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FramingHongKongssustainablefuture:beyondthegreeningmasterplan

LeslieChen,AnnZhang

PresentedbyShangWeijiay g j

October24,Tianjin

DivisionofLandscapeArchitecture,FacultyofArchitecture,TheUniversityofHongKong

TheHongKongInstituteofLandscapeArchitecture

PresentationOutline

Introduction ChangingSocialandCulturalEnvironmentofHongKongg g g g Challengesintheplanningandmanagementofgreenspacesin

HongKong

ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan ObjectivesofGMP EmergenceofGMP ResourceMobilizationofGMP Policy Efficiency and EffectivenessPolicyEfficiencyandEffectiveness DesignSolutionsandSustainabilityofGMP FeedbackfromtheCommunity OtherProblems

Conclusion

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TodevelopHongKongintoaworldclasscitywithaqualityandp g g y q ysustainablebuiltenvironmentthatiswellbalancedfortheneedsofthepresentandthefuturefromtheeconomic,socialandenvironmentalperspectives,reviewingourcurrentpoliciesonbuildingdesignmaybeagoodstart.Weshouldalsobemindfuloftheeconomic(e.g.affordabilityforflatunits,maintenancecosts,etc),social(e.g.spaceforcommunityinteraction)andenvironmental(e.g.greening)complicationsthereviewmayensue.

CouncilforSustainableDevelopment,HongKongSARGovernment

GREENSPACEandSUSTAINABILITY

RECREATIONAL Supporttherecreational,experientialandhealthrequirementsoflocalpeople,as

Greenspaceandsustainability

wellasvisitors;

TRANSIT Contributestothewaytheyencouragepeopletospendleisuretimelocallybyreducingvehicleusage

SENSEOFBELONGING

Fostersafeelingofcommunityprideinalocalarea;

BIODIVERSITY Supportsthedevelopmentandmaintenanceofbiodiversityinurbanareas;

WATER Supportsthelocalmanagementofwaterflowsandquality;

WASTE Allowslocalcompostingofbiodegradablewastep g g

AIR Contributestocleaningparticulatesoutoftheair,throughtheirtreeandshrubcover

CLIMATE Helpsreducetheurbanheatislandeffect

COMPETITIVENESS Increasestheeconomicattractivenessofacity,includinginvestment,tourismandbusinessallocationetc.,andfinallyincreasetheoverallcompetitivenessofacity

SOURCE: P.133, A.Beer et al, A changing understanding of the role of greenspace in high-density housing: a European perspective, Built Environment, Vol.29, No2, 2003

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ChangingSocialandCulturalEnvironmentofHongKong

ProblemsofHongKong facts Lackofurbanpublicopenspace:

L k f b bli Lackofurbanpublicopengreenspace; Lackofacontinuousgreennetwork; Lackofsystematicgreenspaceplanning;

PublicperceptiononHongKongsurbanlandscapes: Touristsperceptiononurbandensearea:

Concretejungle Lackofaestheticvalueofgreenspacesfortouristsattraction Lackofwellvegetatedroadsandgreeninfrastructure

ResidentsperceptiononHongKongsurbangreenspaces:p p g g g p Lackofgardensandvegetatedareainurbanarea; Lackofdaytodayplaygroundsandgreenspace; Lowaccessibilitytowaterfront; Lackoffacilitiesinpublicgreenspaces; Lackofopportunityfortreestomature.

ChangingSocialandCulturalEnvironmentofHongKong

Problemsofurbanenvironment theories: Urbanformofcompactcity threechallenges(Holdenetp y g (al): Densityandlongleisuretravelbyplane; Reductioninleisuretimetravelingardensnearby; Increasedpercapitaenergyconsumption;

Urbandensityandtheimpactofdensification(ABeeratal,2003): reducestheareaofopenunsealedsurface;

d il bl f l reducesavailablespacesforplantstogrow; reducestheopportunityfortreestomature; lowersaestheticvaluesandadverselyimpactedontheurbanheatingisland

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ChangingSocialandCulturalEnvironmentofHongKong

ChangingsocialandculturalenvironmentofHongKong Moreandmoregreengroups:

TheConservancyAssociation FriendsoftheEarth(HK) GreenPower HongKongMarineConservationSociety WorldWideFundforNatureHongKong GreenFun

Publicawarenessofenvironmentalissues Greenbuildingdesignandsustainablebuiltenvironment

ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan

ObjectivesofGMP:anevolutionl b Singleobjective:

AGMPseekstodefine comprehensivelythegreeningframeworkofanareabystudyingintoitscharacteristicsandparticularneedsaswellasprovidingaguidetotheplanning,designandimplementationofworkssoastoachievecomprehensive,consistentandsustainablegreeningresults.

Multipleobjectives: Toestablishgreeningnetwork;

Toincreaselivability;

Tocreatesustainableurbanenvironment;

Toincreasecompetitiveness

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ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan

TheemergenceofHongKongsGreeningMasterPlan:1937 ForestryandCountrysideOrdinance

1976 Countryparkordinancey p

1970s treesonprivatelandprotectionclauseinlandlease;

2000 PolicyAddress:greenupHongKong;GreenFunestablished;

2002 GreeninghasbecomepolicyissueofETWB;

SteeringCommitteeonGreening () established;

2003 Spring,SARSevokes;2003PolicyAddress:sustainablegreenplan;thefirstbatchofgreeningmasterplansforprominentlocationsatSheungWan,Central,WanChai,CausewayBay,HungHom,MongKokandKwunTongbyWorksBranch,prototype of GMP;

PreparationPeriod

PilotProjectprototypeofGMP;

2004 Policyaddress:GreeningPolicy;

GreeningMasterPlanforTsimShaTsuiandCentralbyCEDD;

2005 Policyaddress:TSTandCentralGMP;

200607 GMPatMongkok,YauMaTei,SheungWan,WanChai,CausewayBay;

200809 GMPatWestern,SouthernandEasternHongKongIsland;

2010 GMPextendedtoNewTerritory

ot oject

Lobbying;

BudgetapprovedbyLegCo

Publicparticipation

Futurelandscapepolicybeingdiscussed

Source: author

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ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan

TheemergenceofHongKongsGreeningMasterPlan: EffortsbyGreenFunandotherlocalNGOs,greengroups:

GreenGroups GreenFunsvision:

Tobringcitywidequalitylife,greeneryandbeautifulenvironment; TobuildHongKongaBauhiniacity; Toraiseawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandenhancement;

Supportfrom: Government Professionals Community Privatesectors

ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan

TheemergenceofHongKongsGreeningMasterPlan:

Civiceducationinschools;

Greenerbuildingsschemefornewdevelopment;

CitypilotschemeatCentral;y p ;

RevitalizationschemeofWesternMarket;

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ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan

FrameworkofGMP:P li f GMP PolicyprocessofGMP Bottomup

Topdown

ResourcesmobilizationsystemofGMP GovernancesystemofGMP

Resourcesmobilization

l f k f LegalframeworkofGMP Softlaw

Hardlaw

ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan

PolicyprocessofGMPGreengroupsandcommunitymovements Publicopinions

BottomupCommunity/Greengroupinvolvement

BottomupCommunityFeedback

TraditionalTopdownpolicymakingprocess

TopdownpolicymakingofGreeningMasterPlan

Governmentgreeningpolicy GMPindenseurbanareas

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ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan

PolicyprocessofGMP

Publicopinions Territorylevel

BottomupCommunityFeedback

Districtlevel

TopdownpolicymakingofGreeningMasterPlan

GMPindenseurbanareas

Communitylevel

ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan

ResourcesforpolicyimplementationofGMP: Humanresources

Financial resources Financialresources Wisdom/Technologies Services Information Greenspaces Greennetworks Organizations Rules IdeasIdeas Senseofbelongings

Resourcemobilization Resourcecoordination Determination Effectiveness

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ChiefExecutive ofHKSAR

SecretaryforDevelopment

SCGSteeringCommitteeonGreening (2002)

CommunityInvolvementCommitteeon

Greening

PublicWorksCommitteeon

Greening

Standard&MaintenanceCommitteeonGreening

TheGreeningMasterPlanCommittee (2004)

CEDD

Lands

HAD

PlanDCEDDLandsHAD

BD

LCSD

AFCD

PlanD

TD(TransportDepartment

ArchSD

DrainageD

UrbanRenewal

Authority

HighWays

BENEFITS COSTS

Present Future Present

Future

TargetGroupsand

SymbolicBs1 =Visual&aestheticvalue+environmentalenhancement+

Communityspirit

SymbolicBs2=[Bs1]x(1.1*1)

SymbolicCs1=0

SymbolicCs2=0

Tangible Tangible Tangible TangibleandSituations

TangibleBs3=Amenityvalueoftrees&

vegetation=[5,160trees+1,110,000shrubs]=

appr.107.1Million

TangibleBs4=[Bs3]x(1.1*1)

TangibleCs3=

49.2Million

TangibleCs4=maintenancecost(9Million)X

(1.1*1)

NontargetGroupsand

Situations(Spillover)

SymbolicBs5=[urbansustainability+Livability+Competitiveness]

SymbolicBs6=[Bs5]x(1.1*1)

Symbolic0

Symbolic0

TangibleBs7=Tourismgrowth

TangibleBs8=[Bs7]x(1.1*1)

Tangible

Tangible0

)+propertyvalueincrease

0

Sum:PresentBenefits107.1M+(Bs1+Bs5+Bs7)

Sum:FutureBenefitsBs2+Bs4+Bs6+Bs8

Sum:presentCosts49.2M

Sum:Futurecosts9X(1.1*1)M

Sumallbenefits:107.1x1.1*+(Bs1+Bs5+Bs5+Bs7)x1.1*+

[Increasesonpropertyvalue]

Sumallcosts:49.2+9x(1.1*1)

Benefitswillincreasebytime,whereascostsremainsjustasmaintenancecost.

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ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan

Institutional model

Process model

Rational model:Landscape policy

Incremental model

Group model Elite model

Six types of policy modelSixtypesofpolicymodel:ConceptualpolicymodelofGMP Rationalmodel

Policyisintendedtoachievemaximumsocialgain.Rationally,thepolicythatmaximizesbenefitswhileminimizingcostsisthebestpolicy.Itisapartofchoicetheory.

ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan

Legislativeframeworkoflandscapepolicy:hardlaw&softlawhardlaws softlaws

LawsOrdinances

ActsStatutory Plans of Planning & Landuse

Development StrategiesSchemes & Plans

Programmes

R l ti

Landscape Policy

Regulation Guideline

Practice noteNon-statutory Plans of Planning & Landuse

Governing mechanism & agencyAdministration & Implementation

Management & Maintenance

GMPaslandscapeenhancementscheme,actsassoftlawinalargerframeworkofHongKongslandscapepolicy.

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ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan

PolicyefficiencyandeffectivenessofGMP:

GMP as greening policy it works well in high density urban areas suchGMPasgreeningpolicy,itworkswellinhighdensityurbanareassuchasTST,Central,SheungWantoEastern,MonkokandYauMaTei,effectivelyachieveditsobjectives;sincethelandscapeenhancementcouldinducetourismandprovidemoregreentourbandenseareaofHongKong,thebenefitcouldbereflectedfrombelowaspectsmainly: valueofvegetations

increasesontourismandrelatedcommercialvalues

enhance Hong Kongs global city imageenhanceHongKong s globalcity image

attractmoreforeigninvestmentsandtalents

ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan

D i l ti f GMP DesignsolutionsofGMP Phasing:short/medium/longterm

IncreaseliveabilityofurbanHongKong

Increaseaccessibilityofpublicgreenopenspaces

Establishgreencorridorandgreennetwork

Design themes for different districts Designthemesfordifferentdistricts

Increasesenseofbelongings

Plantingtheme

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GMP for Tsim Sha Tsui

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GMP- Theme Plants

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13

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GMP for Yau Ma Tei / Mong Kok

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GMP for Sheung Wan, Wan Chai & Causeway Bay

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District Greening Theme Proposed major tree species Planting quantity

Tsim Sha Tsui Jade Necklace Spathodea campanulataCrateva unilocularisCinnamomum burmanniiCinnamomum camphora

680 trees and 145,000 shrubs approximately

Central Heart of Gold Plumeria speciesTerminalia mantalyRoystonea regia

570 trees and 155,000 shrubs approximately

Mong Kok and Yau Ma Tei

Coastal Scenery

Green Kaleidoscope

Parkland

Terminalia catappaRoystonea regiaAraucaria heterophyllaBischofia javanicaGrevillea robustaMichelia x albaChorisia speciosaIlex rotundaLiquidambar formosana

2,000 trees and 400,000 shrubs

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Liquidambar formosanaPlumeria rubra

Sheung Wan, Wan Chai and Causeway Bay

Rainbow Delonix regiaSpathodea campanulataPeltophorum pterocarpumFicus mirocarpaCinnamomum camphoraJacaranda mimosifoliaMelia azedarach

2,200 trees and 500,000 shrubs

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ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan

PolicyoutcomeofGMPy Generally,GMPsoutcomeasagreeningscheme:

Sustainabilityingreening Tourismandrelatedgrowth Characterandvisualimage Retainingasenseofplace Environmentalmanagement Comprehensiveregulationoflandscapingandlandscapingrequirements

ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan

PolicyoutcomeofGMP Social capital:Socialcapital:

heavilylobbiedandsupportedbycitizengroupsandmainstreamenvironmentalsocieties;

tominimizedegradationofthecitysappearance,character,andvalueofexistinglanduse;

Environmental: topreventsiteclearingandhabitatdestruction; includesiteandlandscapedesignstandardssuchasminimumsitedesign and landscape design standards that the communitydesignandlandscapedesignstandardsthatthecommunitybelievesareimportanttoprotectthepublichealthanduniquenaturalresourcepreservation;

regulatinglandscapepracticeandencouraginggooddesign; statescontextualconcerns,administrativeproceduresandtechnicalrequirements.

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ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan

Feedback from the communityFeedbackfromthecommunity Supportedbycitizensandmainstreamenvironmentalsocieties;

Regulatelandscapepracticeandencouragegooddesign;

Developmentofsocialcapital: Publicparticipationforum

Opinioncollection

Reflectionofpublicopinion

Asystematicapproach:deviation amplifyingsystem(Buckley,1967) Topreventambiguityandcreateanewsocialsystemthatcoordinatesrelationsbetweenindividualhumanbeingsandthenaturalenvironment

ReviewoftheFrameworkofGreeningMasterPlan

Other problems Otherproblems Iftoomuchequityonresourcedistribution,thegovernmentwillbebureaucratic,thuseffectivenesswillbereduced,asaresult,innovativeideaswillbeobstructed.IsitnecessarytoexpandGMPtoNewTerritoryjustbecauseofthereasonofequalresourcedistribution?

IsitanappropriatedecisiontoexpandGMPtoterritorypp p p ywide,orweneedtoestablishamorevisionaryapproache.g.acomprehensivelandscapepolicyforterritorywidelandscapeenhancementandgreening?

IsgreeningthemeanessentialforGMP?

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Conclusion

DoesGreeningMasterPlan: seekallpossibleopportunitiesforgreeningindenseurbanp pp g g

areas? conserveresources? helpHongKongreduce/eliminatetoxicmaterials? helptheCitygrowinnovationandgreenbusinesses? restoreecosystemsandhabitats? helptopromoteandcommunicatetheideaofsustainability

within the community?withinthecommunity? improvehealth,safetyandqualityoflifeforallcitizens? Isthereabalancebetweenthecostandbenefitofthisaction?

Conclusion

Towardsamodelofsustainablepractice,GMPstillneedto: InvolvegreengroupsandpublicopinionsinformationofGMP;

Promoteoutreachandpubliceducation; Includeecologicalplanningandanalysisinschemedesign; Formtaskforcetoidentifysustainableprocurementopportunities;Develop green product purchasing policy; Developgreenproductpurchasingpolicy;

Developsustainablepolicy; Facilitatedevelopmentofcommunitygardenpilotproject;

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