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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIO Mª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIO Mª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos UNIT 18. FIBRE-PRODUCING PLANTS. FOOD PLANTS FOOD PLANTS Mª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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Page 1: FOOD PLANTS - Bienvenido al OpenCourseWare de la ...ocw.upm.es/botanica/food-plants/contenidos/teoria/ocw-upm_food... · FOOD PLANTS FOOD PLANTS. ... Hemp Cannabis sativa Cannabaceae

PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

UNIT 18. FIBRE-PRODUCING PLANTS.

FOOD PLANTS

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

CottonKenaf

CoconutCommon flax

HempSisal, agave

UNIT 18. FIBRE-PRODUCING PLANTS.

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

TEXTILE PLANTS

Common name Scientific name Family Origin

Cotton Gossypium hirsutum

G. barbadense

Malvaceae India

Central America

Kenaf Hibiscus cannabinus Malvaceae Africa

Coconut Cocos nucifera Arecaceae Pantropical

Common flax Linum usitatissimum Linaceae Southeast Asia

Hemp Cannabis sativa Cannabaceae Eurasia

Sisal, agave Agave sisalana

Agave americana

Agavaceae Mexico

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

TEXTILE PLANTS

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Fibre crops

Whole plant Leaves SeedsEnergy Fodder Alimentary use of oilsFodder Technical use of oils

Technical uses Fodder

Long fibre Short fibre

Textile Technical textile Celulose and paper Bioconstruction Industrial uses-fine textiles -biodegradable textiles -fine and special paper -insulating material -reinforced compounds-normal textiles -unspun textiles -printing paper -sustitutives -insulators-work clothes -rope -press paper -cement conglomerate -anti-infiltrants-handbags -nets -filtre paper -mixes -brake coating-domestic and -antihumidity textiles -wraping paper -compression printingsanitary textiles -carpets -technical paper

-home decorations -workbags

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Cotton: Gossypium hirsutumG. barbadense

Origin:

India, Africa, southern Mexico and Central America (this region has cotton called Upland.)

The real introduction of cotton in Europe happened during the 18th century b.C. by the Phoenicians in Sicily and the muslims in Spain.

Families from the Middle East (Siria and Irak, today), started its cultivation during the second half of the 19th century in the area of the Guadalquivir Valley and later throughout the Mediterranean Coast and the Balearic Islands.

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Gossypium ORIGING.herbaceum IndiaG.arboreum EgyptG.barbadense AntillesG.religiosum ChinaG.hirsutum Mexico

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Cotton : Gossypium hirsutumG. barbadense

Botanical characteristics:

Herbaceous annual plants, up to 1.5m high and very branched.

Leaves: with 3 to 5 triangular lobes.

Flowers: infundibuliform, solitary, of variable colour (white, yellow, pink or mauve, and can take a purple tone when they get older).

They are cut whole, and are piled up, when dry they are opened by the appex.

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Cotton : Gossypium hirsutumG. barbadense

Fruits: ovoid or round capsules, acuminate, with 3 to 5 loculus and a smooth epicarp. They contain between 15 and 20 seeds.

Seeds: 6 to 8 in each loculus, covered by a white fluff which can be up to 5 cm long (cotton), ovoid or oblong in shape.

Cotton is composed mainly by celulose (90%) and a smaller propotion of water, wax, fats, proteins, hemicelulose, pectins, minerals and colorant substances.

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Cotton : Gossypium hirsutumG. barbadense

Uses:

Seeds contain 15 -20% semi-drying oil, and their residue is a flour rich in proteins (50%).

It also contains gosipiol and vitamin E.

It is one of the most important oils in the world; till the middle of the 19th century it was wasted, but then it started to be used.

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Cotton : Gossypium hirsutumG. barbadense

All cultivated varieties today in Spain are of the species Gossypium hirsutum, which represents 90% of the total cultivated surface of the world.

Up until 35 years ago, egyptian cotton Gossypium barbadense was quite important in the spanish mediterranean coast.

Today this type of cotton is no longer cultivated in Spain due to its long vegetative cycle and its low productivity when compared to varieties like Upland.

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Cotton : Gossypium hirsutumG. barbadense

Cotton flour is one of the most complete products that can be used in food rations for nearly all species, but specially for cows.

It is rich in protein content and its proteins are of an excellent quality (all essential amino acids are present), and it has a digestibility measure of 84%.

Its high carbohydrate content, contrary to what happens in cereals (which are mainly made of starch), is made of crystallizable and soluble sugars which are therefore easily assimilated by the animal.

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Cotton : Gossypium hirsutumG. barbadense

Ecological requirements:

Cotton is a tropical or subtropical climate plant, and thus has requirements in order to develop:

Necessary temperature for germination varies between 14 and 16º C; when 14ºC are not reached it doesn’t germinate.

Between 35 and 36º C, germination and growth are very quick.

It prefers sandy soils, because of the good ventilation of the roots. These soils enable capsules to ripen more quickly.

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Cotton : Gossypium hirsutumG. barbadense

The first producer in the world is China followed by India, United States, Pakistan and Uzbekistan.

It requires lots of labour. In tropical areas its seeds and oil are used in cooking,

pastry, garnishing… In Europe, it is cultivated in Spain and Greece.

In Spain, in Andalucía, 95% in the Guadalquivir Valley, also in Alicante, Murcia (Cartagena) and Extremadura.

It is the most important industrial crop in Andalucía.

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Kenaf: Hibiscus cannabinus

Family MALVACEAE

“Guinea hemp”.

Origin:

In the oriental half of the african continent (Kenia, Uganda, Sudan), from where it extended to Southamerica and later to the rest of the world.

Biotype:

Herbaceous plant, short cycle, annual, although in certain conditions it can be considered perennial. It is cultivated for the fibre of its stem, specially used in sacks.

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Kenaf: Hibiscus cannabinus

Stem: Upright, cylindrical or subangular,

spiky, not very branched, 1 to 1.5 m long approximately.

It is composed of two morphologically different parts:

The cortex or exterior part contains long fibres, up to 6 mm and represents 35-40% of the stem.

The interior woody part, with short fibres up to 1.2 mm which represents the other 65-60%.

www.apparelsearch.comh

http://homepage1.nifty.com

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Kenaf: Hibiscus cannabinus

Leaves: they can be whole, cordate, profoundly

divided, with 3, 5, or 7 dentend lobes.

Flowers: axilary, isolated, large, in the upper part of the plant, with 5 light yellow petals, purple or red in the middle, and numerous stamens.

Fruit: cylindrical capsule, pubescent, 1 or 2 cm long, half of the calyx. It has 5 cavities and

around 20 or 25 seeds.

www.reactual.com

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Kenaf: Hibiscus cannabinus Edafologic and climatic requirements:

This plant has probably the greatest range of adaptation to climate and soil, when it is dedicated to commercial uses of its fibre.

It is an annual summer plant.

In order to obtain good fibre, average daily temperatures of 30 to 35º C are needed.

In general it can be said that it requires an annual rainfall of 1000 to 1500 mm, with average values of 130 mm monthly during 4 months and a constant atmospheric humidity.

Kenaf is a plant that doesn’t tolerate strong winds or storms, specially when the crop is reaching maturity.

www.fukuoka-edu.ac.jp

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Kenaf: Hibiscus cannabinus Uses:

In the past it was used to produce sacks, but today it has been substituted by plastics and derived substances.

Today its cultivation has been restituted as it is a source of celulose for the paper industry, in order to produce different kinds of paper, specially for pressing paper.

The crop can take two orientations: one whole, and the other where the cortex is separated from the core, in order to obtain different fibre qualities, and thus different types of paper.

Leaves, appexes and young plants can be used as fodder, as they are rich in proteins and have excellent digestibility.

It is also a crop for energetic uses (biomass), yielding from 12 000 to 24000 Kg of dry matter / Ha.

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Kenaf: Hibiscus cannabinus

Traditionally this plant has been cultivated to extract long fibre from its cortex, in order to produce strong textiles, sacks, cloth, ropes, twine, canvas shoe soles, mats, baskets, carpets etc.

The seed contains up to 20% of edible oil, and a subproduct which is appropriate for animal nutrition.

Around 20% of the volume in a kenaf seed is edible oil, similar in composition to cotton oil, but with the advantage that it has a softer smell and has no toxic phenolic pigments –gosipiol- which must be removed from cotton seeds.

This oil has been used in lubricants, paint and cooking. It is not widely used. www.granolagroovy.com

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Coconut: Cocos nucifera

Origin:

Different theories propose Southamerica, Polinesia, and Southeastern Asia as centres of origin.

It was taken to Egypt by the Indian Ocean in the 6th century.

According to hindu tradition it has 99 different uses.

It has spread in the intertropical area of the globe. Essentialy as a crop in Asia and Oceania.

Large industrial coconut trees are found in Ceylon, Mozambique, Phillipines and Malasia.

It is the most common tree in rice field margins. www.hort.purdue.edu

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Coconut : Cocos nucifera

TRUNK.

Classical structure of monocotyledons. Smooth-looking, grey coloured.

Domed at the base, up to 1 m in diametre. Height between 20 and 25 m.

The top is a crown of leaves.

LEAVES.

At the tuft that crowns the trunk.

Between 5 and 6 m long.

Has a strong petiole that continues through the rachis, which in itself has 200-300 leaflets.

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Coconut : Cocos nucifera

INFLORESCENCES.

Monoecious plant.

Each leaf has in its axil a floral draft.

Before blooming it has a large oblong bract called spathe that encloses the inflorescence.

FRUIT.

Monosperm drupe.

A sole nut covered by a woody endocarp and a fibrous mesocarp.

The epicarp is smooth, green and waxy.

www.life.uiuc.edu

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Coconut : Cocos nucifera

Ecological requirements:

Adequate temperature oscillates between 22º and 30º C.

Needs from 1200 mm to 2500 mm of rainfall.

Needs sufficient insolation (2000 h/year).

Maximum altitude 250 m above sea level.. They develop in soils which are well-

drained and ventilated; alluvion soils. Distributed in tropical regions up to

latitudes of 27º. It is cultivated practically exclusively in

Asia and the Pacific. http://pharm1.pharmazie.uni-greifswald.de

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Coconut : Cocos nucifera

ASIA MAIN PRODUCER

93% OF THE WORLD’S PRODUCTION

PRODUCERS AND EXPORTERS:

INDONESIA, INDIA AND PHILLIPINES

13 000 000 (thousands of tons)

IMPORTERS:

EUROPEAN UNION (HOLLAND, GERMANY, SPAIN)

SPAIN

NO PRODUCTION, ONLY IMPORTS

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Common flax: Linum usitatissimum Origin:

Egypt, Israel, Siria, Iran and Irak. Cultivated since the ancient times for the fibre of its

stem and the oil of its seeds..

The egyptians used it as wrapping for mummies and the oil was used for their embalmment.

The roman emperors wore robes made of common flax.

The phoenicians used strong flax textiles for the sails of their boats.

It later came to Germany and the Netherlands, where slaves learned about it in the Middle Ages.

In occidental Europe it had enormous importance during the 18th and 19th centuries, but cotton finally substituted it.

www.arrakis.es

www.tesorillo.com

www.iespana.es

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Common flax : Linum usitatissimum

Biotype: Annual herbaceous plant.

Stem: Only one. Erect, not very long, up to

1m. Leaves: Simple, oval, narrow and sessile.

Alternate.

Flowers: Terminal, white or blue.

Fruit: Capsule with around 10 oval,

smooth and shiny seeds.

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Common flax : Linum usitatissimum

Main producing countries:

China and Russia.

Also in eastern Europe: Poland, Rumania, Czech Rep. and Baltic countries.

In the EU: France, Belgium and the Netherlands, with fibre of the best quality.

For seed oil:

Argentina, Canada, India, United States and Russia.

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Common flax: Linum usitatissimum

Seed uses:

The three groups of most important nutrients that it contains are: omega-3 essencial fatty acids, lignan, and soluble and insoluble fibre.

Omega-3: it is the richest source of Omega-3. A quarter cup of seeds is equivalent to 3.2 pounds of salmon; that is 9000 miligrams of Omega-3.

Lignan: rich in anti-cancerigenic elements; it contains 800 times more than any other vegetable.

Fibre: it contains more fibre than other grains. It is thus beneficial in digestion and has laxative properties. It is an excellent intestinal lubricant.

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Common flax : Linum usitatissimum

It has been cultivated since the ancient times for the extraction of fibres and oil.

The discovery of sythetic fibres and the predominance of cotton cultivation meant that common flax cultivation and its fibre became secondary.

Its oil is used essentially in paint and varnish industries because it dries quickly, which means it creates a protective layer against environmental factors. It is thus used to protect wood, iron and other exposed surfaces.

The same oil is also used in the making of linoleum, an impermeable product used to cover floors.

www.bellalino.com

www.reiki.it

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Hemp: Cannabis sativa

Origin and history:

Hemp centres of origin are found in China, Iran and India . In 2700 b.C. the emperor Xhen Nung cultivated it in

China to produce textiles. Its cultivation extended towards the East. It spread through Italy between the 4th and 6th centuries .

It became very important in Europe with the marine expansion.

It was used to make boat sails in America, where it arrived thanks to the spanish colonizers.

Phillip II of Spain in 1545 gave order to plant hemp in order to make sails, ropes and clothing.

After the colonial period it was used as a medicinal plant by english doctors in India.

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Hemp : Cannabis sativa

Origin and history:

Maximum expansion took place in the 19th century in Europe.

During 3 years, Rembrant and Van Gogh painted preferably on hemp textiles.

Before the technological development that happened in the 19th century, all clothing was made of hemp textiles, because flax and cotton clothing were only available to the rich.

The development of the petrochemical industry, the reduction of the use of seed oil as fuel, and the use of celulose paste to make paper were the reasons why hemp cultivation was reduced drastically in Europe and North America.

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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Hemp : Cannabis sativa

Biotype: Herbaceous, annual or perennial.

Dioecious plant.

Stem: 2-6 m high, hollow, made of two types of

fibres:

Primary fibres: 5- 40 mm long, 20-50 mm in diametre.

Secondary fibres: 2-4 mm long, 15-17 mm in diametre

Leaves: Opposite, palmate, 5-11 lobes, generally

dented. www.jardin-mundani.org

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Hemp : Cannabis sativa

Female plant:

More flowers, more bushy and a darker green colour. Quite a lot of branches, close to each other.

Female flowers:

Sessile glomerules.

5 fused sepals with a breach in the side which permits a pair of stigmas to come out.

Spike inflorescence.

Achene fruit.

Seeds: sweet flavour and jelly consistency.http://html.rincondelvago.com

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Hemp : Cannabis sativa

Ecological requirements:

Optimum temperature of 22 º C.

Preferably humid temperate-warm climates, in dry and deep soils.

Useful parts :

33 % of the plant is fibre, 55% is “cañamiza”, and the rest is dust. Today fibre is used to make paper paste, “cañamiza” is used to make horse beds, the dust is used to make mud for depurative systems, the

seed is used to obtain oil and cosmetics.

www.tododrogas.net

http://botanika.biologija.org

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Hemp : Cannabis sativa

Genetic improvement:

Hemp with low THC content.

Fibre types (THC lower than 0.5%).

Intermediate types (0.5-0.1%) .

Drug types (THC over 1%).

The EU has established 0.3% as the limit between fibre and drug.

www.canamo-espana.com

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Hemp : Cannabis sativa

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Sisal, agave: Agave americanaOriginary of Mexico

Wild growth in the mediterranean region

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Sisal, agave: Agave americana

Family: AGAVACEAE

Origin: Mexico. Other names: pita, maguey

Biotype: Herbaceous, perennial.

Leaves: 30 to 40 disposed in rosette,

lanceolate, ash grey, fleshy, over 1.5m long, with dented and spiky margins.

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Sisal, agave : Agave americana

Flowers:

Compound, yellowy green. Stamens larger than the perianth.

The infloresecence doesn´t develop till the plant is mature, when it is between 10 and 20 years old. It can be over 10m long.

Bird pollination.

www.cnpa.embrapa.br

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Sisal, agave : Agave americana

ECOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS:

The sisal is extremely resistant and has enormous adaptability, which is why it grows in all types of climates (except in mountains).

Environment:

In the sun preferably, although it also grows if it isn´t in direct sunlight.

Humidity:

No or very scarce risk if the plant grows in the countryside, but regular and frequent if it is grown in a flowerpot.

Soils:

Permeable and sandy.

http://images.wildmadagsacar.org

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Sisal, agave : Agave americana

Ecological requirements:

• Preferably 500 m altitude.

• Volcanic or clay soils

• Rich in basalt and iron

• 1 mm annual rainfall

• Grows until it reaches maturity, 10 years aprox.

• The final product is the pine.

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Sisal, agave : Agave americana

Nutritional composition:

High quantity of sugars, which is why the pines are heated in special ovens and are then very appreciated by mexican indians, because of its sweet flavour. It is chewed like cooked pumpkin.

With an incision in the trunk the juice is obtained. It is used to make:

- non fermented drinks like honey water. - fermented drinks like pulque, mezcal and

tequila. - sugar and vinegar.

Thanks to these sugars with acid fermentation different liquors are obtained: tequila, pulque, mezcal,…

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

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PLANTAS DE INTERÉS AGROALIMENTARIOMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos

Sisal, agave : Agave americana

DISTRIBUTION:

This plant is native of Mexico, and is naturalized throughout the mediterranean region where it has become a typical landscape element.

It is exclusively produced and commercialized in Mexico.

IMPORTANCE AND PRODUCION IN SPAIN:

It isn´t cultivated but it is planted in gardens.

Andalucía: in Almería and Murcia, also in Mallorca although it can be found anywhere in the country.

Also in the Canary Islands and in the coast of northern Africa, as it grows in arid and warm areas.

FOOD PLANTSMª Ángeles Mendiola Ubillos