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FOLK AND POPULAR CULTURE CHAPTER 4 Unit IV

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CULTURAL DIFFERENCES Why do cultural differences exist across the world? How are social customs related to our landscape? How is the world becoming more familiar w/ our customs?

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CULTURE Culture involves 3 things: Values Artifacts Political institutions Our focus, look at material culture that has survived: Food, clothing, types of shelter Leisure activities, arts and recreation Habit: repetitive act that an ind. performs Custom: repetitive act a group performs

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CULTURE Material culture, the collection of social customs: Folk culture: traditionally practiced by small, homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas Popular culture: large, heterogeneous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics Where folk/pop culture are located How material culture and is related to physical enviro

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WHERE DO FOLK AND POP. CULTURE ORIGINATE? Originate at the hearth (center for innovation) Unknown source, date, or originators Possibly multiple hearths, originating independently Pop culture usually develops in MDCs Why?

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ORIGINS OF FOLK & POP MUSIC FOLK MUSIC Possibly multiple hearths Songs about daily life; farming, life cycle, physical events POP MUSIC Written for specific ppl and sale Started w/ Vaudeville (1900) Made in NYCTin Pan Alley WWII/Armed Forces Radio

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DIFFUSION OF FOLK & POP CULTURE Pop culture: rapidly, hierarchical diffusion via modern comm. Folk culture: small scale, through migration AMISH: RELOCATION DIFFUSION OF FOLK CULTURE Originally from Bern, Switzerland Religious freedom & cheap land (U.S.) Slow diffusion through interregional migration

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DIFFUSION OF FOLK & POP CULTURE SPORTS: HIERARCHICAL DIFFUSION OF POP CULTURE Folk Culture Origin of Soccer England 11 th Cent. Kicking a Danes head inflated cow bladder Village vs. village Mob scene Banned late 12 th Cent, legal again 17 th Cent

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DIFFUSION OF FOLK & POP CULTURE SPORTS: HIERARCHICAL DIFFUSION OF POP CULTURE Globalization of Soccer Begins in 1800s when British clubs formed organizations Organize leagues and establish standard rules Football Association assoc soccer Diffused through contact with Brits Dutch students, Spanish miners, Moscow Dynamo

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WHY IS FOLK CULTURE CLUSTERED? Folk customs develop through cent. of isolation HIMALAYAN ART Looking at 4 religious groups in the Himalayas Tibetan Buddhists: N region, painted divine figures Monks/Sts, harsh conditions Hindus: S region, every day life, regions extreme climate Muslims: W region, plants/flowers, didnt paint harsh cond. Animist: SE region, symbols/designs deriving from religion

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PHYSICAL ENVIRO INFLUENCES Enviro. Determinism rejected Similar enviro, adopt diff. social customs Diff. enviro, similar social customs Provision of food, clothing and shelter, heavily influenced Folk societies are responsive to environmentwhy? Low level of tech. Food & Shelter influence cultural values & enviro on develop of unique folk culture

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DISTINCTIVE FOOD PREFERENCES ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE We consider climate, soil, vegetation b4 producing food Ppl adapt food preferences to enviro conditions Soy Beans Quick-frying foods in S Europe Stewing/Roasting in N Europe Terroir: contribution of a locations distinctive physical features to the way food tastes (grounded)

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DISTINCTIVE FOOD PREFERENCES FOOD DIVERSITY IN TRANSYLVANIA Dif. groups migrate to Transylvania, & its all about the soup Soup is poor peoples food but shows tradition Romanians: cracked wheat, corn, brown bread, sour bran Saxons: simmered fatty pork, sauerkraut/vinegar, fruits Jews: beets and sorrel (no meat) Armenians: churut and ground vegetables Hungarians: smoked bacon, thickened w/ flour and onion Szeklers: similar to Jews, used poultry for pork substitute

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DISTINCTIVE FOOD PREFERENCES FOOD ATTRACTIONS & TABOOS We consume food based on perceived benefits Strength, fierceness, lovemaking ability Abipone Indians of Paraguay & Mandrake plant Taboo: restriction on behavior imposed by social customs Mbum Kpau: no chicken/goat, twisted horned antelope Jews: no pig, fish lacking scales/fins

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HOG PRODUCTION & FOOD CULTURES

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FOLK HOUSING The house is a good reflection of cultural heritage, current fashion, functional needs, and the impact of the environment Usually build with what is readily available; wood, brick, sod Sacred doors, walls, furniture arrangement (Laos and Thai) Some ppl share similar materials and climates but ignore practicality (Windows for heat)

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HOME LOCATIONS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

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U.S. FOLK HOUSE FORMS 3 major hearths for U.S. homes: New England, Mid Atlantic, and Lower Chesapeake NE: North, North West (Great Lakes) Mid Atlantic: Ohio Valley and Appalachia Chesapeake: Southward-Atlantic coast

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U.S. FOLK HOUSE FORMS Housing styles from NE migrated w/ ppl westward New England, Mid Atlantic, and Lower Chesapeake

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DIFFUSION OF POP HOUSING HOUSING STYLES Housing since the 40s shows pop customs in time than place After WWII two housing types came about: Modern House Styles (1945-1960) Minimal traditional, ranch, split level Neo-Eclectic House Styles (since 1960) Neo-Tudor, neo-French, neo-Colonial, mansard

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U.S. HOUSE TYPES, 1945-1990 Fig. 4-11: Several variations of the modern style were dominant from the 1940s into the 1970s. Since then, neo-eclectic styles have become the dominant type of house construction in the U.S.

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U.S. HOUSE TYPES BY REGION Fig. 4-1.1: Small towns in different regions of the eastern U.S. have different combinations of five main house types.

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RAPID DIFFUSION OF CLOTHES Designer clothes spread more rapidly in MDCs Jeans Symbol of youth, starts in western world Low status manual laborers designer jeans Button fly vs zipper fly Denim destroys communism

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POPULAR FOOD CUSTOMS ALCOHOL AND FRESH PRODUCE Both ^ depend on the region of the U.S. Based on what is produced, grown or imported locally Bourbon, Whiskey, and Rum? Pork rinds, Potato Chips, and Popcorn? Also based on cultural background Baptists and Mormons dont consume barrels of alcohol Therefore those regions consumption rate falls Cant expl. all regional variations in food preferences

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ALCOHOL PREFERENCES IN THE U.S. Fig. 4-12: Per capita consumption of Canadian whiskey (left) and tequila (right) show different source areas and histories of diffusion.

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PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF CANADIAN WHISKEY

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PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF TEQUILA

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POPULAR FOOD CUSTOMS WINE PRODUCTION Enviro plays a role in the dist. of pop as well as folk food cust. Cold, rainy winters & long, hot summers Hillsides and to be near lakes or rivers are desirable Different soil composition creates dif. tasting wines Bordeaux: sandy/gravelly, Champagne: chalky Also grown based on cultural values

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WINE PRODUCTION PER YEAR Fig. 4-13: The distribution of wine production shows the joint impact of the physical environment and social customs.

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DIFFUSION OF TV 1954 - 2003 Most pop. Leisure activity in MDCs TV diffuses knowledge of pop culture the most rapidly across E Govt control of TV Dif. In US TV and RoW

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TV DISTRIBUTION, 1954

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TV DISTRIBUTION, 1970

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TV DISTRIBUTION, 2003

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DISTRIBUTION OF INTERNET USERS, 1995 - 2003 Fig. 4-15: Internet users per 1000 population. Diffusion of internet service is following the pattern of TV diffusion in the 20th century, but at a much faster rate.

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INTERNET USERS, 1995 PER 1000 POPULATION

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INTERNET USERS, 2000 PER 1000 POPULATION

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INTERNET USERS, 2004 PER 1000 POPULATION

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THREAT TO FOLK CULTURE Rising income can lead to consuming more pop. Culture Western perspectives dominate Loss of traditional values African & Asian cultures: clothing Changing role for women Positives: working towards equality Negatives: prostitution

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THREAT OF FOREIGN MEDIA IMPERIALISM LDCs consider pop customs of MDCs a threat U.S., U.K., and Japan dominate the TV market U.S. TV: upward mobility, =women, glorification of youth, and violence LDCs want family values and avoid political, economic and culture controversy Associated Press (AP) and Reuters domination of news Criticized for non-accurate and unbalanced news reports

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ENVIRO IMPACT OF POP CULTURE MODIFYING NATURE Imposed on enivro rather than springing from it Dist. of pop culture produces a uniform landscape Nature modified to enhance sales or leisure act. Diffusion of Golf Fast food: product recognition

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GOLF COURSES IN METROPOLITAN AREAS Fig. 4-16: The 50 best-served and worst-served metropolitan areas in terms of golf holes per capita, and areas that are above and below average.

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MCDONALD S IN BEIJING, CHINA

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NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Diffusion of pop customs has 2 negative enviro impacts: Depletion of scarce natural resources Pollution of the landscape Product demand strains the environments resources Animal consumption HIGH levels of waste: solids, liquids, gases Throw away society

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ASK YOURSELF Where do folk and popular cultures originate and diffuse? Why is folk culture clustered? Why is popular culture widely distributed? Why does globalization of popular culture cause problems?