areas of Australia, South America, and India

•Prairies are grasslands with tall grasses

•Steppes are grasslands with short grasses

DECIDUOUDECIDUOUS FORESTS FOREST

DECIDUOUS FOREST

•deciduous trees (shed their leaves annually)

•winters are long, but not as harsh as Taiga

•animal life is varied and includes ground squirrels, foxes, bears, mice, snakes, rabbits, lizards, and deers

DECIDUOUS FOREST• Temperature: -30 OC to 30 OC,

yearly average is 10 OC, hot summers, cold winters • Precipitation: 750 to 1,500 mm of rain per year • Vegetation: Broadleaf trees (oaks, maples, beeches),

shrubs, perennial herbs, and mosses • Location: Eastern United States, Canada, Europe, China,

and Japan • Other: Temperate deciduous forests are most notable

because they go through four seasons. Leaves change color in autumn, fall off in the winter, and grow back in the spring; this adaptation allows plants to survive cold winters.

• Example: Staunton, Virginia, United States

Fall Colors•In the Fall, the number of hours of

daylight decreases •This causes deciduous trees to stop

producing chlorophyll and eventually lose their leaves

•During this time, these leaves turn brilliant colors, ranging from red to orange to yellow to brown

TUNDRATUNDRA

TUNDRA•Long, severe winters and cool,

brief summers•At its warmest, the ground only

thaws about 1m (3 ft); below this is permanently frozen ground, called permafrost

TUNDRA• Temperature: -40 OC to 18 OC • Precipitation: 150 to 250 mm of rain per year • Vegetation: Almost no trees due to short growing

season and permafrost; lichens, mosses, grasses, sedges, shrubs

• Location: Regions south of the ice caps of the Arctic and extending across North America, Europe, and Siberia (high mountain tops)

• Other: Tundra comes from the Finnish word tunturia, meaning "treeless plain"; it is the coldest of the biomes

• Example: Yakutsk, Russia

Characteristics of Tundra

1. Extremely cold climate 2. Low biotic diversity 3. Simple vegetation structure 4. Limitation of drainage 5. Short season of growth and

reproduction 6. Energy and nutrients in the form of

dead organic material 7. Large population oscillations

TUNDRA•Most typical plants are mosses, lichens, and other small plants that can survive the extreme cold

•Polar bears, reindeer, caribou, arctic foxes, arctic hares, all inhabit the northern tundra

TUNDRA•While the fringes of Antarctica support various species of seal and penguin

Arctic Tundra•Located in the northern hemisphere, encircling the north pole and extending south to the coniferous forests of the taiga

Alpine Tundra•Located on mountains throughout the world at high altitude where trees cannot grow

•The growing season is approximately 180 days

Tundra Animals•Caribou migrate in large herds to feed on the plants flowering and setting seed during the short summer

•Predatory wolves track the herds on their migration, while foxes clean up carrion (ซากสตัว)์ and the sickly

Tundra Animals•Arctic foxes have the thickest pelts (skin) and tiny ears

•Foxes evolved a method of preventing heat escaping from their paws into the snow

Tundra Animals•Caribou have similar heat-

exchangers and a special type of fat in their lower legs

•Musk oxen insulating themselves with thick layers of fur and fat, they huddle together in groups for warmth and, when threatened by predators, will often form a protective circle with the young calves at the center

TAIGATAIGA(Coniferous (Coniferous

Forest)Forest)

T A I G A•Taiga (northern coniferous forest or boreal forest)•The largest land biome, covering about 17% of the Earth's land area or about 1/3 of its total forested area•Lengthy, snowy, cold winters and short, mild summers•Cone-bearing trees and spongy bogs dominate the landscape •Various types of large deer, particularly elk and wapiti, and wolves, hares, bears

TAIGA• Temperature: -40 OC to 20 OC, average summer

temperature is 10 OC • Precipitation: 300 to 900 millimeters of rain per year • Vegetation: Coniferous-evergreen trees (trees that

produce cones and needles; some needles remain on the trees all year long)

• Location: Canada, Europe, Asia, and the United States • Other: Coniferous forest regions have cold, long,

snowy winters, and warm, humid summers; well-defined seasons, at least four to six frost-free months

• Example: Beaverlodge, Alberta, Canada

• ป่าสนในแถบเหนือ เป็นป่าท่ีอยูใ่นแถบขั 6วโลกลงมาในบรเิวณอลาสกา แคนาดา สแกนดิเนเวยี และไซบเีรยี ระหวา่งเสน้รุง้ - 5060 องศาเหนือ

• การใชป้ระโยชน์จากป่าสน ถ้าท้ำาอยา่งไมเ่หมาะสมจะท้ำาใหล้ดผลผลิต และเป็นการท้ำาลายทิวทัศน์ อาจจะเกิดอันตรายจากไฟไหมป้่า หรอือาจใชป้ระโยชน์เป็นท่ีพกัผ่อนหยอ่นใจของมนุษยไ์ด้น้อยลง รวมทั6งชวีติสตัวป์่าต่าง ๆ และคณุภาพลุ่มน้ำ6าล้ำาธารลดลง

Coniferous (Boreal) Forest

•The largest terrestial biome •Occuring between 50 and 60

degrees N latitudes•Seasons are divided into short,

moist, and moderately warm summers and long, cold, and dry winters

•The length of the growing season in boreal forests is 130 days

Coniferous (Boreal) Forest

• มพีชืพวกสนเป็นสว่นใหญ่ • ต้นไมเ้ตี6ยที่เป็นพชืปกคลมุ

คือ พวกมอส หญ้า และไม้พุม่ในแถบหนาว

• บางแหง่มต้ีนไมใ้หญ่และสงูมาก เชน่ เรดวูด ป่าไมพ้วกนี6เป็นแหล่งน้ำ6าจดืของโลก เชน่ – ทะเลสาบซุพเีรยีในอเมรกิาเหนือ – ทะเลสาบไบคาลในเอเซยี

           

•Flora consist mostly of cold-tolerant evergreen conifers with needle-like leaves, such as pine, fir, and spruce.

•Fauna include woodpeckers, hawks, moose, bear, weasel, lynx, fox, wolf, deer, hares, chipmunks, shrews, and bats.

TaigaCone-bearing Tree• Their conical shape allows snow to fall off

easily• The small surface area of their needle-

shaped leaves reduces water loss• A thick, waxy cuticle protects the leaf

stomata from the drying winds and prevents water loss

• Dark-colored leaves throughout the year, the evergreen trees are ready to photosynthesize as soon as temperatures rise above 6° C (43° F) in spring

Taiga Animal Adaptations

•Thick coats of fur or feathers for insulation

•Large body size, relative to similar species, is another strategy that prevents heat loss, i.e. elk is the largest member of the deer family

•Several species have developed the ability to live beneath the snow-covered ground in winter

Taiga Animal Adaptations

•Others, such as the brown-bear and squirrel, over-winter by hibernation

•Some animals do not hibernate, but hoard or store food to enable them to survive the winter period

Taiga Animal Adaptations

•Migratory behaviour; caribou migrate south in winter, other birds and mammals only spend the summer months in the taiga