fm-k01-12
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/28/2019 FM-K01-12
1/21
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H.-P. Kau Module Fluid Machinery 1 - 0
Chapter 1
1. Introduction
1. Area of application2. Classification
3. Examples
4. Reciprocating engines in comparisonwith turbomachinery
-
7/28/2019 FM-K01-12
2/21
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H.-P. Kau Module Fluid Machinery 1 - 1
Area of application
Turbomachines are devices in which energy is transferred between a continuously flowing fluid
and a rotor. The first part of the word turbomachine is of Latin origin and implies that which spinsaround, as does the rotating blade row, the rotor, when it converts the energy of the fluid or themechanical energy of the shaft. The working fluid flowing through the turbomachinery can be of liquidor of gaseous type or even be a multiphase flow suchas insteamturbines.
Water turbines in power plants
Compressors or turbines in turbochargers orgas turbines
Machinery for chemical processes
Steam turbines in power plants
Wind turbines
Circulation pumps for heating systems indomestic homes
-
7/28/2019 FM-K01-12
3/21
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H.-P. Kau Module Fluid Machinery 1 - 2
Flow of energy in turbomachinery
-
7/28/2019 FM-K01-12
4/21
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H.-P. Kau Module Fluid Machinery 1 - 3
Classification of turbomachinery (1)
Source:Bohl,S
trmungsmaschinen1
-
7/28/2019 FM-K01-12
5/21
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H.-P. Kau Module Fluid Machinery 1 - 4
Compressibility offluid
Compressible (thermal turbomachine) Incompressible (hydraulic turbomachine)
Direction of energytransfer
Rotor >> Fluid,driven TM
Fluid >> Rotor,driving TM
Rotor >> Fluid,driven TM
Fluid >> Rotor,driving TM
Examples Compressor Steam turbine Pump Water turbine
Casing
Without With casing Without With casing
Propeller Axial-flowcompressor
Diagonalcompressor
Centrifugalcompressor
Windturbine
Axial-flowturbine
Diagonalturbine
Radialturbine
Workingflow
Axial Axial Diagonal Radial Axial Axial Diagonal Radial
In direction of the flow (arrow):pressure increase, decrease of specific volume,
decreasing cross-section
In direction of the flow (arrow):pressure decrease, increase of specific volume,
enlarging cross-section
Classification of turbomachinery (2)
-
7/28/2019 FM-K01-12
6/21
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H.-P. Kau Module Fluid Machinery 1 - 5
Classification of turbomachinery (3)
Characteristic Classification Example Criterion
Singlestage
Multistage
Singlesuction
Doublesuction
Numberof
stages
Numberof
suction
channels
Positive/negativeworkneededis
notaccomplishedbyonestage
Moreflowthanasinglesuction
constructioncansupplyisneeded
-
7/28/2019 FM-K01-12
7/21
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H.-P. Kau Module Fluid Machinery 1 - 6
Examples of centrifugal pump design (incompressible fluid)
-
7/28/2019 FM-K01-12
8/21
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H.-P. Kau Module Fluid Machinery 1 - 7
Construction Differentiation Criterion
Casing design Single-walled Double-walledRelief of the inner casing improves its circularity andtherefore the tip clearance is not affected as much.
Casing splittingAxially split
casing
Radially split
casing
Radiallysplit casings have a better circularity andshould be preferred when dealing with highpressures.
Number of shafts One shaftMultiple number
of shaftsImproves stage design matching
Shaft position Horizontal Vertical Vertical is preferred in big hydraulic turbomachines.
Reversibility of flowdirection
Not reversible ReversibleE.g. reversibility in pumped-storage hydroelectricpower plants
Further classification possibilities
-
7/28/2019 FM-K01-12
9/21
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H.-P. Kau Module Fluid Machinery 1 - 8
Single-stage compressor (DEMAG)
-
7/28/2019 FM-K01-12
10/21
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H.-P. Kau Module Fluid Machinery 1 - 9
Axial-flow compressor with radial output stage
-
7/28/2019 FM-K01-12
11/21
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H.-P. Kau Module Fluid Machinery 1 - 10
Turbocharger 3K-Warner
-
7/28/2019 FM-K01-12
12/21
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H.-P. Kau Module Fluid Machinery 1 - 11
KSB Omega Double-suction radial flow pump
-
7/28/2019 FM-K01-12
13/21
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H.-P. Kau Module Fluid Machinery 1 - 12
Impulse turbine (Pelton wheel)
Pelton wheel:
Head range: 100 2000 mPower output: 0,08 400MW
Source:W.
Bohl,S
trmungsmaschinenI
Source:Fa.Lingenhle
Wheel of a Pelton turbine Six-jet Pelton turbine
-
7/28/2019 FM-K01-12
14/21
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H.-P. Kau Module Fluid Machinery 1 - 13
Francis turbine:Head range: 10 900 mPower output: 0,03 - 500MWRadial inlet flowVariable guidevaneAxial outlet flow
Inlet
Adjustment cylinder
Turbine shaft
Turbine guide bearing
Guide vane adjusting mechanism
Runner
Outlet
Inlet scroll
Pressure control valve
-
7/28/2019 FM-K01-12
15/21
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H.-P. Kau Module Fluid Machinery 1 - 14
Axial and radial cross section of a Francis turbine
Turbine shaft
Guide vanes Runner
Guide vane adjusting
mechanism
Inlet scroll
Inlet
Spiral casing
Fluid
-
7/28/2019 FM-K01-12
16/21
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H.-P. Kau Module Fluid Machinery 1 - 15
Kaplan turbine (1)
Kaplan turbines:
Head range: 5 80 m(hydropower plants)
Power output: ca. 0,1 150 MW
-
7/28/2019 FM-K01-12
17/21
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H.-P. Kau Module Fluid Machinery 1 - 16
Kaplan turbine (2)
Source:W.
Bohl,S
trmungsmaschinenI
-
7/28/2019 FM-K01-12
18/21
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H.-P. Kau Module Fluid Machinery 1 - 17
Industrial gas turbine: Siemens V94
Performance Data (V94.3A):Power Output: 265 MWEfficiency: 38,5 %
-
7/28/2019 FM-K01-12
19/21
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H.-P. Kau Module Fluid Machinery 1 - 18
Comparison: Reciprocating engine Turbomachinery (1)
Reciprocating engines and turbomachinery compete in many areas of use:
For a given set of operating requirements there is usually one type of compressor/pump or turbinebest suited for the operation.
When dealing with high flow rates, low pressure ratios and a high demand for energyturbomachinery is preferred,
whereas when dealing with low flow rates, high pressure ratios and a low demand for energyreciprocating machines are usually opted for.
Reciprocating engine Turbomachinery
Movement of fluid Interrupted Continous process
Compression of gas high low
Engine Intermittent internalcombustion engine
Gas turbine, steamturbinewind-/water turbines
Load transmission Hydraulic pistons Hydraulic coupling
-
7/28/2019 FM-K01-12
20/21
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H.-P. Kau Module Fluid Machinery 1 - 19
Comparison: Reciprocating engine Turbomachinery (2)
Reciprocating
engine
Turbomachinery
Principle of operation
Max. speed ~ 20.000 rpm ~ 100.000 rpm
Pressure ratio high low
Flow rate low high
Type of Flow intermittent continuous
Maintenance costs high low
AW FF
AbFA
Flow principle
ApF
Displacementdevice principle
-
7/28/2019 FM-K01-12
21/21
Technische Universitt Mnchen
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H.-P. Kau Module Fluid Machinery 1 - 20
Comparison: Reciprocating engine Turbomachinery (3)
A big advantage of a gas turbine is its weight and the little space it requires:
MTU 16V 595 TE70L MTU TF50
Power output (kW) 3925 3805Rotational speed (rev/min) 1750 1070
Length (m) 3,98 1,395
Width (m) 1,66 0,89
Height (m) 2,87 1,04
Volume (m3) 18,96 1,29
Weight (kg) 13000 710
Although having the same power output as the reciprocating engine the gas turbine only
requires 7% of the space and weighs 5,5% as much.