formosan languages and cultures ch12-1. 【本著作除另有註明外,採取創用 cc...
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FORMOSAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES
Ch12-1.
【本著作除另有註明外,採取創用 CC「姓名標示-非商業性-相同方式分享」台灣 3.0版授權釋出】The “Work” under the Creative Commons Taiwan 3.0 License of “BY-NC-SA”.
授課老師:蘇以文I-wen Su
MUSIC OF THE FORMOSAN
Music of the Bunun
Bunun‘s Fascinating Harmony: (Eight-part polyphony) 八部合音
Bunun‘s Eight-part polyphony
The ancient Bunun tribe tradition of polyphonic choral singing: a song without words.
8 man form a tight circle, each one adding a sound based on nature, e.g. the buzzing of insects or the sound of leaves blowing in the wind, to create a unique harmony
This tradition is one of the oldest and most primal kinds of musical expression still existing on Earth.
Songs by different tribes太巴朗民謠 Tai-ba-lang Folksong
1996 年奧運大會的主題曲 Main theme of Olympic--老人飲酒歌 Elders Drinking Song
Trailer of Seediq Bale:Seediq Bale 賽德克‧巴萊 5 mins promo reel
七百個月亮 _ 勇士歌 ( 阿美族 )Seven hundred moons – Song of Warrior (Amis)
七百個月亮 _ 可愛的情人 ( 泰雅族 )Seven hundred moons – Lovely Lover (Atayal)
A Seediq Bale: A hero of the Tribe After the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki that ceded the
island of Taiwan (aka Formosa) to Japan, there was immediate tension between the islanders and their new colonial masters. In spite of the many small rebellions, the brutal suppression of the Taiwanese Revolt in 1916 brought an uneasy peace.
The aboriginal tribes of Taiwan were then deprived of their lands and their weapons, along with their traditions of head-hunting and face tattooing. The tattooing was an integral part of tribal cultures: in the Seediq tribes, when a young man was given his face-tattoo it signified that he had passed from boyhood to manhood and become a 'hero of the tribe' -- a Seediq Bale.
Formosan Languages:Introduction
IntroductionFormosan languages:◦ languages of the indigenous peoples of Taiwan
Taiwanese aborigines ◦about 2% of the island's population ◦Far fewer of the 2% can speak their ancestral
language, after centuries of language shift Of the approximately 26 languages of the
Taiwanese aborigines, at least ten are extinct, another four (perhaps five) are moribund, and several others are to some degree endangered.
Language Shiftlanguage transfer/replacement◦ the process whereby a speech community of a
language shifts to speaking another language◦most often across generations within a linguistic
community.The process whereby a community of speakers
of one language becomes bilingual in another language, and gradually shifts to the second language is called assimilation.
When a linguistic community ceases to use their original language, language death is said to occur
Extinct Languagesa language that no longer has any
speakers, or that is no longer in current use.
Extinct languages are sometimes contrasted with dead languages, which are still known and used in special contexts in written form, but not as ordinary spoken languages for everyday communication.
Language extinction and language death are often equated.
Moribund LanguagesA languages is ◦safe if children will probably be speaking them
in 100 years, endangered if children will probably not be speaking them in 100 years
◦"moribund" if children are not speaking them now
15-30% (or 900-1,800) of languages are estimated to become moribund (Krauss)
Krauss, Michael E. (2007). "Keynote-Mass Language Extinction and Documentation: The Race Against Time".
Endangered Languagesa language that is at risk of falling out of
useIf it loses all its native speakers, it
becomes a dead language. If eventually no one speaks the language
at all it becomes an "extinct language".
Significance of Formosan Languages
Taiwan may be the place of origin of the entire Austronesian language family
Formosan languages form 9 of the 10 principal branches of the Austronesian language family (Robert Blust), while the one remaining principal branch contains nearly 1,200 Malayo-Polynesian languages found outside of Taiwan.
a broad consensus has coalesced:◦ the Austronesian langs originated in Taiwan◦a theory strengthened by recent studies in human
population geneticsBlust, Robert (1999). "Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative".
The current linguistic situationAll Formosan languages are slowly being
replaced by the culturally dominant Standard Chinese.
The Republic of China government started recently an aboriginal re-appreciation program that included the reintroduction of Formosan first language in Taiwanese schools.
The results of this initiative have been disappointing, though.
Taiwan Formosan Languages: Living
Atayal (high dialect diversity) Bunun (high dialect diversity) Amis Kanakanabu (moribund) Kavalan (moribund?) Paiwan Saisiyat Puyuma Rukai (high dialect diversity) Saaroa (moribund) Seediq (AKA Truku) Thao (moribund) Tsou
Formosan Languages: English only
Wiki kwami
Taiwan Formosan Languages: Extinct
BabuzaBasayFavorlangHoanyaKetagalanMakataoPazehPaporaTaivoanTaokasSiraya
Formosan Languages (Ch & Eng)
Wiki Bstlee
Lexical evidence by LiCognatesGenetic relationshipFamily tree
Cognates• words that have a common etymological
origin• Loanwords from another language are
usually not meant by the term • e.g. the English word king is not considered a
true cognate of Dutch koning or German König.• Cognates within the same language are
called doublets• shirt (< OE sċyrte) and skirt (loaned< Old Norse
skyrta) are doublets, both of which derive from the Proto-Germanic *skurtjōn-.
Genetic Relationship• the (GENEALOGICAL) relationship, established
through use of the comparative method of linguistic analysis, between languages that are members of the same language family (languages that possess genetic ties with one another)
• Two languages are genetically related if one is descended from the other or if both are descended from a common ancestor.• Italian, descended from Latin, is genetically related
to Latin. • Spanish, also descended from Latin, is therefore
genetically related to Italian.
Li, Paul Jen-kuei, Classification of Formosan languages: Lexical evidence. BIHP 61.4:813-848. (1990)
OUTFIT OF THE FORMOSAN
Atayal
Flickr <cleverCl@i®ê>
Saisiat
Wiki CenkX
Bunun
布農族 - 人物 from 國立臺灣史前文化博物館 Digital Museum of Taiwan Indigenous People (2008)
布農族 - 人物 from 國立臺灣史前文化博物館 Digital Museum of Taiwan Indigenous People (2008)
Tsou
Wiki user: A-giâu Flickr Max Chang
Copyright DeclarationWork Licensing Author/Source
Wiki kwamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Formosan_languages.png2011/11/30 visited
Wiki Bstleehttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Formosan_Distribution_01.png2011/11/30 visitedLi, Paul Jen-kuei, Classification of Formosan languages: Lexical evidence. BIHP 61.4:813-848. (1990)and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCWFlickr <cleverCl@i®ê>http://www.flickr.com/photos/cleverclaire1983/288049265/2011/11/30 visited
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Wiki CenkXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saisiat_pastaai.jpg2011/11/30 visited
布農族 - 人物 from 國立臺灣史前文化博物館 Digital Museum of Taiwan Indigenous People (2008)http://www.dmtip.gov.tw/Aborigines/Photo.aspx?CategoryID=5&ClassID=16&TypeID=28&RaceID=3&PhotoID=792and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW布農族 - 人物 from 國立臺灣史前文化博物館 Digital Museum of Taiwan Indigenous People (2008)http://www.dmtip.gov.tw/Aborigines/Photo.aspx?CategoryID=5&ClassID=16&TypeID=28&RaceID=3&PhotoID=801and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW
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Wiki user: A-giâuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tsou_youth_of_Taiwan_%28pre-1945%29.jpg2011/11/30 visitedFlickr Max Changhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/max_chang/3477291366/2011/11/30 visited
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Krauss, Michael E. (2007). "Keynote-Mass Language Extinction and Documentation: The Race Against Time". In Miyaoka, Osahito; Sakiyama, Osamu; Krauss, Michael E.. The Vanishing Languages of the Pacific Rim (illustrated ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–24and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW
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Blust, Robert (1999). "Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative". In Zeitoun, E.; Li, P.J.K. Selected papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Taipei: Academia Sinica. pp. 31–94.and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW
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